Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Broken ribs – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350769

  Most broken ribs heal on their own within six weeks. Being less active and icing the area regularly can help with healing and pain relief. […] It’s important to relieve pain. Not being able to breathe deeply because of pain can lead to pneumonia. If medicines taken by mouth don’t help enough, shots can numb the nerves that lead to the ribs. […] Once pain is under control, certain exercises can help you breathe more deeply. Shallow breathing can lead to pneumonia.

• #2 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib): Symptoms, Healing Tips & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17434-rib-fracture-broken-rib

  Rib fractures can be caused by everything from a cough to a major trauma. If you dont have any other internal injuries, youll probably be able to recover at home with over-the-counter medicine, icing and breathing exercises. […] Its rare to need surgery to repair a rib fracture, unless the injury that broke your rib damaged your internal organs. Unlike most other types of bone fractures, you probably wont need treatment other than rest, ice and breathing exercises. Most people need at least a month to recover from a rib fracture. […] Most rib fractures can be treated with rest, icing and over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs like aspirin or ibuprofen. Your provider will tell you how often to ice your injury, but in general, you can ice your ribs for 20 minutes at a time a few times a day. […] Youll probably need to do some breathing exercises or cough on purpose every few hours while youre recovering. This helps prevent pneumonia and keeps your lungs and chest moving like they usually do. Pressing a pillow to your injured ribs can help cushion any pain during your breathing exercises.

• #2 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib): Symptoms, Healing Tips & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17434-rib-fracture-broken-rib

  Its rare to need surgery for a fractured rib. Youll only need surgery if you have serious internal injuries, or if your bones havent healed back together properly (a complication called nonunion or malunion). […] Your surgeon will realign (set) your bones to their correct position and then secure them in place so they can heal and grow back together. They usually perform whats called an internal fixation, which means your surgeon inserts pieces of metal into your bone to hold it in place while it heals. […] You might need bone grafting if your rib fracture is severely displaced or if your bone isnt healing back together as well as it should. Your surgeon will insert additional bone tissue to rejoin your fractured bone. After that, theyll usually perform an internal fixation to hold the pieces together while your bone regrows. […] Itll take a few weeks for your symptoms to improve. Contact your healthcare provider right away if you experience intense pain that doesnt get better or if youre having trouble breathing.

• #3 Broken or bruised ribs

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/broken-or-bruised-ribs/

  Bruised or broken ribs can be very painful, but usually heal by themselves. […] Ribs cannot be easily splinted or supported like other bones, so they’re usually left to heal naturally. […] Broken or bruised ribs usually get better by themselves within 2 to 6 weeks. […] There are things you can do to help ease pain and speed up healing. […] use painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen gel (or ibuprofen tablets if needed) […] hold an ice pack (or a bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a tea towel to the affected ribs regularly in the first few days to bring down swelling […] rest and take time off work if you need to […] breathe normally and cough when you need to this helps clear mucus from your lungs to prevent chest infections […] hold a pillow against your chest if you need to cough

• #3 Broken or bruised ribs

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/broken-or-bruised-ribs/

  walk around and sometimes move your shoulders to help you breathe and clear mucus from your lungs […] regularly take slow, deep breaths to help clear your lungs […] try to sleep more upright for the first few nights. […] You might need stronger painkillers or have a chest infection that needs antibiotics.

• #4 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rib-fracture

  Treatment includes about six weeks of pain management and self-care at home […] Most people with rib fractures are sent home with advice on taking care of themselves. In most cases, a fractured rib will heal on its own in about six weeks. […] Pain management is important, especially in the first few days after an injury. There are many options for pain control, including such over-the-counter medications as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen; lidocaine patches, a topical treatment; and stronger medications such as narcotics. […] You should also be mindful of the following: Stay active while avoiding movements that put pressure on your injury. […] Surgery for rib fractures may be recommended only for the most complex cases, including when the injury has made breathing so difficult that a respirator is necessary. […] Yale Medicine thoracic surgeons are skilled in rib-stabilization surgery, which uses plates and screws to stabilize the ribs so that the patient can breathe properly while healing.

• #5 Care options for patients with rib fracture – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/trauma/news/care-options-for-patients-with-rib-fracture/mac-20578996

  Rib fractures are commonly seen in trauma care, either as standalone injuries or as part of polytrauma, says Brian D. Kim, M.D., a trauma surgeon at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. […] For patients who experience rib fractures, factors that may adversely affect their healing include: Tobacco or nicotine use. Immunosuppression, due to chemotherapeutics or long-term steroid use. Poor glycemic control. […] The typical healing time of a nondisplaced rib fracture in an otherwise healthy individual ranges from 6 to 12 weeks. Most fractured ribs heal without surgical intervention. Dr. Kim indicates that a multimodal pain management regimen and commonsense activity reduction can assist with pain relief. […] A patient with a rib fracture not only experiences pain but also is at risk of pneumonia, as poorly controlled pain can affect respiratory mechanics, says Dr. Kim.

• #5 Care options for patients with rib fracture – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/trauma/news/care-options-for-patients-with-rib-fracture/mac-20578996

  Trauma centers have moved toward an opioid-minimizing strategy for pain control, and trauma surgeons do not recommend opioids for every patient with a rib fracture. […] If oral medications do not sufficiently control the pain experienced by a patient with one or more rib fractures, a nerve block or a regional anesthetic may be used: Erector spinae plane block. Intercostal nerve block. Serratus anterior plane block. Thoracic epidural analgesia. Thoracic paravertebral block. […] Dr. Kim has a strong interest in the management of chest wall injury, including the operative management of fractured ribs. So far, Dr. Kim has been pleased with the results. […] „Rib stabilization has been a game-changer,” he says. […] However, he points out that only a small subset of patients with rib fractures are surgical candidates.

• #6 Treatment for Broken Ribs: Exercises and Other Tips for Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/treatment-for-broken-ribs

  Unlike other types of bone fractures, broken ribs arent treatable with a cast or splint. They usually are treated without surgery, but on occasion, surgery is required. […] Today, treatment for broken ribs typically focuses on a combination of rest, pain management, and breathing exercises. […] Indications for surgical intervention include a flail chest (three or more adjacent ribs broken in multiple places) or multiple rib fractures that are causing breathing problems. […] The main symptom of broken ribs is ongoing pain, so controlling that pain and discomfort is essential to a better recovery. Reducing your pain, even a little, can allow you to breathe normally and cough without too much discomfort. […] Initially, youll probably be prescribed prescription pain medication to help you get though the first few days. Common examples include oxycodone (Oxycontin) and hydrocodone (Vicodin).

• #7 Treatment for Broken Ribs: Exercises and Other Tips for Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/treatment-for-broken-ribs

  After you get past the initial pain, youll want to start swapping prescription medication for an OTC option. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve), should do the trick. […] Taking only shallow breathes can increase your risk of developing pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses. This is why youll likely be sent home with some breathing exercises to do as you recover. […] You may even be advised to work with a respiratory therapist. Part of your therapy may include the use of a spirometer, which is a device that measures the volume of air you breathe in and out. […] Each rib injury and recovery period is unique, but in general, broken ribs take about six weeks to heal. […] Most cases of broken ribs resolve without surgery. But youll need to make sure you give your body plenty of rest while keeping your lungs in good working order.

• #8 Rib Fracture Medication: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Analgesics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-medication

  Pain control remains the mainstay of treatment, usually with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory or oral narcotic agents. […] These agents are used most commonly for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain. […] Ibuprofen is usually the first-line drug of choice for initial therapy. […] Pain control is essential to quality patient care. It ensures patient comfort, promotes pulmonary toilet, and aids physical therapy regimens. […] Many analgesics have sedating properties that benefit patients who have sustained fractures. […] Drug combination indicated for relief of moderately severe to severe pain. […] Drug combination indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain. […] Drug combination indicated for relief of moderately severe to severe pain. […] Drug combination indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain.

• #9 Bruised rib care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/bruised-rib-care

  Bruised ribs recover in the same manner as fractured ribs, but a bruise takes less time to recover than a rib fracture. […] Healing takes about 4 to 6 weeks. […] You will not have a belt or a bandage around your chest because these would keep your ribs from moving when you breathe or cough. This may lead to lung infection (pneumonia). […] Here are some ways to help relieve pain and discomfort as you heal. […] Icing helps reduce swelling by decreasing the blood flow in the area. It also numbs the area and helps relieve pain. […] If your pain is not severe, you can use ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) for pain relief. […] Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may also be used for pain by most people. […] If your pain is severe, you may need prescription pain medicines (narcotics) to keep your pain under control while your bruise heals.

• #9 Bruised rib care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/bruised-rib-care

  Being in pain when you breathe can cause you to take shallow breaths. If you take shallow breaths for too long, it can put you at risk for pneumonia. To help prevent problems, your provider may recommend deep breathing exercises. […] Do not rest in bed all day. This can cause fluid to build up in your lungs. […] You may slowly start your normal day-to-day activities (after talking to your provider), as your pain decreases and your bruise heals. […] You should contact your provider right away if you have: Pain that does not allow deep breathing or coughing despite using pain relievers.

• #10 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures

  Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures […] The cornerstone of rib fracture management is pain control once significant associated injuries have been evaluated and treated. […] Early and adequate pain relief helps avoid pulmonary complications (eg, pneumonia) from splinting and atelectasis. […] Analgesia for isolated rib fractures (ie, one or two ribs) includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with or without opioids. […] Good outcomes have been described from emergency physician-performed serratus anterior plane blocks, erector spinae plane blocks, and rhomboid intercostal sub-serratus blocks. […] Nerve blocks can provide analgesia while minimizing opioid use, which may especially benefit older adults who have increased sensitivity to the adverse effects of opioids.

• #11 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures

  Regional anesthesia techniques available for the management of multiple rib fractures include continuous epidural infusion, paravertebral block, intrapleural infusion, and intercostal nerve block. […] Some contributors on this topic recommend circumferential rib belts/binders for younger patients with one or two rib fractures. […] Instruct patients to use an incentive spirometer intermittently throughout the day after analgesics have taken effect. […] Lung volume expansion treatments (ie, incentive spirometry, deep breathing, and coughing) reduce secretions and prevent atelectasis and other complications. […] In general, rib stress fractures are treated similarly to other low-risk stress fractures with activity limitation even though high-quality evidence is scarce. […] The rate of significant complications associated with rib fractures increases with the number and severity (eg, displacement) of fractures, patient age or frailty, and compromised respiratory function, either acute or chronic due to underlying disease.

• #11 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures

  Surgical consultation is indicated in patients with significant chest wall deformity, flail chest, multiple severely displaced rib fractures, and developing respiratory failure despite medical management. […] An algorithm to assist with the disposition of patients with isolated rib fractures is provided. […] We typically hospitalize patients with three or more rib fractures and use a more conservative threshold for admission in older or frail adults. […] Follow-up with the patient’s primary care physician six to eight weeks after the injury to assess for persistent pain, abnormal lung auscultation, or hypoxia is reasonable. […] Decisions regarding return to work or sport depend upon the activity involved and the patient’s pain level.

• #12 Rib Fracture Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-treatment

  Prehospital care should focus on airway maintenance and supplemental oxygen. […] The goal of initial ED care is stabilization of the trauma patient and multisystem trauma evaluation. […] Respiratory care, including use of incentive spirometry to prevent atelectasis and its complications, is often important. […] Pain control is fundamental to the management of rib fractures to decrease chest wall splinting and alveolar collapse in order to clear pulmonary secretions. […] Isolated rib fractures, without associated injuries, may be managed on an outpatient basis with oral analgesics, starting with NSAIDs if not contraindicated and progressing to narcotics if not sufficient. […] A lidocaine patch for pain control has been used, but one study suggests its efficacy is no greater than placebo.

• #12 Rib Fracture Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-treatment

  A meta-analysis of 8 studies (232 patients) in adult patients with traumatic rib fractures demonstrated no significant benefit for the use of epidural analgesia over other analgesic modalities on mortality, ICU admission, and hospital length of stay. […] In hospitalized patients, an intrapleural catheter placement may also be used for delivery of anesthetics directly into pleural cavity. […] Patient-controlled analgesia pumps have also shown to be useful in hospitalized patients, allowing adequate pain relief with minimal inhibition of respiratory drive. […] In a meta-analysis of 22 studies of patients with rib fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), ORIF was found to achieve lower mortality, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay, and a decreased incidence of pneumonia and the need for tracheostomy.

• #12 Rib Fracture Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-treatment

  Other options include parenterally administered narcotics titrated to prevent respiratory depression. […] While rib belts or binders do control pain, they have been linked to hypoventilation, atelectasis, and pneumonia. […] Several researchers have recommended hospital admission for any patient with 3 or more rib fractures and ICU care for elderly patients with 6 or more rib fractures. […] Patients with minor rib injuries who are able to cough and clear secretions may be discharged with adequate analgesic medications. […] Adequate analgesics are critical to successful outpatient management of rib fractures. […] Routine follow-up chest x-rays days after the injury are not recommended. […] Consider an incentive spirometer, especially with multiple fractures, as it may help avoid complications and remind the patient to avoid splinting and to take deep breaths.

• #12 Rib Fracture Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-treatment

  Pain management specialists can be helpful for admitted patients. […] Patients with isolated rib fractures who are unable to cough and clear secretions adequately should be considered for admission for 24-hour observation. […] A lower threshold for admission of older persons with isolated rib fractures is warranted because of their higher incidence of hypoventilation, hypercapnia, atelectasis, and pneumonia. […] Patients being admitted should have good pain control and, if possible, given an incentive spirometer to prevent pulmonary splinting and its resultant complications. […] Regional anesthesia has the potential to reduce suffering, decrease opiate use, lower rates of in-hospital delirium, and improve pulmonary function. […] Intercostal nerve blocks provide pain relief without affecting respiratory function.

• #13 Cryoneurolysis for rib fracture pain | American Hospital of Paris

  https://www.american-hospital.org/en/treatment/cryoneurolysis-rib-fracture-pain

  Managing the pain after a rib fracture is challenging. A new alternative technique called cryoneurolysis is currently being developed to treat this pain. […] A new alternative technique called cryoneurolysis is currently being developed. This minimally invasive procedure uses extreme cold to relieve the pain in just a few minutes. […] A new alternative technique called cryoneurolysis is currently being developed to relieve rib fracture pain. This minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure has been used for decades to treat chronic pain. It could therefore be an effective solution for relieving pain after a rib fracture. […] Cryoneurolysis consists in applying extreme cold (-70C) to the nerve causing the pain, in order to relieve painful symptoms. This exposure to extreme cold ablates the nerve, preventing it from sending pain signals. The nerve will regenerate over the months following the procedure. […] Considering its favorable risk-benefit ratio, intercostal cryoneurolysis could be an effective complement to analgesia for patients presenting rib fractures for whom traditional treatment has failed. […] The pain relief is immediate.

• #14 Physical Therapy | Rehabilitation | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/treatments/physical-therapy-rehabilitation/

  Following the acute immediate injury, there is a role using physical therapy techniques to aid recovery. […] Following a chest wall injury, it is important to start gently moving, as comfort allows, as soon as possible. […] Following a physiotherapy assessment, you will be given guidance regarding specific exercises to aid your recovery. […] Important to avoid the complications of rib injury, including chest infection. Physical therapy breathing exercises may be combined with a spirometer, a device that measures the volume of air you breathe in and out. […] The ACBT uses different types of breathing to make it easier for you to clear the secretions from your lungs towards your main airway (the trachea). […] Following a rib or chest injury, the mid spine region can become stiff due to pain and tightness in the chest region. Thoracic mobility with rotations and extensions can help avoid these issues and should be part of your exercise rehabilitation regime once the acute pain has settled.

• #14 Physical Therapy | Rehabilitation | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/treatments/physical-therapy-rehabilitation/

  Together with painkillers, the usual approach to an acute injury or acute exacerbation of a chronic injury with inflammation is often referred to as R.I.C.E. The R.I.C.E. approach should be implemented during the first 72 hours (3 days) following all acute musculoskeletal injuries. […] This approach can at least in part be applied to chest wall injuries but with some important considerations: […] Avoidance of activity or activities that increase pain. With chest wall injuries, deep breathing or coughing may exacerbate the pain but need to continue to avoid developing lung issues. […] Apply ice (ideally in a bag) or ice pack to injured area immediately and regularly for several days to reduce pain and local inflammation (bruising). […] A contentious issue in the early treatment of a chest wall injury due to concerns that by wrapping the chest in a bandage, corset or rib strap it may exacerbate breathing issues. There is still role for rib strapping following chest wall injury but only with specialist supervision.

• #14 Physical Therapy | Rehabilitation | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/treatments/physical-therapy-rehabilitation/

  If you have pain or stiffness which does not fully settle with range of movement and breathing exercises your physiotherapist may use manual therapy techniques to help relieve pain and enable you to further progress with your rehabilitation programme. […] Once recovered from the acute rib or chest injury, introduction of strengthening exercises to allow rehabilitation and maintenance of a strong back, shoulders and upper chest means less risk of neck, shoulder and back injuries during activity, as well as maintaining good posture so avoiding problems in later life.

• #15 Physical Therapy for a Broken Rib | Integrated Rehabilitation Services

  https://integrehab.com/blog/injuries/physical-therapy-broken-rib/

  Recovery following a broken rib often involves strengthening the area and addressing breathing concerns. […] In addition to rest, patients may be prescribed a painkiller, advised to apply ice to the affected area and use a spirometer to monitor breathing. […] Expect recovery to take an average of three months. During this time, your doctor may recommend physical therapy to help you remain active and reduce risks for pneumonia, blood clots and atrophy. […] Treatment often involves a combination of breathing exercises, gentle chest stretching and strengthening the muscles in your arms and torso. Your plan may further include modifications to improve healing and reduce risks for a second fracture. You can anticipate: […] Breathing exercises to clear any lung accumulations and heal the rib cage. These include deep breathing to prevent a chest infection or collapsed lung, clearing mucous or fluid and diaphragmatic breathing to allow air to fully pass through your lungs. […] For older adults, a treatment plan may further cover modifications for transferring from a chair to a bed, balance exercises to reduce fall risks and osteoporosis management. […] Start your physical therapy treatment with the team at Integrated Rehab.

• #16 Broken Rib Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/broken-rib/

  Most broken ribs are treated at home and will heal on their own over time. Home treatment will help you manage the pain while you heal. Pain relief can help you feel better and let you take deeper breaths. […] A broken rib usually takes at least 6 weeks to heal. To help manage the pain while the fracture heals: […] While you are healing, it is important to cough or take the deepest breath you can at least once an hour. This may help prevent pneumonia or a partial collapse of the lung tissue. […] If you have broken your ribs and you have not injured your neck or back, it is a good idea to lie on your injured side. This may seem odd at first, but it will let you take deeper breaths. […] In the past, it was common to tape or tightly wrap the injured rib area. But you should not do this, even if it eases your pain. It can keep you from taking deep breaths, and it could cause parts of your lung to collapse or could increase your risk for pneumonia.

• #17 Rib fracture – aftercare Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/rib-fracture-aftercare

  Broken rib – aftercare […] Healing takes at least 6 weeks. […] Most people with broken ribs do not need surgery. […] Your provider may prescribe the use of an incentive spirometer, a device to help you keep expanding your lungs regularly while your fractures heal. […] Apply an ice pack 20 minutes of every hour you are awake for the first 2 days, then 10 to 20 minutes 3 times daily as needed to reduce pain and swelling. […] You may need prescription pain medicines (narcotics) to keep your pain under control while your bones heal. […] To help prevent a collapsed lung or lung infection, do slow deep-breathing and gentle coughing exercises every 2 hours. […] Your provider will make sure you are doing your exercises and that your pain is under control so that you can be active. […] Most individuals with isolated rib fractures will recover without serious side effects. […] People with asthma or emphysema are at increased risk of developing complications from a rib fracture, such as breathing problems or infections.

• #18

  https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/rib-fractures

  The most common symptom of rib fractures is pain. Pain is typically elicited with breathing or coughing. […] There is no specific treatment for rib fractures, but various supportive measures can be taken. Simple rib fractures can be managed with pain management alone. Patients are encouraged to use an incentive spirometer, a medical device used to help improve the function of lungs, and control pain with medication as per their physician. […] When patients sustain multiple rib fractures, oxygen support in addition to pain medication is sometimes required. A pneumothorax usually necessitates a procedure to drain the air out of the chest with a chest tube. A flail chest can significantly affect the mechanics of breathing and may require ventilatory support to improve blood oxygen concentration and possibly repair of the fractures with metal plates.

• #19 4 Exercises for Broken Ribs Recovery: Best Bets, Getting Started, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/best-exercises-broken-ribs-recovery

  Deep breathing helps you to clear the mucus from your lungs to prevent chest infections or a collapsed lung. […] Diaphragmatic breathing helps to pass air to the furthest extent of your lungs and prevent trapped air from causing issues. […] Another breathing exercise for broken ribs, bucket handle breathing gently works the sides of your ribs to encourage motion for all angles. […] As you heal your broken ribs, you can move into chest stretches that help to work the muscles across your chest. […] While you may feel some pain completing the exercises, you should stop if the pain increases.

• #20 How to Treat Broken Ribs: 8 Steps (with Pictures) – wikiHow

  https://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Broken-Ribs

  Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve) or aspirin are short-term remedies to help combat the pain and inflammation related to your broken rib(s). […] For the first few weeks, avoid cardio exercises that significantly increase your heart and breathing rates because that can irritate and inflame your broken rib. […] Broken ribs are particularly problematic in the night during sleep, especially if you sleep on your stomach, sides or roll around frequently. […] Eating a balanced diet rich in minerals and vitamins is a great strategy. […] Supplementing your diet with extra nutrients may also be helpful to accelerate the healing of your broken rib, so consider adding some calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D and vitamin K.

• #21 Cracked Rib: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-ribs-symptoms-1298895

  How Is a Broken Rib Treated? Although fractured ribs are painful, simple fractures usually heal on their own. Time, rest, and physical therapy can speed the healing process and help maintain the range of motion of the chest wall. […] The best treatment for a fractured rib is an over-the-counter or prescription painkiller. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Advil (ibuprofen) or Aleve (naproxen) work best. If the break is extensive, you may be given a stronger pain medication like Tylenol #3 (acetaminophen + codeine) or Percocet (oxycodone + acetaminophen). […] During the early stages of recovery, it is best to sleep upright. You can use pillows and bolsters to help you sit up in bed or simply sleep in an easy chair. Lying down can place pressure on the injury, causing pain and possibly making the injury worse. […] Healing can take at least six weeks, so it is important to also exercise patience.

• #22 Rib fracture – aftercare: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000539.htm

  A rib fracture is a crack or break in one or more of your rib bones. […] Healing takes at least 6 weeks. […] Most people with broken ribs do not need surgery. […] You will not have a binder or a bandage around your chest because these would keep your ribs from moving when you breathe or cough. This may compromise respiratory function, or lead to a lung infection (pneumonia). […] Your provider may prescribe the use of an incentive spirometer, a device to help you keep expanding your lungs regularly while your fractures heal. […] To help prevent a collapsed lung or lung infection, do slow deep-breathing and gentle coughing exercises every 2 hours. […] Your provider will make sure you are doing your exercises and that your pain is under control so that you can be active. […] Most individuals with isolated rib fractures will recover without serious side effects. […] People with asthma or emphysema are at increased risk of developing complications from a rib fracture, such as breathing problems or infections.

• #23 Broken or Bruised Ribs: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/rib-injuries

  It is important NOT to wrap a bandage tightly round the chest to support it. Although this may help the pain, it stops the lungs from expanding fully and can lead to pneumonia. It is important that the ribs and muscles are allowed to move normally which is why pain relief is necessary. […] For severe pain, another option is a nerve block with local anaesthetic near to the injury. This is rarely necessary and is not usually available. […] Surgery may be offered if there are multiple rib fractures following major trauma. This may be required if the damage to the chest wall is so severe that the muscles are unable to support the movements of the lungs. It is not usually offered in other circumstances and current evidence suggests that it does not help speed the healing process. […] Good pain relief helps to prevent chest infections.

• #24

  https://www.advancedphysicaltherapy.org/frequently-asked-questions-about-rib-pain-treatment

  Fortunately, physical therapy can help ease your rib pain and encourage the full healing of injured rib components. […] Some kinds of rib pain can respond well to manual physical therapy. For example, gentle massage techniques can help loosen stiff, sore muscles and reduce the pain of a bruised or fractured rib. […] Physical therapists often use a special kind of athletic tape called kinesiology tape on fractured ribs, strained rib muscles, and other rib pain conditions. […] If your ribs hurt, the surrounding muscles naturally want to clench up as a means of preventing additional injury. However, this tightness only makes your pain worse and delays healing. Your physical therapist can solve this problem by prescribing a series of exercises to keep your body as strong and limber as possible. […] If you struggle with debilitating rib pain, take the proper measures to get the underlying cause diagnosed and seek the appropriate professional treatment. Advanced Physical Therapy has the skills, techniques, and insights to help you conquer your rib pain safely and effectively.

• #25 Rib Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541020/

  When enough force is placed on the rib, the rib will fracture. Most isolated rib fractures can be managed expectantly. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of rib fractures and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in treating patients with this condition. […] Outline the appropriate management of acute rib fractures and flail chest. […] Rib fractures can be diagnosed clinically based upon history and physical exam without imaging. […] For simple, isolated rib fractures, conservative therapy is usually adequate which includes appropriate analgesia, rest, and ice. […] When conservative management fails or for more severe rib fractures, surgical stabilization can be an option. […] Typical indications for surgical management include rib fracture nonunion, chest wall deformity or defect, refractory rib fracture pain causing respiratory failure, and flail chest.

• #25 Rib Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541020/

  If surgery is necessary, earlier operative intervention leads to better outcomes and also reduction or avoidance for mechanical ventilation. […] Additionally, any other underlying injuries such as pneumothorax or hemothorax should be appropriately managed with insertion of a chest tube if indicated. […] Depending on the severity of the trauma sustained and degree of pain, rib fractures may be managed either outpatient or inpatient. […] Multiple rib fractures, displaced rib fractures, or those with underlying concomitant injuries may require inpatient monitoring for respiratory failure or surgical correction. […] The most severe complications related to rib fractures are the flail chest and damage to the underlying structures. […] Given that rib fractures in the elderly are associated with higher mortality and morbidity, particular attention and resources need to be directed towards fall prevention to reduce the incidence of rib fractures. […] As with all significant trauma, a team of trained and dedicated professionals including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, emergency and ICU nurses is requisite for initial evaluation, management, and stabilization.

• #26 Broken Ribs Treatment: Expert Thoracic Surgery for Rib Fractures

  https://neumarksurgery.com/broken-ribs-treatment/

  When ribs are severely fractured or out of place, open reduction and internal fixation are used. […] Early evaluation and, when necessary, intervention by a thoracic surgeon can significantly improve outcomes and get you back on your feet, breathing easy. […] If three or more adjacent ribs are broken in two places, it can lead to a condition called flail chest, which requires immediate surgical intervention. […] Similarly, if the broken ribs are significantly displaced, it can cause severe respiratory distress and may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilise the ribs. […] A flail chest, characterised by paradoxical chest wall movement, is another indication for immediate surgical intervention. […] If you’re worried about broken ribs, consult a thoracic surgeon today to figure out the best course of treatment for your body.

• #26 Broken Ribs Treatment: Expert Thoracic Surgery for Rib Fractures

  https://neumarksurgery.com/broken-ribs-treatment/

  Broken rib treatment is really important if you start to experience more than a simple ache after a broken rib. […] Early evaluation and surgical intervention, including Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation, can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of further health problems and death. […] Traditionally, broken ribs have been treated without surgery, but recently, more surgeons are recommending surgical intervention to reduce health complications, lower the risk of death, and shorten hospital stays. […] Surgery to fix broken ribs has become more common and has been shown to help people with serious chest injuries, including those with unstable rib cages, severely broken ribs, and those needing breathing support. […] For some fractures, conservative management with pain control and breathing exercises might suffice. In cases of multiple fractures or significant displacement, surgery might be necessary.

• #27 Rib Injury | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/conditions/rib-injury/

  Non-Union: Permanent failure of healing following a broken bone unless intervention (such as surgery) is performed. It may occur when the fracture moves too much (displaced), has a poor blood supply or gets infected. […] Delayed Union: Defined as a failure to reach bony union by 6 months post-injury and includes fractures that are taking longer than expected to heal. […] Mal-Union: Occurs when a fractured bone heals in an abnormal position, which can lead to impaired function of the bone or limb and make it look like it is 'bent’.

• #28 Diagnosis & Treatment – Zimmer Biomet

  https://ribfixation.com/diagnosis-treatment/

  If you or a loved one has three or more fractured ribs, severe chest damage, surgery may be needed. During the procedure, your surgeon may implant a metal plate or bridge fixed to your bone to reset the fractured rib into place, called surgical fixation. This implant is permanent and not meant to be removed. […] Several clinical studies show that patients treated with surgical fixation may benefit when compared to the conservative treatment, such as: 69% Lower Risk of Mortality, 4.95 Fewer Days of Mechanical Ventilation, 4.5 Fewer Days in ICU, 7.4 Fewer Days in the Hospital, 61% Less Risk of Pneumonia, 66% Less Risk of Tracheostomy. […] Its important to know your options when considering surgery for rib fixation. […] Talk to your surgeon about whether Rib Fixation is right for you and the risks of the procedure, including the risk of implant wear, loosening or failure, and pain, swelling and infection.

• #29 Bend and Snap: New Interventions for Rib Fractures | MUSC Health | Charleston SC

  https://muschealth.org/health-professionals/progressnotes/2020/spring/rib-fracture-intervention

  Evert Eriksson, M.D., performs SSRF procedures on patients with fractured and dislocated ribs to decrease complications and improve comfort during recovery. […] By stabilizing fractured and partially dislocated ribs, physicians can improve patient quality of life. […] This extended discomfort is what led Eriksson to join eleven other national centers in evaluating the success of surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF), which involves installing a plate to line up the two ends of the fracture and hold them in place throughout the healing process. […] As recently published in the Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, patients who underwent SSRF for three or more rib fractures with partial dislocation reported less pain on the numeric pain scale and a better quality of life after their stabilization surgery.

• #30 Ask the doctors: Treatment for rib injury often includes pain management

  https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2024/oct/22/ask-the-doctors-treatment-for-rib-injury-often-inc/

  Fractured ribs are one of the most common traumatic injuries. […] The primary treatments for rib fractures are medications to help manage pain and inflammation and instructions to limit movement. […] Recently, researchers have been looking into using an injectable adhesive to stabilize the broken bone.

• #31 Using New Materials to Treat an Old Problem – Duke Science and Technology

  https://dst.duke.edu/our-work/materials-science/using-new-materials-to-treat-an-old-problem/

  Each year, hundreds of thousands of people in the United States break a rib, making rib fractures one of the most common traumatic injuries. […] Yet, except for the most extreme cases, there is no treatment beyond rest and pain control. […] Unlike a broken leg, a broken rib can’t be immobilized with a cast because that would interfere with breathing. […] Rib fracture patients also are at risk for developing pneumonia due to the combination of shallow breathing and a build-up of fluids from the injury, so they are prescribed deep breathing exercises called pulmonary hygiene. […] Pain can be controlled with opioids, but they carry the risk of addiction. […] Fernandez-Moure knew that Becker’s lab had developed an adhesive that could be slowly absorbed by the body. He wondered if it could be injected into broken ribs. The idea would be to stabilize the rib as it was before the injury to allow you to continue your rehab and your breathing, he says. […] One of the first steps, beginning this month, is to start preclinical trials and performing mechanical tests in the lab simulating the breaking of a rib and then injecting it with the polymer adhesive. If successful, the two would begin clinical trials to evolve it into a widely available therapy.

• #32 Rib fracture pain and disability: Do we need a more aggressive approach?

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/rib-fracture-pain-disability-aggressive-approach/

  The PAROS study, a multicentre randomised clinical trial, aims to compare the pain-control effect of rib-fixation surgery to that achieved with just standard medical analgesia in patients with uncomplicated rib fractures. […] The rationale behind this hypothesis is that costal fixation could lead to reduced inflammation and nerve injury by restricting and preventing further fracture movement and thus reducing pain. […] The aim of the PAROS study is to investigate the benefits of surgery and the possibility of it becoming an approved treatment option in the future. […] An early interventional approach to reduce acute pain after rib fractures could potentially improve the outcomes for these patients. […] Rib fractures are a very common injury often associated with immense levels of persistent pain and disability, which have a large psycho-socio-economic impact on patients and our healthcare systems.

• #32 Rib fracture pain and disability: Do we need a more aggressive approach?

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/rib-fracture-pain-disability-aggressive-approach/

  Rib fractures are the most common injury after thoracic (chest) trauma, accounting for approximately two-thirds of cases. The main challenge in treating them is controlling the associated pain that can lead to complications, such as chest infections and respiratory failure. […] Despite advances in pain control and anaesthesia, the conservative treatment of these injuries often results in chronic pain, in some cases lasting up to two years after the injury. […] In most trauma centres and hospitals, rib fixation surgery is reserved for patients with unstable rib fractures or flail chests occurring when a segment of the rib cage is floating as a result of two or more consecutive ribs fractured in more than two places each. […] A common dogma among doctors is that pain after rib fractures that have been treated just with pain relief lasts up to six weeks. Unfortunately, this isn’t really the case.

• #33 What Can Be Done for a Senior with Broken Ribs?

  https://assistinghands.com/98/ohio/westlake/blog/senior-with-broken-ribs/

  Rib fractures in older individuals are more common due to age-related decline in bone density. […] Seniors recovering from rib fractures should focus on pain management, finding comfortable positions, gentle movement, deep breathing exercises, using assistive devices, and emotional support. […] Given these risks, senior home care is essential for providing personalized support and assistance to older adults recovering from rib fractures. […] Rib fractures in seniors present significant risks to respiratory function, primarily due to the potential complications that can arise from the injury. […] Help them practice deep breathing exercises to keep their lungs strong and prevent any breathing problems. […] Whether your senior loved one needs surgery for a rib fracture depends on several factors, including the severity of the fracture, any complications present, and their overall health status.

• #33 What Can Be Done for a Senior with Broken Ribs?

  https://assistinghands.com/98/ohio/westlake/blog/senior-with-broken-ribs/

  In many cases, rib fractures can heal on their own with conservative treatments such as pain management, rest, and sometimes the use of a brace. […] If your senior loved one has recently undergone rib surgery and requires support, our caregivers are available to provide comprehensive assistance as part of our senior home care services.

• #34 Broken Rib in Children: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.broken-rib-in-children-care-instructions.bu1140

  A broken rib is a crack or break in one of the bones of the rib cage. Breathing can be very painful, because the muscles used for breathing pull on the rib. […] In most cases, a broken rib will heal on its own. Your child can take pain medicine while the rib mends. Pain relief allows your child to take deep breaths. […] Taking deep breaths at least once an hour may help prevent pneumonia or a partial collapse of a lung. […] Healthy habits can help your child heal. Give your child a variety of healthy foods. And don’t smoke around your child. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if your child is having problems. […] Help your child cough or take the deepest breath possible at least once every hour, even if your child feels some pain. This will get air deeply into the lungs. This may reduce your child’s chance of getting pneumonia or a partial collapse of a lung. […] Put ice or a cold pack on the area for 10 to 20 minutes at a time. Try to do this every 1 to 2 hours for the next 3 days (when your child is awake). […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor if your child has pain even after taking pain medicine.

• #35 Rib Fracture in Children – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/rib-fracture-in-children.html

  Your child may be given contrast liquid to help the fracture show up better in the pictures. […] NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, help decrease swelling, pain, and fever. This medicine is available with or without a doctor’s order. NSAIDs can cause stomach bleeding or kidney problems in certain people. If your child takes blood thinner medicine, always ask if NSAIDs are safe for him or her. Always read the medicine label and follow directions. Do not give these medicines to children younger than 6 months without direction from a healthcare provider. […] Prescription pain medicine may be given. Ask your child’s healthcare provider how to give this medicine safely. […] Rest will help your child heal. Limit your child’s activity to help prevent other injuries while your child’s rib heals. Your child should rest as much as possible and get plenty of sleep.

• #35 Rib Fracture in Children – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/rib-fracture-in-children.html

  Apply ice on the fractured area for 15 to 20 minutes every hour or as directed. Use an ice pack, or put crushed ice in a plastic bag. Cover it with a towel. Ice decreases swelling and pain. […] Deep breathing and coughing will decrease your child’s risk for a lung infection. Have your child hug a pillow on the injured side while doing this exercise, to decrease pain. Ask your child to take a deep breath and hold it for as long as possible. Your child should let the air out and then cough strongly. Deep breaths help open your child’s airway. Your child may be given an incentive spirometer to help take deep breaths. Put the plastic piece in your child’s mouth. Have your child take a slow, deep breath. Your child should then let the air out and cough. Repeat these steps 10 times every hour. […] Surgery may be needed if many of your older child’s ribs are badly fractured. Broken ribs may be held together with plates and screws. An injury to an organ, nerve, or blood vessel may also be treated with surgery.

• #36 Rib Fracture and Pneumothorax Complication | SportsMD

  https://www.sportsmd.com/sports-injuries/chest-rib-injuries/rib-fracture-pneumothorax-complication/

  Unlike other fractures in which the bone is immobilized to reduce pain and enhance the healing process, the ribs cannot be effectively immobilized because they need to expand in order for the individual to breathe. The treatment for rib fractures typically focuses on managing pain and ensuring proper healing. In the case of simple rib fractures, pain management with medications is often sufficient. Patients are encouraged to use an incentive spirometer, a medical device that helps improve lung function and prevent complications such as pneumonia. If pain persists despite medication, alternative pain relief methods like nerve blockage may be considered. […] For patients with multiple rib fractures, in addition to pain medication, oxygen support may be necessary to assist with breathing. […] A small pneumothorax may be able to heal on its own. In this case, you may only require oxygen and rest to make a full recovery. A doctor may also release additional air around the lung by sucking it out through a needle or insertion of a chest tube, which allows the lung to fully expand.

• #37 Blood Clots from a Broken Rib: Causes, Risks, Prevention, Treatment

  https://bloodclot.org/blood-clots-from-a-broken-rib/

  Blood clots from a broken rib can have life-threatening consequences. This article explores how a broken rib can lead to blood clots, the risks involved, symptoms to watch for, prevention strategies, and treatment options to ensure a safe recovery. […] If a blood clot forms after a rib fracture, medical intervention is necessary to prevent complications. Common treatments include anticoagulant therapy, thrombolytic medications, inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, compression therapy, and surgical removal in rare cases. […] Blood clots are a serious but often preventable complication associated with broken ribs. Recognizing symptoms early, adopting mobility-friendly practices, staying hydrated, and seeking timely medical care can all help reduce the likelihood of life-threatening clot-related conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. If symptoms of a clot arise, immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent severe complications and ensure a safe recovery.

• #38 What to Do For a Broken Rib: Treatment Options – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-to-do-for-a-broken-rib-treatment-options

  Your doctor will tell you which activities to avoid during recovery from a broken rib. These will likely include activities that require stretching, pushing, and pulling, such as pull-ups and crunches, activities that require twisting, such as golf, as well as high-impact activities like running or horseback riding. […] Rib fractures can lead to respiratory complications such as a pulmonary contusion, pneumothorax (collapsed lung), and flail chest (open chest wound). These complications can cause pain, severe breathing issues, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and rarely even death if left untreated. In the long term, untreated rib fractures may result in chest wall deformities, decreased lung function, and chronic pain.

• #38 What to Do For a Broken Rib: Treatment Options – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-to-do-for-a-broken-rib-treatment-options

  Surgical management of rib fractures for serious injuries may consist of: […] Internal fixation using metal plates, screws, pins, and wires to hold the pieces of bone in place during the healing process. […] Bone grafting to add a piece of bone from your hip, some artificial bone, or donor bone to rejoin broken ribs together at the fracture site. This is typically needed for displaced rib fractures when the gap between the broken pieces is too big to heal without a graft. […] It takes about six weeks for a rib fracture to heal. If you continue to have severe pain after a few weeks, call your healthcare provider. […] Complete recovery from a rib fracture takes a few weeks. If you don’t have other injuries, you should be able to return to work while you heal, depending on the nature of your work.

• #39

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ace3390

  Sometimes it can be hard to tell if a rib is bruised or broken. The symptoms may be the same. And a broken bone can’t always be seen on an X-ray. But the treatment for a bruised rib is often the same as treatment for a broken one. […] In most cases, a bruised rib will heal on its own. You can take pain medicine while the rib mends. Pain relief allows you to take deep breaths. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Ask your doctor if you can take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] As your pain gets better, slowly return to your normal activities. Be patient. Rib bruises can take weeks or months to heal. If the pain gets worse, it may be a sign that you need to rest a while longer.

• #40 Rib fracture fact sheet | Emergency Care Institute

  https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/ed-factsheets/rib-fracture

  Rib fractures are one of the most common injuries to the chest. Ribs will usually fracture at the point of impact or towards the back, where they are weakest. Typically, this causes pain on deep breathing and coughing, and tenderness over one or more ribs. The most important thing is to get any pain under control. Breathing exercises will not be effective unless your pain is controlled. Take your pain medications regularly, as prescribed by your doctor. Continue to speak with your local doctor or pharmacist about maintaining your pain relief. The medications should provide a good and constant level of pain control. Strenuous activities should be avoided for the first 3-4 weeks, after which physical activity may be recommenced as pain allows. If the pain is increasing, you may be doing too much. Talk to your doctor or physiotherapist about this. Contact sports should be avoided for at least 6 weeks to prevent further damage, unless otherwise advised by your doctor or physiotherapist. Try holding a cushion firmly against the painful site when you huff and cough to decrease the pain. Sit out of bed and keep moving as much as you feel comfortable. This will decrease the risk of developing lung complications. Complete deep breathing and coughing exercises as prescribed. Follow-up physiotherapy appointments, as directed by your doctor. Older people, smokers, those with lung disease and people with multiple rib fractures are more at risk of developing complications such as pneumonia.

• #41 Broken rib: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recovery

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326109

  People with simple rib fractures can usually recover at home. In more serious cases, the person may need to stay in the hospital. […] During the healing process, clinicians usually recommend pain medications. […] People with severe pain may need to take prescription pain medications such as opioids. […] Sometimes, rib fractures can lead to lung infections. A doctor may recommend trying deep breathing exercises to help prevent this. […] No one with a broken rib should attempt to take part in contact sports for at least 6 weeks, or for as long as their doctor recommends. […] More severe cases, however, can lead to serious health conditions. These will usually need hospital treatment and may require an operation.

• #42 Help broken ribs heal faster – how to know if you’re healing normally | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/trauma/help-broken-ribs-heal-faster

  Rib fractures take a little longer to heal than other bones because they are continuously moving. A rib fracture can take up to 12 weeks to heal. „The natural progression for healing is for small improvements in pain and breathing over time. For patients with rib fractures without fixation (surgical stabilization of rib fractures), roughly 60% are not back to full work capacity at six months, and 70% are still having some degree of pain one year from the injury,” says Zachary Bauman, DO, Nebraska Medicine trauma medical director. […] Typically, nonoperative treatment includes a pain medication regimen such as: Scheduled acetaminophen with a combination of ibuprofen as needed, Neuropathic pain medications (target nerves specifically), Lidocaine patches, Prescribed muscle relaxants and narcotics, We always encourage aggressive pulmonary hygiene with deep breathing and coughing to help with volume expansion.

• #43 The ideal methods for the management of rib fractures – He – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/28672/html

  The conclusion that surgical treatment is better than nonsurgical treatment has not been fully accepted. […] Pain is another major factor affecting respiratory functions, which should also be worthy of our full attention. […] In 2012, epidural analgesia or paravertebral analgesia was recommended as the best analgesia delivery option for rib fracture injuries by the practice management guideline issued by EAST. […] Moreover, clinical observations have found that the internal fixation of rib fractures is a very effective option for relieving pain. […] Improving the quality of life is one of the main reasons for choosing internal surgical fixation. […] The surgical option should be evaluated by comparing the benefits of pain relief and the damage of the surgery itself. […] The managing strategy on flail chest injury should emphasize the combination of surgical and nonsurgical treatment, rather than a selection between one and another. […] The treatment of multiple rib fractures requires a multidisciplinary management solution. […] We should combine these two treatments and apply them effectively on different circumstances, which we believe this approach will bring the greatest benefits to patients.

Zobacz więcej