Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cracked Rib: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-ribs-symptoms-1298895

  A fractured rib is the preferred medical term for a cracked or broken rib. A cracked rib is more of a description than a medical diagnosis and suggests a rib that has been partially fractured. A broken rib, which is the same thing as a fractured rib, describes any break in the bone. […] Any blunt impact to the chest or back can cause a rib fracture, including a fall, a sports injury, a car accident, or even violent coughing. […] Fractured ribs are usually caused by a fall, a blow to the chest, or severe coughing. […] Common causes of fractured ribs include: car accidents, pedestrian accidents, falls, impact injuries from sports like football or rugby, repetitive stress exerted during sports like rowing or golf, violent coughing. […] Older people can experience a fracture from an otherwise minor injury due to the progressive loss of bone minerals as a person ages.

• #2 Understanding Cracked Ribs: Causes, Symptoms, & Complications – El Paso, TX | Sciatica Pain and Treatment Clinic

  https://sciatica.clinic/understanding-cracked-ribs-causes-symptoms-complications/

  A broken/fractured rib describes any break in the bone. A cracked rib is a type of rib fracture and is more a description than a medical diagnosis of a rib that has been partially fractured. Any blunt impact to the chest or back can cause a cracked rib, including: […] Cracked ribs are usually caused by a fall, trauma to the chest, or intense violent coughing. […] Common causes of cracked ribs include: Vehicle collisions, Pedestrian accidents, Falls, Impact injuries from sports, Overuse/Repetitive stress brought on by work or sports, Severe coughing, Older individuals can experience a fracture from a minor injury due to the progressive loss of bone minerals. […] Rib fractures are the most common type of bone fracture. They account for 10% to 20% of all blunt trauma injuries seen in emergency rooms. In cases where an individual seeks care for a blunt injury to the chest, 60% to 80% involve a broken rib.

• #3 Cracked Rib: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-ribs-symptoms-1298895

  Rib fractures are the most common bone fracture, accounting for 10% to 20% of all blunt trauma injuries seen in emergency departments. In cases where a person seeks care for a blunt injury to the chest, 60% to 80% will involve a broken rib. […] Any force hard enough to break a rib is powerful enough to cause other, more life-threatening injuries. It’s also possible to break more than one rib at a time. More than three broken ribs at one time are potentially life-threatening.

• #4 Broken ribs – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350763

  A broken rib occurs when one of the bones in the rib cage breaks or cracks. […] The most common causes are hard impacts from falls, car accidents or contact sports. […] Direct impact such as from a car accident, a fall, child abuse or contact sports is the most common cause of broken ribs. Ribs also can be broken by repeated impact from sports such as golf and rowing or from coughing hard and long.

• #5 Rib Fracture – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/thoracic-trauma/rib-fracture

  One or more ribs can be fractured due to blunt chest injury. […] Typically, rib fractures result from blunt injury to the chest wall, usually involving a strong force (eg, due to high-speed deceleration, a baseball bat, a major fall); however, sometimes in older patients, only mild or moderate force (eg, in a minor fall) is required. […] Minor trauma (eg, due to a fall) in older adults can cause rib fractures that may have fatal consequences. […] Most complications from rib fractures result from concomitant injuries. […] Isolated rib fractures are painful but rarely cause complications. […] However, inspiratory splinting (incomplete inspiration due to pain) can cause atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in older patients or patients with multiple fractures. […] As a result, older patients have high mortality rates (up to 20%) when presenting with multiple rib fractures. […] Morbidity results from underlying lung, splenic, or vascular injury or development of pneumonia due to splinting, rather than rib fractures themselves.

• #6 Rib Fracture: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-overview

  Causes of rib fracture include the following: […] Blunt trauma, including motor vehicle accidents (most common mechanism), assault, and falls, especially down staircases. […] Motorcycle accidents: motorcycle drivers are at greater risk for rib fractures, as compared to motorcycle passengers. […] Coughing spells. […] Nonaccidental trauma in pediatric cases. […] Repetitive minor trauma. […] Stress fractures to the first rib in throwing athletes.

• #7 How Do Rib Fractures Happen and How Can They be Treated? | Call Now!

  https://www.fosterwallace.com/faqs/how-do-rib-fractures-happen-and-how-can-they-be-treated/

  The ribs are the bones that protect the most important and most fragile organs in the human body. They act as a shield to keep the heart and lungs safe from harm. When something causes a rib fracture, this shield is compromised. There are many different things that commonly cause rib fractures, ranging from simple falls in the home to injuries sustained while participating in sports. […] Researchers have found that rib fractures are the most frequently seen injury of chest-related injuries in trauma centers and emergency rooms. One study found that about 40 percent of all chest-injury cases are the result of rib fractures. […] The most common cause of fractured ribs is direct trauma to the chest. This can be caused by a variety of events and activities, such as motor vehicle accidents, assault, contact sports, falls, receiving CPR, and work accidents.

• #8 Rib injuries | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rib-injuries

  Common causes of rib injury include motor vehicle accidents and falls. […] Since the ribs enclose vital organs, including the heart and lungs, chest trauma can cause life-threatening injuries such as a punctured lung or a ruptured aorta. […] Broken ribs cant be set in a cast, so treatment aims to relieve pain while the injury heals. […] Rib injuries typically occur when the chest is directly hit. […] A rib is most likely to fracture at its outer curve, which is its weakest point. […] Flail chest is the most common serious injury to the ribs. […] The ribs enclose vital organs such as the heart and lungs, so chest trauma can cause life-threatening injuries.

• #9 Rib Fractures – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/chest-injuries/rib-fractures

  Rib fractures usually result from strong blunt force, such as a fall from a height, a motor vehicle crash, or a hit with a baseball bat. However, sometimes in older adults who have osteoporosis, only a slight force (as occurs in a minor fall) is required. […] The fracture itself is rarely serious, although the force that caused the fracture occasionally causes other problems, such as a bruised lung (pulmonary contusion) or a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). An injury that fractures the lower ribs sometimes also damages the liver or spleen. The more ribs that are broken, the more likely lungs or other organs are to be damaged. […] Because older adults are more likely to develop these complications, they also have a higher risk of death due to a rib fracture than do younger people.

• #10 Broken Rib: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Recovery Time, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/broken-rib

  Broken ribs are common in some sports, but getting it healed properly is important to avoid longterm complications. […] What causes a broken rib? […] As the protectors of your heart and lungs, your ribs are designed to withstand a lot. But sudden and severe blows to the chest and back can fracture them. […] These can be the result of: contact sports, such as football or rugby, car accidents, hard falls, domestic abuse or other forms of personal violence. […] Years of repetitive actions, such as a swinging a golf club, may also take a serious toll on your ribs and muscles. Trauma caused by repeating the same forceful motions can make you more susceptible to breaking a rib. […] Those most at risk for broken ribs include: athletes who play contact sports or engage in frequent repetitive motions involving the chest or back, people with osteoporosis, a disease that reduces bone density, leaving bones more vulnerable to fractures, people with a rib that has a cancerous lesion, which can weaken the bone.

• #11 Rib Fracture Treatment: Symptoms & Care for Broken Ribs

  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/rib-fracture/

  A rib fracture occurs when one or more ribs crack or break, often due to trauma like car accidents or falls. […] Car accidents, sports injuries, or other traumas usually cause fractured ribs. […] The most common causes include: Car Accidents, Falls from a Height, Sports Injuries, Physical Attack, Cancers That Have Spread to Bones, Severe Coughing. […] A severe, persistent cough can repeatedly strain the ribs, potentially causing small fractures. […] Certain cancers like breast or lung cancer can spread to the bones and weaken the ribs. […] In car accidents, the force of the crash can slam the chest against the steering wheel or other parts of the vehicle. […] Falling from a height, such as off a ladder or during a slip, can cause a hard landing on the chest or side, which might lead to fractures from the impact on the ground. […] In contact sports like football or hockey, a direct blow to the chest from another player or equipment can fracture a rib. […] During a physical altercation, a punch or kick to the chest can cause enough force to break one or more ribs.

• #12 Broken or Bruised Ribs – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/broken-or-bruised-ribs.htm

  A broken or a bruised rib is a condition in which one of the ribs cracks or breaks. It is also known as a rib fracture. Ribs usually break at the point of impact or where they are structurally weakest. It is usually caused by a fall or a blow to the chest and occasionally by violent bouts of cough. […] A trauma to the chest or a fall causes rib fracture. Depending on the impact, a rib can either crack or break. A cracked rib though painful may not be as dangerous as a broken rib. A broken rib can cause damage to internal organs such as lungs or blood vessels by its jagged ends. […] Accident- Getting involved in a motor vehicle accident with direct impact on the chest breaks the ribs. […] Crush injury- When a heavy object lands on the chest. […] Fall- Falling from a reasonable height.

• #13 Broken or Bruised Ribs – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/broken-or-bruised-ribs.htm

  Assault- Getting hit on the chest by objects like baseball bats or iron rod. […] Sports- Engaging in contact sports like hockey or football. […] Repetitive trauma- Repetitive trauma from sports like golf or rowing. […] Cough- Violent coughing can crack ribs especially in older individuals. […] Osteoporosis- Osteoporosis causes the bone to lose its density or mass. As the bones becomes less dense, they weaken, become brittle and porous and are more likely to crack or break, especially in older individuals. […] Cancerous lesions- Cancerous lesions make the bones more brittle and weaker making it susceptible to breaks. […] Age- Older people are more likely to break their ribs due to degeneration of bones. Children and infants are less likely to break their ribs because of its high elasticity and flexibility.

• #14 Rib fractures | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/rib-fractures?lang=us

  Rib fractures are a common consequence of trauma and can cause life-threatening complications. […] Rib fractures are often associated with other injuries and the greater the number of rib fractures the more likely are associated injuries. […] The 4th-10th ribs are the most commonly fractured. Fractures of the 1st-3rd ribs are associated with high-energy trauma. […] Etiology: blunt and penetrating trauma: e.g. motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults; most common injury in blunt thoracic trauma, occurring in 50% of cases. […] Pathological fractures. […] Stress fractures occur more commonly in high-level athletes. […] Osteoporosis: decreased bone density increases risk of rib fractures. […] Non-accidental injuries in children: typically posterior fractures. […] Intimate partner violence: typically posterior. […] Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3. […] Fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias. […] Radiation-induced rib fractures. […] Spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture.

• #15 Rib Fractures During CPR: Causes, Complications, and Mitigation

  https://www.cprlittlerock.org/rib-fractures-during-cpr-causes-complications-and-mitigation/

  During CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation), rib fractures can occur due to the force applied during chest compressions. […] If youre wondering what if ribs break during CPR, this article delves into the causes and the potential complications that may arise. […] Although uncommon, the force used during chest compressions can cause ribs to break. […] Because of the force used during chest compressions, rib fractures during CPR can happen. […] The hard chest compressions used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can occasionally cause rib fractures. […] This may occur due to the compression force used on the ribs, particularly in cases when the recipient of CPR has weak or brittle bones. […] Due to the fragility of their ribs, some groups, such as the elderly and those suffering from diseases like osteoporosis, may be more susceptible to rib fractures during CPR.

• #16 Rib Fracture and Pneumothorax Complication | SportsMD

  https://www.sportsmd.com/sports-injuries/chest-rib-injuries/rib-fracture-pneumothorax-complication/

  A rib fracture or broken rib is one of the more common injuries to the chest with rib fractures as the most common thoracic injury from blunt force trauma (i.e. automobile accidents, falls, or contact sports). […] Rib fractures can be caused by both direct and indirect forces. Direct forces would include being hit, kicked, or punched with the resulting fracture at the site of contact. […] An indirect force can cause rib fractures through general compression of the rib cage as when a football player is compressed by another player during a tackle. The weight of the opposing player can compress the injured player against a hard surface. If the external force is stronger than the tensile force of the ribs, the bones can be fractured.

• #17 Knowledge Center: Patient information about orthopedic disorders.

  https://www.iskinstitute.com/kc/abdomen/rib_fractures/rib_fractures.html

  Rib fractures can be fractured in two ways: Direct A blow to your chest, such as may occur when you are tackled or other people fall on top of you. Indirect Muscles attached to your ribs can pull in different directions and cause a crack in the bone. […] Rib fractures caused by direct impact are rare in sports. They can occur in collision sports such as football, hockey, or rugby. The impact can damage one or more of your ribs where the blow hits the bone. A blow can also can be dispersed from the site of contact and compress a wider area of your chest. The compression can cause multiple fractures. […] Athletes who engage in repetitive arm and upper body motions, such as baseball and tennis players, can put rhythmic, violent stress on their ribs as the muscles attached to the ribs pull in different directions. A common example of an indirect rib fracture is in the first rib, at the top of your chest, close to your shoulder. Certain shoulder muscles pull up on the rear portion of your rib as you lift your arm and other muscles in the abdomen pull down on the front of your rib as your trunk swings forward. The repetitive, opposing forces can cause a crack somewhere in the thinnest portion of the middle region of your first rib. Golfers may suffer an indirect rib fracture in their bottom two floating ribs caused by the opposing muscle forces required to swing the golf club.

• #18 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib): Symptoms, Healing Tips & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17434-rib-fracture-broken-rib

  Rib fractures are usually caused by car accidents, sports injuries or other traumas. […] Rib fractures can happen without a traumatic injury, too. These atraumatic (not caused by trauma) breaks are caused by: Cancers that have spread to your bones, Severe coughs, Osteoporosis. […] Rib fractures usually occur during traumas, which means there’s a chance you have other injuries. A broken rib can cause serious damage inside your body. […] Rib fractures are usually caused by something hitting your chest. Some of the most common causes include: Car accidents, Falls, Sports injuries. […] Fractures caused without a traumatic injury are rare.

• #19 Spontaneous rib fractures – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25957093/

  Other than trauma, rib fracture can occur spontaneously due to a severe cough or sneeze. […] Spontaneous rib fracture due to severe cough may occur in patients with osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or bronchial asthma, receiving long-term steroid therapy.

• #20

  https://www.wkhs.com/health-resources/wk-health-library/disease-condition-information/pulmonology/rib-fracture

  A rib fracture can be caused by a hard impact to your chest. It can happen during contact sports. It can happen if you have a road accident, or if you have a fall. You may also break a rib by coughing hard. This most often happens to people with weak bones. Osteoporosis raises your risk for this type of break. Cancer also weakens bones.

• #21 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rib-fracture

  If you’ve ever had a rib fracture—a crack or an actual break in a rib—you know that this type of injury can cause severe pain. […] A hallmark of a rib fracture is that a deep breath makes the pain worse. Pain from a fractured rib can even impede your breathing, leading to a chest infection. […] You can fracture one or more ribs in a trauma, such as a car crash, a fall from a height, or a contact-sports mishap. Rib fractures can even result from repetitive movements in sports, such as golf. Occasionally, severe coughing can cause a rib fracture, especially in people who have a bone-weakening cancer, or who are elderly or have osteoporosis. […] Any rib injury should be evaluated by a physician. You will want advice for pain management, as well as to be assessed to see if there has been any other damage.

• #22 Rib Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541020/

  Rib fractures can be traumatic or atraumatic. Most rib fractures are due to direct penetrating or blunt trauma to the chest. Ribs 1 through 3 are the hardest to break and signify a significant degree of trauma if fractured. Ribs 4 through 10 are typically the most vulnerable while ribs 11 through 12 are more mobile and therefore more difficult to break. In the elderly, falls are a common etiology of rib fractures and are associated with higher mortality and morbidity than younger patients. […] Rib fractures may also be pathologic as a result of cancer metastasis from other organs. Through repetitive stress and microtrauma, athletes can develop rib fractures with chronic use. Spontaneous rib fractures can also occur due to severe cough and are more likely to occur in those with osteoporosis or underlying lung disease. […] Because children tend to have more elastic ribs than adults do, children are less likely to sustain rib fractures. Therefore, children with rib fractures is a sign of significant trauma and should warrant an investigation of possible child abuse.

• #23 Rib Fracture: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments for a Broken Rib

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/bones-joints-and-muscles/rib-fracture

  Rib fractures may occur due to an injury or a severe cough. This can cause acute pain when you breathe or move. […] Most rib fractures occur because of a blunt or penetrating injury to the chest. […] Older adults tend to be more likely to break a rib after falling. Sometimes a cracked rib occurs due to cancer metastasis to the rib cage bones, which makes bones fragile. […] Athletes may experience a fractured rib due to repetitive strain and microfractures to their ribs. Some people may even fracture their ribs due to a severe cough.

• #24 Neumark Treatment for Rib Fracture without Trauma with Internal Rib Fixation

  https://neumarksurgery.com/rib-fractures-without-trauma/

  Repetitive stress or overuse can also lead to rib fractures, especially in athletes or individuals engaged in activities that strain the ribcage continuously. […] In some cases, severe or chronic coughing can be so persistent and damaging that it affects the ribs. […] Cancer, too, can cause a rib fracture without a traumatic event. Cancers that have metastasized spread to the bones sometimes lead to rib fractures without trauma.

• #25 Bruised vs. Broken Ribs: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bruised-broken-or-fractured-ribs-4582241

  A 2017 study in the British Medical Journal Open found that having one broken rib increases the risk of pneumonia by about 4% while having two broken ribs raises it to over 17%. […] Other complications of a broken rib include: Pneumothorax (a collapsed lung) and Hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity). […] You’re at greater risk of rib fractures and complications from rib fractures if you: Are over 65, Have low bone density (osteoporosis), Are prone to falls, Have COPD or a chronic cough, Smoke cigarettes. […] Rib injuries are not usually life-threatening on their own, but they can lead to serious complications.

• #26 Neumark Treatment for Rib Fracture without Trauma with Internal Rib Fixation

  https://neumarksurgery.com/rib-fractures-without-trauma/

  Rib fractures without traumas can come from a myriad of different causes. […] Rib fractures aren’t always the result of obvious trauma. They can be silent witnesses to diverse underlying health issues, from severe coughing fits to metabolic bone diseases, explains Dr. Harish Mithiran, director of Neumark Lung Chest Surgery Centre in Singapore. Understanding these less obvious causes is crucial for accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. […] One of the most common causes of rib fractures without trauma is osteoporosis. People with osteoporosis might fracture a rib from actions as simple as coughing, sneezing, or turning over in bed. The condition causes bones to become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures from minor stresses or even everyday activities. […] Osteoporosis is not the only bone disease that can cause a rib fracture without trauma. Other bone diseases like osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency) and Paget’s disease of bone (which disrupts normal bone remodeling) can also increase the risk of spontaneous rib fractures.

• #27 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  The majority of rib fractures occur in older adults: patients who are 65 years of age or older. […] Older adults tend to be at heightened risk for respiratory complications following rib fractures such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, emphysema, and aspiration pneumonia. […] Each additional rib fracture in older adults compared to younger patients increases mortality by 19% and the risk of pneumonia by 27%. […] Data support a direct correlation between increasing numbers of rib fractures and increased pulmonary morbidity and mortality, with patients presenting with six or more rib fractures being at a higher risk for death from causes unrelated to the rib fracture. […] A cohort study found that low bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine was a strongly associated with rib fracture.

• #28 What Complications Can Come From a Rib Fracture? – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/rib-fractures-can-result-in-serious-complications/

  Rib fractures are one of the most common bone breaks in older adults. Rib fractures can result from major trauma, such as a car crash. Rib bones moved out of alignment can cause life-threatening complications including punctures and damage to the lungs and other critical blood vessels or organs. About 19 percent of older adults who sustained fractures of three or four ribs died from complications, according to one study. […] In another study of older adults, 33 percent of rib fractures were caused by moderate trauma, such as falling from a standing position. And 40 percent of rib fractures had no identifiable trauma and were likely caused by the stress of a cough, a repetitive movement like a golf swing or other nontraumatic events. […] Other serious complications can occur with fractures due to mild to moderate trauma. Lung bruising and swelling, bleeding into and around the lungs or a collapsed lung require prompt medical attention.

• #29 Rib Fracture – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/thoracic-trauma/rib-fracture

  One or more ribs can be fractured due to blunt chest injury. […] Typically, rib fractures result from blunt injury to the chest wall, usually involving a strong force (eg, due to high-speed deceleration, a baseball bat, a major fall); however, sometimes in older patients, only mild or moderate force (eg, in a minor fall) is required. […] Minor trauma (eg, due to a fall) in older adults can cause rib fractures that may have fatal consequences. […] Most complications from rib fractures result from concomitant injuries. […] Isolated rib fractures are painful but rarely cause complications. […] However, inspiratory splinting (incomplete inspiration due to pain) can cause atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in older patients or patients with multiple fractures. […] As a result, older patients have high mortality rates (up to 20%) when presenting with multiple rib fractures. […] Morbidity results from underlying lung, splenic, or vascular injury or development of pneumonia due to splinting, rather than rib fractures themselves.

• #30

  https://pacific-family-health.com/2021/02/26/what-can-cause-spontaneous-rib-fractures/

  Broken ribs are very painful. […] Although trauma to the chest or a fall can result in a broken rib, there are other things that can cause a broken rib. […] In a study published by Katrancioglu and team at the University of Turkey, the study showed all the patients in that study had a cough followed by chest pain. The common ribs that were broken were the 4th and 9th rib. However, some patients in the study had multiple broken ribs. There were some risk factors identified which the authors suggested may have contributed to the broken ribs. […] The other possible causes or contributing factors were chronic lung diseases, asthma and osteoporosis. Most of the patients with broken ribs were taking long term steroid medication. Steroids can make bones brittle making them prone to be broken.

• #31 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  Those with a rib fracture had a significantly lower femoral neck BMD. […] Prolonged use of glucocorticoids and cigarette smoking are some of the risk factors associated with bone loss and osteoporosis. […] Two leading causes of these traumas in the older population are falls and motor vehicle accidents (MVA). […] A study that analyzed nearly 24,000 patients aged 65 years and older, between 2015-2016, reported the leading cause for rib fracture to be fall (67.6%) followed by transportation-related injuries (24.1%) and other or unspecified causes (8.3%). […] According to multiple studies, hospitalization is necessary for individuals sustaining multiple rib fractures. […] One study reported higher mortality associated with 3 or more posterior rib fractures. […] Flagel et. al. found that six or more rib fractures is a significant risk factor for death from causes unrelated to ribs fracture.

• #32 Bruised vs. Broken Ribs: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bruised-broken-or-fractured-ribs-4582241

  A 2017 study in the British Medical Journal Open found that having one broken rib increases the risk of pneumonia by about 4% while having two broken ribs raises it to over 17%. […] Other complications of a broken rib include: Pneumothorax (a collapsed lung) and Hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity). […] You’re at greater risk of rib fractures and complications from rib fractures if you: Are over 65, Have low bone density (osteoporosis), Are prone to falls, Have COPD or a chronic cough, Smoke cigarettes. […] Rib injuries are not usually life-threatening on their own, but they can lead to serious complications.

• #33

  https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/49426-what-can-cause-recurring-non-trauma-rib-fractures/

  I have had over 25 non-trauma rib fractures since May 2012. […] It is not usual to have so many non-traumatic rib fractures. […] There are many endocrine disorders that can predispose to fractures. Other than Cushing’s, hyperthyroidism, osteoporosis of various causes. There is also osteomalacia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis.

• #34

  https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/49426-what-can-cause-recurring-non-trauma-rib-fractures/

  I have had over 25 non-trauma rib fractures since May 2012. […] It is not usual to have so many non-traumatic rib fractures. […] There are many endocrine disorders that can predispose to fractures. Other than Cushing’s, hyperthyroidism, osteoporosis of various causes. There is also osteomalacia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis.

• #35 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Nonaccidental trauma in infants – In the absence of significant trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision), rib fractures in infants are extremely uncommon. Possible nonaccidental trauma (ie, child abuse) must be investigated when such fractures are discovered. […] An increasing number of rib fractures correlates with serious intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries. Displaced fractures increase the risk of internal injury and delayed bleeding. […] First rib fractures are associated with greater overall injury severity and life-threatening internal injury (including injuries to the brain, spine, lungs, and pelvis), while isolated first rib fractures from playing sports do not carry the same risk. […] Fractures of superior ribs (numbers 1 to 3) reflect trauma involving significant force and the potential for injury to mediastinal structures, major blood vessels (eg, aorta), and lung parenchyma.

• #36

  https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/rib-fractures

  The most common mechanism causing rib fractures is blunt trauma (i.e. automobile accidents, falls from height, assault, or even severe coughing). Blunt trauma causes rib fractures by exerting direct pressure on the rib causing it to break. […] Approximately 10% of all patients admitted for blunt chest trauma have one or more rib fractures. Although the injury mechanism itself is an important consideration when discussing rib fractures; patient specific considerations are also important. Patients with advanced age, osteoporosis or osteopenia have an increased risk of number and severity of fractures. […] Fractures of the first and second ribs are rare but may be associated with serious damage to the brachial plexus of nerves, the subclavian vessels or associated with head, facial or thoracic aorta injuries. A lower rib fracture is more likely associated with injuries to the diaphragm, liver or spleen.

• #37 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Nonaccidental trauma in infants – In the absence of significant trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision), rib fractures in infants are extremely uncommon. Possible nonaccidental trauma (ie, child abuse) must be investigated when such fractures are discovered. […] An increasing number of rib fractures correlates with serious intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries. Displaced fractures increase the risk of internal injury and delayed bleeding. […] First rib fractures are associated with greater overall injury severity and life-threatening internal injury (including injuries to the brain, spine, lungs, and pelvis), while isolated first rib fractures from playing sports do not carry the same risk. […] Fractures of superior ribs (numbers 1 to 3) reflect trauma involving significant force and the potential for injury to mediastinal structures, major blood vessels (eg, aorta), and lung parenchyma.

• #38 Rib fractures | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/rib-fractures?lang=us

  Rib fractures are a common consequence of trauma and can cause life-threatening complications. […] Rib fractures are often associated with other injuries and the greater the number of rib fractures the more likely are associated injuries. […] The 4th-10th ribs are the most commonly fractured. Fractures of the 1st-3rd ribs are associated with high-energy trauma. […] Etiology: blunt and penetrating trauma: e.g. motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults; most common injury in blunt thoracic trauma, occurring in 50% of cases. […] Pathological fractures. […] Stress fractures occur more commonly in high-level athletes. […] Osteoporosis: decreased bone density increases risk of rib fractures. […] Non-accidental injuries in children: typically posterior fractures. […] Intimate partner violence: typically posterior. […] Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3. […] Fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias. […] Radiation-induced rib fractures. […] Spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture.

• #39 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Fractures of ribs 9 through 12 may be associated with intra-abdominal injury. Right lower rib fractures may be associated with hepatic injury and left lower rib fractures with splenic injury. Fractures of the posterior portion of the lower ribs can be associated with kidney injury. […] Three or more adjacent ribs each fractured in two places (ie, flail chest) is often associated with significant morbidity from pulmonary contusion as well as injuries elsewhere.

• #40

  https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/rib-fractures

  The most common mechanism causing rib fractures is blunt trauma (i.e. automobile accidents, falls from height, assault, or even severe coughing). Blunt trauma causes rib fractures by exerting direct pressure on the rib causing it to break. […] Approximately 10% of all patients admitted for blunt chest trauma have one or more rib fractures. Although the injury mechanism itself is an important consideration when discussing rib fractures; patient specific considerations are also important. Patients with advanced age, osteoporosis or osteopenia have an increased risk of number and severity of fractures. […] Fractures of the first and second ribs are rare but may be associated with serious damage to the brachial plexus of nerves, the subclavian vessels or associated with head, facial or thoracic aorta injuries. A lower rib fracture is more likely associated with injuries to the diaphragm, liver or spleen.

• #41 Rib Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541020/

  Rib fractures can be traumatic or atraumatic. Most rib fractures are due to direct penetrating or blunt trauma to the chest. Ribs 1 through 3 are the hardest to break and signify a significant degree of trauma if fractured. Ribs 4 through 10 are typically the most vulnerable while ribs 11 through 12 are more mobile and therefore more difficult to break. In the elderly, falls are a common etiology of rib fractures and are associated with higher mortality and morbidity than younger patients. […] Rib fractures may also be pathologic as a result of cancer metastasis from other organs. Through repetitive stress and microtrauma, athletes can develop rib fractures with chronic use. Spontaneous rib fractures can also occur due to severe cough and are more likely to occur in those with osteoporosis or underlying lung disease. […] Because children tend to have more elastic ribs than adults do, children are less likely to sustain rib fractures. Therefore, children with rib fractures is a sign of significant trauma and should warrant an investigation of possible child abuse.

• #42 Broken Ribs: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes, Treatment & Daily Care – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/broken-ribs/

  Broken ribs are characterized by a crack or a total or partial fracture in the ribs. It can affect one or multiple ribs, and can occur due to direct trauma to the area. […] The main causes of broken ribs are: car, motorcycle or bike accidents; falls or blows to the chest; osteoporosis; stabbing in the chest (knives, foreign objects); contact sports, such as football, judo, jiu-jitsu, karate, hockey or basketball; intense coughing; repetitive chest movements; tumor or metastasis in the bones. […] Fractures are more common in young people, but can also happen in the elderly due to falls. […] In babies or children, ribs are more elastic and flexible than in adults, making rib fractures less common. Therefore, when a child has a broken rib, it may be a sign of physical abuse, such as repeated pushing or direct trauma to the chest.

• #43 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Nonaccidental trauma in infants – In the absence of significant trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision), rib fractures in infants are extremely uncommon. Possible nonaccidental trauma (ie, child abuse) must be investigated when such fractures are discovered. […] An increasing number of rib fractures correlates with serious intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries. Displaced fractures increase the risk of internal injury and delayed bleeding. […] First rib fractures are associated with greater overall injury severity and life-threatening internal injury (including injuries to the brain, spine, lungs, and pelvis), while isolated first rib fractures from playing sports do not carry the same risk. […] Fractures of superior ribs (numbers 1 to 3) reflect trauma involving significant force and the potential for injury to mediastinal structures, major blood vessels (eg, aorta), and lung parenchyma.

• #44 What Complications Can Come From a Rib Fracture? – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/rib-fractures-can-result-in-serious-complications/

  Rib fractures are one of the most common bone breaks in older adults. Rib fractures can result from major trauma, such as a car crash. Rib bones moved out of alignment can cause life-threatening complications including punctures and damage to the lungs and other critical blood vessels or organs. About 19 percent of older adults who sustained fractures of three or four ribs died from complications, according to one study. […] In another study of older adults, 33 percent of rib fractures were caused by moderate trauma, such as falling from a standing position. And 40 percent of rib fractures had no identifiable trauma and were likely caused by the stress of a cough, a repetitive movement like a golf swing or other nontraumatic events. […] Other serious complications can occur with fractures due to mild to moderate trauma. Lung bruising and swelling, bleeding into and around the lungs or a collapsed lung require prompt medical attention.

• #45 Flail Chest: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23994-flail-chest

  Flail chest is a traumatic disorder that happens when three or more ribs located next to each other are fractured in two or more places. This causes your chest wall to become unstable, interfering with breathing. […] The primary cause of flail chest is trauma, mainly motor vehicle accidents. The next most common cause is falls in older people who may have osteoporosis.

• #46 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rib-fracture

  Your rib fracture may be complicated by other injuries. Upper rib fractures can cause injuries to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. It’s not uncommon for a fractured rib to cause injury to the lung itself, sometimes leading to a collapsed lung or bleeding into the chest cavity. Lower rib fractures can cause injuries to the liver and spleen. […] If you have broken or cracked three or more adjacent ribs in two places, you may experience a condition called flail chest. […] Rib fractures can even result from repetitive movements in sports, such as golf. Occasionally, severe coughing can cause a rib fracture, especially in people who have a bone-weakening cancer, or who are elderly or have osteoporosis. […] Surgery for rib fractures may be recommended only for the most complex cases, including when the injury has made breathing so difficult that a respirator is necessary.

• #47 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Fractures of ribs 9 through 12 may be associated with intra-abdominal injury. Right lower rib fractures may be associated with hepatic injury and left lower rib fractures with splenic injury. Fractures of the posterior portion of the lower ribs can be associated with kidney injury. […] Three or more adjacent ribs each fractured in two places (ie, flail chest) is often associated with significant morbidity from pulmonary contusion as well as injuries elsewhere.

• #48 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  The majority of rib fractures occur in older adults: patients who are 65 years of age or older. […] Older adults tend to be at heightened risk for respiratory complications following rib fractures such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, emphysema, and aspiration pneumonia. […] Each additional rib fracture in older adults compared to younger patients increases mortality by 19% and the risk of pneumonia by 27%. […] Data support a direct correlation between increasing numbers of rib fractures and increased pulmonary morbidity and mortality, with patients presenting with six or more rib fractures being at a higher risk for death from causes unrelated to the rib fracture. […] A cohort study found that low bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine was a strongly associated with rib fracture.

• #49 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  The majority of rib fractures occur in older adults: patients who are 65 years of age or older. […] Older adults tend to be at heightened risk for respiratory complications following rib fractures such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, emphysema, and aspiration pneumonia. […] Each additional rib fracture in older adults compared to younger patients increases mortality by 19% and the risk of pneumonia by 27%. […] Data support a direct correlation between increasing numbers of rib fractures and increased pulmonary morbidity and mortality, with patients presenting with six or more rib fractures being at a higher risk for death from causes unrelated to the rib fracture. […] A cohort study found that low bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine was a strongly associated with rib fracture.

• #50 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  Those with a rib fracture had a significantly lower femoral neck BMD. […] Prolonged use of glucocorticoids and cigarette smoking are some of the risk factors associated with bone loss and osteoporosis. […] Two leading causes of these traumas in the older population are falls and motor vehicle accidents (MVA). […] A study that analyzed nearly 24,000 patients aged 65 years and older, between 2015-2016, reported the leading cause for rib fracture to be fall (67.6%) followed by transportation-related injuries (24.1%) and other or unspecified causes (8.3%). […] According to multiple studies, hospitalization is necessary for individuals sustaining multiple rib fractures. […] One study reported higher mortality associated with 3 or more posterior rib fractures. […] Flagel et. al. found that six or more rib fractures is a significant risk factor for death from causes unrelated to ribs fracture.

• #51 Bruised vs. Broken Ribs: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bruised-broken-or-fractured-ribs-4582241

  A 2017 study in the British Medical Journal Open found that having one broken rib increases the risk of pneumonia by about 4% while having two broken ribs raises it to over 17%. […] Other complications of a broken rib include: Pneumothorax (a collapsed lung) and Hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity). […] You’re at greater risk of rib fractures and complications from rib fractures if you: Are over 65, Have low bone density (osteoporosis), Are prone to falls, Have COPD or a chronic cough, Smoke cigarettes. […] Rib injuries are not usually life-threatening on their own, but they can lead to serious complications.

• #52 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib): Symptoms, Healing Tips & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17434-rib-fracture-broken-rib

  Rib fractures are usually caused by car accidents, sports injuries or other traumas. […] Rib fractures can happen without a traumatic injury, too. These atraumatic (not caused by trauma) breaks are caused by: Cancers that have spread to your bones, Severe coughs, Osteoporosis. […] Rib fractures usually occur during traumas, which means there’s a chance you have other injuries. A broken rib can cause serious damage inside your body. […] Rib fractures are usually caused by something hitting your chest. Some of the most common causes include: Car accidents, Falls, Sports injuries. […] Fractures caused without a traumatic injury are rare.

• #53 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rib-fracture

  Your rib fracture may be complicated by other injuries. Upper rib fractures can cause injuries to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. It’s not uncommon for a fractured rib to cause injury to the lung itself, sometimes leading to a collapsed lung or bleeding into the chest cavity. Lower rib fractures can cause injuries to the liver and spleen. […] If you have broken or cracked three or more adjacent ribs in two places, you may experience a condition called flail chest. […] Rib fractures can even result from repetitive movements in sports, such as golf. Occasionally, severe coughing can cause a rib fracture, especially in people who have a bone-weakening cancer, or who are elderly or have osteoporosis. […] Surgery for rib fractures may be recommended only for the most complex cases, including when the injury has made breathing so difficult that a respirator is necessary.

• #54 Initial evaluation and management of rib fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation-and-management-of-rib-fractures/print

  Nonaccidental trauma in infants – In the absence of significant trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision), rib fractures in infants are extremely uncommon. Possible nonaccidental trauma (ie, child abuse) must be investigated when such fractures are discovered. […] An increasing number of rib fractures correlates with serious intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries. Displaced fractures increase the risk of internal injury and delayed bleeding. […] First rib fractures are associated with greater overall injury severity and life-threatening internal injury (including injuries to the brain, spine, lungs, and pelvis), while isolated first rib fractures from playing sports do not carry the same risk. […] Fractures of superior ribs (numbers 1 to 3) reflect trauma involving significant force and the potential for injury to mediastinal structures, major blood vessels (eg, aorta), and lung parenchyma.

• #55 Rib Fracture: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Diagnosis

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/orthopedics/rib-fracture-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  A broken or fractured rib is one common injury that results from one of the rib cage’s bones breaking. The most common causes are hard impacts from driving accidents, falls, and contact sports. […] The most frequent cause of broken ribs is direct impact, which can happen in a car accident, fall, maltreatment of a child, or contact sports. In addition, repeated contact from activities like rowing and golf, as well as prolonged, forceful coughing, can cause rib ruptures. […] A broken rib can cause damage to blood vessels and internal organs. If you have several broken ribs, the likelihood of this is higher.

• #56 Bruised vs. Broken Ribs: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bruised-broken-or-fractured-ribs-4582241

  A 2017 study in the British Medical Journal Open found that having one broken rib increases the risk of pneumonia by about 4% while having two broken ribs raises it to over 17%. […] Other complications of a broken rib include: Pneumothorax (a collapsed lung) and Hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity). […] You’re at greater risk of rib fractures and complications from rib fractures if you: Are over 65, Have low bone density (osteoporosis), Are prone to falls, Have COPD or a chronic cough, Smoke cigarettes. […] Rib injuries are not usually life-threatening on their own, but they can lead to serious complications.

• #57 Blood Clots from a Broken Rib: Causes, Risks, Prevention, Treatment

  https://bloodclot.org/blood-clots-from-a-broken-rib/

  Lung Complications: Broken ribs may impair lung function, increasing the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), a condition where a clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow. […] Breathing Restrictions: Pain may cause shallow breathing or reluctance to cough, leading to reduced oxygen levels and slower blood flow, further increasing clot risk. […] Blood clots are a serious but often preventable complication associated with broken ribs. Limited movement, vascular injuries, and inflammation can increase clot risks, making awareness and proactive prevention essential.

• #58 Rib Fractures – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/chest-injuries/rib-fractures

  Rib fractures usually result from strong blunt force, such as a fall from a height, a motor vehicle crash, or a hit with a baseball bat. However, sometimes in older adults who have osteoporosis, only a slight force (as occurs in a minor fall) is required. […] The fracture itself is rarely serious, although the force that caused the fracture occasionally causes other problems, such as a bruised lung (pulmonary contusion) or a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). An injury that fractures the lower ribs sometimes also damages the liver or spleen. The more ribs that are broken, the more likely lungs or other organs are to be damaged. […] Because older adults are more likely to develop these complications, they also have a higher risk of death due to a rib fracture than do younger people.

• #59 Fractured Rib: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment, Cracked Ribs – Do I Have A Broken Rib? – The Health Experts

  https://www.thehealthexperts.co.uk/broken-fractured-bones/fractured-rib/

  Fractured ribs […] You could sustain a fractured rib in many ways, but the most common causes are as follows: […] You have developed cancerous lesions that typically result in your bones becoming weaker […] You develop osteoporosis as you get older. […] If you sustain a fractured rib it may negatively impact the blood vessels found close by. A broken rib bone could also puncture internal organs which includes your lungs and spleen. However, any complications you may develop as a result of a fractured rib would depend on the severity of your injury and which ribs are affected as such the complications associated with a fractured rib are detailed below: […] Any sort of rib fracture is painful whether the injury is slight or more severe and if not cared for and treated correctly, you could suffer some serious complications. If you are unable to breathe normally, you run the risk of developing pneumonia. Statistics show that around 35% of people over the age of 65 who suffer a fractured rib develop pneumonia. With this said, other long-term damage can be done to your lungs should a fractured rib bone have punctured them.

• #60 Rib Fractures and Pneumothorax – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/lung-center/diseases-and-conditions/rib-fractures

  Rib fractures are commonly caused by trauma to the chest wall. Rib fractures are most commonly caused by blunt injuries to the chest caused by a car accident, fall or assault. […] When severe, rib fractures can lead to flail chest (open chest wound) and cause breathing issues, pulmonary contusion, bleeding and pneumothorax. […] When untreated, rib fractures will lead to serious short-term consequences such as severe pain when breathing, pneumonia and, rarely, death. Long-term consequences include chest wall deformity, chronic pain and decreased lung function.

• #61 Rib Fractures and Pneumothorax – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/lung-center/diseases-and-conditions/rib-fractures

  Rib fractures are commonly caused by trauma to the chest wall. Rib fractures are most commonly caused by blunt injuries to the chest caused by a car accident, fall or assault. […] When severe, rib fractures can lead to flail chest (open chest wound) and cause breathing issues, pulmonary contusion, bleeding and pneumothorax. […] When untreated, rib fractures will lead to serious short-term consequences such as severe pain when breathing, pneumonia and, rarely, death. Long-term consequences include chest wall deformity, chronic pain and decreased lung function.

• #62 Rib fracture pain and disability: Do we need a more aggressive approach?

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/rib-fracture-pain-disability-aggressive-approach/

  Rib fractures are quite common after blunt trauma to the trunk, with motor vehicle crashes and falls being the leading causes. […] In the majority of cases, rib fractures are uncomplicated. However, because of the associated pain, patients with such injuries often need to be admitted to hospital for pain control. […] A common dogma among doctors is that pain after rib fractures that have been treated just with pain relief lasts up to six weeks. Unfortunately, this isn’t really the case. There are recent studies describing persistent pain and disability, with up to 76% of patients with uncomplicated rib fractures reporting pain at two months after the injury, and up to 56% of them still complaining of pain six months after the injury. […] Approximately 13% of patients report that their quality of life is being affected by chronic pain one year after simple rib fractures.

• #63 Rib fracture pain and disability: Do we need a more aggressive approach?

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/rib-fracture-pain-disability-aggressive-approach/

  Rib fractures are quite common after blunt trauma to the trunk, with motor vehicle crashes and falls being the leading causes. […] In the majority of cases, rib fractures are uncomplicated. However, because of the associated pain, patients with such injuries often need to be admitted to hospital for pain control. […] A common dogma among doctors is that pain after rib fractures that have been treated just with pain relief lasts up to six weeks. Unfortunately, this isn’t really the case. There are recent studies describing persistent pain and disability, with up to 76% of patients with uncomplicated rib fractures reporting pain at two months after the injury, and up to 56% of them still complaining of pain six months after the injury. […] Approximately 13% of patients report that their quality of life is being affected by chronic pain one year after simple rib fractures.

• #64 Rib Injury | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/conditions/rib-injury/

  It may occur when the fracture moves too much (displaced), has a poor blood supply or gets infected. […] Delayed Union: Defined as a failure to reach bony union by 6 months post-injury and includes fractures that are taking longer than expected to heal. […] Mal-Union: Occurs when a fractured bone heals in an abnormal position, which can lead to impaired function of the bone or limb and make it look like it is 'bent’. […] Rib injury can cause associated complex rib injury involving a junction between sternum and rib leading to dislocation or subluxation at the junction. […] Even relatively minor chest injuries can lead to internal injury to the lung (lung bruising (contusions), collapse (pneumothorax), effusions (blood or fluid) and rarely hernias (whether the lung or upper abdominal contents starts providing between broken ribs) or even a diaphragmatic (the muscle between the abdomen and the chest) hernia whereby the bowel contents slip into the chest from a hole or hernia in the diaphragm.

• #65 Rib Injury | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/conditions/rib-injury/

  It may occur when the fracture moves too much (displaced), has a poor blood supply or gets infected. […] Delayed Union: Defined as a failure to reach bony union by 6 months post-injury and includes fractures that are taking longer than expected to heal. […] Mal-Union: Occurs when a fractured bone heals in an abnormal position, which can lead to impaired function of the bone or limb and make it look like it is 'bent’. […] Rib injury can cause associated complex rib injury involving a junction between sternum and rib leading to dislocation or subluxation at the junction. […] Even relatively minor chest injuries can lead to internal injury to the lung (lung bruising (contusions), collapse (pneumothorax), effusions (blood or fluid) and rarely hernias (whether the lung or upper abdominal contents starts providing between broken ribs) or even a diaphragmatic (the muscle between the abdomen and the chest) hernia whereby the bowel contents slip into the chest from a hole or hernia in the diaphragm.

• #66 Rib Injury | Rib Injury Clinic

  https://www.ribinjuryclinic.com/conditions/rib-injury/

  It may occur when the fracture moves too much (displaced), has a poor blood supply or gets infected. […] Delayed Union: Defined as a failure to reach bony union by 6 months post-injury and includes fractures that are taking longer than expected to heal. […] Mal-Union: Occurs when a fractured bone heals in an abnormal position, which can lead to impaired function of the bone or limb and make it look like it is 'bent’. […] Rib injury can cause associated complex rib injury involving a junction between sternum and rib leading to dislocation or subluxation at the junction. […] Even relatively minor chest injuries can lead to internal injury to the lung (lung bruising (contusions), collapse (pneumothorax), effusions (blood or fluid) and rarely hernias (whether the lung or upper abdominal contents starts providing between broken ribs) or even a diaphragmatic (the muscle between the abdomen and the chest) hernia whereby the bowel contents slip into the chest from a hole or hernia in the diaphragm.

• #67 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  Rib fractures take approximately 12 weeks to heal and patients typically regain up to 84% of their expected forced vital capacity, but it may be longer for older adults with underlying osteoporosis. […] Trauma centers, nationally, have shown better outcomes when rib fracture protocols were geared towards geriatric age groups.

• #68 Rib Fractures and Pneumothorax – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/lung-center/diseases-and-conditions/rib-fractures

  Rib fractures are commonly caused by trauma to the chest wall. Rib fractures are most commonly caused by blunt injuries to the chest caused by a car accident, fall or assault. […] When severe, rib fractures can lead to flail chest (open chest wound) and cause breathing issues, pulmonary contusion, bleeding and pneumothorax. […] When untreated, rib fractures will lead to serious short-term consequences such as severe pain when breathing, pneumonia and, rarely, death. Long-term consequences include chest wall deformity, chronic pain and decreased lung function.

• #69 Rib fracture pain and disability: Do we need a more aggressive approach?

  https://researchoutreach.org/articles/rib-fracture-pain-disability-aggressive-approach/

  Additionally, in another study, 30% of patients with rib fractures that had been managed conservatively with standard pain relief were not able to return to pre-injury employment even two years after their injury. […] Since the only predictive factor for ongoing pain and disability identified so far is the pain intensity during the first few days after injury, it has been suggested that the possible mechanism leading to the chronicity of the pain after rib fractures is that the initial high-intensity pain might be sensitising the central nervous system to pain perception. […] The rationale behind this hypothesis is that costal fixation could lead to reduced inflammation and nerve injury by restricting and preventing further fracture movement and thus reducing pain. […] Rib fractures are a very common injury often associated with immense levels of persistent pain and disability, which have a large psycho-socio-economic impact on patients and our healthcare systems.

• #70 Broken ribs – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350763

  A broken rib occurs when one of the bones in the rib cage breaks or cracks. […] The most common causes are hard impacts from falls, car accidents or contact sports. […] Direct impact such as from a car accident, a fall, child abuse or contact sports is the most common cause of broken ribs. Ribs also can be broken by repeated impact from sports such as golf and rowing or from coughing hard and long.

• #71 Broken or bruised ribs

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/broken-or-bruised-ribs/

  Bruised or broken ribs are usually caused by a fall, a blow to the chest or severe coughing. […] You might need stronger painkillers or have a chest infection that needs antibiotics. […] It could mean a broken rib has damaged something else, like your lung, liver or spleen.

• #72 How Do Rib Fractures Happen and How Can They be Treated? | Call Now!

  https://www.fosterwallace.com/faqs/how-do-rib-fractures-happen-and-how-can-they-be-treated/

  The ribs are the bones that protect the most important and most fragile organs in the human body. They act as a shield to keep the heart and lungs safe from harm. When something causes a rib fracture, this shield is compromised. There are many different things that commonly cause rib fractures, ranging from simple falls in the home to injuries sustained while participating in sports. […] Researchers have found that rib fractures are the most frequently seen injury of chest-related injuries in trauma centers and emergency rooms. One study found that about 40 percent of all chest-injury cases are the result of rib fractures. […] The most common cause of fractured ribs is direct trauma to the chest. This can be caused by a variety of events and activities, such as motor vehicle accidents, assault, contact sports, falls, receiving CPR, and work accidents.

• #73 Rib Fracture – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/thoracic-trauma/rib-fracture

  One or more ribs can be fractured due to blunt chest injury. […] Typically, rib fractures result from blunt injury to the chest wall, usually involving a strong force (eg, due to high-speed deceleration, a baseball bat, a major fall); however, sometimes in older patients, only mild or moderate force (eg, in a minor fall) is required. […] Minor trauma (eg, due to a fall) in older adults can cause rib fractures that may have fatal consequences. […] Most complications from rib fractures result from concomitant injuries. […] Isolated rib fractures are painful but rarely cause complications. […] However, inspiratory splinting (incomplete inspiration due to pain) can cause atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in older patients or patients with multiple fractures. […] As a result, older patients have high mortality rates (up to 20%) when presenting with multiple rib fractures. […] Morbidity results from underlying lung, splenic, or vascular injury or development of pneumonia due to splinting, rather than rib fractures themselves.

• #74 Rib Fracture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541020/

  Rib fractures can be traumatic or atraumatic. Most rib fractures are due to direct penetrating or blunt trauma to the chest. Ribs 1 through 3 are the hardest to break and signify a significant degree of trauma if fractured. Ribs 4 through 10 are typically the most vulnerable while ribs 11 through 12 are more mobile and therefore more difficult to break. In the elderly, falls are a common etiology of rib fractures and are associated with higher mortality and morbidity than younger patients. […] Rib fractures may also be pathologic as a result of cancer metastasis from other organs. Through repetitive stress and microtrauma, athletes can develop rib fractures with chronic use. Spontaneous rib fractures can also occur due to severe cough and are more likely to occur in those with osteoporosis or underlying lung disease. […] Because children tend to have more elastic ribs than adults do, children are less likely to sustain rib fractures. Therefore, children with rib fractures is a sign of significant trauma and should warrant an investigation of possible child abuse.

• #75 Spontaneous rib fractures – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25957093/

  Other than trauma, rib fracture can occur spontaneously due to a severe cough or sneeze. […] Spontaneous rib fracture due to severe cough may occur in patients with osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or bronchial asthma, receiving long-term steroid therapy.

• #76 Rib Fracture (Broken Rib): Symptoms, Healing Tips & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17434-rib-fracture-broken-rib

  Rib fractures are usually caused by car accidents, sports injuries or other traumas. […] Rib fractures can happen without a traumatic injury, too. These atraumatic (not caused by trauma) breaks are caused by: Cancers that have spread to your bones, Severe coughs, Osteoporosis. […] Rib fractures usually occur during traumas, which means there’s a chance you have other injuries. A broken rib can cause serious damage inside your body. […] Rib fractures are usually caused by something hitting your chest. Some of the most common causes include: Car accidents, Falls, Sports injuries. […] Fractures caused without a traumatic injury are rare.

• #77 Rib Fracture Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review | Published in Journal of Brown Hospital Medicine

  https://bhm.scholasticahq.com/article/82211-rib-fracture-management-in-older-adults-a-scoping-review

  Rib fractures take approximately 12 weeks to heal and patients typically regain up to 84% of their expected forced vital capacity, but it may be longer for older adults with underlying osteoporosis. […] Trauma centers, nationally, have shown better outcomes when rib fracture protocols were geared towards geriatric age groups.

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