Materiały źródłowe

• #1 PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Theres no proven way to prevent PCOS, but you can take small steps to reduce your symptoms. For example, eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly and managing a healthy weight for your body can help you avoid the effects of PCOS. […] One of the best ways to cope with PCOS is to maintain a healthy bodyweight, eat nutritious foods and exercise regularly. These changes to your lifestyle can affect hormone levels, in turn regulating your menstrual cycle and easing your symptoms.

• #2 PCOS Prevention – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pcos-prevention/

  There is no known way to prevent PCOS. […] Currently, the best way to prevent PCOS is to minimise its risk factors and manage symptoms. […] If you have a known family history of PCOS and are at higher risk, it is advised to adopt a healthier lifestyle to help lower the risks for PCOS. […] Women with obesity and diabetes were found to be associated with having a higher risk for PCOS. […] Lifestyle modifications such as exercising regularly and eating healthy are often effective in improving systemic inflammation. […] Although the actual cause of PCOS and its prevention methods are not yet clear, people affected by PCOS can manage their symptoms to improve their condition and prevent complications.

• #3 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition that is most often diagnosed by the presence of two of the three following criteria: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] A calorie-restricted diet is recommended for all patients with PCOS who are overweight. Weight loss has been shown to have a positive effect on fertility and metabolic profile. […] Lifestyle modification and weight reduction reduce insulin resistance and can significantly improve ovulation. Therefore, lifestyle modification is first-line therapy for women who are overweight. […] In a patient not seeking pregnancy, the Endocrine Society recommends hormonal contraception (i.e., oral contraceptive, dermal patch, or vaginal ring) as the initial medication for treatment of irregular menses and hyperandrogenism manifesting as acne or hirsutism.

• #4 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-a-to-z

  There is currently no way for most people to prevent polycystic ovary syndrome. Our understanding of problems relating to insulin resistance is improving rapidly, and some scientists are hopeful that we eventually will be able to prevent some cases of polycystic ovary syndrome if we can identify and treat insulin resistance in its earliest stages. […] Treatment for polycystic ovary disease can prevent complications such as uterine cancer. Because you have an increased risk of heart disease if you have this condition, it is very important that you avoid smoking, maintain a healthy exercise regimen and follow a healthy diet. […] Weight loss, diet and exercise are recommended for all women with polycystic ovary disease to prevent obesity and to help prevent heart disease and diabetes.

• #5 Natural Treatment PCOS: 30 Ways to Help Hormones, Insulin, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/natural-treatment-pcos

  While PCOS cannot be cured permanently, treatment along with certain supplements, practices, and dietary changes may help you manage it. […] You may be able to manage these factors and ease your symptoms through lifestyle changes and dietary supplements, but there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to treatment. […] Eating the right foods and avoiding certain ingredients may help you manage your symptoms. A nourishing diet can help regulate your hormones and your menstrual cycle. […] Adding anti-inflammatory foods to your diet can help ease your symptoms. […] Maintaining a healthy weight can help decrease insulin resistance, regulate your period, and reduce your risk of conditions associated with PCOS. […] If you’re overweight, some studies suggest gradual weight loss through a low-calorie diet as a promising first-line treatment for PCOS.

• #6 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443

  To help ease the effects of PCOS, try to: […] Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals. […] Limit carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you have PCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas. […] Be active. Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.

• #7 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443

  To help ease the effects of PCOS, try to: […] Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals. […] Limit carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you have PCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas. […] Be active. Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.

• #8 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443

  To help ease the effects of PCOS, try to: […] Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals. […] Limit carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you have PCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas. […] Be active. Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.

• #9 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/polycystic-ovary-disease

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is caused by an imbalance of androgens. […] Birth control pills and diabetes drugs (which combat insulin resistance, a PCOS symptom) can help fix the hormone imbalance and improve symptoms. […] Losing just 5 to 10 percent of your body weight can help regulate your menstrual cycle and improve PCOS symptoms. […] Studies comparing diets for PCOS have found that low carbohydrate diets are effective for both weight loss and lowering insulin levels. […] A low glycemic index (low GI) diet that gets most carbohydrates from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps regulate the menstrual cycle better than a regular weight loss diet. […] Exercise is even more beneficial when combined with a healthy diet. Diet plus exercise helps you lose more weight than either intervention alone, and it lowers your risks for diabetes and heart disease.

• #10

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/treatment/

  There is no cure for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). But you can manage the symptoms. […] Lifestyle changes can make big improvements to your symptoms and long-term health outcomes. […] If you have overweight, losing weight can help improve your PCOS symptoms. […] Eating low glycaemic index (GI) foods may also help your PCOS. Low GI foods are absorbed by your body more slowly. This means your blood sugar stays stable. […] These medicines will lower your chances of getting endometrial cancer. […] If you’re using metformin to regulate your insulin and do not want to get pregnant, use contraception. […] Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) is a minor surgery. It may be an option if fertility medicines do not improve your PCOS. […] If you have overweight or obesity, you can lower your risk by losing weight before trying for a baby.

• #11 Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment | Journal of Ovarian Research | Full Text

  https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-022-01091-0

  Studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet which emphasizes a high intake of vegetables, fruits, seafood, legumes, and nuts; whole grains as staple foods; and the promotion of vegetable oils combined with a low-carbohydrate regimen improves endocrine disorders and menstrual cycles in overweight patients with PCOS. […] Guidelines recommend that once women are diagnosed with PCOS and have decreased insulin sensitivity, they should make lifestyle changes and start insulin sensitivity treatment immediately, even if there are no significant changes in glucose tolerance. […] Metformin, the most widely used insulin sensitizer for PCOS, reduces hepatic glucose production, inhibits gluconeogenesis and adipogenesis, improves peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin, and prevents excessive insulin activity in the ovary.

• #12 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Cancer – NFCR

  https://www.nfcr.org/blog/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-and-cancer/

  If left untreated, hormone levels will remain abnormal, affecting the whole body and increase cancer risk. […] Women with PCOS are often obese or overweight. Obesity is a known risk factor for endometrial cancer as it also increases estrogen levels. Getting regular exercise and sticking to a healthy diet can help women lose excess pounds and minimize the risk of endometrial cancer, even with PCOS. […] Reducing the amount of fat in ones diet can reduce endometrial cancer risk. Researchers found that fat affects how estrogen metabolizes and is used by the body, raising the chances of developing endometrial cancer. […] It is vital to keep an eye out for early signs of cancer. Regular pelvic exams with a gynecologist can help identify endometrial cancer early and begin treatment as needed. […] Thankfully, though it is not possible to prevent PCOS, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing cancers associated with PCOS.

• #13 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional is required. […] Healthcare professionals should employ shared decision-making and support patient agency or ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. […] Lifestyle intervention (exercise alone or multicomponent diet combined with exercise and behavioural strategies) should be recommended for all women with PCOS, for improving metabolic health including central adiposity and lipid profile. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that lifestyle management is a core focus in PCOS management. […] Healthcare professionals should consider that there is a lack of consistent evidence of physiological or behavioural lifestyle differences, related to weight, in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS.

• #14 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353443

  To help ease the effects of PCOS, try to: […] Stay at a healthy weight. Weight loss can lower insulin and androgen levels. It also may restore ovulation. Ask your health care provider about a weight-control program, if you need one. Meet with a registered dietitian for help in reaching weight-loss goals. […] Limit carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets might make insulin levels go higher. Ask your provider if a low-carbohydrate diet could help if you have PCOS. Choose complex carbohydrates, which raise your blood sugar levels more slowly. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cooked dry beans and peas. […] Be active. Exercise helps lower blood sugar levels. If you have PCOS, increasing your daily activity and getting regular exercise may treat or even prevent insulin resistance. Being active may also help you keep your weight under control and avoid developing diabetes.

• #15 PCOD and PCOS: Causes, Symptoms, Differences and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number

  https://www.pacehospital.com/pcod-polycystic-ovary-disease-cause-symptoms-and-treatment

  Limiting carbohydrate’s consumption: If you have PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) or PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), follow a low-carb diet or complex carbohydrates diet that help in maintaining insulin levels. […] Do regular exercise and be active: If you have PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) or PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), doing regular exercise and becoming active will help in regulating blood sugar levels and keep your weight under control. […] The best treatment for PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) and PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) will consist of on-time diagnosis and the appropriate treatment modalities can help to overcome the symptoms. Maintaining healthy lifestyle is equally important to treat hormonal imbalance and conditions related. […] PCOD is not a serious problem, but there is no complete cure. Maintaining healthy weight, following complex carbohydrate diet, doing regular exercise and being active will be helpful in controlling PCOD problem and its underlying symptoms. Consulting periodically with gynaecologist and primary care doctor is also advisable for females to have healthy life in the future.

• #16 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/pcos-polycystic-ovary-syndrome.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that can impact fertility, and increase the risk of other chronic health conditions. […] More than half of women with PCOS develop type 2 diabetes by age 40. […] Women with PCOS often have insulin resistance. This is when their bodies make insulin, a key hormone in balancing blood sugar, but they can’t use it effectively. Insulin resistance increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. […] If you’re told you have PCOS, ask about getting tested for type 2 diabetes and how to manage the condition if you have it. Making healthy changes such as losing weight if you have overweight and increasing physical activity can lower your risk for type 2 diabetes. These behavior changes can also help you better manage diabetes if you have it to prevent or delay other health problems.

• #17 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment, from self-care to medication | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/treatment-for-pcos/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] When discussing your treatment, your doctor will ask about your pregnancy goals. If you hope to become pregnant, they will focus on a plan that helps your body ovulate regularly to increase your chances of conceiving. […] Weight loss can help manage and relieve some of your symptoms. A weight loss of as little as 5% of your body weight can lead to more normal menstrual cycles and ovulation. […] To help you lose weight or maintain a healthy weight, your doctor may recommend some dietary changes. […] Regular exercise can help increase your body’s sensitivity to insulin and improve your mental health, while also aiding in weight loss or weight maintenance efforts. […] Managing your weight, diet and activity level can decrease excessive hair growth linked to PCOS, but doctors may recommend hair removal procedures like waxing, electrolysis or laser hair removal to further reduce this growth.

• #18 How Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pcos-treatment-2616586

  A healthy diet is important in PCOS, even if you are at a normal weight. […] No matter your weight, being sedentary can further raise your risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. […] Because of the connection between PCOS and insulin resistance, medications that are normally used to treat diabetes, namely metformin, may be used to increase insulin sensitivity. […] By increasing the body’s response to insulin, it is thought that the ovary may not make as many androgens, which increases the likelihood that ovulation will occur. Metformin may also reduce the levels of circulating androgens. This will help regulate your menstrual cycle and may help you lose weight. […] Losing weight can also help accomplish this. In some people, moderate weight loss can help restore ovulation and greatly increase your odds of pregnancy.

• #19 PCOS Prevention – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/pcos-prevention/

  There is no known way to prevent PCOS. […] Currently, the best way to prevent PCOS is to minimise its risk factors and manage symptoms. […] If you have a known family history of PCOS and are at higher risk, it is advised to adopt a healthier lifestyle to help lower the risks for PCOS. […] Women with obesity and diabetes were found to be associated with having a higher risk for PCOS. […] Lifestyle modifications such as exercising regularly and eating healthy are often effective in improving systemic inflammation. […] Although the actual cause of PCOS and its prevention methods are not yet clear, people affected by PCOS can manage their symptoms to improve their condition and prevent complications.

• #20 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Lifestyle Modifications, Drug Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-treatment

  The Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society recommends lifestyle management as the primary therapy for metabolic complications in overweight and obese women with PCOS. […] A moderate amount of daily exercise increases levels of IGF-1 binding protein and decreases levels of IGF-1 by 20%. Modest weight loss of 2-5% of total body weight can help restore ovulatory menstrual periods in obese patients with PCOS. […] Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) who have impaired glucose tolerance should start a comprehensive program of diet and exercise to reduce their risk of developing diabetes mellitus. […] A diet patterned after the type 2 diabetes diet has been recommended for PCOS patients. […] Accumulating evidence suggests an association of vitamin D deficiency with metabolic syndrome.

• #21 PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Theres no proven way to prevent PCOS, but you can take small steps to reduce your symptoms. For example, eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly and managing a healthy weight for your body can help you avoid the effects of PCOS. […] One of the best ways to cope with PCOS is to maintain a healthy bodyweight, eat nutritious foods and exercise regularly. These changes to your lifestyle can affect hormone levels, in turn regulating your menstrual cycle and easing your symptoms.

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/treatment/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) cannot be cured, but the symptoms can be managed. […] In overweight women, the symptoms and overall risk of developing long-term health problems from PCOS can be greatly improved by losing excess weight. […] Weight loss of just 5% can lead to a significant improvement in PCOS. […] You can lose weight by exercising regularly and eating a healthy, balanced diet. […] If you’re overweight or obese, you can lower your risk by losing weight before trying for a baby.

• #23 Patient education: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-beyond-the-basics

  PCOS is associated with gradual weight gain and obesity in approximately one-half of females. For females with PCOS who are overweight or obese, weight loss is one of the most effective approaches for managing insulin abnormalities, irregular menstrual periods, and other symptoms of PCOS. For example, many overweight females with PCOS who lose 5 to 10 percent of their body weight notice that their periods become more regular. Weight loss can often be achieved with a program of diet and exercise. […] Weight loss surgery may be an option for severely obese females with PCOS. Females can lose significant amounts of weight after surgery, which can restore normal menstrual cycles, reduce high androgen levels and hirsutism, and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. […] If tests determine that lack of ovulation is the cause of infertility, several treatment options are available. These treatments work best in females who are not obese. A treatment option for females who are unable to become pregnant and who have PCOS is weight loss. Even a modest amount of weight loss may allow the female to begin ovulating normally. In addition, weight loss can improve the effectiveness of other infertility treatments.

• #24 Diagnosing and treating PCOS | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/diagnosing-and-treating-pcos

  An early diagnosis and support from a team of specialists can help manage the symptoms of PCOS and reduce the risk of long-term health problems. […] A healthy lifestyle is the most effective approach to managing PCOS symptoms, including irregular periods. A healthy lifestyle includes eating a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, being as active as possible and reducing or stopping harmful habits such as smoking and excessive drinking. […] Weight loss helps your ovaries to function better and may result in normal hormone production, which will improve symptoms. […] Research studies have shown that a weight reduction of 5% to 10% can: reduce insulin resistance by about 50%, restore ovulation, regulate menstrual cycles, improve fertility, reduce pregnancy complications, improve the health of mother and child during pregnancy, improve emotional health (self-esteem, anxiety, depression), reduce the risk of developing diabetes and heart disease.

• #25 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition that is most often diagnosed by the presence of two of the three following criteria: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] A calorie-restricted diet is recommended for all patients with PCOS who are overweight. Weight loss has been shown to have a positive effect on fertility and metabolic profile. […] Lifestyle modification and weight reduction reduce insulin resistance and can significantly improve ovulation. Therefore, lifestyle modification is first-line therapy for women who are overweight. […] In a patient not seeking pregnancy, the Endocrine Society recommends hormonal contraception (i.e., oral contraceptive, dermal patch, or vaginal ring) as the initial medication for treatment of irregular menses and hyperandrogenism manifesting as acne or hirsutism.

• #26 Diagnosing and treating PCOS | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/diagnosing-and-treating-pcos

  An early diagnosis and support from a team of specialists can help manage the symptoms of PCOS and reduce the risk of long-term health problems. […] A healthy lifestyle is the most effective approach to managing PCOS symptoms, including irregular periods. A healthy lifestyle includes eating a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, being as active as possible and reducing or stopping harmful habits such as smoking and excessive drinking. […] Weight loss helps your ovaries to function better and may result in normal hormone production, which will improve symptoms. […] Research studies have shown that a weight reduction of 5% to 10% can: reduce insulin resistance by about 50%, restore ovulation, regulate menstrual cycles, improve fertility, reduce pregnancy complications, improve the health of mother and child during pregnancy, improve emotional health (self-esteem, anxiety, depression), reduce the risk of developing diabetes and heart disease.

• #27 What are the treatments for PCOS? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo/treatments

  Treatments for PCOS, its specific symptoms, and its associated health problems vary, but they may include medications, lifestyle changes, and ways to address increased hair growth and acne. […] Because some of the common treatments for PCOS symptoms can prevent pregnancy or may harm the fetus during pregnancy, it’s important to discuss your fertility goals with your health care provider when discussing treatment options. […] Research shows that, if a person with PCOS has overweight or obesity, losing a small amount of weight and being more physically active can minimize many PCOS symptoms and related health issues, especially cardiovascular risks. […] Weight loss can restore ovulation and help make menstrual cycles more regular, which can improve chances of pregnancy and overall health.

• #28 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional is required. […] Healthcare professionals should employ shared decision-making and support patient agency or ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. […] Lifestyle intervention (exercise alone or multicomponent diet combined with exercise and behavioural strategies) should be recommended for all women with PCOS, for improving metabolic health including central adiposity and lipid profile. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that lifestyle management is a core focus in PCOS management. […] Healthcare professionals should consider that there is a lack of consistent evidence of physiological or behavioural lifestyle differences, related to weight, in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS.

• #29 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes your ovaries to produce excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones). Your ovaries become enlarged and contain many small cysts. Many PCOS patients are also obese. Symptoms of PCOS include: Hirsutism (excess hair growth on face and body), Acne, Irregular, absent or heavy menstrual periods, Lack of ovulation and infertility. […] Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease, diabetes and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of POS is important. It can help decrease some of your symptoms and reduce your risk for certain diseases and disorders down the line. […] Women with PCOS, particularly those with insulin resistance, may be at an increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities and endometrial cancer. If you are diagnosed with PCOS, you and your doctor should discuss the long-term health consequences. You should also discuss any additional testing that should be done.

• #30 Diagnosing and treating PCOS | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/diagnosing-and-treating-pcos

  An early diagnosis and support from a team of specialists can help manage the symptoms of PCOS and reduce the risk of long-term health problems. […] A healthy lifestyle is the most effective approach to managing PCOS symptoms, including irregular periods. A healthy lifestyle includes eating a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, being as active as possible and reducing or stopping harmful habits such as smoking and excessive drinking. […] Weight loss helps your ovaries to function better and may result in normal hormone production, which will improve symptoms. […] Research studies have shown that a weight reduction of 5% to 10% can: reduce insulin resistance by about 50%, restore ovulation, regulate menstrual cycles, improve fertility, reduce pregnancy complications, improve the health of mother and child during pregnancy, improve emotional health (self-esteem, anxiety, depression), reduce the risk of developing diabetes and heart disease.

• #31 A Review of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/a-review-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-treatment

  Pharmacologic therapy for PCOS addresses nonfertility and fertility issues, and the therapy plan will incorporate the patients goals and consider patient-specific signs and symptoms. […] Pharmacists can play a essential role in educating patients about PCOS and its therapies, and they should refer patients to an appropriate HCP to address PCOS-related signs and symptoms as well as potential complications.

• #32 Drug Treatments for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0415/p671.html

  Metformin improves insulin resistance, as diagnosed by elevated fasting glucose or fasting glucose/insulin ratios, in patients with PCOS, and is probably the best agent to use. […] Optimal treatment of PCOS requires lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise) in addition to appropriate medications. […] If a woman’s weight is excessive, the physician should be aggressive in championing a weight-loss program. […] Metformin is probably the first-line medication for obesity or weight reduction in patients with PCOS. […] Metformin is probably the best choice because it may improve insulin resistance in addition to improving menstrual irregularities.

• #33 What are the treatments for PCOS? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo/treatments

  For many women with PCOS, weight loss also reduces symptoms such as increased hair growth and acne. […] Insulin-sensitizing medications, such as metformin, are not FDA approved to treat PCOS, but may help reduce symptoms. […] Anti-androgen medications are not FDA approved to treat PCOS but may help reduce symptoms. […] Because anti-androgens can cause congenital anomalies, they are often taken with oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy. […] Pregnant women should not use this cream because it can cause harm to a fetus. […] Because retinoids can cause congenital anomalies, those who are or wish to become pregnant should not use the treatments.

• #34 Metformin use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/3899/html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy characterised by increased resistance to insulin. […] More research is required to define whether metformin has a role in improving long term health outcomes for women with PCOS, including the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer. […] Lifestyle intervention, through dietary improvement and exercise yielding weight loss, remains the cornerstone of effective long term health improvement for women with PCOS who are overweight or obese. […] There was either insufficient or no data on the relative efficacy of metformin or OCP (alone or in combination) for preventing the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or endometrial cancer. […] Nonetheless if metformin restores cyclicity and ovulation for women with PCOS who would otherwise be anovulatory, this would be expected to have a protective effect from the increased risk of endometrial cancer amongst these women, and may be a very suitable treatment for women who are unable to use OCP. […] More research is required to define whether metformin has a role in improving long term health outcomes for women with PCOS, including the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer.

• #35 Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment | Journal of Ovarian Research | Full Text

  https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-022-01091-0

  Numerous studies have shown that metformin not only reduces weight and metabolic disorders but also corrects menstrual patterns, restores ovulation, and even improves chances of pregnancy. […] Insulin sensitization therapy can be effective strategies for improving insulin sensitivity, while increasing ovulation and reducing androgen levels.

• #36 How Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pcos-treatment-2616586

  A healthy diet is important in PCOS, even if you are at a normal weight. […] No matter your weight, being sedentary can further raise your risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. […] Because of the connection between PCOS and insulin resistance, medications that are normally used to treat diabetes, namely metformin, may be used to increase insulin sensitivity. […] By increasing the body’s response to insulin, it is thought that the ovary may not make as many androgens, which increases the likelihood that ovulation will occur. Metformin may also reduce the levels of circulating androgens. This will help regulate your menstrual cycle and may help you lose weight. […] Losing weight can also help accomplish this. In some people, moderate weight loss can help restore ovulation and greatly increase your odds of pregnancy.

• #37 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help relieve PCOS-related symptoms. Losing weight may help to lower your blood glucose levels, improve the way your body uses insulin, and help your hormones reach normal levels. […] You can lower your risk of problems during pregnancy by: Reaching a healthy weight before you get pregnant. […] Reaching healthy blood sugar levels before you get pregnant. You can do this through a combination of healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight loss, and medicines such as metformin.

• #38 PCOS & Fertility: Symptoms, Treatment & TestsCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/fertility-and-causes-of-infertility/pcos-and-fertility-everything-you-need-know

  A number of medicines may be offered to help you conceive with PCOS, including: Clomifene citrate tablets (the best known brand in the UK is Clomid). These encourage your follicles to release eggs (ovulate). […] Metformin, which can be used to make your periods more regular. It can also correct insulin resistance, which you may have alongside PCOS, and can reduce the risk of miscarriage. […] It is a good idea to see your GP as soon as possible if you have PCOS and are trying to get pregnant. […] Most people with PCOS can have a baby with fertility treatment. If you’re under 35, your chances are better but even if you are older, you don’t need to give up on conceiving. […] Having conversations with your GP early about fertility treatment options gives you the best chance of getting pregnant. Find out more about fertility options here. There are also some changes you can make yourself to get ready to conceive. […] PCOS in pregnancy can increase the risk of some pregnancy complications, such as high blood pressure (pregnancy-induced hypertension), pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and preterm birth.

• #39 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-guidelines

  In October 2023, the International PCOS Network published clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of PCOS. […] The use of metformin alone is recommended for adults who have a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher primarily to manage the metabolic features of PCOS, such as insulin resistance and glucose and lipid levels. Metformin is preferred over inositol, which has limited effects on hirsutism, weight, and ovulation in patients with PCOS. […] First-line monotherapy in this age group includes metformin monotherapy and/or combination therapy with oral contraceptive agents and antiandrogen agents. […] Treatment of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement of the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society.

• #40 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help relieve PCOS-related symptoms. Losing weight may help to lower your blood glucose levels, improve the way your body uses insulin, and help your hormones reach normal levels. […] You can lower your risk of problems during pregnancy by: Reaching a healthy weight before you get pregnant. […] Reaching healthy blood sugar levels before you get pregnant. You can do this through a combination of healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight loss, and medicines such as metformin.

• #41 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia from chronic anovulation may be accomplished either by progesterone derivatives, progestin-containing oral contraceptives, or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #42 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment, from self-care to medication | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/treatment-for-pcos/

  Doctors will use your pregnancy goals to recommend treatment options for PCOS-related infertility. […] To increase your chances of getting pregnant, doctors may prescribe ovulation medications that help your ovaries release eggs more regularly. […] Hormonal birth control can be an effective, short- or long-term treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome in women who don’t want to become pregnant now or in the future. […] Your doctor may prescribe diabetes medication because PCOS can impact the pancreas just like diabetes. […] To treat your PCOS symptoms, your doctor may prescribe hormone blockers like anti-androgen medicines. […] There are several options available for treating polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #43 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  If obesity is present, weight loss and regular exercise are encouraged. […] These measures may help induce ovulation, make menstrual cycles more regular, increase insulin sensitivity, and reduce acanthosis nigricans and hirsutism. […] Weight loss may also help improve fertility. […] Hormonal medications are used to cause regular shedding of the endometrium and reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. […] If pregnancy is not desired, treat women with hormonal contraceptives and recommend lifestyle modifications; if lifestyle modifications are ineffective, add metformin or other insulin sensitizers. […] Many patients with PCOS have infertility, and those who desire pregnancy should be referred to infertility specialists. […] Clomiphene is currently the first-line therapy for infertility.

• #44 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  All women with PCOS should be assessed for cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] All women with PCOS, regardless of age and BMI, should have a lipid profile (cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride level) at diagnosis. […] Healthcare professionals, women with PCOS and other stakeholders should prioritize preventative strategies to reduce type 2 diabetes risk. […] Women with PCOS should be informed about the increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, acknowledging that the overall chance of developing endometrial cancer is low, therefore routine screening is not recommended. […] Women with PCOS should be informed of preventative strategies including weight management, cycle regulation and regular progestogen therapy.

• #45 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  In general, the addition of an antiandrogen to OCPs has not appeared to increase the overall treatment benefit. […] Insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and pioglitazone, have little effect on hirsutism or acne. […] Women with PCOS may ovulate spontaneously. […] Women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea have about a 90% chance of being diagnosed with PCOS, and up to 95% of affected adults have oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. […] Irregular menses are associated with increased metabolic risk (level B). […] The greater the menstrual irregularity, the more severe the PCOS phenotype (level B). […] Women with PCOS who do not desire pregnancy need contraception. […] Overall, the benefits of OCPs outweigh the risks in most patients with PCOS (level B). […] Women with PCOS should be observed closely during pregnancy as they may be at increased risk for the development of GDM, gestational hypertension, and associated complications (level B).

• #46 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  Assessment of value of intervention in PCOS early in adolescence. […] Lack of clarity as to whether the severity of symptoms during adolescence predicts the extent of the disorder in later life. […] Hirsutism is a good marker for hyperandrogenism even when considering ethnic differences and systemic factors such as obesity. […] Hirsutism is present in approximately 70% of women with PCOS, but hyperandrogenemia should be evaluated biochemically in all women suspected of having PCOS. […] For women with PCOS in whom hirsutism is a major concern, treatment is focused on reduction of androgen production, decreasing the fraction of circulating free testosterone (T), and limiting androgen bioactivity to hair follicles. […] The main therapeutic emphasis has focused on inhibition of ovarian steroid production and decreased bioavailability through augmentation of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels with the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs).

• #47 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  In general, the addition of an antiandrogen to OCPs has not appeared to increase the overall treatment benefit. […] Insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and pioglitazone, have little effect on hirsutism or acne. […] Women with PCOS may ovulate spontaneously. […] Women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea have about a 90% chance of being diagnosed with PCOS, and up to 95% of affected adults have oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. […] Irregular menses are associated with increased metabolic risk (level B). […] The greater the menstrual irregularity, the more severe the PCOS phenotype (level B). […] Women with PCOS who do not desire pregnancy need contraception. […] Overall, the benefits of OCPs outweigh the risks in most patients with PCOS (level B). […] Women with PCOS should be observed closely during pregnancy as they may be at increased risk for the development of GDM, gestational hypertension, and associated complications (level B).

• #48 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  If you are diagnosed with PCOS, treatment will depend upon your goals. Your main concern may be fertility. Or you may be more concerned about menstrual cycle regulation, hirsutism or acne. Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease and endometrial cancer. […] Weight loss improves the hormonal condition of many PCOS patients. If you are overweight, ask your doctor to recommend a weight control plan or clinic. […] Hormonal treatment is frequently successful in temporarily correcting the problems associated with PCOS. If treatment is stopped, however, symptoms usually reappear. If you are not trying to conceive, birth control pills may be your best hormonal treatment. Birth control pills decrease ovarian hormone production and help reverse the effects of excessive androgen levels. However, birth control pills are not recommended if you smoke and are over age 35. If you also have hirsutism, your doctor may prescribe spironolactone, combined with birth control pills.

• #49 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] The aim is to support women and their healthcare providers to optimize diagnosis, assessment and management of PCOS. There is an emphasis on improved education and awareness of healthcare professionals, partnership in care, and empowerment of women with PCOS. […] The Guideline is supported by a multifaceted international translation programme with co-designed resources to enhance the skills of healthcare professionals and to empower women with PCOS, with an integrated comprehensive evaluation program. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low.

• #50 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes your ovaries to produce excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones). Your ovaries become enlarged and contain many small cysts. Many PCOS patients are also obese. Symptoms of PCOS include: Hirsutism (excess hair growth on face and body), Acne, Irregular, absent or heavy menstrual periods, Lack of ovulation and infertility. […] Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease, diabetes and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of POS is important. It can help decrease some of your symptoms and reduce your risk for certain diseases and disorders down the line. […] Women with PCOS, particularly those with insulin resistance, may be at an increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities and endometrial cancer. If you are diagnosed with PCOS, you and your doctor should discuss the long-term health consequences. You should also discuss any additional testing that should be done.

• #51 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome has several significant potential complications. […] Infertility is related to ovulatory dysfunction. […] Estrogen levels are elevated, increasing risk of endometrial hyperplasia and, potentially, endometrial cancer. […] Androgen levels are often elevated, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity and causing hirsutism. […] Hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance may be present and may contribute to increased ovarian production of androgens. […] Over the long term, androgen excess increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] Risk of androgen excess and its complications may be just as high in women who are not overweight as in those who are. […] Because women with PCOS-associated obesity have a higher risk of pregnancy complications (including gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia), preconception assessment of body mass index, blood pressure, and oral glucose tolerance is recommended.

• #52 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  All women with PCOS should be assessed for cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] All women with PCOS, regardless of age and BMI, should have a lipid profile (cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride level) at diagnosis. […] Healthcare professionals, women with PCOS and other stakeholders should prioritize preventative strategies to reduce type 2 diabetes risk. […] Women with PCOS should be informed about the increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, acknowledging that the overall chance of developing endometrial cancer is low, therefore routine screening is not recommended. […] Women with PCOS should be informed of preventative strategies including weight management, cycle regulation and regular progestogen therapy.

• #53 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition that is most often diagnosed by the presence of two of the three following criteria: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] A calorie-restricted diet is recommended for all patients with PCOS who are overweight. Weight loss has been shown to have a positive effect on fertility and metabolic profile. […] Lifestyle modification and weight reduction reduce insulin resistance and can significantly improve ovulation. Therefore, lifestyle modification is first-line therapy for women who are overweight. […] In a patient not seeking pregnancy, the Endocrine Society recommends hormonal contraception (i.e., oral contraceptive, dermal patch, or vaginal ring) as the initial medication for treatment of irregular menses and hyperandrogenism manifesting as acne or hirsutism.

• #54 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population suggests that a further increase in diabetes in PCOS is to be expected (level B). […] Screening for IGT and T2D should be performed by OGTT (75 g, 0- and 2-hour values). […] Diet and lifestyle are first choice for improving fertility and prevention of diabetes (level B). […] The recommended CVD risk assessment at any age is for psychosocial stress, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol), waist circumference, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking (level C). […] Women with PCOS cluster several CVD risk markers. […] Women with classic PCOS are more likely to have prevalent T2D, IGT, and/or MetS (level B). […] Life-long metabolic dysfunction in women with PCOS exaggerates CVD risk, causing a possible increase in CVD events with age, especially after menopause (level B).

• #55 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Weight loss may also be helpful. […] Hormone therapy that may have contraceptive effects is avoided. […] Because risk of depression and anxiety is increased in PCOS, women and adolescents with PCOS should be screened for these problems based on history, and if a problem is identified, they should be referred to a mental health care practitioner and/or treated as needed. […] Clinicians should evaluate cardiovascular risk by determining body mass index (BMI), measuring fasting lipid and lipoprotein levels, and identifying risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

• #56 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population suggests that a further increase in diabetes in PCOS is to be expected (level B). […] Screening for IGT and T2D should be performed by OGTT (75 g, 0- and 2-hour values). […] Diet and lifestyle are first choice for improving fertility and prevention of diabetes (level B). […] The recommended CVD risk assessment at any age is for psychosocial stress, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol), waist circumference, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking (level C). […] Women with PCOS cluster several CVD risk markers. […] Women with classic PCOS are more likely to have prevalent T2D, IGT, and/or MetS (level B). […] Life-long metabolic dysfunction in women with PCOS exaggerates CVD risk, causing a possible increase in CVD events with age, especially after menopause (level B).

• #57 Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: an updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment | Journal of Ovarian Research | Full Text

  https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-022-01091-0

  Studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet which emphasizes a high intake of vegetables, fruits, seafood, legumes, and nuts; whole grains as staple foods; and the promotion of vegetable oils combined with a low-carbohydrate regimen improves endocrine disorders and menstrual cycles in overweight patients with PCOS. […] Guidelines recommend that once women are diagnosed with PCOS and have decreased insulin sensitivity, they should make lifestyle changes and start insulin sensitivity treatment immediately, even if there are no significant changes in glucose tolerance. […] Metformin, the most widely used insulin sensitizer for PCOS, reduces hepatic glucose production, inhibits gluconeogenesis and adipogenesis, improves peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin, and prevents excessive insulin activity in the ovary.

• #58 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population suggests that a further increase in diabetes in PCOS is to be expected (level B). […] Screening for IGT and T2D should be performed by OGTT (75 g, 0- and 2-hour values). […] Diet and lifestyle are first choice for improving fertility and prevention of diabetes (level B). […] The recommended CVD risk assessment at any age is for psychosocial stress, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol), waist circumference, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking (level C). […] Women with PCOS cluster several CVD risk markers. […] Women with classic PCOS are more likely to have prevalent T2D, IGT, and/or MetS (level B). […] Life-long metabolic dysfunction in women with PCOS exaggerates CVD risk, causing a possible increase in CVD events with age, especially after menopause (level B).

• #59 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] The aim is to support women and their healthcare providers to optimize diagnosis, assessment and management of PCOS. There is an emphasis on improved education and awareness of healthcare professionals, partnership in care, and empowerment of women with PCOS. […] The Guideline is supported by a multifaceted international translation programme with co-designed resources to enhance the skills of healthcare professionals and to empower women with PCOS, with an integrated comprehensive evaluation program. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low.

• #60 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  All women with PCOS should be assessed for cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] All women with PCOS, regardless of age and BMI, should have a lipid profile (cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride level) at diagnosis. […] Healthcare professionals, women with PCOS and other stakeholders should prioritize preventative strategies to reduce type 2 diabetes risk. […] Women with PCOS should be informed about the increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, acknowledging that the overall chance of developing endometrial cancer is low, therefore routine screening is not recommended. […] Women with PCOS should be informed of preventative strategies including weight management, cycle regulation and regular progestogen therapy.

• #61 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia from chronic anovulation may be accomplished either by progesterone derivatives, progestin-containing oral contraceptives, or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #62 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population suggests that a further increase in diabetes in PCOS is to be expected (level B). […] Screening for IGT and T2D should be performed by OGTT (75 g, 0- and 2-hour values). […] Diet and lifestyle are first choice for improving fertility and prevention of diabetes (level B). […] The recommended CVD risk assessment at any age is for psychosocial stress, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol), waist circumference, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking (level C). […] Women with PCOS cluster several CVD risk markers. […] Women with classic PCOS are more likely to have prevalent T2D, IGT, and/or MetS (level B). […] Life-long metabolic dysfunction in women with PCOS exaggerates CVD risk, causing a possible increase in CVD events with age, especially after menopause (level B).

• #63 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by menstrual irregularities/abnormalities, hirsutism (male-like hairiness in women), obesity and metabolic syndrome, resulting from abnormalities in the metabolism of androgens and oestrogen and in the control of androgen production. […] In the past, management of the condition was directed at treating individual symptoms of PCOS, such as hirsutism, acne or fertility. More recently with the understanding that insulin resistance has a large part to play in the development of PCOS, treatment has shifted towards correcting insulin resistance, which in turn improves many other symptoms of the condition. […] Diet and exercise: weight loss in obese PCOS patients leads to decreased insulin resistance and a fall in testosterone levels. Outward improvements include reduced hirsutism and a return of menstrual cycles in some women. […] Metformin and newer glitazone antidiabetic medications decrease insulin resistance and the amount of insulin in the blood. They may also normalise ovulation. […] Stopping smoking reduces the likelihood of smoking-related complications such as blood clots.

• #64 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by menstrual irregularities/abnormalities, hirsutism (male-like hairiness in women), obesity and metabolic syndrome, resulting from abnormalities in the metabolism of androgens and oestrogen and in the control of androgen production. […] In the past, management of the condition was directed at treating individual symptoms of PCOS, such as hirsutism, acne or fertility. More recently with the understanding that insulin resistance has a large part to play in the development of PCOS, treatment has shifted towards correcting insulin resistance, which in turn improves many other symptoms of the condition. […] Diet and exercise: weight loss in obese PCOS patients leads to decreased insulin resistance and a fall in testosterone levels. Outward improvements include reduced hirsutism and a return of menstrual cycles in some women. […] Metformin and newer glitazone antidiabetic medications decrease insulin resistance and the amount of insulin in the blood. They may also normalise ovulation. […] Stopping smoking reduces the likelihood of smoking-related complications such as blood clots.

• #65 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  There are moderate quality data to support that women with PCOS have a 2.7-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07.3) increased risk for endometrial cancer. […] There is insufficient evidence to evaluate any association of PCOS with vaginal, vulvar, or cervical cancer. […] The transition of women with PCOS into menopause and whether there is a specific phenotype for PCOS after menopause is poorly understood. […] The long-term risk for morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women with a history of PCOS is uncertain.

• #66 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  All women with PCOS should be assessed for cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] All women with PCOS, regardless of age and BMI, should have a lipid profile (cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride level) at diagnosis. […] Healthcare professionals, women with PCOS and other stakeholders should prioritize preventative strategies to reduce type 2 diabetes risk. […] Women with PCOS should be informed about the increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, acknowledging that the overall chance of developing endometrial cancer is low, therefore routine screening is not recommended. […] Women with PCOS should be informed of preventative strategies including weight management, cycle regulation and regular progestogen therapy.

• #67 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia from chronic anovulation may be accomplished either by progesterone derivatives, progestin-containing oral contraceptives, or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #68 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia from chronic anovulation may be accomplished either by progesterone derivatives, progestin-containing oral contraceptives, or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #69 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Cancer – NFCR

  https://www.nfcr.org/blog/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-and-cancer/

  If left untreated, hormone levels will remain abnormal, affecting the whole body and increase cancer risk. […] Women with PCOS are often obese or overweight. Obesity is a known risk factor for endometrial cancer as it also increases estrogen levels. Getting regular exercise and sticking to a healthy diet can help women lose excess pounds and minimize the risk of endometrial cancer, even with PCOS. […] Reducing the amount of fat in ones diet can reduce endometrial cancer risk. Researchers found that fat affects how estrogen metabolizes and is used by the body, raising the chances of developing endometrial cancer. […] It is vital to keep an eye out for early signs of cancer. Regular pelvic exams with a gynecologist can help identify endometrial cancer early and begin treatment as needed. […] Thankfully, though it is not possible to prevent PCOS, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing cancers associated with PCOS.

• #70 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Cancer – NFCR

  https://www.nfcr.org/blog/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-and-cancer/

  If left untreated, hormone levels will remain abnormal, affecting the whole body and increase cancer risk. […] Women with PCOS are often obese or overweight. Obesity is a known risk factor for endometrial cancer as it also increases estrogen levels. Getting regular exercise and sticking to a healthy diet can help women lose excess pounds and minimize the risk of endometrial cancer, even with PCOS. […] Reducing the amount of fat in ones diet can reduce endometrial cancer risk. Researchers found that fat affects how estrogen metabolizes and is used by the body, raising the chances of developing endometrial cancer. […] It is vital to keep an eye out for early signs of cancer. Regular pelvic exams with a gynecologist can help identify endometrial cancer early and begin treatment as needed. […] Thankfully, though it is not possible to prevent PCOS, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing cancers associated with PCOS.

• #71 PCOS & Fertility: Symptoms, Treatment & TestsCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/fertility-and-causes-of-infertility/pcos-and-fertility-everything-you-need-know

  A number of medicines may be offered to help you conceive with PCOS, including: Clomifene citrate tablets (the best known brand in the UK is Clomid). These encourage your follicles to release eggs (ovulate). […] Metformin, which can be used to make your periods more regular. It can also correct insulin resistance, which you may have alongside PCOS, and can reduce the risk of miscarriage. […] It is a good idea to see your GP as soon as possible if you have PCOS and are trying to get pregnant. […] Most people with PCOS can have a baby with fertility treatment. If you’re under 35, your chances are better but even if you are older, you don’t need to give up on conceiving. […] Having conversations with your GP early about fertility treatment options gives you the best chance of getting pregnant. Find out more about fertility options here. There are also some changes you can make yourself to get ready to conceive. […] PCOS in pregnancy can increase the risk of some pregnancy complications, such as high blood pressure (pregnancy-induced hypertension), pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and preterm birth.

• #72 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome has several significant potential complications. […] Infertility is related to ovulatory dysfunction. […] Estrogen levels are elevated, increasing risk of endometrial hyperplasia and, potentially, endometrial cancer. […] Androgen levels are often elevated, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity and causing hirsutism. […] Hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance may be present and may contribute to increased ovarian production of androgens. […] Over the long term, androgen excess increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] Risk of androgen excess and its complications may be just as high in women who are not overweight as in those who are. […] Because women with PCOS-associated obesity have a higher risk of pregnancy complications (including gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia), preconception assessment of body mass index, blood pressure, and oral glucose tolerance is recommended.

• #73 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help relieve PCOS-related symptoms. Losing weight may help to lower your blood glucose levels, improve the way your body uses insulin, and help your hormones reach normal levels. […] You can lower your risk of problems during pregnancy by: Reaching a healthy weight before you get pregnant. […] Reaching healthy blood sugar levels before you get pregnant. You can do this through a combination of healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight loss, and medicines such as metformin.

• #74 PCOS & Fertility: Symptoms, Treatment & TestsCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/fertility-and-causes-of-infertility/pcos-and-fertility-everything-you-need-know

  PCOS, short for polycystic ovary syndrome, is a common condition related to hormones, in which the ovaries don’t always release an egg every month. It can lead to difficulty getting pregnant. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects how your ovaries work. This in turn can affect your periods and hormones and make it harder to get pregnant. It is thought to be very common, affecting about 1 in every 10 women and birthing people in the UK. […] If you have a BMI of over 30, you will be advised to lose weight with healthy eating and exercise. This alone will improve symptoms and may get your body ovulating. Regular meals and a balanced diet that has lots of foods with a low glycaemic index (a low GI diet) is best. […] Lifestyle changes can also make medication for managing your symptoms work better. They will also help you plan for a healthier pregnancy.

• #75 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help relieve PCOS-related symptoms. Losing weight may help to lower your blood glucose levels, improve the way your body uses insulin, and help your hormones reach normal levels. […] You can lower your risk of problems during pregnancy by: Reaching a healthy weight before you get pregnant. […] Reaching healthy blood sugar levels before you get pregnant. You can do this through a combination of healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight loss, and medicines such as metformin.

• #76 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help relieve PCOS-related symptoms. Losing weight may help to lower your blood glucose levels, improve the way your body uses insulin, and help your hormones reach normal levels. […] You can lower your risk of problems during pregnancy by: Reaching a healthy weight before you get pregnant. […] Reaching healthy blood sugar levels before you get pregnant. You can do this through a combination of healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight loss, and medicines such as metformin.

• #77 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome has several significant potential complications. […] Infertility is related to ovulatory dysfunction. […] Estrogen levels are elevated, increasing risk of endometrial hyperplasia and, potentially, endometrial cancer. […] Androgen levels are often elevated, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity and causing hirsutism. […] Hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance may be present and may contribute to increased ovarian production of androgens. […] Over the long term, androgen excess increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. […] Risk of androgen excess and its complications may be just as high in women who are not overweight as in those who are. […] Because women with PCOS-associated obesity have a higher risk of pregnancy complications (including gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia), preconception assessment of body mass index, blood pressure, and oral glucose tolerance is recommended.

• #78 What are the treatments for PCOS? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo/treatments

  Treatments for PCOS, its specific symptoms, and its associated health problems vary, but they may include medications, lifestyle changes, and ways to address increased hair growth and acne. […] Because some of the common treatments for PCOS symptoms can prevent pregnancy or may harm the fetus during pregnancy, it’s important to discuss your fertility goals with your health care provider when discussing treatment options. […] Research shows that, if a person with PCOS has overweight or obesity, losing a small amount of weight and being more physically active can minimize many PCOS symptoms and related health issues, especially cardiovascular risks. […] Weight loss can restore ovulation and help make menstrual cycles more regular, which can improve chances of pregnancy and overall health.

• #79 PCOS & Fertility: Symptoms, Treatment & TestsCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/planning-a-pregnancy/fertility-and-causes-of-infertility/pcos-and-fertility-everything-you-need-know

  A number of medicines may be offered to help you conceive with PCOS, including: Clomifene citrate tablets (the best known brand in the UK is Clomid). These encourage your follicles to release eggs (ovulate). […] Metformin, which can be used to make your periods more regular. It can also correct insulin resistance, which you may have alongside PCOS, and can reduce the risk of miscarriage. […] It is a good idea to see your GP as soon as possible if you have PCOS and are trying to get pregnant. […] Most people with PCOS can have a baby with fertility treatment. If you’re under 35, your chances are better but even if you are older, you don’t need to give up on conceiving. […] Having conversations with your GP early about fertility treatment options gives you the best chance of getting pregnant. Find out more about fertility options here. There are also some changes you can make yourself to get ready to conceive. […] PCOS in pregnancy can increase the risk of some pregnancy complications, such as high blood pressure (pregnancy-induced hypertension), pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and preterm birth.

• #80 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Weight loss may also be helpful. […] Hormone therapy that may have contraceptive effects is avoided. […] Because risk of depression and anxiety is increased in PCOS, women and adolescents with PCOS should be screened for these problems based on history, and if a problem is identified, they should be referred to a mental health care practitioner and/or treated as needed. […] Clinicians should evaluate cardiovascular risk by determining body mass index (BMI), measuring fasting lipid and lipoprotein levels, and identifying risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

• #81 Diagnosing and treating PCOS | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/diagnosing-and-treating-pcos

  Having a healthy lifestyle (a balanced diet and physical activity) is an effective way to improve your mood and reduce negative feelings. […] More than 70% of women with PCOS in Australia use natural therapies to improve their symptoms and general wellbeing. […] Certain medicines reduce the production of testosterone and other androgens in the body, which may improve symptoms such as excess hair, scalp hair loss and acne. […] Low doses of vitamin D in women with a vitamin D deficiency may improve glucose metabolism and improve total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides in people with PCOS.

• #82 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Weight loss may also be helpful. […] Hormone therapy that may have contraceptive effects is avoided. […] Because risk of depression and anxiety is increased in PCOS, women and adolescents with PCOS should be screened for these problems based on history, and if a problem is identified, they should be referred to a mental health care practitioner and/or treated as needed. […] Clinicians should evaluate cardiovascular risk by determining body mass index (BMI), measuring fasting lipid and lipoprotein levels, and identifying risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

• #83 Diagnosing and treating PCOS | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/diagnosing-and-treating-pcos

  Having a healthy lifestyle (a balanced diet and physical activity) is an effective way to improve your mood and reduce negative feelings. […] More than 70% of women with PCOS in Australia use natural therapies to improve their symptoms and general wellbeing. […] Certain medicines reduce the production of testosterone and other androgens in the body, which may improve symptoms such as excess hair, scalp hair loss and acne. […] Low doses of vitamin D in women with a vitamin D deficiency may improve glucose metabolism and improve total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides in people with PCOS.

• #84 What doctors wish patients knew about polycystic ovary syndrome | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Seek the medical help and support that you need to work through the physical or emotional challenges that you may encounter while managing your PCOS symptoms, said Dr. Callins. […] While nutrition and exercise are always critical parts of a healthy lifestyle overall and part of weight loss, sometimes a person needs more support than that, Dr. Sherman said. […] It can feel like this losing battle because were saying you have to eat smaller and smaller and smaller portions while your hunger and cravings go up the whole time, she added. […] A healthy diet is important with an active lifestyle or exercise to maintain a healthy weight, Dr. LaPlante said, noting that because PCOS is linked to insulin, and thus the increased risk of diabetes, I recommend watching carbohydrates. […] Sleep is important too because there is some information that women who have PCOS don’t sleep as well, Dr. LaPlante said. […] Understanding PCOS is really about understanding why your body works the way it does and allows you to have an honest conversation with your physician or medical provider about how to achieve your personal goals throughout the different phases of your life, Dr. Callins said.

• #85 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] The aim is to support women and their healthcare providers to optimize diagnosis, assessment and management of PCOS. There is an emphasis on improved education and awareness of healthcare professionals, partnership in care, and empowerment of women with PCOS. […] The Guideline is supported by a multifaceted international translation programme with co-designed resources to enhance the skills of healthcare professionals and to empower women with PCOS, with an integrated comprehensive evaluation program. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low.

• #86 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] The aim is to support women and their healthcare providers to optimize diagnosis, assessment and management of PCOS. There is an emphasis on improved education and awareness of healthcare professionals, partnership in care, and empowerment of women with PCOS. […] The Guideline is supported by a multifaceted international translation programme with co-designed resources to enhance the skills of healthcare professionals and to empower women with PCOS, with an integrated comprehensive evaluation program. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low.

• #87 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional is required. […] Healthcare professionals should employ shared decision-making and support patient agency or ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. […] Lifestyle intervention (exercise alone or multicomponent diet combined with exercise and behavioural strategies) should be recommended for all women with PCOS, for improving metabolic health including central adiposity and lipid profile. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that lifestyle management is a core focus in PCOS management. […] Healthcare professionals should consider that there is a lack of consistent evidence of physiological or behavioural lifestyle differences, related to weight, in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS.

• #88 A Review of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/a-review-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-treatment

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-age adult women as well as adolescents. […] Treatment goals include blocking excessive androgen production, reducing insulin resistance (IR), maintaining a desirable weight, achieving regular menstrual cycles, correcting any infertility difficulties, and (if desired) preventing pregnancy. […] Appropriate therapy can improve the patients symptoms and quality of life. […] Lifestyle interventions are first-line therapy for PCOS and are imperative at all ages. […] Healthy lifestyle interventions include healthy eating and exercise to maintain weight, prevent weight gain, decrease PCOS symptoms, and increase well-being. […] For patients who are not overweight, adopting a healthy lifestyle and preventing weight gain should be emphasized.

• #89 What doctors wish patients knew about polycystic ovary syndrome | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Seek the medical help and support that you need to work through the physical or emotional challenges that you may encounter while managing your PCOS symptoms, said Dr. Callins. […] While nutrition and exercise are always critical parts of a healthy lifestyle overall and part of weight loss, sometimes a person needs more support than that, Dr. Sherman said. […] It can feel like this losing battle because were saying you have to eat smaller and smaller and smaller portions while your hunger and cravings go up the whole time, she added. […] A healthy diet is important with an active lifestyle or exercise to maintain a healthy weight, Dr. LaPlante said, noting that because PCOS is linked to insulin, and thus the increased risk of diabetes, I recommend watching carbohydrates. […] Sleep is important too because there is some information that women who have PCOS don’t sleep as well, Dr. LaPlante said. […] Understanding PCOS is really about understanding why your body works the way it does and allows you to have an honest conversation with your physician or medical provider about how to achieve your personal goals throughout the different phases of your life, Dr. Callins said.

• #90

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  PCOS is a chronic condition and cannot be cured. However, some symptoms can be improved through lifestyle changes, medications and fertility treatments. […] Some symptoms of PCOS can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Eating a healthy diet and getting enough exercise can help reduce weight and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. […] WHO promotes research related to the most effective ways of preventing, diagnosing and treating infertility due to PCOS, and identifies the most important unanswered questions related to it.

• #91 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes your ovaries to produce excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones). Your ovaries become enlarged and contain many small cysts. Many PCOS patients are also obese. Symptoms of PCOS include: Hirsutism (excess hair growth on face and body), Acne, Irregular, absent or heavy menstrual periods, Lack of ovulation and infertility. […] Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease, diabetes and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of POS is important. It can help decrease some of your symptoms and reduce your risk for certain diseases and disorders down the line. […] Women with PCOS, particularly those with insulin resistance, may be at an increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities and endometrial cancer. If you are diagnosed with PCOS, you and your doctor should discuss the long-term health consequences. You should also discuss any additional testing that should be done.

• #92 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Lifestyle Modifications, Drug Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-treatment

  Certain lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, are considered first-line treatment for adolescent girls and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) indicate that lifestyle modifications such as weight loss and increased exercise in conjunction with a change in diet consistently reduce the risk of diabetes. This approach has been found to be comparable to or better than treatment with medication and should therefore be considered first-line treatment in managing women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). […] In patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) who are obese, endocrine-metabolic parameters markedly improve after 4-12 weeks of dietary restriction.

• #93 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-0

  Regular exercise, healthy foods, and weight control are the key treatments for PCOS. Treatment can reduce unpleasant symptoms and help prevent long-term health problems. […] It’s important to see your doctor for follow-up to make sure that treatment is working. […] Early diagnosis and treatment may help prevent future problems. […] Taking a wait-and-see approach (called watchful waiting) is not a good choice if you may have PCOS.

• #94 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Support Groups Are Helpful — PCOS Awareness Association

  https://www.pcosaa.org/overview

  PCOS can disrupt a woman’s menstrual cycles and make it harder to get pregnant. Lifestyle interventions are the first treatments doctors recommend for PCOS, and they often work well. Weight loss can treat PCOS symptoms and improve the odds of getting pregnant. […] Losing as little as 5% excess weight can help women ovulate more regularly and lessen other PCOS symptoms. The ideal way to do this is through nutrition and exercise. […] Your efforts help reduce the risk of developing serious health complications that can impact women with PCOS much sooner than women without PCOS. The biggest health concerns are diabetes, heart disease, and stroke because PCOS is linked to having high blood pressure, pre-diabetes, and high cholesterol. […] If a woman is not seeking to become pregnant, hormonal birth control (most often birth control pills) is a standard treatment. […] Lifestyle measures to achieve a weight loss of 5%-10% in overweight women can help regulate ovulation and periods. […] It’s extremely important to talk to your doctor about all potential treatments for PCOS and discuss the different options.

• #95 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional is required. […] Healthcare professionals should employ shared decision-making and support patient agency or ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. […] Lifestyle intervention (exercise alone or multicomponent diet combined with exercise and behavioural strategies) should be recommended for all women with PCOS, for improving metabolic health including central adiposity and lipid profile. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that lifestyle management is a core focus in PCOS management. […] Healthcare professionals should consider that there is a lack of consistent evidence of physiological or behavioural lifestyle differences, related to weight, in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS.

• #96 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Shared decision making between the patient and the healthcare professional is required. […] Healthcare professionals should employ shared decision-making and support patient agency or ability to take independent actions to manage their health and care. […] Lifestyle intervention (exercise alone or multicomponent diet combined with exercise and behavioural strategies) should be recommended for all women with PCOS, for improving metabolic health including central adiposity and lipid profile. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that lifestyle management is a core focus in PCOS management. […] Healthcare professionals should consider that there is a lack of consistent evidence of physiological or behavioural lifestyle differences, related to weight, in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS.

• #97 Black Women and PCOS | Resilient Sisterhood Project

  https://rsphealth.org/pcos/

  Currently, there is limited information about preventing PCOS. Many of those diagnosed with this condition are genetically predisposed as it tends to run in the family; however, it is important to note that the role of genes is not exactly clear. Genes may make you susceptible to developing the condition but may not guarantee the development (Schlanger, MD, 2021). There are other risk factors besides genetics that are involved in the development of PCOS. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to avoid or reduce long-term complications such as diabetes and heart disease. Treatment can reduce unpleasant symptoms and help prevent long-term health problems. Treatments include, but are not limited to: […] Lifestyle changes can positively impact the overall health and well-being of individuals with PCOS. […] Eating healthy foods and weight control are among the key treatments for PCOS.

• #98 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes your ovaries to produce excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones). Your ovaries become enlarged and contain many small cysts. Many PCOS patients are also obese. Symptoms of PCOS include: Hirsutism (excess hair growth on face and body), Acne, Irregular, absent or heavy menstrual periods, Lack of ovulation and infertility. […] Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease, diabetes and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of POS is important. It can help decrease some of your symptoms and reduce your risk for certain diseases and disorders down the line. […] Women with PCOS, particularly those with insulin resistance, may be at an increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities and endometrial cancer. If you are diagnosed with PCOS, you and your doctor should discuss the long-term health consequences. You should also discuss any additional testing that should be done.

• #99 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition that is most often diagnosed by the presence of two of the three following criteria: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] A calorie-restricted diet is recommended for all patients with PCOS who are overweight. Weight loss has been shown to have a positive effect on fertility and metabolic profile. […] Lifestyle modification and weight reduction reduce insulin resistance and can significantly improve ovulation. Therefore, lifestyle modification is first-line therapy for women who are overweight. […] In a patient not seeking pregnancy, the Endocrine Society recommends hormonal contraception (i.e., oral contraceptive, dermal patch, or vaginal ring) as the initial medication for treatment of irregular menses and hyperandrogenism manifesting as acne or hirsutism.

• #100 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-leaflet

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health condition that affects some women from their late teens onwards. Though PCOS is sometimes managed with medicine, its symptoms can be reduced through a combination of healthy lifestyle habits – especially your diet. […] Losing weight helps to reduce the high insulin level that occurs in PCOS. This has a knock-on effect of reversing some of the hormone changes associated with PCOS, and improving the chance of you ovulating. Periods will then be more likely to be regular and fertility will improve. Hair growth and acne may also resolve or improve and the increased risks of long-term problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure, etc, are reduced. […] A healthy lifestyle is important to help prevent the conditions listed above in 'Possible long-term problems of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)’. For example, you should: Eat a healthy diet. Exercise regularly. Lose weight if you are overweight or have obesity. Not smoke. Healthy lifestyle advice applies to everyone, whether they have PCOS or not. However, it is particularly important for women with PCOS, as they may have extra risk factors for health problems in later life. These risks are much reduced if you are not overweight and do not smoke.

• #101 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  There is no overall agreement as to how to diagnose PCOS in adolescence. […] Increased body mass index (BMI), however, was the major risk factor for persistent anovulation. […] These considerations have led to the suggestion that all three elements of the Rotterdam criteria should be present in teenagers to make the diagnosis of PCOS. […] Groups at risk (e.g., obese, hirsute, irregular menses) should be identified, but physicians should be cautious of overdiagnosing PCOS (level B). […] Individual PCOS manifestations in adolescents (e.g., obesity, hirsutism, irregular menses) (level B) should be treated. […] Absence of longitudinal studies through adolescence. […] Absence of specific diagnostic criteria for identifying PCOS early in adolescence. […] Absence of normative values for a number of biochemical markers during adolescence.

• #102 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/pcos-polycystic-ovary-syndrome.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that can impact fertility, and increase the risk of other chronic health conditions. […] More than half of women with PCOS develop type 2 diabetes by age 40. […] Women with PCOS often have insulin resistance. This is when their bodies make insulin, a key hormone in balancing blood sugar, but they can’t use it effectively. Insulin resistance increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. […] If you’re told you have PCOS, ask about getting tested for type 2 diabetes and how to manage the condition if you have it. Making healthy changes such as losing weight if you have overweight and increasing physical activity can lower your risk for type 2 diabetes. These behavior changes can also help you better manage diabetes if you have it to prevent or delay other health problems.

• #103 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/girls-and-young-women-puberty-to-around-25/periods-and-menstrual-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects how your ovaries work. Despite the name, there are no cysts on the ovaries. During ovulation, an egg is released once a month. PCOS can have an impact on this and cause irregular ovulation, or no ovulation at all. If you want to have a family, PCOS can make it difficult to get pregnant. […] PCOS can increase your risk of certain health conditions, including type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol. […] Treatment can vary depending on your symptoms. Although there’s no cure, there are lots of treatment options available to help manage your symptoms. Treatments can also help prevent complications and, if you want to have a family, improve your chances of getting pregnant. […] Having a healthy diet and exercising regularly can significantly help your PCOS symptoms. It can also reduce your chances of developing other health conditions, including type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol.

• #104 Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2012) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/consensus-on-womens-health-aspects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-the-amsterdam-eshre-asrm-sponsored-3rd-pcos-consensus-workshop-group-2012/

  There is no overall agreement as to how to diagnose PCOS in adolescence. […] Increased body mass index (BMI), however, was the major risk factor for persistent anovulation. […] These considerations have led to the suggestion that all three elements of the Rotterdam criteria should be present in teenagers to make the diagnosis of PCOS. […] Groups at risk (e.g., obese, hirsute, irregular menses) should be identified, but physicians should be cautious of overdiagnosing PCOS (level B). […] Individual PCOS manifestations in adolescents (e.g., obesity, hirsutism, irregular menses) (level B) should be treated. […] Absence of longitudinal studies through adolescence. […] Absence of specific diagnostic criteria for identifying PCOS early in adolescence. […] Absence of normative values for a number of biochemical markers during adolescence.

• #105 When Your Teenager Has Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-teenager-has-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  PCOS can also affect the rest of the body. […] Treatment cant cure the problem. But it helps reduce symptoms and prevent health problems. […] Because of the hormone changes, people with PCOS are more likely to develop certain serious health problems. These include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, problems with the heart and blood vessels, abnormal cholesterol levels, and uterine cancer. […] In addition to medicine, regular exercise and healthy eating can help manage PCOS. […] But losing even a little weight can help reduce some PCOS symptoms. […] So its important to manage your childs condition. […] This helps to ensure that any health problems are found and managed.

• #106 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Bariatric/ metabolic surgery could be considered to improve weight loss, hypertension, diabetes (prevention and treatment), hirsutism, irregular menstrual cycles, ovulation, and pregnancy rates in women with PCOS. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations.

• #107 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/services-treatments/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  With treatment, your PCOS symptoms can be managed, and you can experience a healthy pregnancy. Proper treatment also reduces your risk for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes and endometrial cancer conditions that are common in women with PCOS are more at risk. […] We help women effectively manage their PCOS symptoms and infertility issues by using the latest proven treatment protocols. Your treatment plan will be founded on your individual health needs and will combine a personalized diet and exercise plan with advanced medical treatments. […] Our team of doctors includes leaders in polycystic ovary syndrome research. Through clinical trials and ongoing research, they’re improving the medical community’s understanding of the condition and the therapies used to treat it.

• #108 What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pcos/

  PCOS can’t be prevented, but you can manage your symptoms and prevent complications. […] If you manage your overall health well, take your medications, and make healthy lifestyle choices, you can reduce your symptoms and prevent the condition from worsening. […] Weight loss even a 10 percent loss in body weight can help regulate your period, improve fertility, and ease symptoms of PCOS. It can also improve your insulin levels and overall health. […] If your doctor recommends losing weight, you can work with a registered dietitian to make changes to your diet, while also incorporating more physical activity into your routine. […] Getting more exercise can also improve symptoms of PCOS and help with weight loss. […] There are several other lifestyle factors beyond changing your diet, losing weight, and getting more exercise that may improve your PCOS symptoms. […] It’s important to attend your yearly checkups and undergo any screenings your doctor recommends.

• #109 The Pathophysiological Mechanism and Clinical Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Molecular and Cellular Review of the Literature

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/16/9037

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent metabolic disorder among women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] Management strategies for PCOS can be achieved by using pharmacological treatments like antiandrogens, metformin, thiazolidinediones, aromatase inhibitor, and ovulation drugs to improve insulin sensitivity and ovulatory function, as well as combined oral contraceptives with or without cyproterone to resume menstrual regularity. […] Popular management strategies include lifestyle modification, medication, and other types of non-pharmacological therapies such as alternative medicine and hair removal for patients with hirsutism. Managements do not cure or reverse PCOS but may ameliorate the annoying symptoms and complications related to PCOS. Lifestyle and diet modification serve as the primary approach to managing PCOS.

• #110 PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8316-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Theres no proven way to prevent PCOS, but you can take small steps to reduce your symptoms. For example, eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly and managing a healthy weight for your body can help you avoid the effects of PCOS. […] One of the best ways to cope with PCOS is to maintain a healthy bodyweight, eat nutritious foods and exercise regularly. These changes to your lifestyle can affect hormone levels, in turn regulating your menstrual cycle and easing your symptoms.

• #111 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  PCOS can be treated in a variety of ways. Depending on your situation, your doctor may start by recommending lifestyle changes aimed at losing weight. This can include diet, exercise, weight loss medications and other lifestyle changes. […] If you are diagnosed with PCOS, its recommended to get annual diabetes and cholesterol screenings. […] As part of an academic medical center, The University of Kansas Health System has a collaborative network of physicians who work together to treat your condition. Within OB-GYN you can work with the OB-GYN weight management clinic and reproductive specialists to focus on PCOS treatments at each stage of pregnancy, from preconception to postpartum, to decrease risks associated with PCOS. […] We also focus on prevention of endometrial cancer and collaborate with gynecological oncology to provide seamless care for our patients.

• #112 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia from chronic anovulation may be accomplished either by progesterone derivatives, progestin-containing oral contraceptives, or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena). […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #113 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Care | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/gynecology/pcos/

  If you have been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or suspect that you have it, turn to our experts at UC San Diego Health. We lead the field in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. […] Treatment for PCOS depends on a number of factors. These may include your age, how severe your symptoms are, and your overall health. The type of treatment may also depend on whether you want to become pregnant in the future. We will help you develop the best treatment plan for your needs. […] A healthy diet and more physical activity can help you lose weight and reduce your symptoms. They can also help your body use insulin more efficiently, lower blood glucose levels, and may help you ovulate. […] If you don’t plan to become pregnant, your treatment may include: Birth control pills. These help to control menstrual cycles, lower androgen levels, and reduce acne.

• #114 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] The aim is to support women and their healthcare providers to optimize diagnosis, assessment and management of PCOS. There is an emphasis on improved education and awareness of healthcare professionals, partnership in care, and empowerment of women with PCOS. […] The Guideline is supported by a multifaceted international translation programme with co-designed resources to enhance the skills of healthcare professionals and to empower women with PCOS, with an integrated comprehensive evaluation program. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low.

• #115 Get Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-treatment

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong condition, but there are ways to control the symptoms that are getting in the way of your life. […] Our experts work together across teams and departments to treat everything about this condition thats holding you back. Once we understand your individual goals, well come up with a treatment plan to make your PCOS more manageable. This may include: […] We make sure you have the information you need to live a healthy life. Our dietitians can teach you how to make changes to your diet to help control blood sugar, cholesterol and weight gain. We can also help you start a manageable exercise program. […] If youve been diagnosed with PCOS or are wondering if you might have it, reach out to a provider as soon as possible. Were here to help you learn how to manage your PCOS, which is the first step toward living a happy, healthy life with this condition.

• #116

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects how a woman’s ovaries work. […] PCOS is also associated with an increased risk of developing health problems in later life, such as type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol levels. […] There’s no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be treated. Speak to a GP if you think you may have the condition. […] If you have PCOS and you’re overweight, losing weight and eating a healthy, balanced diet can make some symptoms better. […] Medicines are also available to treat symptoms such as excessive hair growth, irregular periods and fertility problems. […] With treatment, most women with PCOS are able to get pregnant.

• #117 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Center for Women’s Health | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that causes your ovaries to produce excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones). Your ovaries become enlarged and contain many small cysts. Many PCOS patients are also obese. Symptoms of PCOS include: Hirsutism (excess hair growth on face and body), Acne, Irregular, absent or heavy menstrual periods, Lack of ovulation and infertility. […] Regardless of your primary goal, PCOS should be treated. Its important to treat because of the long-term health risks such as heart disease, diabetes and endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of POS is important. It can help decrease some of your symptoms and reduce your risk for certain diseases and disorders down the line. […] Women with PCOS, particularly those with insulin resistance, may be at an increased risk for diabetes, heart disease, cholesterol abnormalities and endometrial cancer. If you are diagnosed with PCOS, you and your doctor should discuss the long-term health consequences. You should also discuss any additional testing that should be done.

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