Zespół policystycznych jajników
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) dotyka 4-12% kobiet w wieku reprodukcyjnym i jest jedną z głównych przyczyn niepłodności, zwiększając ryzyko niepłodności aż 15-krotnie. Kobiety z PCOS mają trzykrotnie wyższe ryzyko wczesnej utraty ciąży, co wiąże się z zaburzeniami środowiska endometrialnego, hiperinsulinemią i hiperandrogenizmem. W trakcie ciąży obserwuje się u nich około trzykrotnie wyższe ryzyko powikłań, takich jak cukrzyca ciążowa (często diagnozowana już w I trymestrze), nadciśnienie indukowane ciążą, stan przedrzucawkowy, poród przedwczesny oraz zwiększone ryzyko cięcia cesarskiego. Ryzyko martwego urodzenia wynosi 3,3% w porównaniu do 1,6% w populacji kontrolnej. Noworodki matek z PCOS częściej mają niższą ocenę Apgar w 5. minucie, aspirację smółki, są duże względem wieku ciążowego (LGA) oraz wykazują podwyższone ryzyko wad wrodzonych, w tym serca, cewy nerwowej i układu moczowo-płciowego.

Prognoza zespołu policystycznych jajników

Zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń endokrynologicznych dotykających około 4-12% kobiet w wieku reprodukcyjnym. Choroba ta ma istotny wpływ na zdrowie kobiet zarówno w okresie reprodukcyjnym, jak i w późniejszym życiu, wpływając na płodność, przebieg ciąży oraz zwiększając ryzyko rozwoju chorób przewlekłych.123

Płodność i wyniki reprodukcyjne

PCOS jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn niepłodności kobiecej. Kobiety z tym zespołem doświadczają problemów z zajściem w ciążę, a wskaźnik niepłodności szacuje się na 15 razy wyższy w porównaniu do kobiet bez tego schorzenia. Mimo to, wiele kobiet z PCOS jest w stanie z powodzeniem zajść w ciążę, choć często wymaga to odpowiedniego leczenia.12

Wcześniejsze badania wykazały, że kobiety z PCOS mają około trzykrotnie większe ryzyko wczesnej utraty ciąży. Potencjalne przyczyny obejmują zmienione środowisko endometrialne i związane z tym zmniejszenie sukcesu implantacji, co może być spowodowane hiperinsulinemią i towarzyszącym hiperandrogenizmem.1

Powikłania ciąży i poporodowe

U kobiet z PCOS występuje zwiększone ryzyko powikłań ciążowych, które nie może być wyjaśnione jedynie przez stosowanie technik wspomaganego rozrodu ani przez charakterystykę matek, takie jak zaawansowany wiek czy nadwaga.1

Badania konsekwentnie wykazują około trzykrotny wzrost ryzyka powikłań ciążowych u kobiet z PCOS w porównaniu do zdrowych kobiet. Może to być spowodowane faktem, że wiele kobiet z PCOS wchodzi w ciążę z już istniejącymi problemami zdrowotnymi, wynikającymi z hiperinsulinemii i hiperandrogenemii.1

Do najczęstszych powikłań ciążowych u kobiet z PCOS należą:

  • Cukrzyca ciążowa (GDM) – występuje częściej u kobiet z PCOS, a większa liczba pacjentek jest diagnozowana już w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży, co prawdopodobnie wynika z niewystarczającej funkcji komórek β trzustki, niezdolnych do przezwyciężenia nasilenia insulinooporności związanej z hormonami łożyskowymi12
  • Nadciśnienie indukowane ciążą (PIH)1
  • Stan przedrzucawkowy (PET)12
  • Poród przedwczesny1
  • Zwiększone ryzyko cięcia cesarskiego (CS)1

Ryzyko martwego urodzenia jest również podwyższone, z odnotowanymi wskaźnikami rzędu 3,3% w porównaniu do 1,6% w grupach kontrolnych. Na zwiększony wskaźnik martwych urodzeń wpływają czynniki ryzyka związane z ciążą u kobiet z PCOS oraz wcześniactwo.1

Wyniki perinatalne

Wyniki perinatalne u niemowląt urodzonych przez kobiety z PCOS są znacząco gorsze niż u niemowląt urodzonych przez kobiety bez PCOS. Sytuację tę mogą dodatkowo pogarszać cukrzyca matki, otyłość, zapłodnienie in vitro i stosowanie leków.1

Noworodki matek z PCOS częściej:

Długoterminowe implikacje zdrowotne

W późniejszym życiu, kobiety z PCOS są narażone na znaczące problemy zdrowotne związane z hiperinsulinemią, zwiększonym ryzykiem cukrzycy i czynnikami ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego.1

Badania wykazują, że kobiety z PCOS mają:

  • Wyższe ryzyko chorób serca – są 4-7 razy bardziej narażone na zawał serca niż kobiety w tym samym wieku bez tego schorzenia1
  • Zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 21
  • Trzykrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju raka endometrium (9% w porównaniu do 3% w populacji ogólnej)1
  • Zwiększone ryzyko rozrostu endometrium12
  • Predyspozycje do zaburzeń snu, takich jak bezdech senny1
  • Zwiększone ryzyko depresji i stanów lękowych1

Strategie poprawy prognozy

Wczesna diagnoza

Wczesne rozpoznanie PCOS jest kluczowe, aby uniknąć niepłodności i ograniczyć poważne skutki choroby. Niestety, obecnie dostępne techniki i metody leczenia są niewystarczające do identyfikacji i przewidywania PCOS we wczesnym stadium.1

Kobiety często czekają ponad dwa lata i konsultują się z licznymi specjalistami przed otrzymaniem diagnozy PCOS. Dlatego opracowywane są nowe podejścia diagnostyczne:1

  • Modele predykcyjne oparte na uczeniu maszynowym – badania wykazują wysoką dokładność predykcyjną dla wszystkich modeli, sugerując, że model predykcyjny może pomóc we wczesnym wykrywaniu PCOS wśród osób z grupy ryzyka w elektronicznej dokumentacji medycznej12
  • Algorytmy wykorzystujące dane wielomodalne – integrujące cechy kliniczne i obrazy ultrasonograficzne, z dokładnością osiągającą nawet 98,288% w przypadku modelu transferowego uczenia VGG1612
  • Narzędzia diagnostyczne oparte na sztucznej inteligencji – zintegrowane z elektroniczną dokumentacją medyczną, mogą znacząco przyczynić się do szybszej diagnozy1

Interwencje stylu życia

Aktualnie pierwszą linią leczenia dla kobiet z PCOS i nadwagą jest wieloskładnikowa interwencja w stylu życia (dieta, ćwiczenia, terapie behawioralne) w celu utraty wagi i zapobiegania nadmiernemu przyrostowi masy ciała.1

Badania pokazują, że:

  • Utrata masy ciała generalnie ma pozytywny wpływ na szansę zajścia w ciążę w ciągu 24 miesięcy po rozpoczęciu interwencji1
  • Poziom insuliny na początku badania i czas prób zajścia w ciążę przed rozpoczęciem badania miały negatywną wartość predykcyjną dla szansy na poczęcie1

Badania biomarkerów i nowe terapie

Obecne badania koncentrują się na identyfikacji kluczowych ścieżek molekularnych i genów związanych z PCOS poprzez zintegrowaną analizę bioinformatyczną, co może prowadzić do odkrycia nowych markerów diagnostycznych, prognostycznych i celów terapeutycznych dla PCOS.1

Analiza wzbogacenia GO i ścieżek metabolicznych ma ogromne znaczenie dla interpretacji mechanizmów molekularnych kluczowych aktywności komórkowych w PCOS. Te badania dostarczają bardziej szczegółowych mechanizmów molekularnych postępu PCOS oraz szczegółowych informacji o potencjalnych biomarkerach i celach terapeutycznych.1

Podsumowanie prognozy

Mimo że nie istnieje trwałe leczenie PCOS, odpowiednie zarządzanie objawami może znacząco poprawić prognozę. Efekty PCOS mogą zmieniać się z czasem, co sprawia, że pacjentki mogą być mniej świadome stanu choroby, jednak nie ma leczenia, które trwale ją wyleczy.1

W kontekście płodności, mimo zwiększonego ryzyka problemów z zajściem w ciążę, wiele kobiet z PCOS jest w stanie zajść w ciążę samodzielnie lub z odpowiednią pomocą medyczną.1

Dowody na długoterminowe stosowanie metforminy w celu ochrony przed niekorzystnymi wynikami sercowo-naczyniowymi oraz stosowanie metforminy przez całą ciążę w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka poronienia, cukrzycy ciążowej, stanu przedrzucawkowego i makrosomii płodu są nadal niewystarczające i wymagają dalszych badań.1

Możliwe jest poprawienie prognozy dla kobiet z PCOS poprzez jak najlepsze zarządzanie objawami choroby, w tym wczesną diagnozę i odpowiednie postępowanie terapeutyczne.1

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Polycystic-Ovary-Syndrome-Prognosis.aspx
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrines disorders among women of reproductive age and is thought to affect approximately 4-12% of these women. […] The prognosis of these associated complications is discussed in more detail below. […] Women with PCOS have a higher risk of heart disease and are 4 to 7 times more likely to have a heart attack than women without the condition who are of the same age. […] Women affected by PCOS are also at risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. In fact, women with PCOS have a lifetime risk of developing endometrial cancer of 9%, which is three times higher than other women whose risk is only about 3%. […] However, the outcomes of developing endometrial cancer may be improved with appropriate treatment and screening methods. […] It is possible to improve the prognosis for women with PCOS by managing the symptoms of the condition in the best way.
  • #1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7789031/
    The polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that has profound implications for women throughout their reproductive years. A diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with reproductive challenges including a difficulty in conceiving as well as the pregnancy-related complications of miscarriage, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes and prematurity. Consequently, polycystic ovary syndrome has profound implications for women and their offspring with regard to reproductive function in the short term and in the longer term the risk of chronic illness and congenital anomalies, and health care resources should be directed accordingly to mitigate against these risks. […] PCOS is associated with an increase in subfertility, ectopic pregnancy and early pregnancy loss (EPL). Potential causes are an altered endometrial environment and subsequent reduction in implantation success due to the hyperinsulinemic environment and concurrent hyperandrogenism. The rates of infertility and EPL have been estimated to be 15 times and three times greater, respectively, than women of similar demographics; however, it is unclear as to whether body mass index (BMI) or the use of fertility treatment (ovulation induction and/or in vitro fertilization (IVF)) had a role to play in the higher rates observed.
  • #1 Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: population based cohort study | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6309
    Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes that cannot be explained by assisted reproductive technology. […] In the present population based study a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes that could not be attributed to the increased use of assisted reproductive technology or maternal characteristics such as advanced age or being overweight or obese. […] Irrespective of the use of assisted reproduction, polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. […] Infants born to mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely to have a low Apgar score at five minutes, have meconium aspiration, and be large for gestational age.
  • #1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7789031/
    Several studies have consistently reported an increase in maternal complications for women with PCOS. There appears to be a trebling of the risk of maternal complications in women with PCOS when compared to healthy controls. However, this may be influenced by the fact that many women with PCOS have a greater chance of presenting in pregnancy with pre-existing medical issues. This is believed to be due to the hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenemia commonly seen in women with PCOS. […] The extent of the increase in incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia (PET) and cesarean section (CS) differs slightly among studies, but are reproducibly increased even when data are adjusted for BMI. […] GDM rates are higher for women with PCOS and a greater number of these women are diagnosed in the first trimester, and this was thought to be due to insufficient pancreatic -cell function to overcome the placental hormone-mediated exacerbation of pre-existing insulin resistance.
  • #1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7789031/
    The risk of stillbirth is elevated with rates reported in the order of 3.3% versus 1.6% in control groups. Elevated stillbirth rates are influenced by the effects of increased maternal pregnancy risk factors in women with PCOS and prematurity. […] The perinatal outcomes of infants born to women with PCOS is significantly worse than those born to women without PCOS, and this can be further exacerbated by maternal diabetes, obesity, IVF and medication use. The increase in poor perinatal outcomes can be accounted for by earlier gestational age at birth as well as PTD; however, the pathophysiology of these outcomes potentially originates much earlier on. […] Increased congenital anomalies are seen in infants born to women with PCOS and may include cardiac, neural tube, urogenital and gastrointestinal anomalies such as omphalocele.
  • #1 Polycystic ovarian syndrome–prognosis and outcomes – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16766228/
    Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that is present in 5-6% of women of reproductive age. […] In addition, in later life women are prone to significant health problems related to hyperinsulinaemia, with an excess risk for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. […] Evidence for the long-term use of metformin to protect against adverse cardiovascular outcomes and for the use of metformin throughout pregnancy to reduce the risk of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and fetal macrosomia is still lacking.
  • #1 PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos
    PCOS is one of the most common causes of female infertility. It can also increase your risk of other health conditions. Your healthcare provider can treat PCOS based on your symptoms and if you wish to become pregnant. […] Having PCOS may increase your risk for certain pregnancy complications, although most people with PCOS are able to successfully carry a pregnancy. […] Research shows PCOS may raise your risk for several health conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, and depression and anxiety. […] While there isn’t a cure for PCOS, your healthcare provider can help you manage your symptoms. The effects of PCOS may change over time so that you become less aware of the condition. However, there isn’t a treatment that permanently cures it. […] Yes, you can get pregnant if you have PCOS. PCOS can make it hard to conceive while also increasing your risk for certain pregnancy complications, but many people with PCOS do get pregnant on their own. Your healthcare provider will work with you to develop a treatment plan to help you ovulate.
  • #1 Optimized polycystic ovarian disease prognosis and classification using AI based computational approaches on multi-modality data | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making | Full Text
    https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02688-9
    Polycystic Ovarian Disease or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is becoming increasingly communal among women, owing to poor lifestyle choices. […] Thus, early prognosis of PCOS is crucial to avoid infertility. […] Although there is a lot of evidence that PCOS has a role in disturbing reproductive health, there is little study on how to detect PCOS in women at an early stage. […] Therefore, it is crucial to check individuals early to limit any serious effects of the disease. […] For early-stage PCOS identification and prediction, the currently available techniques and treatments are insufficient. […] This PCOS problem among women leads to early pregnancy miscarriages, struggle with infertility, and in rare cases, develop gynaecological cancer, this early detection also lessens the risks connected with the condition.
  • #1 Predicting polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with machine learning algorithms from electronic health records | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.23293255v2.full-text
    The overall predictive accuracy was high for all models, suggesting that a predictive model may assist in early detection of PCOS within those at risk in an electronically interfaced medical record. […] Given that women often wait over two years and see numerous health professionals before receiving a diagnosis of PCOS, the integration of high-quality AI-based diagnostic tools with the EHR could significantly contribute to more timely diagnosis. […] This model can be integrated into the EHR to aid clinicians in earlier diagnosis of PCOS and connect patients to interventions and healthcare providers across their reproductive lifespan with the goal of health optimization and risk reduction.
  • #1 Optimized polycystic ovarian disease prognosis and classification using AI based computational approaches on multi-modality data | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making | Full Text
    https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02688-9
    The objective of this research work is to detect whether the patient is affected or not by utilizing the models trained by both clinical features and ultrasound images. […] The proposed research work utilizes various machine learning models for analysing clinical data. […] These approaches will be utilised to shorten the time it takes to predict PCOS with improved accuracy, reducing the risk of deadly consequences that can occur when diagnosis is delayed. […] The performance of each machine learning model depends on the nature of the dataset and the classification task. […] The superior performance of SVM can be attributed to its capacity to generalize well even with a relatively small dataset, which is common in medical applications. […] The proposed methodology workflow is specified in Fig. 1.
  • #1 Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with PCOS: Follow-Up Study of a Randomized Controlled Three-Component Lifestyle Intervention
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/426
    Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and excess weight often present with reproductive derangements. […] The current first-line treatment for women with PCOS is a multicomponent lifestyle intervention (diet, exercise, behavioral therapies) in order to lose weight and to prevent excess weight gain. […] This follow-up study showed no significant differences in conception resulting in live birth rates between LSI and CAU. […] Weight loss in general had a positive effect on the chance to conceive within 24 months after the start of the intervention. […] Baseline insulin levels and time attempting to get pregnant before the start of the study both had a negative predictive value on the chance to conceive.
  • #1 Identification of key pathways and genes in polycystic ovary syndrome via integrated bioinformatics analysis and prediction of small therapeutic molecules | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-021-00706-3
    To enhance understanding of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) at the molecular level; this investigation intends to examine the genes and pathways associated with PCOS by using an integrated bioinformatics analysis. […] Therefore, it is of prime importance to identify the etiological factors, molecular mechanisms, and pathways to discover novel diagnostic markers, prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for PCOS. […] The aim of this investigation was to identify key genes and pathways in PCOS using bioinformatics analysis, and then to explore the molecular mechanisms of PCOS and categorize new potential diagnostic therapeutic biomarkers of PCOS. […] Our investigations provide a more detailed molecular mechanism for the progression of PCOS, detail information on the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • #1 Identification of key pathways and genes in polycystic ovary syndrome via integrated bioinformatics analysis and prediction of small therapeutic molecules | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-021-00706-3
    In our investigation, we aimed to identify biomarkers of PCOS and uncover their biological functions through bioinformatics analysis. […] The GO and pathway enrichment analysis was of great importance for interpreting the molecular mechanisms of the key cellular activities in PCOS. […] In conclusion, we used a series of bioinformatics analysis methods to find the crucial genes and pathways associated in PCOS initiation and development from expression profiling by high throughput sequencing containing PCOS samples and normal control samples. Our investigations provide a more specific molecular mechanism for the advancement of PCOS, detail information on the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • #2 Polycystic ovarian syndrome–prognosis and outcomes – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16766228/
    Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that is present in 5-6% of women of reproductive age. […] In addition, in later life women are prone to significant health problems related to hyperinsulinaemia, with an excess risk for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. […] Evidence for the long-term use of metformin to protect against adverse cardiovascular outcomes and for the use of metformin throughout pregnancy to reduce the risk of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and fetal macrosomia is still lacking.
  • #2 PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos
    PCOS is one of the most common causes of female infertility. It can also increase your risk of other health conditions. Your healthcare provider can treat PCOS based on your symptoms and if you wish to become pregnant. […] Having PCOS may increase your risk for certain pregnancy complications, although most people with PCOS are able to successfully carry a pregnancy. […] Research shows PCOS may raise your risk for several health conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, and depression and anxiety. […] While there isn’t a cure for PCOS, your healthcare provider can help you manage your symptoms. The effects of PCOS may change over time so that you become less aware of the condition. However, there isn’t a treatment that permanently cures it. […] Yes, you can get pregnant if you have PCOS. PCOS can make it hard to conceive while also increasing your risk for certain pregnancy complications, but many people with PCOS do get pregnant on their own. Your healthcare provider will work with you to develop a treatment plan to help you ovulate.
  • #2 Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: population based cohort study | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6309
    Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes that cannot be explained by assisted reproductive technology. […] In the present population based study a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes that could not be attributed to the increased use of assisted reproductive technology or maternal characteristics such as advanced age or being overweight or obese. […] Irrespective of the use of assisted reproduction, polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. […] Infants born to mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely to have a low Apgar score at five minutes, have meconium aspiration, and be large for gestational age.
  • #2 Predicting polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with machine learning algorithms from electronic health records | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.23293255v2
    Predictive models have been used to aid early diagnosis of PCOS, though existing models are based on small sample sizes and limited to fertility clinic populations. […] We built a predictive model using machine learning algorithms based on an outpatient population at risk for PCOS to predict risk and facilitate earlier diagnosis, particularly among those who meet diagnostic criteria but have not received a diagnosis. […] Prediction of PCOS prior to clinical diagnosis in an out-of-sample test set of patients achieved AUC of 85%, 81%, 80%, and 82%, respectively in Models I, II, III and IV. […] Machine learning algorithms were used to predict PCOS based on a large at-risk population. This approach may guide early detection of PCOS within EHR-interfaced populations to facilitate counseling and interventions that may reduce long-term health consequences. […] Our model illustrates the potential benefits of an artificial intelligence-enabled provider assistance tool that can be integrated into the EHR to reduce delays in diagnosis. However, model validation in other hospital-based populations is necessary.
  • #2 Optimized polycystic ovarian disease prognosis and classification using AI based computational approaches on multi-modality data | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making | Full Text
    https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-024-02688-9
    The results indicate that among the proposed models, VGG16 transfer learning model produces highest accuracy of 98.288% than CNN based deep learning model. […] These methods support the usefulness of crucial clinical features such as follicles, hair growth and weight gain and ultrasound images for the accurate and early detection of PCOS. […] In future, attention mechanism-based techniques may be incorporated in order to improve the accuracy of PCOS detection process.
  • #3
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7789031/
    The polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that has profound implications for women throughout their reproductive years. A diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with reproductive challenges including a difficulty in conceiving as well as the pregnancy-related complications of miscarriage, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes and prematurity. Consequently, polycystic ovary syndrome has profound implications for women and their offspring with regard to reproductive function in the short term and in the longer term the risk of chronic illness and congenital anomalies, and health care resources should be directed accordingly to mitigate against these risks. […] PCOS is associated with an increase in subfertility, ectopic pregnancy and early pregnancy loss (EPL). Potential causes are an altered endometrial environment and subsequent reduction in implantation success due to the hyperinsulinemic environment and concurrent hyperandrogenism. The rates of infertility and EPL have been estimated to be 15 times and three times greater, respectively, than women of similar demographics; however, it is unclear as to whether body mass index (BMI) or the use of fertility treatment (ovulation induction and/or in vitro fertilization (IVF)) had a role to play in the higher rates observed.