Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brain tumor – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

  A brain tumor can form in the brain cells, or it can begin elsewhere and spread to the brain. […] A brain tumor is a growth of cells in the brain or near it. […] Brain tumors can begin in the brain. These are called primary brain tumors. Sometimes, cancer spreads to the brain from other parts of the body. These tumors are secondary brain tumors, also called metastatic brain tumors. […] Other brain tumors are brain cancers, also called malignant brain tumors. Brain cancers may grow quickly. The cancer cells can invade and destroy the brain tissue. […] Brain tumors that start as a growth of cells in the brain are called primary brain tumors. […] Brain tumors happen when cells in or near the brain get changes in their DNA. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to brain tumors.

• #2 Malignant brain tumors: A comprehensive guide – Glioblastoma Foundation

  https://www.glioblastomafoundation.org/news/malignant-brain-tumor

  Malignant brain tumors are cancerous. These typically grow rapidly and invade surrounding healthy brain structures. […] Malignant brain tumors can affect people of any age, but they’re more common in adults, especially those over 60. […] The exact cause of malignant brain tumors remains largely unknown. However, researchers believe that a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors may contribute to their development. […] Here is a list of the most common risk factors involved in the development of a malignant brain neoplasm: Radiation exposure, Family history, Age, Gender, Genetic conditions, Weakened immune system, Chemical exposure. […] While this information is good to know, it’s essential to note that most people with these risk factors do not develop brain cancer, and many people diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumor have no known risk factors at all.

• #3 Malignant brain tumour (cancerous) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/malignant-brain-tumour-cancerous/

  A malignant brain tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other areas of the brain and spine. […] Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers, which means they started in another part of the body and spread to the brain. Primary brain tumours are those that started in the brain. […] The exact cause of primary malignant brain tumours is unknown, although its thought that certain genetic conditions and previous radiotherapy treatment to the head may increase the risk of one developing. […] Most malignant brain tumours are caused by a cancer that started somewhere else in the body and spread to the brain, through the bloodstream. These are known as secondary tumours. […] Some primary malignant brain cancers (cancerous tumours that start in the brain) are caused by a previously benign brain tumour becoming cancerous, but usually the exact reason why a primary tumour develops is unknown.

• #4 Brain tumor – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

  When brain tumors happen in children, they’re likely to be primary brain tumors. In adults, brain tumors are more likely to be cancer that started somewhere else and spread to the brain. […] Secondary brain tumors happen when cancer starts somewhere else and spreads to the brain. […] Any cancer can spread to the brain, but common types include breast cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma. […] In adults, secondary brain tumors are far more common than are primary brain tumors.

• #5 Overview of Brain Tumors – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/tumors-of-the-nervous-system/overview-of-brain-tumors

  Brain tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). […] The most serious type of brain tumor, glioblastoma, is becoming more common among older adults as the population ages. […] Secondary tumors are metastases. That is, they originate in another part of the body and spread to the brain. Thus, they are always cancerous. […] Tumors that spread (metastasize) to the brain from elsewhere in the body are much more common than tumors that start in the brain. […] Many types of cancer can spread to the brain. They include breast cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, melanoma, thyroid cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. […] Lymphomas of the brain are becoming more common among people who have a weakened immune system, among older adults, and for unknown reasons, among people who have a normal immune system.

• #6 Brain Tumor: Symptoms, Signs & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6149-brain-cancer-brain-tumor

  Brain tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). […] Only about one-third of brain tumors are cancerous. […] Approximately 78% of cancerous primary brain tumors are gliomas. […] Medulloblastoma is another type of cancerous brain tumor. […] Researchers know brain tumors develop when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly, but they aren’t sure why this happens. […] In some cases, a person may be born with changes in one or more of these genes. Environmental factors, such as exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment, may then lead to further damage. […] In other cases, the environmental injury to the genes may be the only cause. […] There are a few rare, inherited (passed down from parent to child) genetic syndromes that are associated with brain tumors. […] Only about 5% to 10% of people with brain tumors have a family history of a brain tumor.

• #7 Meningioma Brain Tumor: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/meningioma-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Researchers are unsure what exactly causes meningioma, but cancers generally result from changes in our genes. Researchers have found an abnormality on chromosome 22, which works to keep tumors from growing, in about 40%-80% of meningiomas. Radiation exposure, particularly as a child, may increase your risk of developing a meningioma. People with neurofibromatosis type 2, a genetic condition, are also at a higher risk for meningioma. […] Meningioma is more common in people over 65, women and people AFAB, Black people, and people who’ve been exposed to radiation of the head. Having a sibling or parent diagnosed with meningioma or having certain genetic conditions can also raise your risk.

• #8 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] About 5% of cases develop from certain hereditary syndromes. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] The first pathway involves the amplification and mutational activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes, leading to the dysregulation of growth factor signaling. […] The second method involves activating the intracellular signaling system known as phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR, which is crucial for controlling cell survival. […] The third pathway is defined by p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor pathway inactivation.

• #9 Malignant brain tumour (cancerous) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/malignant-brain-tumour-cancerous/

  People with a family history of brain tumours may be at a slightly increased risk of developing a brain tumour themselves. […] If your brain is exposed to radiation during radiotherapy, your risk of developing certain types of brain tumour later on is increased. […] Some genetic conditions can increase your risk of a brain tumour, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 or neurofibromatosis type 2, tuberous sclerosis, Turcot syndrome, Li-Fraumeni cancer syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and Gorlin syndrome.

• #10 Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6827837/

  Primary brain tumors account for ~1% of new cancer cases and ~2% of cancer deaths in the United States; however, they are the most commonly occurring solid tumors in children. […] The only well-validated risk factors for brain tumors are ionizing radiation (which increases risk in adults and children) and history of allergies (which decreases risk). […] Genome-wide association studies have identified 32 histology-specific inherited genetic variants associated with increased risk of these tumors. […] The majority of glioma cases occur in individuals without a family history of glioma, but approximately 5% of gliomas are familial. […] An even smaller proportion of gliomas are due to known Mendelian disorders or inherited syndromes, approximately 12% of adult and 4% of pediatric cases.

• #11 Brain Tumor Symptoms, Causes, and Types | MNC

  https://miamineurosciencecenter.com/en/conditions/brain-tumors/

  There is still hope. It may appear insurmountable but you are not alone. Each year around 80,000 new cases of brain cancer are diagnosed in the US and it is estimated that 700,000 people are currently living with brain cancer. […] The survival rate for brain cancer varies by several factors including the type of tumor, stage of development, malignancy, age of the patient, delay in medical intervention, and treatments performed. […] The exact cause of the mutation is not clearly established although some factors like hereditary syndromes, radiation exposure (ionizing radiation), and immune system suppression have been proven to give rise to a small percent of primary brain tumors. […] Some hereditary syndromes that increase the risk for brain tumors include Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and 2, Tuberous Sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL), Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, among other syndromes.

• #12 Brain tumors – primary Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/brain-tumors-primary

  Primary brain tumors are tumors that start in the brain. There are many types and subtypes of primary brain tumors; some are benign, others malignant. […] The exact causes of primary brain tumors are unknown. Genetic factors and inherited disorders play a role in some types of brain tumors. […] Only 5% to 10% of primary brain tumors are associated with genetic disorders. These inherited conditions and associated genes include: Von Recklinghausen disease, also called neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1 gene) and neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2 gene), Turcot syndrome (APC gene), Gorlin syndrome, also called basal cell nevus syndrome (PTCH gene), Tuberous sclerosis (TSC1 and TSC2 genes), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene). […] Most genetic abnormalities that cause brain tumors are not inherited but occur as a result of environmental or other factors that affect genetic materials (DNA) in the cells. Researchers are studying various environmental factors (such as viruses, hormones, chemicals, and radiation) that may trigger the genetic disruptions that lead to brain tumors in susceptible individuals.

• #13 Glioblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20569077

  Glioblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells. It can form in the brain or spinal cord. […] The cause of most glioblastomas isn’t known. […] Glioblastoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. Healthcare professionals sometimes call these changes mutations or variations. […] The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to press on nearby nerves and parts of the brain or spinal cord. This leads to glioblastoma symptoms and can cause complications. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. […] Factors that can increase the risk of glioblastoma include: Getting older. Glioblastomas are most common in older adults. But glioblastoma can happen at any age. […] Being exposed to radiation. People who have been exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an increased risk of glioblastoma. One example of ionizing radiation is radiation therapy used to treat cancer. […] Inherited syndromes that increase cancer risk. In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of glioblastoma. Inherited syndromes may include Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these syndromes.

• #14 What Causes Brain Tumors? | Brain Tumor Types, Symptoms & Removal

  https://dryashar.com/blog/causes-brain-tumors/

  Though it is not known exactly what causes brain tumors, there are several risk factors that have been identified. […] There are some genetic diseases that may make you more susceptible to brain tumors. Turcot syndrome is characterized by abnormal cells and polyps and neurofibromatosis is also a tumor-causing genetic disorder. […] Radiation treatment for brain cancer can lead to further brain tumors. Some people believe that extensive use of a cell phone can cause brain cancer however, there have not been any studies that prove the claim. Because it can take 10 years or more for a tumor to manifest, researchers continue to explore the question and conduct studies.

• #15 Risks and causes of brain tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/risks-causes

  Age is a risk factor in brain tumours. The older you get the higher the risk. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of some cancer types, including a type of brain tumour called meningioma. About 2 out of 100 brain tumours (2%) diagnosed in the UK every year are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Less than 1 out of every 100 brain tumours (less than 1%) diagnosed in the UK are caused by ionising radiation. Most cases happen in people who have received radiation from previous radiotherapy treatments, rather than from x-rays and CT scans. […] Your risk is higher than other people in the general population if you have a close relative who has had a brain tumour. A close relative is a parent, sibling or child. […] A small proportion of brain tumours are related to known genetic conditions. People who have one of these rare syndromes have an increased risk of getting a brain tumour.

• #16 Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6827837/

  Most of these syndromes are characterized by loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which may arise de novo or may be inherited, most commonly in either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive fashion. […] The proportion in incidence variance of glioma estimated as being attributable to genetic factors is 25%, and ~30% of this is explained by currently identified variants, with 70% of the genetic risk unexplained. […] Ionizing radiation is the strongest and most consistently documented environmental risk factor for BTs, having been independently observed in atomic bomb survivor studies, therapeutic radiation cohorts, and occupational and environmental studies. […] The carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation are stronger in children, as they are more radiosensitive and have more years of potential life to express the risk.

• #17 Brain tumors – primary Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/brain-tumors-primary

  Primary malignant brain tumors account for about 2% of all cancers. However, brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common type of cancer in children (after leukemia). […] In general, brain tumors are slightly more likely to occur in men than in women. Some specific types of brain tumors, such as meningiomas, are more common in women. […] Most brain tumors in adults occur between the ages of 65 to 79. Brain tumors also tend to occur in children younger than age 8. In children, malignant brain tumors are the leading cause of death from solid tumors (non-blood cell cancers). […] Exposure to ionizing radiation, usually from radiation therapy, is the only environmental risk factor that has been definitively linked to brain tumors. People who receive radiation therapy to the head during cancer treatment have an increased risk of developing brain tumors 10 to 15 years later.

• #18 What to know about brain tumors and brain cancer – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/neurosciences-articles/2023/november/brain-cancer-faq

  Brain cancer is characterized by a malignant growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. […] Usually the cause of brain cancer or a brain tumor is not clear. However, in some cases, individuals with a family history of brain tumors are more likely to have a brain tumor themselves. Individuals who are exposed to ionizing radiation (such as those used for radiation therapy for cancer and the radiation produced by atomic bombs) are also at increased risk of brain tumors. […] Brain tumors can also be secondary to cancerous tumors elsewhere in the body, which may spread to the brain through no known lifestyle or environmental exposures that have been found to cause brain tumors.

• #19 Brain tumor – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor

  A brain tumor (sometimes referred more commonly as brain cancer) occurs when a group of cells within the brain turn cancerous and grow out of control, creating a mass. There are two main types of tumors: malignant (cancerous) tumors and benign (non-cancerous) tumors. […] The cause of most brain tumors is unknown, though up to 4% of brain cancers may be caused by CT scan radiation. […] A known cause of brain cancers is ionizing radiation. Approximately 4% of brain cancers in the general population are caused by CT-scan radiation. […] Mutations and deletions of tumor suppressor genes, such as P53, are thought to be the cause of some forms of brain tumor. […] Inherited conditions, such as Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and neurofibromatosis type 2 carry a high risk for the development of brain tumors. […] Although studies have not shown any link between cell-phone or mobile-phone radiation and the occurrence of brain tumors, the World Health Organization has classified mobile-phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic.

• #20

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoo6h0d-0fKkFFbuGKYqMV2TfuTWVNUUGtEkaNpSWRv3OG22Mv-x

  There is evidence that, in a very small number of cases, inherited genetic factors or conditions have contributed to the development of a brain tumour. […] Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for developing a brain tumour again can vary depending on the type of tumour and the individual’s medical history.

• #20

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=AfmBOoo6h0d-0fKkFFbuGKYqMV2TfuTWVNUUGtEkaNpSWRv3OG22Mv-x

  No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for primary brain tumours – tumours that originate in the brain rather than metastasising from another form of cancer such as breast, lung or melanoma. […] Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question of why a brain tumour has appeared. […] Like all tumours and cancers, mutations in the DNA of a cell leads to abnormal growth (uncontrolled division), but what causes these mutations is likely to vary between individuals. […] The most well known environmental risk factor for the development of brain tumours is exposure to radiation, especially where this has been used for previous cancer treatment in the same site.

• #21 Brain tumors – primary Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/brain-tumors-primary

  Despite much research, there is no evidence that electromagnetic field exposure from power lines or household appliances poses any risk. […] Researchers have also investigated a number of metals and chemicals including vinyl chloride, petroleum products, lead, arsenic, mercury, and pesticides. To date, there has been no clear evidence that implicates any specific industrial chemical or metal. Research continues.

• #22 Brain Cancer: Causes, Types & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-cancer

  Brain cancer is the result of cancerous cell growth in your brain. The exact cause of primary brain cancer is unknown. But studies have shown a link between exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation and an increased risk of brain cancer. Other risk factors that might be related to developing brain cancer include increased age, a family history of brain cancer, long-term smoking, exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer, working with elements that can cause cancer, like lead, plastic, rubber, petroleum, and some textiles, and having an Epstein-Barr virus infection, or mononucleosis. […] Secondary brain cancer, the type of brain cancer that occurs when cancer that began in another part of your body spreads to your brain, is more likely to be caused by some types of cancer than others. […] Cancers that commonly spread, or metastasize, to the brain include lung cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer.

• #23 Brain Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/brain-cancer

  Primary brain tumors originate in the brain and occur as the result of abnormal changes to brain cells, known as mutations. These tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (noncancerous). […] Malignant brain tumors are aggressive and grow faster. […] There is no definitive cause of brain tumors or brain cancer. The risk of developing primary brain cancer is very low. […] While risk factors for brain cancer are much less defined than for other cancers, some genetic conditions and environmental factors may contribute to the development of the disease. Those risk factors include: compromised immune system, genetic links, such as Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis (NF1 and NF2), which are inherited conditions that have been found in families with a history of rare brain tumors, chemical exposure to certain industrial chemicals or solvents, previous radiation treatment.

• #24 Brain Tumors and Brain Cancer | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/brain-tumors-and-brain-cancer.html

  Brain tumors account for one in every 100 cancers diagnosed annually in the United States. Most malignant brain tumors and brain cancers have spread from other tumors in the body to the skull, including cancers of the breast and lung, malignant melanoma and blood cell cancers (such as leukemia and lymphoma). […] Risk factors include exposure for long periods to ionizing radiation or to chemicals, such as vinyl chlorides, aromatic hydrocarbons, triazenes and N-nitroso compound. Generally, exposure occurs at the place of work. Genetically inherited diseases, such as tuberous sclerosis and von Hippel-Lindau disease, may make a person susceptible to brain tumors. […] Three out of five people who suffer from brain tumors are male. Brain tumors are most common in early or middle adult life, but they can appear at any age.

• #25 Brain tumours – how common, symptoms, treatment and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/brain-cancer

  A brain tumour is a lump of abnormal cells growing in your brain. […] Its not known what causes brain tumours, but they may be linked to genetic factors, or exposure to very high doses of radiation to the head. […] Occasionally, people develop brain tumours because of genetic factors, or because theyve been exposed to very high doses of radiation to the head. […] There is no definite link between mobile phones and brain tumours. Researchers continue to investigate the potential causes of brain tumours, including whether certain genes are important risk factors.

• #26

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/brain-tumours/symptoms-causes

  Brain tumours are abnormal growths in the brain that occur when cells divide uncontrollably. […] There are more than 150 types of brain tumours. Some of them are benign (non-cancerous) while others are malignant (cancerous). […] The exact cause of primary brain tumours remains unknown. Most brain tumours are believed to develop when abnormal cells in the brain grow and multiply uncontrollably, creating a mass or growth. […] There are several environmental and genetic factors that may increase your risk of developing brain tumours. These include: Exposure to high doses of ionising radiation, such as radiotherapy used to treat another cancer, or nuclear fallout. […] About 5-10% of brain tumours are due to inherited conditions, such as neurofibromatosis. […] Weakened immune system. Immune system disorders, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), may increase the risk of developing brain and spinal cord lymphomas.

• #27 Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6827837/

  Maternal diagnostic radiation during pregnancy has been found to be related to an increased risk of BT. […] Studies of large and diverse groups of cases and controls have consistently shown that history of atopic conditions (including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergies) leads to reduced glioma risk. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act by inhibiting prostaglandin production via suppression of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. […] The association of these drugs, including aspirin, has been investigated in multiple solid cancers, including glioma and meningioma. […] A recent meta-analysis found that regular use of aspirin was associated with significantly decreased risk of all glioma. […] Smoking has consistently been found to have a null association with incidence of malignant BTs.

• #28 Brain Tumors Causes | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/brain-tumor/natural-history/causes

  Certain infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), may increase the risk of developing a brain tumor. […] The most common brain tumors, accounting for more than 50% of all brain tumors, are called secondary brain tumors. […] The most common secondary cancer causing brain tumors in adults first originates in the lungs. […] Primary brain tumors are the most common cause of cancer in children (0-14 years old). […] Some brain tumors are caused by inherited genetic mutations. […] Several other genetic syndromes may increase risk of developing a brain tumor, although these conditions are responsible for only about 1% to 5% of all brain tumors. […] Several factors increase the risk of developing a brain tumor, including exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, age, family history and genetic disorders, and infections. […] Secondary tumors, which occur when cancer that starts in another part of the body spreads to the brain, are the cause of more than 50% of all brain tumors. […] Genetic factors may increase risk of developing a brain tumor, although these conditions cause only about 1% to 5% of all brain tumors.

• #29 Brain Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/brain-tumors/

  Gliomas are the most prevalent type of adult brain tumor, accounting for 78 percent of malignant brain tumors. […] Brain tumors are thought to arise when certain genes on the chromosomes of a cell are damaged and no longer function properly. […] Once a cell is dividing rapidly and internal mechanisms to check its growth are damaged, the cell can eventually grow into a tumor. […] A rapidly growing tumor may need more oxygen and nutrients than can be provided by the local blood supply intended for normal tissue. […] Tumors can produce substances called angiogenesis factors that promote the growth of blood vessels.

• #30

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-glioblastoma-multiforme-gbm?srsltid=AfmBOorM8YbXXXyp0PEZPNjMQreZ81h4AkY4XNIiQCVcXw5sabI81Efs

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fast-growing type of tumour of the brain or spinal cord. It is the most common type of primary malignant brain tumour in adults. […] Latest research indicates that GBMs are unlikely to develop from fully formed brain cells but instead develop from immature cells or stem cells which suffered DNA damage at some point in their life during their development from a stem cell to a progenitor cell and/or a mature brain cell. […] Currently, we do not know what causes glioblastoma. The main contributing factor appears to be an accumulation of genetic mutations, which lead normal cells to develop into cancerous cells, and these grow further to become a tumour. We do not know what causes these mutations. Research is identifying some of the genes that become mutated in glioblastoma, which we hope will improve our ability to detect, diagnose and treat it. There is no substantial evidence linking lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption or use of mobile phones to the development of glioblastoma.

• #31 Neuronal Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576406/

  Neuronal brain tumors are a diverse group of primary central nervous system tumors consisting of lesions with either a primarily neuronal background or a mixed glial and neuronal background, termed glioneuronal tumors. […] There is no specific etiology or risk factor related to the development of this diverse group of tumors. However, the current emphasis on molecular characterization of brain tumors provides new insight into the genetic aberrations that underlie their tumorigenesis. […] Specifically, 2 main molecular subgroups may involve mutations within different cellular regulation pathways. The first subgroup demonstrates mutation in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is involved in cellular growth. […] The second group demonstrates mutation in fibroblast growth factor (FGFR) genes, mostly FGFR-1, upstream from the MAPK pathway.

• #32 Neuronal Brain Tumors – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576406/

  It is important to note that not all tumor samples are found to have the molecular aberrations noted above and that these do not represent all aberrations that have been associated with neuronal and glioneuronal tumors. Other mutations upstream from the signaling pathways noted above may contribute to their development. […] Due to their rarity, the precise molecular characterization of many of these tumors remains difficult, but ongoing efforts continue to uncover genetic aberrations leading to their development.

• #33 About Brain Tumors | Brain Tumor information | Neuro-oncology Program | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/brain-and-spinal-cord-tumors/about-brain-tumors

  Malignant (cancerous) tumors are typically rapidly growing and aggressive. […] Malignant primary brain tumors are dangerous because of their tendency to invade the brain, but they rarely spread outside the brain. […] Metastatic brain tumors are almost always malignant. […] Many advances have been made in our understanding of brain tumors in recent years, especially for the more common types of malignant brain tumors. […] These tumors generally have several mutations (abnormalities in the DNA) most of which are present only in the tumor cells and not elsewhere in the body. […] Much remains to be learned about the cause of these mutations and the manner in which they permit cells to grow and divide abnormally. […] Even more important, much remains to be learned how knowledge of the causes of these tumors can be used to devise more effective treatments.

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