Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ameloblastoma giant: Diagnosis, treatment and reconstruction: A case report

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8358635/

  Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor, benign but rapidly extensive and prone to recurrence. […] The diagnosis is made by panoramic radiography and CT scan. The confirmation is done by anatomopathological examination. […] The radiological examination is essential for the diagnosis, it allows us to orientate ourselves but only the anatomopathological examination allows to confirm it. […] Ameloblastoma recurs frequently, so a radical treatment is necessary. […] The treatment is surgical, it is generally mutilating especially for advanced cases. […] Even after apparently well-conducted surgical treatment and despite wide resections with pathologically healthy recuts, ameloblastoma is likely to recur probably because of micro tumor bone foci existing distant from the main tumor. […] Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor, benign but locally very aggressive, its treatment is mainly surgical. The surgical gesture can be very mutilating especially when the diagnosis is made late, hence the interest of a rapid management with a radical surgical treatment and limits of wide exeresis to avoid as much as possible a recurrence.

• #1 Ameloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ameloblastoma?lang=us

  Ameloblastomas are locally aggressive benign tumors that arise from the mandible, or, less commonly, from the maxilla. They usually present as a slowly but continuously growing hard painless lesion near the angle of the mandible in the 3rd to 5th decades of life, which can be severely disfiguring if left untreated. […] Ameloblastomas typically occur as hard, painless lesions near the angle of the mandible in the region of the 3rd molar tooth (48 and 38) although they can occur anywhere along the alveolus of the mandible (80%) and maxilla (20%). […] Although benign, it is a locally aggressive neoplasm with a high rate of recurrence. Approximately 20% of cases are associated with dentigerous cysts and unerupted teeth. […] Ameloblastomas tend to be treated by surgical en-bloc resection. Local curettage is associated with a high rate of local recurrence (45-90%).

• #1 Ameloblastoma demographic, clinical and treatment study – analysis of 40 cases | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-ameloblastoma-demographic-clinical-treatment-study-S1808869415302421

  Dental lesions represent about 1% of oral cavity tumors being ameloblastoma the most common one. It is a tumor of epithelial origin that mainly affects the jaw, and less commonly the maxilla. Its clinical presentation is that of an asymptomatic slow-growing tumor. Despite being a benign tumor, it has an invasive behavior with a high rate of recurrence if not treated properly. […] The diagnosis of ameloblastoma can be obtained by means of a panoramic x-rays done in dental care routine, showing intraosseous growth or, in more advanced cases, with expansion of the bone cortical, determining facial asymmetry – which was the most common complaint in our series. We stress that most of these cases had already been treated. […] Treatment of the cases investigated in this study was carried out only after biopsy results indicated ameloblastoma. Not specifying the histological type and because of that we used the histological reclassification, which is of the utmost importance because of the behavior of the most common types (follicular, plexiform and unicystic) which presented and influence treatment.

• #1 Ameloblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ameloblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20449426

  Ameloblastoma diagnosis might begin with tests such as: […] Imaging tests. X-ray, CT and MRI scans help doctors determine the extent of an ameloblastoma. The tumor can sometimes be found on routine X-rays at the dentist’s office. […] Tissue test. To confirm the diagnosis, doctors may remove a sample of tissue or a sample of cells and send it to a lab for testing. […] Due to the risk of recurrence after treatment, lifelong, regular follow-up appointments are important.

• #1 Ameloblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is tentatively diagnosed through radiographic examination and must be confirmed by histological examination through biopsy. […] Radiographically, the tumour area appears as a rounded and well-defined lucency in the bone with varying size and features. Numerous cyst-like radiolucent areas can be seen in larger tumours (multi-locular) giving a characteristic „soap bubble” appearance. A single radiolucent area can be seen in smaller tumours (unilocular). […] Lingual plate expansion is helpful in diagnosing ameloblastoma as cysts rarely do this. Resorption of roots of involved teeth can be seen in some cases, but is not unique to ameloblastoma.

• #1 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Options | Oral Cancer Institute

  https://oralcancer.com/ameloblastoma/

  Ameloblastoma is typically diagnosed with imaging tests and a tissue sample. […] X-ray. X-rays can be used to diagnose ameloblastoma. Sometimes your dentist will spot ameloblastoma during a routine dental X-ray. […] 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). By rotating the 3D images produced by this special CT scan, our oral surgeons can see the exact size, location, borders, and internal changes of the ameloblastoma. […] Biopsy. Your doctor will take a tissue sample from the tumor site to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the type of ameloblastoma and how aggressive it is.

• #1 Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis to differentiate ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20802-7

  The differentiation between ameloblastoma (AB) and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is essential for the formulation of the surgical plan, especially considering the biological behavior of these two pathological entities. […] The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on texture analysis (TA) as an aid in differentiating AB from OKC. […] All diagnoses were determined through incisional biopsy and later through histological examination of the surgical specimen. […] MannWhitney test showed a statistically significant difference between AB and OKC for the parameters entropy (P=0.033) and sum average (P=0.033). […] MRI texture analysis has the potential to discriminate between AB and OKC as a noninvasive method. […] MRI texture analysis can be an additional tool to differentiate ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst.

• #1 Ameloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545165/

  Ameloblastomas are rare, odontogenic tumors derived from odontogenic ectoderm. Ameloblastomas represent about 1% of all jaw tumors, but they are the second-most common odontogenic tumor. This activity outlines the evaluation and management of ameloblastoma and explains the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] A definitive diagnosis of ameloblastoma is with a surgical biopsy, which shows characteristic histologic findings. It is essential to differentiate the entity from a primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) classified malignant ameloblastoma into two types: Metastasizing ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic carcinoma. […] Surgical excision is usually needed to treat this disorder. It has a high propensity for local recurrence even with proper surgical management and requires lifelong follow up for surveillance.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jocy/fulltext/2008/25020/cytological_diagnosis_of_acanthomatous.5.aspx

  Ameloblastomas show wide morphological spectra and may pose diagnostic difficulties. […] A diagnosis of acanthomatous ameloblastoma was made and subsequently confirmed on histology. Although AA is a rare jaw tumor, it possesses distinctive cytological features that permit confident preoperative cytodiagnosis. […] Whereas histopathological and radiological findings for ameloblastomas have been extensively studied, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) reports are rare. […] The characteristic cytological triad, in the form of cohesive sheets of basaloid cells with peripheral palisading, loosely arranged spindle-shaped cells along with groups and clusters of squamous cells, provide the basis for not only the correct diagnosis but also to the exclusion of look-alikes. […] In conclusion, in the presence of correct clinico-radiologic inputs, preoperative cytological diagnosis of ameloblastomas can be rendered with reasonable accuracy with the aid of FNAC.

• #1 Maxillary Ameloblastoma: A Review With Clinical, Histological and Prognostic Data of a Rare Tumor | In Vivo

  https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/34/5/2249

  Furthermore, differential tumor diagnosis is thoroughly discussed in the present review. […] Nevertheless, when the location is typical, i.e. molar region and when the histology shows the characteristic features of odontogenic neoplasms, diagnosis could be straightforward. […] This is especially true for maxillary ameloblastomas, which are rare, possibly leading to low awareness of this neoplasm at this location and often show non-classical morphology, thus, rendering its diagnosis more complicated. […] The typical morphology of ameloblastomas is that of odontogenic epithelial islands simulating the stellate reticulum, peripherally palisaded by columnar cells with reversed nuclear polarity, filled with loosely arranged angulated cells. […] The most frequent histological patterns seen in maxillary ameloblastomas are the follicular and plexiform patterns followed by the acanthomatous one, which is observed as a part of mixed type frequently being focal and inconspicuous.

• #1 Ameloblastomas: current aspects of the new WHO classification in an analysis of 136 cases | Surgical and Experimental Pathology | Full Text

  https://surgexppathol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42047-019-0041-z

  Ameloblastomas are neoplasms that have inspired great controversy and clinical interest; their incidence, radiographic features, treatment and behavior are still discussed quite often in the literature. […] The clinical-pathological characteristics of 136 patients diagnosed with ameloblastoma in two large hospitals in So Paulo were analyzed. […] Two independent evaluators analyzed the slides; in cases where there was disagreement a third evaluator was used and the result was established in consensus. […] The treatment of choice in most cases was segmental resection (45%) and recurrence was present in 13% of the cases. […] The new version simplified classification into 3 types: conventional, unicystic and peripheral. […] The solid/multicystic term was discarded, as it could be confused with the unicystic type.

• #1 Pathology Outlines – Ameloblastoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/mandiblemaxillaameloblastoma.html

  Ameloblastoma, extraosseous / peripheral type: requires exclusion of an intraosseous tumor with extraosseous extension mimicking a gingival lesion (Head Neck Pathol 2010;4:192) […] Diagnosis based on clinical, radiologic and pathologic correlation […] Ameloblastoma reported very rarely to occur in nongnathic sites (sinonasal, ear / temporal bone) and diagnosed only after: […] Sinonasal: requires exclusion of tumor extension into sinonasal tract from a maxillary alveolar bone location […] Ear / temporal bone: requires exclusion of competing differential diagnoses such as: […] Metastasizing ameloblastoma can only be diagnosed retrospectively […] Ameloblastoma, conventional: […] Most commonly grossly solid / multicystic, expansile, locally aggressive, requiring resection with uninvolved margins

• #1 Ameloblastoma differential diagnosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ameloblastoma_differential_diagnosis

  Ameloblastoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause symptoms similar to those of ameloblastoma, such as dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, odontogenic myxoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, hard odontoma, osteosarcoma, and globulomaxillary cysts. […] Differential diagnosis of ameloblastoma include the following: Dentigerous cyst, Odontogenic keratocyst, Odontogenic myxoma, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Fibrous dysplasia, Hard odontoma, Osteosarcoma, Globulomaxillary cysts.

• #1 Peripheral Ameloblastoma of the Mandible: A Rare Case Report

  https://www.journalonsurgery.org/articles/js-v2-1052.html

  When approaching small lesions, conservative supra-periosteal surgical excision with an adequate margin free from disease is recommended even in case diagnosis is not confirmed. […] After surgical treatment, continuous follow up is necessary due to the possibility of late recurrence or malignant changes, even if they are rarely described. […] The most common presentation is a painless and gradually growing swelling. […] Peripheral ameloblastoma differential diagnosis should include reactive swelling such as peripheral giant cell granuloma, peripheral odontogenic fibroma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, papilloma, pyogenic granuloma, epulis, and fibroma. […] Malignant transformation of the PA is exceedingly rare. […] Despite this characteristic appearance, certain diagnosis requires histological examination to exclude other peripheral odontogenic tumors.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11548-021-02309-0

  The differentiation of the ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst directly affects the formulation of surgical plans, while the results of differential diagnosis by imaging alone are not satisfactory. […] This paper aimed to propose an algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) structure to significantly improve the classification accuracy of these two tumors. […] The proposed network achieved an accuracy of 90.36% (AUC=0.946), while sensitivity and specificity were 92.88% and 87.80%, respectively. […] We proposed an algorithm that significantly improves the differential diagnosis accuracy of ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst and has the utility to provide a reliable recommendation to the oral maxillofacial specialists before surgery. […] Imaging examinations are extremely important for managing intraosseous lesions, with panoramic radiography being used most frequently. […] Surgical management is the only effective method in the treatment for odontogenic tumors, but how to choose an effective surgical method is a problem that clinicians should consider carefully. […] It can be observed from the result the proposed network shows excellent performance.

• #1 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22143-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is a rare and slow-growing tumor that usually forms in your lower jaw in the space behind your back teeth. […] Surgery is the most effective treatment. […] Your dentist may spot a potential ameloblastoma while taking X-rays as part of your regular dental check-up. Theyll refer you to a specialist for additional tests if they suspect an issue. Those tests may include: […] A biopsy allows your provider to collect tissue from the tumor so a pathologist can examine its cells beneath a microscope. The type of cells helps your provider identify the type of ameloblastoma, so they know the best treatments. […] Surgery that removes the tumor and some nearby tissue (enough to ensure no abnormal cells remain) is the best treatment for ameloblastoma. […] Most people treated for ameloblastomas will need life-long monitoring to check for recurrences. Ameloblastoma grows back after surgery in up to 20% of people. […] Seeking treatment for an ameloblastoma can prevent these worst-case scenarios from happening.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Ameloblastoma.aspx

  The main advantage of molecular targeted therapy is that it can reduce surgical morbidity in resection surgery, recurrent ameloblastoma, and metastasizing ameloblastoma. […] Three molecular targeted therapy for BRAF V600E mutation have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib for BRAF mutations and trametinib for MEK mutations.

• #1 Ameloblastoma: Report of two Cases and A Brief Literature Review – Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal

  https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol7no1/ameloblastoma-report-of-two-cases-and-a-brief-literature-review/

  Ameloblastoma is reported to constitute about 1-3% of tumours and cysts of the jaws. The tumour is by far more common in the mandible than in the maxilla and shows predilection for various parts of the mandible in different racial groups. There is often delay in the diagnosis because of its slow-growing nature. The aim of the present study was to critically review the pertinent literature and determine the most appropriate method of treatment for ameloblastomas. The diagnosis of ameloblastoma is suggested by nonspecific radiographic findings and a thorough locoregional physical examination. Nevertheless, a definitive diagnosis is only obtained through a histopathological exam. The persistent growth pattern (localized and infiltrative to the maxillofacial region) and the ability to produce pronounced deformities are clinical characteristics that contribute to the possible identification of ameloblastomas. The typical ameloblastoma begins as a slowly destructive asymptomatic and intraosseous expansion, being a lesion that tends to expand and infiltrate, rather than perforate the bone. However, the diagnosis can also be suggested through a routine radiographic examination. Although clinical and imaging findings aid in the differential diagnosis, histopathological evaluation is essential for the definitive diagnosis of ameloblastomas. For successful treatment, early diagnosis and detection of the precise boundaries of the tumor are essential. However, due to the slow growth rate of these tumors and the ability to develop late recurrences, the recurrence events may occur several years after the initial primary tumor resection. Summarizing, ameloblastomas are uncommon benign odontogenic neoplasms that rarely become malignant. In most cases, radical surgery is the treatment of choice for solid or multicystic ameloblastoma. These informations coupled with the histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis will allow for the selection of the best individual therapeutic approaches, increasing the treatment efficacy in patients diagnosed with this tumor.

• #1 Current Concepts and Occurrence of Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors: I. Ameloblastoma and Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor

  https://www.jpatholtm.org/journal/view.php?number=3158

  Ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs) are common epithelial tumors of odontogenic origin. Ameloblastomas are clinico-pathologically classified into solid/multicystic, unicystic, desmoplastic, and peripheral types, and also divided into follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular types, etc., based on their histological features. […] The malignant transformation of ameloblastomas results in the formation of ameloblastic carcinomas and malignant ameloblastomas depending on cytological dysplasia and metastasis, respectively. […] Therefore, it is suggested that comprehensive pathological observation including molecular genetic information can provide a more reliable differential diagnosis for the propagation and prognosis of ameloblastomas and AOTs. […] The differential diagnosis between ameloblastomas and AOTs is essential.

• #1 Head and Neck: Odontogenic tumor: Ameloblastoma

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5945/head-and-neck-odontogenic-tumor-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. Ameloblastoma, although rare, is the most common odontogenic tumor accounting for 1% of all tumors in the head and neck region and around 11% of all odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastoma usually presents as a well-defined, multilocular radiolucency with scalloped border typically described as honeycomb or soap bubble appearance. However, unicystic ameloblastoma typically presents as a unilocular radiolucency containing an impacted tooth. The diagnosis has to be confirmed by a biopsy, but occasionally in cystic variants it may be made only after excision. Ameloblastomas, although benign, are relentlessly infiltrative. The rate of recurrence reported varies from 20-90%. Treatment planning should take into consideration tumor size, location, histopathology, and clinical/radiographic presentation. For the luminal and intraluminal variants of unicystic ameloblastoma, the tumor is usually confined by the fibrous connective tissue wall of the cyst and is usually treated with complete enucleation. However, in the intramural variants which show invasion into the cyst wall, it is thought to represent a typical ameloblastoma and warrants a more aggressive treatment. Lifelong follow-up is strongly recommended.

• #2 Ameloblastoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545165/

  Ameloblastomas are rare, odontogenic tumors derived from odontogenic ectoderm. Ameloblastomas represent about 1% of all jaw tumors, but they are the second-most common odontogenic tumor. This activity outlines the evaluation and management of ameloblastoma and explains the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] A definitive diagnosis of ameloblastoma is with a surgical biopsy, which shows characteristic histologic findings. It is essential to differentiate the entity from a primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) classified malignant ameloblastoma into two types: Metastasizing ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic carcinoma. […] Surgical excision is usually needed to treat this disorder. It has a high propensity for local recurrence even with proper surgical management and requires lifelong follow up for surveillance.

• #2 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22143-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is a rare and slow-growing tumor that usually forms in your lower jaw in the space behind your back teeth. […] Surgery is the most effective treatment. […] Your dentist may spot a potential ameloblastoma while taking X-rays as part of your regular dental check-up. Theyll refer you to a specialist for additional tests if they suspect an issue. Those tests may include: […] A biopsy allows your provider to collect tissue from the tumor so a pathologist can examine its cells beneath a microscope. The type of cells helps your provider identify the type of ameloblastoma, so they know the best treatments. […] Surgery that removes the tumor and some nearby tissue (enough to ensure no abnormal cells remain) is the best treatment for ameloblastoma. […] Most people treated for ameloblastomas will need life-long monitoring to check for recurrences. Ameloblastoma grows back after surgery in up to 20% of people. […] Seeking treatment for an ameloblastoma can prevent these worst-case scenarios from happening.

• #2 Peripheral Ameloblastoma of the Mandible: A Rare Case Report

  https://www.journalonsurgery.org/articles/js-v2-1052.html

  Ameloblastoma represents 1% of all oral tumors and 11% of odontogenic tumors and it has been reported to be more prevalent in Asian or African-Caribbean individuals. […] Peripheral Ameloblastoma (PA) represents a rare subtype, comprising only 1% to 5% of all ameloblastomas, and it features more benign behavior than other types, characterized by minimal bone involvement. […] Current evidences support the contention that peripheral ameloblastoma is the most common epithelial odontogenic tumor of the gingival/ alveolar mucosa, but it represents 4.5% of ameloblastomas. […] The most common clinical presentation is a painless and gradually growing swelling, not involving mandibular bone. […] Diagnosis of PA should be considered if: the mass grows slowly without pain and trismus; no cauliflower-like changes in the superficial mucosa could be observed; less mucosal lesion than submucosal mass is represented; CT scan imaging or MRI shows clear demarcation between bone and medial pterygoid muscle, uniform density and less enhanced images.

• #2 Ameloblastoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/ameloblastoma/

  This section will detail what an ameloblastoma is and how ameloblastomas can be diagnosed and treated. […] It is important that this non-cancerous tumour is diagnosed early in order to prevent its excessive growth, bone destruction and invasion into soft tissues surrounding the jaw and possible progression to a cancerous tumour. […] Diagnosis of a suspected ameloblastoma usually follows a clinical examination, X-rays and an incisional biopsy under a local anaesthetic. This usually takes no more that 20 minutes to perform an the specimen is looked at under a microscope. is very common to be referred to an Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon for a second opinion and confirmation of the diagnosis. […] Many ameloblastomas are detected at the dentist and are discovered accidentally during routine dental procedures/ X-rays.

• #2 Current Concepts in Imaging and Management of Ameloblastoma

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/current-concepts-in-imaging-and-management-of-ameloblastoma-77291.html

  Ameloblastoma is the second most common odontogenic tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region. […] Various non-invasive radiographic analytic methods determine the diagnosis and prognosis of ameloblastoma. […] The radiological diagnosis of ameloblastoma includes intraoral radiography, extra oral radiography (orthopantomogram and cephalogram), Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Computed Tomography(CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) etc. […] Cone Beam Computed Tomography imaging is an emerging diagnostic modality in oral and maxillofacial region for ameloblastoma. […] The diagnosis of ameloblastoma using CBCT showed greater sensitivity (77.33%) and specificity (90.00%) comparing the orthopantomogram (61.33% and 86.00%). […] Novel non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic modalities improve patient comfort and decreases apprehension. […] Diagnosis and management of ameloblastoma has various schools of thought and future research can be directed towards non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic techniques and targeted therapies.

• #2 Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis to differentiate ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20802-7

  Histological examination is currently essential for establishing an accurate diagnosis. […] Uniformity of the findings using imaging techniques has been described as a challenge for a correct diagnosis of OKC and AB. […] The present study has a similar premise. […] We demonstrated that extracted features from lesions on MRI images can be used for characterization of AB and OKC as well as for diagnostic supplementation. […] Our results show that entropy and sum average are textural parameters of T2-weighted images which can be used without fat suppression for diagnosis of radiologically similar lesions, such as AB and OKC. Therefore, MRI texture parameters are a sensitive and efficient method to detect both lesions and could be of high value to assist in the therapeutic decision-making process.

• #2 Ameloblastoma giant: Diagnosis, treatment and reconstruction: A case report

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8358635/

  Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor, benign but rapidly extensive and prone to recurrence. […] The diagnosis is made by panoramic radiography and CT scan. The confirmation is done by anatomopathological examination. […] The radiological examination is essential for the diagnosis, it allows us to orientate ourselves but only the anatomopathological examination allows to confirm it. […] Ameloblastoma recurs frequently, so a radical treatment is necessary. […] The treatment is surgical, it is generally mutilating especially for advanced cases. […] Even after apparently well-conducted surgical treatment and despite wide resections with pathologically healthy recuts, ameloblastoma is likely to recur probably because of micro tumor bone foci existing distant from the main tumor. […] Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor, benign but locally very aggressive, its treatment is mainly surgical. The surgical gesture can be very mutilating especially when the diagnosis is made late, hence the interest of a rapid management with a radical surgical treatment and limits of wide exeresis to avoid as much as possible a recurrence.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jocy/fulltext/2013/30040/practical_significance_of_utilizing_fine_needle.6.aspx

  Cytological reports of ameloblastoma are relatively rare in the literature. Appropriate cytologic diagnosis may play a significant role in its preoperative presumptive diagnosis, especially when incisional biopsy findings are inadequate. To systematically study the detailed cytomorphologic features of ameloblastoma and to evaluate the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in its preoperative diagnosis. Of the 26 cases, 15 were found to be ameloblastoma and sensitivity of FNAC in the diagnosis of ameloblastoma was found to be 86.6%. None of the intra-osseous jaw lesion was false positively diagnosed as ameloblastoma in FNAC and hence the specificity was found to be 100%. Presence of cohesive epithelial cell clusters exhibiting smaller basaloid cells with peripherally placed tall columnar cells and occasional large squamous cells either adjoining the basaloid epithelial clusters or in isolated group aids in the specific cytological diagnosis of ameloblastoma and FNAC offers an excellent diagnostic aid that may play a significant role in preoperative presumptive diagnosis of ameloblastoma along with incisional biopsy. FNAC has an advantage as an adjunct diagnostic aid, i.e., sampling can be done at multiple sites and deeper aspect of the tumor can be sampled which might assist in arriving at the accurate preoperative diagnosis, especially when an incisional biopsy is superficial and inadequate for interpretation. Based on our experience, we conclude that FNAC offers an excellent, simple, safe, and minimally invasive adjunct diagnostic aid along with an incisional biopsy in the preoperative presumptive diagnosis of ameloblastoma and they exhibit distinctive cytological features for its diagnosis. Hence, with the correct clinicoradiologic correlation, preoperative cytological diagnosis of ameloblastoma can be rendered with reasonable high accuracy with the aid of FNAC, which potentially might avoid repeat incisional biopsy in the relevant situation.

• #2 Current Concepts and Occurrence of Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors: I. Ameloblastoma and Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor

  https://www.jpatholtm.org/journal/view.php?number=3158

  Ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs) are common epithelial tumors of odontogenic origin. Ameloblastomas are clinico-pathologically classified into solid/multicystic, unicystic, desmoplastic, and peripheral types, and also divided into follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular types, etc., based on their histological features. […] The malignant transformation of ameloblastomas results in the formation of ameloblastic carcinomas and malignant ameloblastomas depending on cytological dysplasia and metastasis, respectively. […] Therefore, it is suggested that comprehensive pathological observation including molecular genetic information can provide a more reliable differential diagnosis for the propagation and prognosis of ameloblastomas and AOTs. […] The differential diagnosis between ameloblastomas and AOTs is essential.

• #2 Pathology Outlines – Ameloblastoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/mandiblemaxillaameloblastoma.html

  Ameloblastoma, unicystic type: occurs as single cystic cavity with or without intramural growth […] Ameloblastoma, extraosseous / peripheral type: most commonly occurs within gingiva […] Cross sectional imaging essential to exclude small intraosseous ameloblastoma with a prominent extraosseous component […] Ameloblastoma, conventional type: usually treated with a segmental resection (marginal if small), which includes at least 1 cm bone margins and at least 1 adjacent uninvolved anatomic barrier […] Longterm follow up is recommended for all types of ameloblastoma due to the potential for delayed presentation of recurrent disease; recurrent ameloblastoma may be difficult to treat (Oral Dis 2019;25:1683).

• #2

  https://www.autopsyandcasereports.org/article/doi/10.4322/acr.2018.043

  Ameloblastoma is an uncommon and locally aggressive, benign, odontogenic tumor, with local recurrence when not adequately excised. […] A rare variant of this neoplasm with the benign features but accompanied with metastases has been described. This rare variant is malignant ameloblastoma and is known to have a poor prognosis. […] A review of the literature on this very rare neoplasm was also performed.

• #2 Ameloblastoma of the jawbone – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/ameloblastoma-of-the-jawbone/

  The diagnosis of ameloblastoma is not always easy. We therefore not only have to record the symptoms, we also need information from imaging and histological examinations. The combination of the various procedures helps to rule out other clinical pictures and make a clear diagnosis. […] Imaging procedures can help to determine the extent of the tissue growth and confirm the suspicion of an ameloblastoma. However, a clear diagnosis is not yet possible. […] A histological examination can provide precise information about whether you actually have an ameloblastoma. To do this, we take a tissue sample and have it examined under a microscope in the laboratory. Specialists can assess whether an ameloblastoma is present and what type it is based on the appearance and nature of the cells removed. However, the histological classification has no great significance for the course of the disease and its treatment.

• #2 Magnetic resonance imaging texture analysis to differentiate ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20802-7

  The differentiation between ameloblastoma (AB) and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is essential for the formulation of the surgical plan, especially considering the biological behavior of these two pathological entities. […] The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on texture analysis (TA) as an aid in differentiating AB from OKC. […] All diagnoses were determined through incisional biopsy and later through histological examination of the surgical specimen. […] MannWhitney test showed a statistically significant difference between AB and OKC for the parameters entropy (P=0.033) and sum average (P=0.033). […] MRI texture analysis has the potential to discriminate between AB and OKC as a noninvasive method. […] MRI texture analysis can be an additional tool to differentiate ameloblastoma from odontogenic keratocyst.

• #2 Ameloblastoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/ameloblastoma/

  Further tests to confirm the presence of ameloblastoma include: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans and a biopsy of the bone. […] When diagnosing an ameloblastoma it is important to be able to tell the difference between this rare tumour and any other benign (non cancerous), or malignant, health conditions that may cause similar symptoms. […] It can sometimes take a long time to confirm a diagnosis of ameloblastoma after a biopsy because these tumours are rare and sometimes difficult to identify. […] The recurrence rate for ameloblastoma is approximately 50-72% if the tumour is not fully removed during surgery, emphasising the importance of correct diagnosis and an adequate surgical procedure.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Ameloblastoma.aspx

  A combination of both clinical examination and an X-ray is commonly used to diagnose suspected ameloblastoma. […] Many ameloblastomas are discovered by chance at the dentist during ordinary dental operations or X-rays. […] Further tests including CT scans, MRI scans, and a biopsy of the bone are used to confirm the presence of the tumor. […] Ameloblastomas are treated surgically or non-surgically for both initial and recurring cases. […] The recurrence rate ranges from 0% to 15%. […] Conservative surgery, such as enucleation and curettage, has a recurrence rate of up to 55% and is only recommended for unicystic ameloblastoma with a luminal development pattern. […] The identification and elucidation of active molecular pathways have emphasized the possibility for innovative molecular targeted therapeutics in the treatment of ameloblastoma with genetic alterations.

• #2 Head and Neck: Odontogenic tumor: Ameloblastoma

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5945/head-and-neck-odontogenic-tumor-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. Ameloblastoma, although rare, is the most common odontogenic tumor accounting for 1% of all tumors in the head and neck region and around 11% of all odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastoma usually presents as a well-defined, multilocular radiolucency with scalloped border typically described as honeycomb or soap bubble appearance. However, unicystic ameloblastoma typically presents as a unilocular radiolucency containing an impacted tooth. The diagnosis has to be confirmed by a biopsy, but occasionally in cystic variants it may be made only after excision. Ameloblastomas, although benign, are relentlessly infiltrative. The rate of recurrence reported varies from 20-90%. Treatment planning should take into consideration tumor size, location, histopathology, and clinical/radiographic presentation. For the luminal and intraluminal variants of unicystic ameloblastoma, the tumor is usually confined by the fibrous connective tissue wall of the cyst and is usually treated with complete enucleation. However, in the intramural variants which show invasion into the cyst wall, it is thought to represent a typical ameloblastoma and warrants a more aggressive treatment. Lifelong follow-up is strongly recommended.

• #2 Ameloblastoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17438

  Close patient follow-up for a minimum of five years is necessary to monitor for recurrence. […] It is essential to educate patients on the usually benign nature of ameloblastomas, but a high rate of recurrence. Keeping patients informed of the importance of regular follow up is crucial to monitor any benign or possible malignant ameloblastoma since it is difficult to differentiate between the two histologically. […] The complications of malignant ameloblastoma are usually due to its local invasiveness or distant metastatic spread.

• #3 Ameloblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is tentatively diagnosed through radiographic examination and must be confirmed by histological examination through biopsy. […] Radiographically, the tumour area appears as a rounded and well-defined lucency in the bone with varying size and features. Numerous cyst-like radiolucent areas can be seen in larger tumours (multi-locular) giving a characteristic „soap bubble” appearance. A single radiolucent area can be seen in smaller tumours (unilocular). […] Lingual plate expansion is helpful in diagnosing ameloblastoma as cysts rarely do this. Resorption of roots of involved teeth can be seen in some cases, but is not unique to ameloblastoma.

• #3 Ameloblastoma: Signs, Symptoms and Treatment | Colgate® Oral Care

  https://www.colgate.com/en-za/oral-health/cancer/ameloblastoma-definition-symptoms-and-treatment

  If your physician says you have an ameloblastoma, what does that mean? Read on to learn more about this odontogenic tumor. […] An ameloblastoma is generally painless. Swelling in the area is often the only symptom. It is usually only identified through radiographic examination in a dental office. The early developing lesion does not displace teeth or cause numbness; accordingly, the patient may not know there is a tumor growing in one of the jaw bones. If a potential lesion is identified on a dental X-ray, more elaborate imaging may be required. This could include a CAT scan and possibly an MRI. However, the diagnosis may require more than imaging: a biopsy is often necessary to make the final diagnosis. Cysts sometimes have a similar appearance to ameloblastomas on imaging. […] To keep your oral and overall health in good condition, visit your dentist and physician regularly for oral cancer evaluation. In addition, keep a watchful eye when brushing your teeth twice daily. If you or your health care provider spot any abnormalities, be sure to begin treatment before the problem develops into a serious condition.

• #3 Classification and prognostic evaluation of ameloblastoma using multiplanar CT imaging: a retrospective analysis | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-025-05485-6

  Ameloblastoma is the most prevalent odontogenic tumor of the jaw, with a significant recurrence rate. […] An accurate diagnosis of ameloblastoma and surgical planning to reduce the recurrence rate are contingent upon the use of three-dimensional imaging modalities, such as CT. […] Therefore, detailed examination and accurate diagnosis are essential for correctly selecting the surgical technique and obtaining optimal outcomes. […] Imaging-based diagnosis is crucial for diagnosing ameloblastoma. […] The diagnosis of ameloblastoma using panoramic radiographs has been refined for a long time, as they are typically used as the primary examination in dental clinics. […] Conventionally, the morphology of lesions on two-dimensional (2D) radiographs was classified as either unilocular or multilocular, and multilocular lesions were described as having a honeycomb or soap bubble appearance.

• #3 Ameloblastomas: current aspects of the new WHO classification in an analysis of 136 cases | Surgical and Experimental Pathology | Full Text

  https://surgexppathol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42047-019-0041-z

  The conventional ameloblastomas in this study represented the highest percentage of these tumors (71.3%), most of them diagnosed in the fourth decade of life (58.7%), with a slight preference for men and located mainly in the posterior region of the mandible (91.8%). […] Most of them (84%) were radiographically multilocular, 72% showed expansion and 28% discontinuity of the vestibular or lingual bone plate. […] The diagnosis of unicystic ameloblastoma was confirmed in 37 cases, occurring mainly in young patients (75.6%), with a mean age in the third decade of life and predilection for the posterior region of the mandible (92%). […] The treatment of ameloblastoma remains controversial because it is a benign, locally aggressive tumor with a high recurrence rate. […] The treatment indicated for recurrent ameloblastoma is radical surgery, which provides disease-free survival for at least 10 years but requires clinical and radiographic monitoring during this period of time.

• #3 Ameloblastoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17438

  Close patient follow-up for a minimum of five years is necessary to monitor for recurrence. […] It is essential to educate patients on the usually benign nature of ameloblastomas, but a high rate of recurrence. Keeping patients informed of the importance of regular follow up is crucial to monitor any benign or possible malignant ameloblastoma since it is difficult to differentiate between the two histologically. […] The complications of malignant ameloblastoma are usually due to its local invasiveness or distant metastatic spread.

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