Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ameloblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ameloblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351278

  Ameloblastoma begins in the cells that form the protective enamel lining on your teeth. The exact cause of the tumor is unclear, but several genetic changes (mutations) may be involved in the development of ameloblastoma. These changes may impact the location of the tumor, the type of cells involved and how fast the tumor grows. […] Ameloblastomas are generally classified by type, but they can also be classified by cell type. The four main types include: […] Very rarely, ameloblastoma cells can spread to other areas of the body (metastasize), such as the lymph nodes in the neck and lungs.

• #2 Ameloblastoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17438

  Ameloblasts are of ectodermal origin and derived from oral epithelium. The cells are only present during tooth development that deposit tooth enamel, which forms the outer surface of the crown. Ameloblasts become functional only after odontoblasts form the primary layer of dentin (the layer beneath enamel). The cells eventually become part of the enamel epithelium and eventually undergo apoptosis (cell death) before or after tooth eruption. […] Current thought is that ameloblastomas can arise from either the cells mentioned above or other cells of ectodermal origin, such as those associated with the enamel organ. […] The cause of ameloblastoma is not well understood. There is recent evidence that genetic mutations that activate a specific signaling pathway (MAPK) play a role in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma. Further understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis will have implications for diagnosis and therapy.

• #3 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22143-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastomas form when the cells that create your tooth enamel (ameloblasts) keep growing even after your enamel is in place. Experts dont know why this happens. […] Recent studies show that many people with ameloblastoma have common genetic mutations associated with cell division problems that fuel tumor growth. Mutations involving the BRAF and SMO genes are common with ameloblastomas. […] Experts are currently researching these mutations to identify treatments that target the abnormal cell changes (targeted therapy) and destroy tumor-causing cells.

• #4 Ameloblastoma

  https://ask-ahd.ahdubai.com/con-20155798

  Ameloblastoma begins in the cells that form the protective enamel lining on your teeth. […] The exact cause of the tumor is unclear, but several genetic changes (mutations) may be involved in the development of ameloblastoma. These changes may impact the location of the tumor, the type of cells involved and how fast the tumor grows.

• #5 Pathology Outlines – Ameloblastoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/mandiblemaxillaameloblastoma.html&rct

  Intraosseous gnathic ameloblastoma originates from: […] Remnants of the enamel organ or dental lamina […] Reported to rarely arise within odontogenic cyst […] Ameloblastoma, extraosseous / peripheral type: arises from rests of Serres (dental lamina remnants in gingiva).

• #6 SciELO Brazil – Management techniques of ameloblastoma: a literature review Management techniques of ameloblastoma: a literature review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rgo/a/7Yfszb339syBSBBv896TdkS/

  Ameloblastoma is a benign neoplasm essentially composed of epithelial tissue that has an invasive and infiltrative behavior at local level with a high recurrence rate. […] The etiology is not yet fully known; however, one of the most accepted theories is that the lesion starts developing from remaining cells of the dental lamina, reduced enamel epithelium, Malassez’s epithelial rests, or even from a basal cell layer of the epithelium surface. […] With respect to its pathogenesis, the literature reports that this lesion probably develops from residual cell proliferation of the enamel organ. It can also arise from the evolution of epithelium cells of an odontogenic cyst, as well as from the basal layer of the oral mucosa. […] A fundamental step to choose the best treatment for ameloblastomas is the identification of the type of lesion, namely: peripheral; unicystic; multicystic; and even solid and desmoplastic.

• #7 Ameloblastoma | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ameloblastoma-69909552/69909552

  1) ETIOLOGY Traumatic episodes: Extraction, cystectomy, fractures Infections Dietary deficiency: vitamin D deficiency,Lack of protein intake Virus infection […] Ameloblastoma is believed to be derived from a) Cell rest of enamel organ, either remnants of dental lamina or Hertwigs sheath, the epithelial rest of Malassez. b) Epithelium of odontogenic cysts, particularly the Dentigerous cyst odontomas. c) Disturbance to developing enamel organ. d) Basal cells of the surface epithelium of the jaws. e) Heteropic epithelium in other parts of body especially the pituitary gland. PATHOGENESIS

• #8 Ameloblastoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ameloblastoma?lang=us

  Ameloblastomas are the second most common odontogenic tumor (odontoma is the most common overall, but ameloblastoma is the most common lucent lesion) and account for up to one-third of such cases. […] Approximately 20% of cases are associated with dentigerous cysts and unerupted teeth. […] The relationship between ameloblastomas and dentigerous cysts is a controversial one; 20% of ameloblastomas are thought to arise from pre-existing dentigerous cysts.

• #9 Ameloblastoma: current etiopathological concepts and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28142213/

  Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin. […] Molecular and genetic factors that promote oncogenic transformation of odontogenic epithelium to ameloblastoma are strongly linked to dysregulation of multiple genes associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase, sonic hedgehog, and WNT/-catenin signaling pathways. […] The relatively high recurrence rate of ameloblastoma is influenced by the type of molecular etiological factors, the management approach, and how early the patient presents for treatment. […] It is expected that further elucidation of molecular factors that orchestrate pathogenesis and recurrence of ameloblastoma will lead to new diagnostic markers and targeted drug therapies for ameloblastoma.

• #10 Perspective Chapter: Ameloblastoma – Present and Future Concepts of Managing | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83748

  Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin with locally aggressive behavior. […] The exact etiological factors associated with ameloblastoma are not yet completely understood. Up to 2014, little was known about exact molecular pathogenesis and a variety of etiological factors existed, including trauma, inflammation, dental caries and nutritional deficiencies. […] Considering ectodermal origin of ameloblastoma and its development from cells of the dental lamina, it is anticipated that enamel organ, cell rests of Malessez, cell rests of Serres and remnants of odontogenic epithelium are linked to etiopathogenesis of ameloblastoma. […] As the genetic understanding increased, valuable findings have been brought to light regarding molecular pathogenesis of ameloblastoma. In 2014, it was confirmed that recurrent somatic and activating mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Ameloblastoma.aspx

  Because of the tumor’s rarity, the cause of ameloblastoma is mainly unknown. […] According to new research, a link has been discovered between the development of ameloblastoma and the mutation of specific genes involved in cell growth, division, and survival risk factors like poor dental hygiene, ignoring any swelling in the jaw, and ethnicity (more common in African and Asian communities) are known to increase a person’s chances of having this form of tumor. […] The BRAF, RAS, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) genes have all been found to have mutations in the MAPK pathway in ameloblastoma. BRAF, RAS, and FGFR2 mutations are found in about 79% of ameloblastoma cases. […] Aside from the potentially more aggressive growth pattern, recurrent ameloblastoma is associated with two other major problems: the development of metastasis, referred to as malignant ameloblastoma, and the transformation into an ameloblastic carcinoma, both of which have rates of 2% in recurrent ameloblastoma.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44178-024-00145-1

  There are numerous types of orbital tumors, among which orbital ameloblastoma is a rare metastatic benign tumor that often originates in the jaw and later metastasizes to the orbit. […] Ameloblastoma (AM) primarily originates from odontogenic epithelial remnants within the jaw bones, with a higher incidence in the mandible, particularly in the molar region and the angle of the mandible. […] The pathogenesis of ameloblastoma involves multiple factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle habits, and oral health. These factors collectively promote the occurrence and development of the tumor by influencing key processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. […] In recent years, genetic studies have shown that the occurrence of ameloblastoma is closely related to the MAPK pathway, and BRAF is the most common mutated gene in this pathway.

• #13 Frontiers | Genetic Profile of Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor and Ameloblastoma. A Systematic Review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2021.767474/full

  The available genetic data reports that AOTs and AM harbor somatic mutations in well-known oncogenes, being KRAS G12V/R and BRAFV600E mutations the most common, respectively. […] Different genomic alterations, which includes chromosomal imbalances and genetic mutations, have been reported to be present in ameloblastomas. Mutations in genes that belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway are present in almost 90% of ameloblastomas, with BRAF V600E, being the most described mutation. […] The low number of studies that have performed small to large-scale and/or “omics” techniques to characterize the molecular background of AOTs, the low frequency of AOT (accounting for <5% of odontogenic tumors), limited clinical information availability, and the fact that most of the available studies come from single-institution series or case reports, limit the conclusions than can be drawn out of these findings.

• #14 Perspective Chapter: Ameloblastoma – Present and Future Concepts of Managing | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83748

  Additionally, there is evidence that mutations in non-MAPK signaling pathways, especially sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway are also associated with ameloblastoma. […] Together, all the mentioned mutations are present in vast majority of ameloblastomas, suggesting that activation of the MAPK signaling pathway represents a critical event in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma. […] Several non-MAPK mutations have also been associated with ameloblastoma. The most important is nonclassical G protein-coupled receptor, the smoothened (SMO) gene. […] Furthermore, SHH mutations including SMO appear to be associated with higher recurrence of the disease.

• #15 Ameloblastomas: current aspects of the new WHO classification in an analysis of 136 cases | Surgical and Experimental Pathology | Full Text

  https://surgexppathol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42047-019-0041-z

  Ameloblastomas are benign odontogenic tumors of epithelial origin, uncommon, locally aggressive and being able to reach large sizes. […] In 2014 important studies on the genetics of ameloblastomas were published. Crucial to its etiopathogenesis and understanding, these studies identified highly recurrent mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways. […] The etiologic factors described relate to the onset of the lesion after a local trauma, inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, mutations and/or molecular alterations, where different signaling pathways participate. More recent theories indicate the existence of genetic anomalies related to the appearance of ameloblastomas, enabling less aggressive treatments. […] Currently, there are targeted therapies due to recent advances in the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways associated with ameloblastoma pathogenesis.

• #16 Head and Neck: Odontogenic tumor: Ameloblastoma

  https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/solid-tumor/5945/head-and-neck-odontogenic-tumor-ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma arise from remnants of odontogenic epithelium i.e. from rests of dental lamina. […] Other possible sources of origin include gingival surface epithelium and lining of odontogenic cysts. […] Ameloblastoma usually occur sporadically without any apparent genetic predisposition. However, only few cases have been reported associated with known genetic syndrome i.e. Gorlin Goltz syndrome. […] The various genetic events reported include: Loss of tumor suppressor genes L-MYC and PTEN; Expression of nrob1-the earliest gene in zebrafish tooth development; Increased methylation of p16 and p21; Aberrant CTNNB1 (beta-catenin gene) and APC (adenomatosis polyposis coli gene); Increased expression of amelogenin gene. […] Mutations of PTCH1 gene, ameloblastin (ABMN) gene and K-RAS gene have been reported.

• #17 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes of Rare Jaw Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ameloblastoma-tumor

  Doctors aren’t sure what causes ameloblastomas or why certain people get them. […] They do know they’re more common in men than in women, and certain genes seem to play a role. […] An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. […] And scientists think some viruses or a lack of protein or minerals in your diet may be linked to them as well.

• #18 Ameloblastoma | Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Guide

  https://fitwellhub.pk/ameloblastoma/

  Ameloblastoma can affect people of all ages but mostly occurs in adults aged 30 to 60. The main cause of Ameloblastoma is unknown but inflammation, jaw trauma, and genetic factors are known to cause the development of this condition. […] The exact reason for ameloblastoma occurrence is unclear, but various factors are considered significant contributors to disease development. […] Ameloblastoma typically results from abnormal growth of cells known as ameloblasts that form tooth enamel during development. These cells begin to grow disorderly, resulting in tumor formation. […] Genetic mutations, especially in BRAF genes, play a main role in ameloblastoma development. These mutations can disrupt cell signaling pathways, leading to abnormal cell growth and the formation of tumors. […] A history of injury or trauma of the jaw including surgical procedures or physical injuries can lead to abnormal growth of cells, creating favorable conditions for ameloblastoma development. […] Severe dental infections or jaws untreated cysts may result in ameloblastoma development occasionally. […] Radiation exposure, especially in the neck and head region, is associated with a high risk of ameloblastoma development.

• #19 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ameloblastoma

  There is no known specific cause of ameloblastoma, although some cases have been linked to genetic mutations or abnormalities. […] The exact cause of ameloblastoma is not yet fully understood, although several factors have been proposed to contribute to its development. Some cases of ameloblastoma may be associated with genetic mutations or abnormalities that affect the growth and development of the jawbone. […] Other potential factors that may contribute to the development of ameloblastoma include; Trauma or injury to the jaw: Previous injury or trauma to the jaw may increase the risk of developing ameloblastoma, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood. […] Infection or inflammation: Some researchers believe that chronic inflammation or infection in the jawbone may contribute to the development of ameloblastoma.

• #20 Ameloblastoma | Types | Symptoms | Causes | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/dental-oral-health/ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastomas originate in the cells that form the enamel (the protective lining of the teeth). Doctors do not know what exactly causes ameloblastoma. Injury to the jaw or mouth, gum or tooth infections, or tooth or gum inflammation (due to poor oral hygiene) are believed to trigger it. Other factors that can result in the formation of ameloblastoma are viral infections and a diet lacking essential minerals and protein. Scientists are not sure if these factors cause ameloblastomas, and the reason for some turning malignant is also not known. […] Recent research has shown a relationship between mutations of certain genes that control cell growth and division and the formation of ameloblastoma. BRAF and SMO gene mutations have been seen in almost 80% of all ameloblastoma patients.

• #21 Oral Rehabilitation of Patients with Ameloblastoma of the Mandible. Clinical Results in Three Patients with Different Bone Reconstruction Techniques

  https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/12/PAGE/1107/FULLTEXT/

  Ameloblastomas represent approximately 1% of all tumours and cysts of the maxilla and mandible, and 10% of all odontogenic mandibular tumours. […] The etiology of ameloblastoma is not understood, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2005), the ameloblastoma is derived from an odontogenic epithelial origin. […] Causes may include injury to the mouth or jaw, infections of the teeth or gums, or inflammation of these same areas. Recent studies imply that there may be a host-response factor of periodontal disease that could trigger the neoplasm. […] It has been realized for some years that ameloblastomas occur rather frequently in Africans. […] The recommended treatment for ameloblastoma is surgical resection of tumour with safety margins of 1-2 cm, due to its aggressive recurrence rate.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44178-024-00145-1

  The hypoxic microenvironment formed by hypoxia is closely related to the invasive, progressive, and malignant potential of orbital ameloblastoma. […] Although the specific mechanisms are not fully understood, environmental factors such as hypoxia, radiation, and chemical substances may increase the risk of disease onset.

• #23 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ameloblastoma

  Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins in the environment may increase the risk of developing ameloblastoma, although more research is needed to fully understand the relationship. […] Hormonal factors: Some studies have suggested a link between ameloblastoma and hormonal factors, particularly in women.

• #24 Ameloblastoma | Bone Cancer Research Trust

  https://www.bcrt.org.uk/information/information-by-type/ameloblastoma/

  Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign, tumour of the bone which can occur in the lower or upper jaw bone. […] The cause of ameloblastoma is largely unknown, and due to the rarity of this tumour it is hard to assess a possible cause from the small number of cases that have been reported. […] Recent research has revealed an association between the mutation of certain genes, which are involved in controlling cell growth, division and survival, and the development of ameloblastoma. Mutations in genes known as BRAF and SMO have been seen in over 80% of ameloblastoma cases and so further investigation into these genes is currently taking place. […] Although there is currently no identifiable cause for ameloblastoma, there are risk factors that are thought to increase the likelihood of an individual developing this tumour type. […] These risk factors include: Poor oral hygiene, Disregard to any swelling in the jaw, Ethnicity – ameloblastoma is more common in African and Asian populations.

• #25

  https://www.pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/view/909

  The mean age of the patients (12-80 years old) was 38.615.1 years, with male-female ratio 2.84: 1. […] There was no effect of exposure to pesticides, factory or mine, smoke and human papilloma virus in the etiology of ameloblastoma because only 18% of patients showed the association of HPV16.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/aomr/fulltext/2014/26020/prevalence_of_ameloblastoma__a_three_year.5.aspx

  Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumor arising from the epithelial rests of Malassez, occurring mostly in the mandible. […] However, the trigger for neoplastic transformation of the epithelium has remained unknown. […] Besides its invasive characteristic, the ameloblastoma also has a tendency to recur, therefore, this tumor is usually considered as a localized malignant tumor. […] The percentage of ameloblastoma occurrence among males and females has been reported with varied opinions in literature. […] The average age of presentation that has been reported in literature is between 30 and 33 years. […] The peak incidence in Asia fell in the third decade of life, as compared to the fifth decade of life in North America. […] The explanation for the lower average age of patients with ameloblastoma in developing countries compared with that of industrialized countries may reflect poor nutrition and reduced access to the healthcare system in developing countries.

• #27 Ameloblastoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/oral-health/ameloblastoma/

  Ameloblastomas can come from leftover cells or other skin-like cells associated with the enamel organ, which is basically the factory for tooth enamel. […] Today, we think that tumors called ameloblastomas can come from either these leftover cells or other skin-like cells associated with the enamel organ, which is basically the factory for tooth enamel. […] Mostly, about 80% of these tumors happen in the lower jaw, while the other 20% occur in the upper jaw.

• #28 Ameloblastoma – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma is often associated with the presence of an unerupted teeth (impacted teeth) or a dentigerous cyst (a follicular cyst) […] No specific genetic mutation is currently reported that increases the risk in development of this jaw tumor.

• #29 Bioengineering the ameloblastoma tumour to study its effect on bone nodule formation | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03484-5

  Ameloblastoma is a benign, epithelial cancer of the jawbone, which causes bone resorption and disfigurement to patients affected. […] A range of gene mutations and copy number alterations have been identified and suggested as potential drivers of AM pathogenesis, mostly within the MAPK cascade pathway such as BRAF V600E, FGF2 and RAS. […] The current theory is that AM increases RANKL, which then binds to its receptor RANK on the surface of osteoclasts and causes osteoclast activation and thereby, bone resorption. […] The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in particular MMP-2 and -9 found in AM epithelium cause further osteoclasts activation as well as degradation of fibrillar collagen (collagen type IV). […] We showed direct inhibition of bone nodule formation by osteoblasts when ameloblastoma is present. […] Ameloblastoma cells caused osteoblasts to increase their TNFSF11 (RANKL) expression.

• #30 Giant Mandibular Ameloblastoma with Rare Hypercalcemia: A Case Report and Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/1956

  The availability of relevant data restricts the exploration of the mechanisms of ameloblastoma-associated hypercalcemia. […] The local bone resorption mainly occurs through the secretion of paracrine factors by tumor cells that can stimulate osteoclast formation and bone resorption, rather than being directly attributed to tumor invasion. […] It has been demonstrated that ameloblastosis could cause hypercalcemia via the secretion of interleukin-1, a bone-resorptive cytokine, acting on bone tissue. […] Another potential cause is the secretion of PTHrP by ameloblastoma cells that causes HHM. […] The expression of PTHrP in ameloblastoma may significantly contribute to local bone resorption, thereby elucidating the tumor’s highly aggressive and osteolytic nature. […] The combination of the two above mechanisms may primarily lead to ameloblastoma-associated hypercalcemia. […] The patient in our study had no previous history of kidney disease prior to the occurrence of ameloblastoma, suggesting that his impaired renal function was probably related to the severe ameloblastoma-associated hypercalcemia.

• #31

  http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/1022

  Unicystic ameloblastoma can occur due to neoplastic transformation from an odontogenic cyst to an odontogenic tumor, ameloblastic transformation of reduced enamel epithelium from developing teeth, or cystic degeneration of solid ameloblastoma. […] However, there is no convincing evidence has yet been found for each proposed pathogenesis. […] Etiology of the unicystic ameloblastoma has not undergone renewal, and the currently known pathogenesis of the unicystic ameloblastoma is molecular pathogenesis, namely where the development of odontogenic lesions occurs due to pathogenic gene mutations that affect the signaling pathway. […] The mutation that often occurs is the BRAF V600E mutation which is included in the MAPK signaling pathway.

• #32 Mandibular Cysts and Odontogenic Tumors: Overview, Odontogenic Mandibular Cysts, Nonodontogenic Mandibular Cysts

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/852734-overview

  Based on a literature review and meta-analysis, Chae et al estimated that ameloblastomas have a mean growth rate of 87.84% per year, with solid, multicystic ameloblastomas having the highest growth rate, and the peripheral form of the tumor having the lowest such rate. […] Ameloblastoma does not have a capsule. The neoplastic component is purely epithelial and resembles the cap stage of odontogenesis (ie, polarized tall columnar cells on the outer aspect of the lesion with SR on the inner aspect, which may form a cyst). The lesion may have a reactive connective tissue component that is not neoplastic. This is a nonfunctional tumor, ie, it does not induce the surrounding connective tissue, which in turn is unable to induce enamel formation. In effect, these tumors represent arrested odontogenesis.

• #33

  https://journals.lww.com/aomr/fulltext/2014/26020/prevalence_of_ameloblastoma__a_three_year.5.aspx

  Tumors with a follicular, granular, or acanthomatous growth pattern have a reportedly high likelihood of recurrence, whereas, desmoplastic, plexiform, and unicystic subtypes have a relatively low recurrence potential. […] Recurrence in ameloblastoma is believed to be the result of several risk factors, notably tumor subtype, treatment method, and tumor behavior. […] The chance of recurrence seemed to be more dependent on the method of surgical treatment rather than on the histological subtype.

• #34 Management of Recurrence of Ameloblastoma and Odontogenic Keratocyst: A Cross-Sectional Study

  http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2215-34112020000300174

  Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and ameloblastoma are slowly growing and locally invasive tumors with high recurrence rate. […] Previous inadequate surgical procedures were the most important cause of recurrence. […] Ameloblastomas have a risk of local recurrence with the magnitude depending on the histological type and surgical treatment method. […] The recurrence rate after removal of the lesion is very high. […] The recurrence rate of OKC is 0-62.5%. […] The recurrence rate after conservative treatment is higher than that following aggressive treatment. […] Inadequate resection of hard and soft tissues beyond an ameloblastoma causes recurrence. […] The follicular, granular cell, and acanthomatous types are associated with recurrence. […] The most common histopathological subtype was follicular ameloblastoma. […] Malign transformation is extremely rare but can be caused by repeated postsurgical recurrence. […] Recurrence mostly occurred within 5 years after the first treatment.

• #35 Ameloblastoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/radiology/ameloblastoma-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications

  Ameloblastoma begins with the cells that comprise the enamel lining of your teeth. Seldom may it start in the gum tissue. Ameloblastoma can result from several genetic changes, often known as mutations, although the exact origin of the tumour is uncertain. The location, type, and growth rate of the tumour may all be impacted by these changes. […] There is a rare chance that ameloblastoma can turn malignant (cancerous). Seldom do ameloblastoma cells metastasize, or spread, to other bodily areas such as the lymph nodes in the neck and lungs. Ameloblastoma may recur after treatment.

• #36 MALIGNANT AMELOBLASTOMA: MULTIPLE LOCAL RECURRENCE AND METASTASIS IN THE SCALP. CASE REPORT

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5609/560962359006/html/

  Ameloblastoma is a neoplasm usually found in the maxilla and mandible with progressive intraosseous growth and a tendency to local recurrence. […] Ameloblastoma is a rare benign intraosseous neoplasm that originates in the odontogenic epithelium. It is of unknown etiology and is characterized by expansive growth with a tendency to recurrence. […] Ameloblastoma rarely evolves into malignancy and develops hematogenous spread; although the benign histology of ameloblastoma is the same, the malignant histology is characterized by the presence of metastases and is associated with cytologic atypia with or without metastases. […] Malignant ameloblastoma differs from ameloblastoma in the presence of distant metastases, although both have the same benign histology. […] A metastatic malignant ameloblastoma tumor, by definition, should have the same histological characteristics as a primary mandibular tumor.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/njms/fulltext/2014/05010/ameloblastoma_of_the_anterior_mandible.11.aspx

  Ameloblastoma is a benign, slow growing, locally invasive odontogenic tumor. Exact etiology of ameloblastoma is not known. Ameloblastoma may arise from: Cell rest of enamel organ either remnant of dental lamina or remnant of Hertwigs sheath; epithelium of odontogenic cyst; and disturbances of developing enamel organ. […] Etiology of ameloblastoma is unknown. In most cases, ameloblastoma are usually asymptomatic and found on routine x-rays; when they attain considerable size then they present with jaw expansion. […] Ameloblastomas are well-known for its recurrence. […] Inadequate surgical margins are frequent cause of recurrence. Treatment of ameloblastoma by curettage leave small tumor island in bone, which may later cause recurrence. […] Role of radiotherapy, as a useful treatment modality in case ameloblastoma, is not established. Role of chemotherapy is not yet well-defined, however, few reports showed little response with Cisplatin and Paclitaxel. […] Malignant transformations of ameloblastoma are rarely seen, accounting for less than 1% of cases.

• #38 MALIGNANT AMELOBLASTOMA: MULTIPLE LOCAL RECURRENCE AND METASTASIS IN THE SCALP. CASE REPORT

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5609/560962359006/html/

  The most common site of ameloblastoma metastasis is the lung (72.7%), followed by cervical lymph nodes, brain, and bone. […] The scalp is a rare site of metastasis of malignant ameloblastoma: only one case has been reported in the literature. […] The primary and optimal treatment for ameloblastoma is surgery, in other words, total excision of the lesion with radical resections and margins of 1.5cm to 2.0cm. […] Treatment of metastatic lesions is not yet uniform, as sometimes surgical resection is not possible due to their anatomical location or extension; furthermore, no clear chemotherapy or radiotherapy protocols have been established for these lesions. […] The case reported here allows approaching a pathology that, although rare, has great impact on the health state of the patients who have it due to its tendency to local recurrence and distant involvement, making ameloblastoma a complex entity.

• #39 MALIGNANT AMELOBLASTOMA: MULTIPLE LOCAL RECURRENCE AND METASTASIS IN THE SCALP. CASE REPORT

  https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5609/560962359006/html/

  For this reason, a clear, accurate and timely diagnosis of ameloblastoma, paying utmost attention to its histopathological characteristics and complete radical surgical resection with oncological resection margins, is considered as the best option for adequate survival in patients presenting with this rare entity. […] Non-surgical alternatives, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are only recommended as a palliative option for lesions that cannot be approached surgically or in unresectable tumor recurrence. […] It is worth noting that multiple surgical interventions or recurrences are a risk factor for malignant or metastatic ameloblastoma.

• #40 Giant Mandibular Ameloblastoma with Rare Hypercalcemia: A Case Report and Literature Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/11/1956

  Ameloblastoma is a common benign tumor that occurs most frequently in the jawbones, comprising approximately 1% of all oral tumors. […] Although histologically benign, ameloblastomas exhibit a locally invasive growth pattern and a high recurrence rate. […] Hypercalcemia is a fairly common paraneoplastic syndrome, which is frequently observed in patients with malignant tumors (such as lung cancer, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, and renal cancer), rather than those with benign tumors. However, some cases of ameloblastoma with hypercalcemia have been reported, which suggests that ameloblastoma, a benign tumor, may also cause hypercalcemia via certain mechanisms similar to malignancy. […] The resolution of hypercalcemia following tumor resection further emphasized the diagnosis of ameloblastoma-associated hypercalcemia.

• #41 A Retrospective Study of 158 Cases on the Risk Factors for Recurrence in Ameloblastoma

  https://www.medsci.org/v18p3326.htm

  Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumor occurring in jaws, with local aggressiveness and postoperative recurrence. […] Treatment modality, impacted tooth and root resorption all showed statistically significant associations with the recurrence rate in ameloblastoma. […] The recurrence rate is identical to that reported by Siar et al. and also within the range of 9.78% to 20.6% showed by others. […] Significant differences were found when comparing recurrence rates in relation to treatment modality, impacted tooth and root resorption. […] The novelty was that the present study found a significant correlation between these two factors and tumor recurrence. […] The real role of impacted tooth and root resorption in ameloblastoma recurrence needs to be further investigated by more studies.

• #42 Ameloblastoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/ameloblastoma

  Ameloblastoma develops from abnormal growth in the cells that form the enamel layer of the teeth. The exact causes of ameloblastoma are not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to genetic mutations and abnormalities in tooth development. […] The exact cause of ameloblastoma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations and abnormalities in tooth development. Other factors that may increase the risk of developing ameloblastoma include trauma to the jaw, exposure to radiation, and certain inherited genetic syndromes. […] Ameloblastoma is classified as a benign tumor, but it can be locally aggressive and tends to recur. Recurrence rates after surgical resection can range from 10% to 90%, with a median recurrence rate of 25%. […] Prevention of Ameloblastoma is not well understood as the exact causes are unknown. Additionally, there are no consistent risk factors that are known to lead to Ameloblastoma. However, some measures might reduce the risk of Ameloblastoma development, including avoiding irradiation or exposure to radiation, good dental hygiene, and avoiding infections or oral injuries.

• #43 Ameloblastoma: Understanding a Complex Odontogenic Tumor

  https://denpedia.com/ameloblastoma-understanding-a-complex-odontogenic-tumor/

  Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor that predominantly affects the jawbones. It originates from the remnants of the dental lamina and is associated with the enamel-forming cells known as ameloblasts. […] The exact cause of ameloblastoma remains unclear. However, it is believed to stem from the epithelial tissue associated with tooth development, particularly from the remnants of the dental lamina, enamel organ, or developing enamel. Genetic mutations and alterations in certain signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/-catenin pathway, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma. […] Targeted therapies involve drugs or other substances that specifically target molecular and genetic changes present in ameloblastoma cells. The inhibition of specific signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/-catenin pathway, is a promising avenue for targeted therapy.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Management techniques of ameloblastoma: a literature review Management techniques of ameloblastoma: a literature review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rgo/a/7Yfszb339syBSBBv896TdkS/

  The diagnosis in the early stages of the lesion is difficult, because it develops slowly and without apparent symptoms. Its clinical visualization is only possible when the lesion is at an advanced stage. […] Treatment options vary with respect to how invasive they are. The number of surgical interventions and the approach adopted have specific indications and range from simple procedures to more radical surgeries, which can lead to facial deformities and functional disability in the patients. […] It is essential that the chosen procedures result in the total elimination of the lesion, because it has a potential role for recurrence and progression to malignancies.

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