Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #2 Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/brain-other-cns-and-intracranial-tumours

  There are around 12,700 new brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours cases in the UK every year, that’s 35 every day (2017-2019). […] Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours is the 9th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Since the early 2000s, brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence rates have increased by around a quarter (24%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by around a third (32%), and rates in males have increased by around a seventh (15%) (2017-2019). […] The most common specific location for malignant brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours in the UK is the brain (2016-2018). […] Mortality rates for malignant brain tumours are generally lower in people of non-White minority ethnicity, compared with the White ethnic group, in England and Wales (2017-2019).

• #3 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] 35.7% Relative Survival Rate for all patients with a malignant brain tumor. […] 18,990 Americans will die from a malignant brain tumor in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for patients with malignant brain tumors is 35.7%. […] For the most common form of primary malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma, the five-year relative survival rate is only 6.9% and median survival is only 8 months.

• #4 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The worldwide incidence rate of primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors in 2022, age-adjusted using the world standard population, was 3.5 per 100,000 population. […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths (5.37 per 100,000 with 49,234 death for males and 3.59 per 100,000 with 37,819 deaths for females) attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] From birth, a person in the United States has a 0.6% chance of ever being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (excluding lymphomas, leukemias, tumors of pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) and a 0.50% chance of dying from the primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor.

• #5 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #6 Key Statistics for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/about/key-statistics.html

  About 24,820 malignant tumors of the brain or spinal cord (14,040 in males and 10,780 in females) will be diagnosed. […] About 18,330 people (10,170 males and 8,160 females) will die from brain and spinal cord tumors. […] Overall, the chance that a person will develop a malignant tumor of the brain or spinal cord in their lifetime is less than 1%. […] The risk of developing a malignant tumor is slightly higher for men than for women. […] Survival rates for brain and spinal cord tumors vary widely, depending on the type of tumor (and other factors).

• #7 Brain Tumor FAQs – Learn More or Donate Today! | ABTA

  https://www.abta.org/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-education/

  A brain tumor is a growth of abnormal cells that have formed in the brain. Some brain tumors are malignant (cancerous), while others are not (non-malignant, non-cancerous or benign). A brain tumor can form in the brain or other parts of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the spine or cranial nerves. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. A tumor can affect the brain’s ability to work properly and adequately perform such functions. […] Tumor grade has long been a way to define the aggressiveness of a tumor, particularly for malignant brain tumors such as glioma but also for non-malignant (benign) brain tumors including meningioma. […] Nearly one-third (27.9 percent) of brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors are malignant.

• #8 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries. […] The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. […] In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result, accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths. […] Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012). […] In the United States more than 28,000 people under 20 are estimated to have a brain tumor. […] The average survival rate for all primary brain cancers in children is 74%. […] In children under 2, about 70% of brain tumors are medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and low-grade gliomas.

• #9 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The worldwide incidence rate of primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors in 2022, age-adjusted using the world standard population, was 3.5 per 100,000 population. […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths (5.37 per 100,000 with 49,234 death for males and 3.59 per 100,000 with 37,819 deaths for females) attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] From birth, a person in the United States has a 0.6% chance of ever being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (excluding lymphomas, leukemias, tumors of pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) and a 0.50% chance of dying from the primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor.

• #10 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United States was 25.34 cases per 100,000 population, for a total count of 467,894 incident tumors; (6.89 per 100,000 for malignant tumors [126,807 cases] and 18.46 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors [341,087 cases]). […] The worldwide incidence rate of primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors in 2022, age-adjusted using the world standard population, was 3.5 per 100,000 population. […] The average annual mortality rate in the United States between 2017 and 2021 was 4.41 per 100,000 population with 87,053 total deaths (5.37 per 100,000 with 49,234 death for males and 3.59 per 100,000 with 37,819 deaths for females) attributed to primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors. […] From birth, a person in the United States has a 0.6% chance of ever being diagnosed with a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (excluding lymphomas, leukemias, tumors of pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) and a 0.50% chance of dying from the primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor.

• #11 Brain Tumor Statistics | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-tumor/types/statistics

  9. Increasing with age, the highest rates of brain tumors occur in individuals over the age of 65. […] 10. The overall 5-year survival rate for primary brain tumors stands at approximately 36%. […] 11. Brain tumors stand as the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities among individuals under the age of 40. […] 12. Gliomas, a comprehensive category encompassing tumors originating from the supportive brain tissue, constitute 24.7% of all primary brain tumors, with 74.6% of them classified as malignant. […] 13. Brain tumors impact individuals of various ages, ethnic backgrounds, and genders. Fortunately, the majority of these tumors, approximately 71%, are benign, with the remaining 29% classified as malignant. […] 14. Additionally, there is a higher incidence of brain tumors in females (58%) compared to males (approximately 42%).

• #12 Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in Genova, Italy. 1993–2017 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79170-z

  The global incidence of brain tumors in Genova remained essentially stable between 1993 and 2017 with a 3YMPV of 0.6 (95% CI = -1.0/2.1). […] In the period 1993-2017 examined here, GBs constituted 667/2102=31.7% of all malignant brain tumors in Genova (Tables 2 and 3), a fraction lower than the 48.6% reported in 2021 by Miller and colleagues in the US. […] The average AAR per 105 person-years for the GBs calculated over the eight three-year periods between 1993 and 2017 in both sexes was 3.22. […] The mean AAR for GB was higher in Genova males (4.10) than in females (2.51). […] GB AARs increased from 1993 to 2010 in Genova, both in males and females. […] The corresponding decrease recorded for NGB in 1993-2010 and NOS in 2004-2010 suggests that the increased temporal trend of GB AAR during 1993-2010 may have been at least partially linked to the significant advances in imaging and histopathology carried out in those years for the diagnosis of GB, to the detriment of diagnoses previously left unspecified (NOS) or incorrectly classified (NGB).

• #13 Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/brain.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 24,820 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 18,330 […] Brain and other nervous system cancer represents 1.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 24,820 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer and an estimated 18,330 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of brain and other nervous system cancer was 6.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 6574. […] Brain and other nervous system cancer is the ninth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of brain and other nervous system cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new brain and other nervous system cancer cases have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been stable over 20142023.

• #14 Glioblastoma Multiforme – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/glioblastoma-multiforme/

  Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain and other CNS tumors accounting for 47.7% of all cases. Glioblastoma has an incidence of 3.21 per 100,000 population. […] Median age of diagnosis is 64 years and it is more common in men as compared to women. Survival is poor with approximately 40% survival in the first year post diagnosis and 17% in the second year. […] Factors associated with glioblastoma risk are prior therapeutic radiation, decreased susceptibility to allergy and impaired immune response. Several hereditary cancer syndromes greatly increase the risk of glioblastoma, including Li-fraumeni syndrome and Lynch syndrome.

• #15 Brain Tumor Symptoms, Causes, and Types | MNC

  https://miamineurosciencecenter.com/en/conditions/brain-tumors/

  There is still hope. It may appear insurmountable but you are not alone. Each year around 80,000 new cases of brain cancer are diagnosed in the US and it is estimated that 700,000 people are currently living with brain cancer. […] The survival rate for brain cancer varies by several factors including the type of tumor, stage of development, malignancy, age of the patient, delay in medical intervention, and treatments performed. […] The estimated 5-year survival rate after diagnosis and/or treatment, for people with brain cancer is around 34% for men and 36% for women. […] In adults, primary brain tumors are less common than secondary brain tumors (those originating outside the CNS). […] Brain cancer and Leukemia are the leading causes of cancer death in children accounting for approximately half of all cancer related deaths in children.

• #16 Trends in brain cancer incidence and survival in the United States: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1973 to 2001 in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 20 Issue 4 (2006) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/20/4/foc.2006.20.4.e1.xml

  Examination of incidence by race showed that Caucasians were at significantly higher risk for brain cancer than African-Americans (6.7 compared with 3.6 per 100,000). […] The incidence of brain cancer increased from 1973 to 1987, followed by a decline thereafter. […] The incidence rates of brain cancer decreased among men and women after the years 1986 and 1987, respectively. […] Although the decline was statistically significant among the women, it did not reach significant levels among the men. […] The incidence rates among young adults show a statistically significant decline after 1987. […] The five-year survival rates showed improvement over the study period (21% in the 1970s, 27% in the 1980s, and 31% in the 1990s). […] However, for GBM, 1-year relative survival rates showed improvement from only the 1970s to the 1980s. […] There is no statistically significant improvement in the survival rate for GBM after the 1980s. […] Despite raised concerns related to the risk of brain cancer from using cellular phones, our study fails to find support for this hypothesis at the population level.

• #17 Updated Statistics on Child and Adolescent Brain Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-highlights/childhood-cancer-research-highlights/updated-statistics-on-child-and-adolescent-brain-tumors.html

  Incidence rates of cancerous brain tumors are highest in White children, which is similar to adult cancerous brain tumors. However, death rates in White and Black children are similar, reflecting large survival disparities for Black children. […] 5-year survival rates for children and adolescents with cancerous brain tumors vary greatly by subtype. […] 5-year survival rates are lowest (70%) in Black children and adolescents with brain cancer and highest (79%) in White patients. The racial disparity among children likely reflects less access to appropriate treatment and enrollment in clinical trials among non-White patients. […] The study authors emphasized that because of the aggressive nature of many cancerous subtypes and limited knowledge about their cause (etiology), ongoing updates of the descriptive epidemiology of these tumors is essential.

• #18 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The five-year relative survival rate in the United States from 2001 to 2020 following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (including lymphomas and leukemias, tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) was 35.7%. […] While incidence of brain and other CNS tumors increased overall and among non-malignant tumors only, there was a significant decrease in malignant tumors overall from 2004-2017. […] The overall prevalence as of December 31, 2019 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 1,323,121 cases, of which 14.6% were malignant (195,048 cases).

• #19 How Common Are Brain Tumors? Prevalence and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-tumor/how-common-are-brain-tumors

  The average relative 5-year survival rate for all types of brain tumors both benign and cancerous is 76%, but this changes based on whether the tumor is cancerous, what type of tumor it is, and your age. […] Malignant brain tumors: The relative 5-year survival rate after diagnosis is 35.7%. […] Brain tumors are a fairly rare type of cancer. Fewer than 100,000 Americans have brain tumors diagnosed each year, and the majority of these tumors are benign, which means they’re not cancerous. […] As the American population ages, the number of brain tumors that are diagnosed each year is expected to rise.

• #20 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] 35.7% Relative Survival Rate for all patients with a malignant brain tumor. […] 18,990 Americans will die from a malignant brain tumor in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for patients with malignant brain tumors is 35.7%. […] For the most common form of primary malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma, the five-year relative survival rate is only 6.9% and median survival is only 8 months.

• #21 About Glioblastoma

  https://braintumor.org/events/glioblastoma-awareness-day/about-glioblastoma/

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most complex, deadly, and treatment-resistant cancers. More than 14,490 Americans are expected to receive a GBM diagnosis in 2023. GBM accounts for 50.1 percent of all primary malignant brain tumors. It is estimated that more than 10,000 individuals in the United States will succumb to glioblastoma every year. The five-year survival rate for glioblastoma patients is only 6.9 percent, and the average length of survival for glioblastoma patients is estimated to be only 8 months. Survival rates and mortality statistics for GBM have been virtually unchanged for decades. Despite first being identified in the scientific literature in the 1920s, there have only been four drugs and one device ever approved by the FDA specifically for the treatment of glioblastoma. None of these treatments have succeeded in significantly extending patient lives beyond a few extra months. Glioblastoma is also one of the more expensive cancers to treat, often leaving patients and families with major financial hardship on top of the burdens of the disease.

• #22 CBTRUS – 2018 CBTRUS Fact Sheet

  https://www.cbtrus.org/www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html

  Survival after diagnosis with a primary malignant or non-malignant brain tumor in the US varies significantly by age, histology and behavior. Five-year relative survival rates following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (including lymphoma, leukemia, tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) by age of diagnosis (2000-2015 data): Age 0-19 years: 74.1%. Age 20-44 years: 62.2%. Age 45-54 years: 33.5%. Age 55-64 years: 18.5%. Age 65-74 years: 11.5%. Age 75 or older: 6.1%. […] The prevalence rate for all primary malignant brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 47.60 per 100,000 in 2010. It was estimated that more than 103,634 persons were living with a diagnosis of primary brain and other central nervous system tumor in the United States in 2010. […] The prevalence rate for all pediatric (ages 0-14) primary malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors was estimated at 22.31 per 100,000 with more than 13,657 cases of children estimated to be living with this diagnosis in the United States in 2010.

• #23 Brain Tumor Statistics | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-tumor/types/statistics

  15. Brain tumors and other forms of nervous system cancers rank as the 10th leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. […] 16. The current estimate suggests that at least 88,000 children and adults are living with a brain tumor in the UK. […] 17. On average, brain tumors reduce life expectancy by 27 years, marking the highest impact among all cancer types. […] 18. The annual toll of lives claimed by brain tumors surpasses 5,300. […] 19. The 5-year survival rate for children with brain tumors exhibits a wide range, contingent on tumor type and other factors, ranging from less than 20% for certain aggressive tumors to over 90% for some low-grade tumors. […] 20. About 17,200 people die from malignant brain tumors annually.

• #24 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The five-year relative survival rate in the United States from 2001 to 2020 following diagnosis of a primary malignant brain and other CNS tumor (including lymphomas and leukemias, tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity) was 35.7%. […] While incidence of brain and other CNS tumors increased overall and among non-malignant tumors only, there was a significant decrease in malignant tumors overall from 2004-2017. […] The overall prevalence as of December 31, 2019 for all primary brain and other CNS tumors was estimated to be 1,323,121 cases, of which 14.6% were malignant (195,048 cases).

• #25 Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in Genova, Italy. 1993–2017 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79170-z

  Exposure to ionizing radiation during childhood is an established environmental risk factor for brain tumors while the effects of exposure during adulthood are less clear. […] The investigation on GB incidence might have been limited by the exclusion of cases with tumors with sarcomatous component (9442/3 gliosarcoma). […] The incidence of total malignant brain tumors in Genova showed a limited increase [0.6 (95% CI = -1.0/2.1) % every three years] in the quarter century 1993-2017. […] The incidence of GB, the most common and lethal malignant brain tumor, has shown an increase of 5.3 (95% CI = -0.4/11.3) % every three years. […] The data suggest that a significant, albeit still undetermined, part of that GB increase may be linked to progress in sensitivity and specificity of GB diagnoses in Genova over 1993-2017.

• #26 Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in Genova, Italy. 1993–2017 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79170-z

  The partially concurrent decline in the incidence rates of malignant brain tumors other than glioblastoma or not otherwise specified suggests that the observed increase in the incidence rate of glioblastoma during 1993-2017 may have been at least partially linked to the improvement during the same period in sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of glioblastoma, depleting the reservoirs of other malignant or unspecified brain tumors. […] Research into possibly increased environmental risk factors (e.g., population exposure to ionizing radiation) for glioblastoma in Genova remains warranted. […] The AARs of all malignant brain tumors examined in Genova without distinction of sex [range 7.57 (95% CI=6.58-8.57) in 1993-1995 to 8.39 (95% CI=7.49-9.30) in 2014-2017; Table 2; Fig. 1C] are in line with those reported in 2019 by Fan and collaborators for the Western Europe population [7.73 (95% C.I. = 5.05-9.52)] and slightly higher than those estimated by Leece et al. in Southern Europe [6.89 (95% CI=6.78-6.99) cases/105 people].

• #27 Electromagnetic Radiation Safety: Brain Tumor Rates Are Rising in the US: The Role of Cell Phone & Cordless Phone Use

  https://www.saferemr.com/2015/05/brain-tumor-rates-are-rising-in-us-role.html

  The age-adjusted incidence rate of thyroid cancer significantly increased overall in the U.S. by 79% from 2000 (7.59 per 100,000) to 2021 (13.57 per 100,000). […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of salivary gland cancer significantly increased overall in the U.S. by 13% from 2000 (1.22 per 100,000) to 2021 (1.38 per 100,000). […] The incidence of glioma, the most common malignant brain tumor, has increased in the United States, although not across-the-board. […] The National Cancer Institute reported that glioma incidence in the frontal lobe increased among young adults 20-29 years of age. […] The incidence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which accounts for about half of all gliomas, increased in the frontal and temporal lobes, and in the cerebellum among adults in the U.S. from 1992-2006.

• #28 Incidence and prevalence of primary malignant brain tumours in Canada from 1992 to 2017: an epidemiologic study | CMAJ Open

  https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/9/4/E973

  Primary malignant brain tumours account for more than one-third of all brain tumours and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumours and trends in these rates in Canada from 1992 to 2017. […] During the study period, the average age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates of all primary malignant CNS tumours were 7.9 and 7.6 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. The incidence and prevalence increased by 37.5% and 40.5%, respectively, over the study period. […] Overall, the incidence of primary malignant CNS tumours increased from 1992 to 2017, and males and older adults were disproportionately affected. Increased health care resources and awareness are needed to improve identification of these tumours and deliver evidence-based care that balances safety, efficacy and preservation of quality of life for affected patients.

• #29 Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/brain-other-cns-and-intracranial-tumours/incidence

  Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours is the 9th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 3% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] For brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours, there are few established risk factors therefore differences between countries largely reflect differences in diagnosis and data recording. […] Brain, other CNS and intracranial tumours European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined increased by 24% in the UK between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019. […] The best current estimate is that secondary brain cancers occur in at least 6% of all cancer patients, with marked variation by primary cancer site. […] Based on this estimate, metastatic brain tumours are thought to outnumber primary malignant brain tumours by at least three to one.

• #30 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the 8th most common cancer in adults 40+. The majority of brain and other CNS tumors diagnosed in adults 20+ years old are non-malignant tumors (age-adjusted incidence of 22.38 per 100,000) while malignant brain and other CNS tumors are less common in this age group (age-adjusted incidence 8.5 per 100,000). […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] While the vast majority of brain and other CNS tumors occur in individuals without a known cancer syndrome, ~5-10% have a family history of brain and CNS tumor. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #31 Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in Genova, Italy. 1993–2017 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79170-z

  Exposure to ionizing radiation during childhood is an established environmental risk factor for brain tumors while the effects of exposure during adulthood are less clear. […] The investigation on GB incidence might have been limited by the exclusion of cases with tumors with sarcomatous component (9442/3 gliosarcoma). […] The incidence of total malignant brain tumors in Genova showed a limited increase [0.6 (95% CI = -1.0/2.1) % every three years] in the quarter century 1993-2017. […] The incidence of GB, the most common and lethal malignant brain tumor, has shown an increase of 5.3 (95% CI = -0.4/11.3) % every three years. […] The data suggest that a significant, albeit still undetermined, part of that GB increase may be linked to progress in sensitivity and specificity of GB diagnoses in Genova over 1993-2017.

• #32 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other CNS tumors are the 8th most common cancer in adults 40+. The majority of brain and other CNS tumors diagnosed in adults 20+ years old are non-malignant tumors (age-adjusted incidence of 22.38 per 100,000) while malignant brain and other CNS tumors are less common in this age group (age-adjusted incidence 8.5 per 100,000). […] Numerous environmental exposures have been evaluated as potential risk factors for brain and other CNS tumors in adults, but the only consistent risk factor that has been identified is exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. […] While the vast majority of brain and other CNS tumors occur in individuals without a known cancer syndrome, ~5-10% have a family history of brain and CNS tumor. […] Mounting evidence from diverse studies suggests that higher socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of adult CNS tumors when compared to individuals with a lower SEP.

• #33 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #34 Glioblastoma Multiforme – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/glioblastoma-multiforme/

  Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain and other CNS tumors accounting for 47.7% of all cases. Glioblastoma has an incidence of 3.21 per 100,000 population. […] Median age of diagnosis is 64 years and it is more common in men as compared to women. Survival is poor with approximately 40% survival in the first year post diagnosis and 17% in the second year. […] Factors associated with glioblastoma risk are prior therapeutic radiation, decreased susceptibility to allergy and impaired immune response. Several hereditary cancer syndromes greatly increase the risk of glioblastoma, including Li-fraumeni syndrome and Lynch syndrome.

• #35 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #36 Glioblastoma Multiforme – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/glioblastoma-multiforme/

  Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain and other CNS tumors accounting for 47.7% of all cases. Glioblastoma has an incidence of 3.21 per 100,000 population. […] Median age of diagnosis is 64 years and it is more common in men as compared to women. Survival is poor with approximately 40% survival in the first year post diagnosis and 17% in the second year. […] Factors associated with glioblastoma risk are prior therapeutic radiation, decreased susceptibility to allergy and impaired immune response. Several hereditary cancer syndromes greatly increase the risk of glioblastoma, including Li-fraumeni syndrome and Lynch syndrome.

• #37 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous) and can affect children and adults. […] Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). Some tumors grow quickly, while others are slow growing. […] Only about one-third of brain tumors are cancerous. But whether theyre cancerous or not, brain tumors can impact brain function and your health if they grow large enough to press on surrounding nerves, blood vessels and tissue. […] Approximately 78% of cancerous primary brain tumors are gliomas. […] Medulloblastoma is another type of cancerous brain tumor. These tumors are fast growing and form at the base of your skull. Theyre the most common cancerous brain tumor in children. […] The most serious type of brain tumor, glioblastoma, is becoming more common among people who are as the general population ages.

• #38 Glioblastoma Multiforme – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/glioblastoma-multiforme/

  Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain and other CNS tumors accounting for 47.7% of all cases. Glioblastoma has an incidence of 3.21 per 100,000 population. […] Median age of diagnosis is 64 years and it is more common in men as compared to women. Survival is poor with approximately 40% survival in the first year post diagnosis and 17% in the second year. […] Factors associated with glioblastoma risk are prior therapeutic radiation, decreased susceptibility to allergy and impaired immune response. Several hereditary cancer syndromes greatly increase the risk of glioblastoma, including Li-fraumeni syndrome and Lynch syndrome.

• #39 Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-2659-3_1

  Primary central nervous system tumors consist of malignant and nonmalignant tumors involving brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cranial nerves. […] Primary CNS tumors affect both adult and children with majority primarily involving brain. […] The most common histological type in adults is glioma followed by ependymoma, schwannomas, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma, and meningioma. […] In children, common histologic types are glial tumors, embryonal tumors like medulloblastoma, atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor (ATRT), choroid plexus tumors, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, pineal tumors, and brainstem glioma. […] This chapter will provide an overview of epidemiology and demography of brain tumors.

• #40 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous) and can affect children and adults. […] Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). Some tumors grow quickly, while others are slow growing. […] Only about one-third of brain tumors are cancerous. But whether theyre cancerous or not, brain tumors can impact brain function and your health if they grow large enough to press on surrounding nerves, blood vessels and tissue. […] Approximately 78% of cancerous primary brain tumors are gliomas. […] Medulloblastoma is another type of cancerous brain tumor. These tumors are fast growing and form at the base of your skull. Theyre the most common cancerous brain tumor in children. […] The most serious type of brain tumor, glioblastoma, is becoming more common among people who are as the general population ages.

• #41 Epidemiology and Demography of Brain Tumors | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-2659-3_1

  Primary central nervous system tumors consist of malignant and nonmalignant tumors involving brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cranial nerves. […] Primary CNS tumors affect both adult and children with majority primarily involving brain. […] The most common histological type in adults is glioma followed by ependymoma, schwannomas, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma, and meningioma. […] In children, common histologic types are glial tumors, embryonal tumors like medulloblastoma, atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor (ATRT), choroid plexus tumors, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, pineal tumors, and brainstem glioma. […] This chapter will provide an overview of epidemiology and demography of brain tumors.

• #42 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) maintains and regularly updates a database of primary malignant and non-malignant tumors of the brain, other central nervous system (CNS), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. […] CBTRUS presents incidence data on all newly diagnosed primary brain and other CNS tumors from two national sources: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Institute of Health’s National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. […] Incidence rates in the United States provided by CBTRUS are based on the 2000 US standard population and are reported per 100,000 population for 2017-2021.

• #43 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) maintains and regularly updates a database of primary malignant and non-malignant tumors of the brain, other central nervous system (CNS), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. […] CBTRUS presents incidence data on all newly diagnosed primary brain and other CNS tumors from two national sources: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Institute of Health’s National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. […] Incidence rates in the United States provided by CBTRUS are based on the 2000 US standard population and are reported per 100,000 population for 2017-2021.

• #44 CBTRUS Fact Sheet 2024 – CBTRUS

  https://cbtrus.org/cbtrus-fact-sheet/

  The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) maintains and regularly updates a database of primary malignant and non-malignant tumors of the brain, other central nervous system (CNS), tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity, and brain lymphoma and leukemia. […] CBTRUS presents incidence data on all newly diagnosed primary brain and other CNS tumors from two national sources: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Institute of Health’s National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. […] Incidence rates in the United States provided by CBTRUS are based on the 2000 US standard population and are reported per 100,000 population for 2017-2021.

• #45 CBTRUS – 2018 CBTRUS Fact Sheet

  https://www.cbtrus.org/www.cbtrus.org/factsheet/factsheet.html

  Survival rates are estimated using the SEER Cancer Incidence Research Database, 2000-2015 and include all primary tumors of the brain, other CNS, pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity (including brain lymphoma and leukemia) in the US. […] Worldwide incidence rates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) include primary malignant brain and other CNS (excluding brain lymphoma and leukemia, tumors of the pituitary and pineal glands, and olfactory tumors of the nasal cavity). These global rates are age-adjusted using the world standard population. […] Incidence rates in the US provided by CBTRUS utilize the 2000 United States standard population and are reported per 100,000 population for 2011-2015. […] The incidence rate of all primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors is 23.03 cases per 100,000 for a total count of 392,982 incident tumors; (7.12 per 100,000 for malignant tumors for a total count of 121,277 incident tumors and 15.91 per 100,000 for non-malignant tumors for a total count of 271,705 incident tumors). The rate is higher in females (25.31 per 100,000 for a total count of 227,834 incident tumors) than in males (20.59 per 100,000 for a total count of 165,148 incident tumors).

• #46 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value

  The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division uses a surveillance case definition to identify malignant brain tumors among U.S. active service members. This case definition was applied to the dependent pediatric population of the active component of the Department of the Air Force, which identified 179 malignant brain cancer cases. […] The positive predictive value of the AFHSD case definition was found to be 64.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55.9-72.5%). […] The AFHSD case definition was less effective at identifying malignant brain tumors in the active component Air Force pediatric dependent population, with a lower PPV compared to previous studies of the active component Air Force adult population. […] Standard surveillance case definitions and incidence rules by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division are used for routine surveillance and descriptive epidemiological reporting of invasive cancers among active component service members.

• #47 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value

  These findings highlight the rigidity of current criteria, which do not adequately account for variability in provider practices, particularly for pediatric populations. […] The findings from this study emphasize the need for continued refinement of surveillance case definitions for unique populations such as children.

• #48 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value

  The current study was prompted by a review of pediatric brain cancer cases among an Air Force base population conducted by the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicines Epidemiology Consult Service. […] The objective of the current study is to determine the accuracy of the AFHSD case definition for identifying malignant brain tumors among the active component Department of Air Force pediatric dependent population. […] The AFHSD case definition identified 179 potential cases of malignant brain tumors within the pediatric dependent population of the U.S. Air Force over an 11-year period of observation. […] The overall PPV was calculated as 64.5% (95% CI, 55.9-72.4%). […] The additional review, which scanned the remaining cohort (n=583,065 dependents) for at least one relevant ICD code within the first 10 diagnostic positions, identified 203 potential additional cases. Subsequent chart reviews of these cases confirmed 16 primary malignant brain tumors missed by the AFHSD rules.

• #49 Deaths on the Rise in Patients With Malignant Brain Tumors – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/reports/malignant-brain-tumor-deaths-on-the-rise/

  Deaths among patients with primary malignant brain tumors are on the rise in the United States, according to data presented in a poster at the Society for Neuro-Oncology 27th Annual Meeting. […] For this study, researchers analyzed mortality data from the National Cancer for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) and the National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. […] Mortality trends can provide critical information regarding which groups carry the highest burden of primary malignant BT [brain tumors] in the US, help to quantify the impact of recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of brain and CNS [central nervous system] tumors, and thereby aid in public health planning, the researchers concluded.

• #50 Brain Tumor FAQs – Learn More or Donate Today! | ABTA

  https://www.abta.org/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-education/

  Each year, approximately 17,200 people die from a malignant brain tumor. Survival after diagnosis with a primary brain tumor varies significantly by age, race, geographical location, tumor type, tumor location, and molecular markers. […] Other than family history, the most consistently identified risk factor associated with brain tumor development is therapeutic or high-dose ionizing radiation. […] To continue researching the cause of brain tumors, the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) was developed to bring researchers together to identify risk factors, outcomes, and prevention of brain tumors.

• #51 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] 35.7% Relative Survival Rate for all patients with a malignant brain tumor. […] 18,990 Americans will die from a malignant brain tumor in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for patients with malignant brain tumors is 35.7%. […] For the most common form of primary malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma, the five-year relative survival rate is only 6.9% and median survival is only 8 months.

• #52 Breaking down the epidemiology of brain cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06704-7

  Brain cancer comprises only 2% of cancers, but is notoriously difficult to treat. Understanding the location of such tumours, as well as the underlying genetics, will help to tackle this devastating disease. […] This article is part of Nature Outlook: Brain cancer, an editorially independent supplement produced with the financial support of third parties. […] Subjects: Brain, Cancer, Neuroscience, Epidemiology.

• #53 About Glioblastoma

  https://braintumor.org/events/glioblastoma-awareness-day/about-glioblastoma/

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most complex, deadly, and treatment-resistant cancers. More than 14,490 Americans are expected to receive a GBM diagnosis in 2023. GBM accounts for 50.1 percent of all primary malignant brain tumors. It is estimated that more than 10,000 individuals in the United States will succumb to glioblastoma every year. The five-year survival rate for glioblastoma patients is only 6.9 percent, and the average length of survival for glioblastoma patients is estimated to be only 8 months. Survival rates and mortality statistics for GBM have been virtually unchanged for decades. Despite first being identified in the scientific literature in the 1920s, there have only been four drugs and one device ever approved by the FDA specifically for the treatment of glioblastoma. None of these treatments have succeeded in significantly extending patient lives beyond a few extra months. Glioblastoma is also one of the more expensive cancers to treat, often leaving patients and families with major financial hardship on top of the burdens of the disease.

• #54 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  Brain cancer is estimated to be the 10th leading cause of cancer death in 2023 for both males and females in all age groups. […] Survival rates for adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors have not changed significantly over the past 45 years despite major improvements made in the treatment of other cancers. […] Metastatic brain tumors are five times more common than primary brain tumors (those that originate in the brain).

• #55 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  The incidence of brain tumors is higher in developed countries. […] The incidence of CNS tumors in the United States, Israel, and the Nordic countries is relatively high, while Japan and Asian countries have a lower incidence. […] In the United States in 2015, approximately 166,039 people were living with brain or other central nervous system tumors. Over 2018, it was projected that there would be 23,880 new cases of brain tumors and 16,830 deaths in 2018 as a result, accounting for 1.4 percent of all cancers and 2.8 percent of all cancer deaths. […] Brain, other CNS or intracranial tumors are the ninth most common cancer in the UK (around 10,600 people were diagnosed in 2013), and it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death (around 5,200 people died in 2012). […] In the United States more than 28,000 people under 20 are estimated to have a brain tumor. […] The average survival rate for all primary brain cancers in children is 74%. […] In children under 2, about 70% of brain tumors are medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and low-grade gliomas.

• #56 Increased risk of non-cancer deaths in patients with malignant brain tumors: observations from the SEER database | Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejns.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41984-025-00350-8

  Research on mortality outcomes and non-cancer-related causes of death in patients with malignant brain tumors remains limited. This study aims to identify the prevalence of non-cancer-related causes of death after brain cancer (BC) diagnosis. […] Data of patients diagnosed with BC in the USA between 2000 and 2019 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were retrieved and analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all the reported causes of death. […] A total of 59,663 deaths were reported during the follow-up period. The highest number of fatalities (34,677) occurred within the first year following BC diagnosis. BC-attributable deaths were the leading cause of mortality (55,482; 93%), followed by non-cancer deaths (3888; 6.5%). BC patients had an increased risk of non-cancer attributable deaths (SMR=6.12; 95% CI 5.936.31) including heart diseases (N=938; SMR=5.3; 95% CI 4.965.65), cerebrovascular diseases (N=453; SMR=13.17; 95% CI 11.9814.44), accidents and adverse effects (N=227; SMR=2.97; 95% CI 2.63.39), and septicemia (N=155; SMR=13.39; 95% CI 11.3615.67).

• #57 Increased risk of non-cancer deaths in patients with malignant brain tumors: observations from the SEER database | Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejns.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41984-025-00350-8

  Compared to the general population, BC patients had a statistically significant higher risk of death from most of the reported causes. […] Brain cancer (BC) is a highly fatal tumor with substantial morbidity and mortality rates in the US population, representing 8590% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors with a combined estimate of 18,280 deaths in 2022. […] Given the aggressive nature of BC, the overall survival of BC patients is rather low across its various types. […] In our analysis, we found that the most common cause of death apart from brain cancer was heart disease, with 938 (1.57%) observed deaths (SMR, 5.3; 95% CI 4.965.65). […] We found that 453 (0.76%) patients died due to cerebrovascular disease (SMR, 13.17; 95% CI 11.9814.44). […] In our cohort, we observed 155 deaths due to septicemia (SMR, 13.99; 95% CI 11.3615.67). […] Non-cancer deaths remain accountable for a significant portion of mortality in BC patients. Compared to the general population, BC patients have a higher risk of dying from all documented causes, notably cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases.

• #58 Brain Tumor Facts

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-facts/

  There are more than 100 distinct types of primary brain tumors, each with its own spectrum of presentations, treatments, and outcomes. […] More than any other cancer, brain tumors can have lasting and life-altering physical, cognitive, and psychological impacts on a patients life. […] And, despite years of research, brain cancer survival rates have remained little-changed in recent years, even while survival rates for many other cancers have been significantly improved. […] 35.7% Relative Survival Rate for all patients with a malignant brain tumor. […] 18,990 Americans will die from a malignant brain tumor in 2023. […] The five-year relative survival rate for patients with malignant brain tumors is 35.7%. […] For the most common form of primary malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma, the five-year relative survival rate is only 6.9% and median survival is only 8 months.

• #59 Incidence and prevalence of primary malignant brain tumours in Canada from 1992 to 2017: an epidemiologic study | CMAJ Open

  https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/9/4/E973

  Primary brain tumours account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in Canada and the United States. Malignant brain tumours constitute 35.9% of all primary brain tumours, with high-grade gliomas occurring most commonly. […] The prognosis for patients with primary malignant brain tumours is poor despite aggressive treatment: the 5-year survival rate is estimated to be 27%. […] The total number of new cases of primary malignant CNS tumours from 1992 to 2017 (excluding Quebec) was 46 290. Overall, 26 085 cases (56.4%) were in male patients. […] The average number of cases per year increased over time, from 1455 in 1992 to 2000 in 2017 (increase of 37.5%). […] The average disease duration during the study period was 19.7 months in children, 15.6 months in adults and 4.8 months in older adults. At 1 year after diagnosis, fewer males were alive than expected (observed: 765; expected: 819) (p = 0.048). Overall survival was shorter among males than among females. […] The incidence and prevalence of primary malignant CNS tumours increased steadily from 1992 to 2017. Males and older adults were disproportionately affected. Increased awareness and resources are needed to help address this disparity and provide support to these patient groups.

• #60 Updated Statistics on Child and Adolescent Brain Tumors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-highlights/childhood-cancer-research-highlights/updated-statistics-on-child-and-adolescent-brain-tumors.html

  Incidence rates of cancerous brain tumors are highest in White children, which is similar to adult cancerous brain tumors. However, death rates in White and Black children are similar, reflecting large survival disparities for Black children. […] 5-year survival rates for children and adolescents with cancerous brain tumors vary greatly by subtype. […] 5-year survival rates are lowest (70%) in Black children and adolescents with brain cancer and highest (79%) in White patients. The racial disparity among children likely reflects less access to appropriate treatment and enrollment in clinical trials among non-White patients. […] The study authors emphasized that because of the aggressive nature of many cancerous subtypes and limited knowledge about their cause (etiology), ongoing updates of the descriptive epidemiology of these tumors is essential.

• #61 Brain Cancer Epidemiology Forecast Report 2021-2030 – Focus on US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Urban China – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220131005689/en/Brain-Cancer-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—Focus-on-US-France-Germany-Italy-Spain-UK-Japan-and-Urban-China—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Brain cancer (ICD-10 = C70, C71, C72) is defined as a malignant neoplasm that originates in the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, including the brain stem (National Cancer Institute, 2021). […] The report includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer segmented. […] The following data describes epidemiology of brain cancer. In the 8MM, the publisher epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer from 121,646 cases in 2020 to 147,148 cases in 2030, at an AGR of 2.10% over the forecast period. […] The five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer in the 8MM are expected to increase from 243,850 cases in 2020 to 303,136 cases in 2030, with an AGR of 2.43% during the forecast period. Brain cancer is known to be more common in men than in women and shows a bimodal distribution, with an increased incidence among children and an increasing incidence with age. This is shown in the publisher’s forecast for the diagnosed incident cases from 2020-2030 in the 8MM.

• #62 How Common Are Brain Tumors? Prevalence and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-tumor/how-common-are-brain-tumors

  The risk of developing a malignant brain tumor is fairly low: less than 1% for most people. Your risk may increase as you age, if you’ve undergone radiation therapy, or if you have a family history of brain tumors. […] Overall, a person has less than a 1% chance of developing a malignant tumor of the brain or spinal cord in their lifetime. […] According to the American Cancer Society, around 24,000 people in the United States will have a malignant brain tumor diagnosed in 2023. The most common type of malignant brain tumor is a glioblastoma. […] Additionally, brain tumors are more common as you age. More than 80% of all primary brain tumors are diagnosed in people older than 40 years. The average age for brain tumor diagnosis is 61 years. […] Brain tumors are linked to aging, and, with more older Americans than before, it’s predicted that the prevalence of brain tumors will rise in the years to come. A 1.5% increase is predicted by 2030, which means that the number of malignant brain tumors diagnosed will rise to a projected 30,000 people per year.

• #63 Brain Cancer Epidemiology Forecast Report 2021-2030 – Focus on US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and Urban China – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220131005689/en/Brain-Cancer-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—Focus-on-US-France-Germany-Italy-Spain-UK-Japan-and-Urban-China—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Brain cancer (ICD-10 = C70, C71, C72) is defined as a malignant neoplasm that originates in the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, including the brain stem (National Cancer Institute, 2021). […] The report includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer segmented. […] The following data describes epidemiology of brain cancer. In the 8MM, the publisher epidemiologists forecast an increase in the diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer from 121,646 cases in 2020 to 147,148 cases in 2030, at an AGR of 2.10% over the forecast period. […] The five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of brain cancer in the 8MM are expected to increase from 243,850 cases in 2020 to 303,136 cases in 2030, with an AGR of 2.43% during the forecast period. Brain cancer is known to be more common in men than in women and shows a bimodal distribution, with an increased incidence among children and an increasing incidence with age. This is shown in the publisher’s forecast for the diagnosed incident cases from 2020-2030 in the 8MM.

• #64 How Common Are Brain Tumors? Prevalence and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-tumor/how-common-are-brain-tumors

  The risk of developing a malignant brain tumor is fairly low: less than 1% for most people. Your risk may increase as you age, if you’ve undergone radiation therapy, or if you have a family history of brain tumors. […] Overall, a person has less than a 1% chance of developing a malignant tumor of the brain or spinal cord in their lifetime. […] According to the American Cancer Society, around 24,000 people in the United States will have a malignant brain tumor diagnosed in 2023. The most common type of malignant brain tumor is a glioblastoma. […] Additionally, brain tumors are more common as you age. More than 80% of all primary brain tumors are diagnosed in people older than 40 years. The average age for brain tumor diagnosis is 61 years. […] Brain tumors are linked to aging, and, with more older Americans than before, it’s predicted that the prevalence of brain tumors will rise in the years to come. A 1.5% increase is predicted by 2030, which means that the number of malignant brain tumors diagnosed will rise to a projected 30,000 people per year.

• #65 Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8613072/

  Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors. […] For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk. […] Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput omics approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.

• #66 Incidence and Mortality of Malignant Brain Tumors after 20 Years of Mobile Use

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/13/3492

  Continued research in this area will contribute to better understanding of the potential risks and aid in the development of safer mobile phone usage practices in the future. […] The results suggest a weaker association between the growing number of mobile phone users and the rising rates of MNB, and no significant correlation was observed between MNB incidences and deaths and mobile phone usage. […] Ultimately, it is important to acknowledge that conclusive results cannot be drawn at this stage; therefore, further investigation is required to obtain findings that are more definitive.

• #67 Epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in Genova, Italy. 1993–2017 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79170-z

  The partially concurrent decline in the incidence rates of malignant brain tumors other than glioblastoma or not otherwise specified suggests that the observed increase in the incidence rate of glioblastoma during 1993-2017 may have been at least partially linked to the improvement during the same period in sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of glioblastoma, depleting the reservoirs of other malignant or unspecified brain tumors. […] Research into possibly increased environmental risk factors (e.g., population exposure to ionizing radiation) for glioblastoma in Genova remains warranted. […] The AARs of all malignant brain tumors examined in Genova without distinction of sex [range 7.57 (95% CI=6.58-8.57) in 1993-1995 to 8.39 (95% CI=7.49-9.30) in 2014-2017; Table 2; Fig. 1C] are in line with those reported in 2019 by Fan and collaborators for the Western Europe population [7.73 (95% C.I. = 5.05-9.52)] and slightly higher than those estimated by Leece et al. in Southern Europe [6.89 (95% CI=6.78-6.99) cases/105 people].

• #68 Use of Positive Predictive Value to Evaluate the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division Brain Cancer Incidence Rules, Active Component Department of the Air Force Pediatric Dependent Population, January 1, 2010–December 31, 2020 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Brain-Cancer-Predictive-Value

  These findings highlight the rigidity of current criteria, which do not adequately account for variability in provider practices, particularly for pediatric populations. […] The findings from this study emphasize the need for continued refinement of surveillance case definitions for unique populations such as children.

• #69 Incidence and prevalence of primary malignant brain tumours in Canada from 1992 to 2017: an epidemiologic study | CMAJ Open

  https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/9/4/E973

  Primary brain tumours account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in Canada and the United States. Malignant brain tumours constitute 35.9% of all primary brain tumours, with high-grade gliomas occurring most commonly. […] The prognosis for patients with primary malignant brain tumours is poor despite aggressive treatment: the 5-year survival rate is estimated to be 27%. […] The total number of new cases of primary malignant CNS tumours from 1992 to 2017 (excluding Quebec) was 46 290. Overall, 26 085 cases (56.4%) were in male patients. […] The average number of cases per year increased over time, from 1455 in 1992 to 2000 in 2017 (increase of 37.5%). […] The average disease duration during the study period was 19.7 months in children, 15.6 months in adults and 4.8 months in older adults. At 1 year after diagnosis, fewer males were alive than expected (observed: 765; expected: 819) (p = 0.048). Overall survival was shorter among males than among females. […] The incidence and prevalence of primary malignant CNS tumours increased steadily from 1992 to 2017. Males and older adults were disproportionately affected. Increased awareness and resources are needed to help address this disparity and provide support to these patient groups.

• #70 Epidemiology and Distribution of Primary Brain Tumour Subtypes in

  https://www.primescholars.com/articles/epidemiology-and-distribution-of-primary-brain-tumour-subtypes-in-lebanon-a-multicenter-elevenyear-study-107807.html

  Further research should be conducted, especially to assess risk factors such as radiation exposure and possible diagnosis of hereditary cancer syndromes. […] Clinicians in Lebanon should be highly suspicious in case of brain tumors due to the high malignancy rates. […] Our study revealed a very high percentage of malignant brain tumors; new policies should be implemented to improve research in this field and to ensure better screening and awareness. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the possible causes of the high incidence of pediatric glioblastomas and meningiomas in the Lebanese population.

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