Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3872139/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. These studies consistently report that the prevalence estimates using the Rotterdam criteria are two to three times greater than those obtained using the NIH/NICHD criteria.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000548

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 4-21% depending on the diagnostic criteria used. […] The global disease burden seems to be increasing at a high rate. In 2019, an age standardised point prevalence of 1677.8 per 100000 and an annual incidence of 59.8 per 100000 population were reported based on data from 204 countries, representing increases of 30.4% and 29.5%, respectively, since 1990. […] The rising incidence, and accompanying morbidity, emphasises the importance of recognising polycystic ovary syndrome as an international public health priority.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  The prevalence of PCOS is frequently quoted between 2% and 26%. […] The differences in diagnostic criteria, sample heterogeneity, socioeconomic level, medical care access, prevalence of influential risk factors, health and education/awareness were among the possible causes of substantial geographic disparities in the prevalence rate. […] Today, 1 in every 10 women is diagnosed with PCOS across the world. […] The prevalence of PCOS varies among different countries worldwide. Iran, China, and the USA reported a prevalence of 3%, 2.2%, and 4.7%, respectively. Brazil, Beijing, Sri Lanka, Palestine, Greece, the UK, and Spain found a prevalence rate in the range of 5%10%. Denmark, Turkey, and Australia reported a higher prevalence range (15%20%). […] The discrepancies might be partly attributed to small sample sizes, socioeconomic differences, clinical heterogeneity, low statistical power, differing ethnic backgrounds among various populations, geographic variations, and interactions with other environmental plus genetic factors.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/fulltext/2019/50040/epidemiology,_pathogenesis,_genetics___management.5.aspx

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. […] Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. […] Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. […] Only a few researchers have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India and among those, most of the sampling was convenience based, which might not reflect the true status of PCOS prevalence in the community. […] A similar study conducted in Mumbai, which was an urban community-based study, found that the prevalence of PCOS was 22.5 per cent by the Rotterdam criteria and 10.7 per cent by the Androgen Excess Society criteria.

• #1 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important contributing factors to infertility. In this study, we report the burden of PCOS by age and sociodemographic index (SDI) for the 21 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In 2019, the age-standardised point prevalence and incidence rate for PCOS in the MENA region were 2079.7 (95% UI: 1392.0 to 2812.3) and 77.2 (95% UI: 51.6 to 105.4) per 100,000, respectively, which represents a 37.9% (95% UI: 31.7 to 45.0) and a 33.7% (95% UI: 27.7 to 40.3) increase since 1990, respectively. Also in 2019, the age-standardised YLD rate of PCOS in this region was 18.7 (95% UI: 7.8 to 37.9) per 100,000 women, which has increased by 36.1% (95% UI: 29.4 to 43.4) since 1990. The total prevalent number and point prevalence of PCOS (per 100,000) were both highest in the 20-24 age group. The prevalence of PCOS was highest among women of reproductive age, but decreased rapidly after 45 years of age. Moreover, at the country level there was a positive association between SDI and the age-standardised YLD rates of PCOS. The growing prevalence and burden of PCOS in the MENA region highlights the need to implement cost-effective preventive programs, especially for women in their third decade of life, and in MENA countries with higher SDI levels.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  A meta-analysis conducted by Ding et al., in 2017, reviewed the prevalence of PCOS across different ethnic groups and concluded that Caucasian females are less likely to develop PCOS compared with middle east and non-white female populations. […] The need to improve the clinical and therapeutic management of PCOS patients has become increasingly evident in the last decade. […] The present study highlighted past to present-day accepted guidelines used for PCOS diagnosis. This review also stressed on current treatment and screening guidelines used with specific emphasis on potential new therapies that can be used for better management of PCOS.

• #1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Higher prevalence has been associated with first-degree relatives with PCOS, prepubertal obesity, congenital virilizing disorders, above-average or low birth weight for gestational age, premature adrenarche, and the use of valproic acid as an antiepileptic drug. […] Studies have also suggested a higher prevalence of PCOS among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. […] Geographical differences in the prevalence of components of diagnostic criteria worldwide and the heterogeneity must be considered. […] There are changes in phenotypic prevalence of PCOS with women with classic PCOS (type A) decreasing over time to not meeting PCOS criteria in a 5-year long-term follow-up study.

• #1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-overview

  In the United States, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive-age women, with a prevalence of 4-12%. […] Up to 10% of women are diagnosed with PCOS during gynecologic visits. […] In some European studies, the prevalence of PCOS has been reported to be 6.5-8%. […] A great deal of ethnic variability in hirsutism is observed. For example, Asian (East and Southeast Asia) women have less hirsutism than white women given the same serum androgen values. […] PCOS affects premenopausal women, and the age of onset is most often perimenarchal (before bone age reaches 16 y). However, clinical recognition of the syndrome may be delayed by failure of the patient to become concerned by irregular menses, hirsutism, or other symptoms or by the overlap of PCOS findings with normal physiologic maturation during the 2 years after menarche.

• #1 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. […] Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women, with a prevalence of 4-12% in the United States. Up to 10% of women are diagnosed with PCOS. […] Approximately 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age are affected. […] Prevalence among first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS is 25% to 50%, suggesting a strong inheritance of the syndrome; there is evidence for possible X-linked dominant transmission. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome can appear anytime from menarche until menopause but generally, is seen around menarche and is diagnosed then or in early adulthood. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 10 women. […] There is no racial predilection for polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Most women find out they have PCOS in their 20s and 30s, when they have problems getting pregnant and see their doctor. […] But PCOS can happen at any age after puberty. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] In fact, PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] Yes, studies have found links between PCOS and other health problems, including: […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40.

• #1 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  Given the substantial number of women who suffer from PCOS, and its significant impact on the patient, a better understanding of the current burden in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is important. […] The findings of this study could be used to inform policy decisions regarding the allocation of public health resources or the development and implementation of interventions. […] The present study showed that there were great differences in the age-standardised prevalence of PCOS in the MENA countries, with the lowest estimate being found in Afghanistan and the highest in Kuwait. Furthermore, the largest burdens of PCOS were found in the third and fourth decades of life, and the burden increased with increasing sociodemographic development. […] The overall increase in PCOS, that was found in this study, might be due to the inherited nature of this syndrome, along with changes in the diagnostic criteria over the last few decades.

• #1 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  The YLD rate of PCOS in the MENA region was higher than the global average (18.7 vs. 14.7 per 100,000 population). Furthermore, the age-standardised YLD rate increased at both the global and regional levels, with a higher increase being found in the MENA region (36.1% vs. 29.9%). The large increase in the incidence of PCOS may be related to: population growth and aging, resource availability, healthcare access, health awareness, and obesity. […] The highest number of PCOS incident cases were found among women aged 10-14 years old and the highest number of YLDs were found in the 20-24 age group. […] Our results revealed a generally positive association between the burden of PCOS and SDI, suggesting that the rates of PCOS increase with higher income per capita, higher educational attainment and a lower total fertility rate.

• #1 Global burden and epidemiological prediction of polycystic ovary syndrome from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306991

  To comprehensively assess the global, regional and national burden of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (DLYs) based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. […] The incidence and prevalence rates of PCOS are discrepant according to age and regional differences. But in general, the prevalence and incidence rates of PCOS are continuously increasing. […] In 2019, 66 million people worldwide suffered from PCOS. […] The 10 to 19 years old group had the highest incidence counts of PCOS globally. […] The ARIMA and BAPC model showed the consistent increasing trend of the burden of PCOS. […] This study revealed that the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of PCOS were increasing and this trend would maintain in the next 20 years. […] The highest incidence of PCOS is from 10 to 19 years old, which points out that the government should pay attention to the importance of early screening in adolescents.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome An update

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/october/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition, present in 12-21% of women of reproductive age. Up to 70% of women with PCOS remain undiagnosed. […] Women with PCOS have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular sequelae. This is particularly important for Indigenous women who are already at increased baseline risk. […] The national guideline highlights the key role of obesity in PCOS. Studies consistently show a higher prevalence of PCOS in women who are overweight and obese, and up to 30% of Indigenous women who had a body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 met PCOS diagnostic criteria. […] Women with PCOS have an increase in cardiometabolic risk factors and this is particularly important in Indigenous women who have a higher prevalence of these risk factors and experience diabetes at a younger age than non-Indigenous women. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common, lifelong condition that appears to be increasing in prevalence with increasing obesity, and is more common in Indigenous and southeast Asian women.

• #1 Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients’ characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01160-z

  The pathogenesis of PCOS is a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. IR and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are seen in 50 to 60% of women with PCOS. In addition, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is four times higher. Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome, and hyperandrogenism is an important risk factor for metabolic syndrome in PCOS patients. […] A recent study revealed that insulin resistance in patients with PCOS closely resembled that observed in individuals with pre-diabetes. Women diagnosed with PCOS commonly experience insulin resistance, increased luteinizing follicle-stimulating hormone ratios, abdominal obesity, and infertility. […] Endocrinologists from the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the PCOS association in the congress about assessment and treatment of PCOS and long-term risks in 2015, emphasized the important role of IR in the pathogenesis of PCOS by creating oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism with unknown mechanisms. IR is also the cause of many PCOS-related disorders, including obesity, ovulatory failure leading to sub-fertility or infertility, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and finally diabetes mellitus (DM). Given the association of IR with numerous disorders, all women with polycystic ovary syndrome should undergo evaluation for IR.

• #1 Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients’ characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01160-z

  In the current study, using a HOMA-IR cut-off point of 2.5, insulin resistance was identified in 119 participants (74.4%). This discovery closely paralleled the results of JalaliZands investigation, wherein the prevalence of insulin resistance among patients with PCOS was reported as 69.3%. […] The results of our study revealed varying rates of insulin resistance (IR) among different PCOS phenotypes, with phenotype A showing a rate of 74.7%, phenotype B at 91.9%, phenotype C at 57.1%, and phenotype D at 57.9%. Remarkably, phenotype B exhibited the highest incidence of IR. […] Based on the findings of this study, the grouping of phenotypes (classical: phenotypes A B and non-classical: phenotypes C D) exhibited a statistically significant association with insulin resistance. Additionally, the highest HOMA index values were observed in phenotypes A and B, representative of the classic PCOS phenotype. This observation mirrored the results of the study conducted by Bil et al.

• #1 PCOS Demographics, Prevalence, Pregnancy Stats and More | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/13765305-pcos-statistics/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder, but the condition which may affect up to 18 percent of people with ovaries globally, per an October 2022 entry in the Lancet Regional Health-Europe is also connected to fertility, metabolism and even heart, skin and mental health. […] PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in people with uteruses of reproductive age. About 10 percent of people with ovaries will be affected by PCOS during those reproductive years, according to the Endocrine Society. […] Because people with PCOS can have a wide range of symptoms and because doctor education on the condition is relatively lacking, it’s likely that PCOS is under-diagnosed. In fact, it’s estimated that 50 to 75 percent of people with PCOS don’t know they have it, according to a November 2018 paper in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

• #1 Current Guidelines for Diagnosing PCOS

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/6/1113

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women. […] Despite causing over USD 8 billion in healthcare costs in the United States, accurate US population-based estimates of incidence and prevalence are lacking and as many as 75% of patients with PCOS are unidentified in clinical practice. […] The diverse features of the syndrome have led to a number of diagnostic criteria over the years. […] The development of such a definition, however, requires agreement on a gold standard for disease classification, assumes technology used for diagnosis will not change, and relies on accurate evaluation of criteria components. […] This review aims to highlight the evolution of the diagnostic criteria for PCOS over time and provide a summary of the most recent criteria proposed for the diagnosis of this syndrome.

• #1 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) […] Building on the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), this Guideline updates and expands clinical questions, aiming to ensure that women with PCOS receive optimal, evidence-based care that meets their needs and improves health outcomes. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-aged women, with impacts across the lifespan from adolescence to post menopause. PCOS prevalence is between 10 to 13% as demonstrated in the guideline process. […] Women internationally experience delayed diagnosis and dissatisfaction with care.

• #1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Multiple conditions have been associated with PCOS, including infertility, metabolic syndrome, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, depression, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), endometrial cancer, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

• #1 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction

  Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards. […] Ovarian dysfunction conditions, in particular PCOS, can cause a range of issues for the U.S. military, as these conditions can be associated excess weight gain, menstrual dysregulation, decreased fertility, cognitive and mood disturbances, and immune and endocrine dysfunction. […] A 2022 meta-analysis estimated the financial burden of PCOS to the overall U.S. health care system at $8 billion a year, which suggests that the condition may also present a significant cost burden to the Military Health System.

• #1 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Absent from National Surveillance and Present Online: Implications for Mental and Behavioral Health.

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/113329

  In the United States there is a need to increase awareness and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a metabolic, reproductive, and endocrine condition the National Institutes of Health has described as a major public health problem for women. […] PCOS is a highly prevalent chronic condition that can begin in adolescence and is associated with irregular or no menstrual periods, excessive body hair, acne, infertility, obesity, anxiety and depression, and poor health-related quality of life. […] Limited information on behavioral health education and mental health including depression screening, depression diagnosis, and mental health care underscores the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care services for PCOS. […] Given that individuals look to the internet and magazines, in addition to health care providers, for health information, these studies highlight how the digital landscape and health care intersect and provide directions for future research to improve womens health.

• #1 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction

  Ovarian dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 20142023 […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] This retrospective cohort study examined ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence among female active component service members in the U.S. military from 2014 to 2023 using medical encounter data from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity.

• #1 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Insulin resistance is recognized as a key feature of PCOS, yet routinely available measures of insulin resistance are inaccurate and clinical measurement is not currently recommended. […] A lifelong health plan is recommended including a focus on healthy lifestyle, prevention of excess weight gain, optimization of fertility and preconception risk factors, and prevention and treatment of diverse clinical features. […] Symptoms of depression and anxiety are significantly increased and should be screened for in all women with PCOS, with psychological assessment and therapy as indicated. […] Overall, evidence in PCOS is low to moderate quality. Based on high prevalence and significant health impact, greater priority, education, models of care, funding, and research are recommended.

• #1 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  The burden of PCOS is increasing at both the regional and country level in the MENA region, and this burden is higher than the global average. The incidence of PCOS increased in all countries located in the MENA region, which highlights the need for the implementation of cost-effective preventive programs focusing on addressing risk factors, especially for women in their third decade of life, and in MENA countries with higher SDIs.

• #1 PCOS Demographics, Prevalence, Pregnancy Stats and More | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/13765305-pcos-statistics/

  With that in mind, somewhere between 5 and 18 percent of people with ovaries worldwide are estimated to have PCOS, per the October 2022 entry in the Lancet Regional Health-Europe. […] By region, PCOS is most common in the southern U.S. (47.5 percent), followed by North Central (23 percent), West (18.7 percent) and the Northeast (10.3 percent), according to the November 2018 paper in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. […] Somewhere between 6 and 12 percent of people with ovaries in the U.S. have PCOS, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), though the actual number may be higher. […] PCOS is the most common endocrine abnormality among people with ovaries of reproductive age in the U.S., according to a June 2015 article in the International Journal of Endocrinology.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the major endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in the world. It affects 4%20% of women of reproductive age worldwide. […] The exact prevalence figures regarding PCOS are limited and unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize comprehensively the current knowledge on the prevalence of PCOS. […] Our analysis yielded 27 surveys with a pooled mean prevalence of 21.27% using different diagnostic criteria. The proportion of women with PCOS also increased in the last decade. […] The current review summarizes and interprets the results of all published prevalence studies and highlights the burden of the syndrome, thereby supporting early identification and prevention of PCOS in order to reverse the persistent upward trend of prevalence.

• #1 Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59745-179-6_13

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of functional androgen excess, although its definition remains fluid and controversial. […] The prevalence of PCOS among unselected reproductive-aged women is at least 6.5 8.0% using the NIH 1990 criteria. […] Future studies must establish the prevalence of the disorder in different populations and using the various criteria proposed to define PCOS. […] Finally, studies on the long-term development of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with the two new phenotypes of PCOS defined by Rotterdam 2003 are needed to determine whether these have risks similar to classic PCOS.

• #1 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] Although the demonstration of insulin resistance is not required to make the diagnosis of PCOS, it is clear that hyperinsulinemic insulin resistance plays a prominent role in PCOS. […] Independent of obesity, PCOS is associated with a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. […] An increased risk of dyslipidemia has been demonstrated in PCOS. […] Several studies conclude that women with PCOS have an increased prevalence of hypertension. […] Despite the apparent clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in PCOS, evidence that PCOS is associated with increased cardiovascular events is scarce.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] PCOS is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women in the United States, affecting approximately 7% of female patients. […] The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. […] Twice as many women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome as in the general population, and about one-half of women with PCOS are obese. […] The presence of PCOS is also associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Given the conditions associated with PCOS, the Endocrine Society, the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend that clinicians evaluate patients’ blood pressure at every visit and lipid levels at the time of diagnosis, and screen for type 2 diabetes with a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test regardless of a patient’s body mass index.

• #1 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pro

  Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound are very common and can be seen in up to 33% of women of reproductive age. […] Prevalence figures vary depending on diagnostic criteria used, but PCOS is thought to affect 5-15% of women of reproductive age. […] Women diagnosed with PCOS should be informed of the possible long-term risks to health that are associated with their condition. […] Associations with obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance are likely to result in increased cardiovascular risk. […] Women diagnosed with PCOS have a higher cardiovascular risk than weight-matched controls, as they have increased cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hyperandrogenism, and hyperinsulinaemia, and a higher prevalence of risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. […] The 2023 ESHRE guidelines recommend that cardiovascular guidelines include PCOS as a risk factor, but this has not yet been done in the QRisk3 tool used in the UK.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: A literature review Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: A literature review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/5hf9hLhLbGHHVFDqQ78DDPj/?lang=en

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder with variable prevalence, affecting about one in every 15 women worldwide. […] Women with PCOS appear to have a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. […] The prevalence of the disorder ranges from 8.7 to 17.8% in women of reproductive age. […] The cardiovascular system of women with PCOS is affected, regardless of obesity, due to metabolic disturbance associated with the respective syndrome. […] In general, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is more common in PCOS patients. A study carried out by Stener-Victorin et al. showed that the prevalence of hypertension was about 40% in this group of women. […] Insulin resistance is a potential determinant of the association between PCOS and hypertension.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: A literature review Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: A literature review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/5hf9hLhLbGHHVFDqQ78DDPj/?lang=en

  A long-term follow-up study carried out by Wild et al. suggested an increased prevalence of hypertension in patients with PCOS. […] Nevertheless, these results suggest that women with polycystic ovary syndrome should be screened for hypertension at a younger age. […] Women with PCOS, in addition to anovulation and infertility, have an increased risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease in association with metabolic syndrome.

• #1 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Noninvasive assessments, including coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), have demonstrated a greater prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in PCOS. […] Women with PCOS are also at increased risk of a number of mental health disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and eating disorders. […] Proper diagnosis and management of PCOS is essential as PCOS has many potential metabolic and cardiovascular risks if not managed appropriately.

• #1 PCOS Demographics, Prevalence, Pregnancy Stats and More | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/13765305-pcos-statistics/

  Research shows the infertility rate for people with PCOS is higher than in people without the condition. […] The rate of infertility is estimated to be 15 times higher in people with PCOS than in those without the condition, according to an April 2015 study in the Journal of Women’s Health. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility (when you don’t ovulate, or release an egg to fertilize). […] 80 percent of people with anovulatory infertility have PCOS, according to a September 2017 paper in Women’s Health. […] As of 2020, identifying and managing PCOS costs the U.S. health care system more than $8 billion per year, according to a January 2022 review in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. […] PCOS puts you at higher risk for heart disease, and that risk increases with age, per the CDC.

• #1 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs in 5 to 10% of women (1). In the US, it is the most common cause of infertility. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome has several significant potential complications. […] Infertility is related to ovulatory dysfunction. […] Studies indicate that PCOS is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and that women with PCOS are at increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (1). […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of ovulatory dysfunction. […] Screen for comorbidities, such as endometrial cancer, mood and anxiety disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors (including hypertension and hyperlipidemia).

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  There is no cure for PCOS, but you can manage the symptoms of PCOS. […] You and your doctor will work on a treatment plan based on your symptoms, your plans for having children, and your risk of long-term health problems such as diabetes and heart disease. […] PCOS can cause problems during pregnancy for you and for your baby. […] Women with PCOS have higher rates of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean section (C-section). […] Your baby also has a higher risk of being heavy (macrosomia) and of spending more time in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PCOS.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Women with PCOS are at least twice as likely to have metabolic syndrome as women without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS are also at increased risk for endometrial cancer. Screening is not routinely recommended, but clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and conduct a transvaginal ultrasound and/or endometrial sampling if there are suggestive features (e.g., thickened endometrium, abnormal vaginal bleeding). […] Early diagnosis is essential, as PCOS is associated with many conditions, including metabolic dysfunction and impaired fertility. It also has a significant impact on a woman’s emotional well-being and quality of life.

• #1 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-guidelines

  Adolescent girls with PCOS remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Girls whose oligomenorrhea persists 2-3 years past menarche typically have ongoing menstrual anomalies and are at higher risk for having an underlying ovarian or adrenal dysfunction. First-line monotherapy in this age group includes metformin monotherapy and/or combination therapy with oral contraceptive agents and antiandrogen agents.

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies – Kamboj – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16971/html

  Controversy continues about the underlying etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and recommendations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents. […] Recent literature has recognized these deficiencies and evidence based expert recommendations have become more available. […] Although the presence of polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) is included as a key diagnostic criterion of PCOS in adults, it is currently not recommended for the diagnosis in adolescents. […] As such, the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents currently hinges on evidence of ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess. […] Recommended evidence of ovulatory dysfunction includes: consecutive menstrual intervals 90 days even in the first year after menstrual onset; menstrual intervals persistently 21 or 45 days 2 or more years after menarche; and lack of menses by 15 years or 23 years after breast budding.

• #1 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  The recommendations (Table 4) apply the category, descriptive terms, GRADE of the recommendations and the quality of the evidence. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware of the high prevalence of PCOS in all ethnicities and across world regions, ranging from 10-13% globally using the Rotterdam criteria. […] Healthcare professionals should be aware that PCOS prevalence is broadly similar across world regions, but may be higher in South East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions. […] Women with PCOS should be considered at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and potentially of cardiovascular mortality, acknowledging that the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women is low. […] All women with PCOS should be assessed for cardiovascular disease risk factors.

• #1 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction?type=Topic+Pages

  Ovarian dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 20142023 […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] This retrospective cohort study examined ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence among female active component service members in the U.S. military from 2014 to 2023 using medical encounter data from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards. […] Ovarian dysfunction conditions, in particular PCOS, can cause a range of issues for the U.S. military, as these conditions can be associated excess weight gain, menstrual dysregulation, decreased fertility, cognitive and mood disturbances, and immune and endocrine dysfunction. […] Ovarian dysfunction trends among female active component personnel have increased over the past decade, driven almost entirely by increased incidence of PCOS. This study found minimal association between PCOS and COVID-19 infection history and no association between PCOS and COVID-19 vaccination. PCOS incidence was most strongly associated with a history of obesity, which may reflect the changing health burdens in the U.S. military. Additional research is recommended to assess the proportion of PCOS ICD codes that are assigned accurately within the MHS, as this will help further characterize the PCOS burden among the female ACSM population.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Chapter 3) – Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/epidemiology-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/B84D85DE1C68FA563B6335F71E16D662

  The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common female endocrine disorders, depends on the diagnostic criteria used and the study population (referral or unselected). […] It is also thought to be influenced by race and ethnicity. […] This chapter presents the current knowledge on the epidemiological aspects of PCOS and its prevalence based on the different diagnostic criteria National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1990; European Society of Human Reproduction (ESHRE) and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) (Rotterdam 2003); and Androgen Excess and PCOS (AE-PCOS) Society 2006 estimated in the selected and the unselected medically unbiased populations. […] The evidence-based data regarding the relationship between PCOS and race as well as ethnicity are also discussed. […] Finally, this chapter presents the key points on the best practices for epidemiologic studies in PCOS as outlined in the current guidelines.

• #1 Current Guidelines for Diagnosing PCOS

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/6/1113

  The Rotterdam criteria continues to be the most widely used and accepted criteria for PCOS and were once again unanimously supported in the 2018 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS. […] Diagnosis of PCOS should not be given lightly. […] Given the continued debate over criteria, and the often inadequate clinical care using the current framework for diagnosis of PCOS, it begs the question: after almost 20 years, is it time to revisit this diagnosis?

• #1 Polycystic ovary syndrome – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  PCOS is diagnosed in adults based on the presence of at least two of the following criteria, after other endocrinological conditions, e.g., thyroid disease, hyperprolactinemia, have been excluded. […] Identification of cystic follicles is not mandatory to diagnose PCOS. […] Patients with PCOS are at risk of serious comorbidities, even at a young age. It is important to screen for these at the first visit and at regular intervals. […] The goals of treatment for patients who wish to conceive are management of comorbidities (e.g., weight loss for overweight or obese patients) and induction of ovulation. […] We list the most important complications. The selection is not exhaustive.

• #1

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2008/april/polycystic.aspx

  Studies have identified that insulin resistance appears to be responsible for many of these long term health consequences. […] A woman with PCOS therefore may have many factors that could increase her long term health risks and it has been difficult so far to determine the exact roles of each factor. […] PCOS is a syndrome, so there is no single diagnostic test. […] Diagnostic criteria have been developed and widely adopted internationally. […] A clinical or biochemical finding of increased androgen levels along with either menstrual abnormalities or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound will satisfy the current diagnostic criteria. […] Ongoing preventive screening of cardiovascular and endometrial disease risk factors is important when managing women with PCOS.

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  The clinical presentation of PCOS is variable. […] The Endocrine Society advises clinicians to diagnose PCOS using the 2003 Rotterdam criteria, although recommendations differ across guidelines. […] Diagnosis requires the presence of at least two of the following three findings: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] The goal of further evaluation of suspected PCOS is twofold: to exclude other treatable conditions that can mimic PCOS and to detect and treat long-term metabolic complications. […] More research is needed to clarify the complex pathophysiology of PCOS.

• #1 Shining a light on polycystic ovary syndrome: New genetic study reveals underlying mechanisms and potential interventions – MRC Epidemiology Unit

  https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/blog/2015/09/29/shining-a-light-on-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  The study found that the risk of PCOS was increased by genetic variants that are known to act by increasing body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. The findings indicate that therapies that counteract these mechanisms could be beneficial in women with PCOS. […] Previous studies had suggested that weight loss has only partial benefits for women with PCOS, we recommend that new studies should be done to test whether more intensive efforts to reduce body weight and improve insulin resistance are effective in treating women with PCOS. […] In additional to these causal links, the study also identified new genetic variants that implicate three of the four epidermal growth factor receptors, which are known targets of some modern cancer therapies. This opens up new avenues of research into future treatments in PCOS.

• #1 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Healthcare professionals and women with PCOS should be aware that, regardless of age and BMI, women with PCOS have an increased risk of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. […] The International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS and the related translation program aims to provide a high quality, reliable source of international evidence-based recommendations to guide consistent clinical practice and to empower women with evidence-based information. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations. […] Key recommendations and updates include that PCOS should be diagnosed using the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline criteria, which built on the consensus based 2003 Rotterdam criteria.

• #2 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menses, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of PCOS varies depending on which criteria are used to make the diagnosis, but is as high as 15%20% when the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria are used. […] Prevalence estimates for PCOS, as defined by the NIH/NICHD criteria, indicate that PCOS is a common endocrinopathy affecting 4%8% of women of reproductive age. […] Recently, several groups have demonstrated that the prevalence of PCOS varies depending on the diagnostic criteria used. […] Family history of PCOS is a risk factor for PCOS. Based on the clustering of cases in families, PCOS is considered to be a heritable disorder.

• #2 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

  Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among females of reproductive age worldwide. […] As evidence is growing, PCOS is being recognized as the most common endocrine pathology in reproductive-aged females worldwide, affecting between 5% and 26% of females. […] The prevalence ranges between 5% and 26%, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] Based on the NIH 2012 workshop report, PCOS is estimated to affect about 5 million reproductive-aged females in the United States. […] The cost to the healthcare system for diagnosing and treating PCOS is approximately 4 billion annually, not including the cost of severe comorbidities associated with PCOS. […] Multiple conditions have been associated with PCOS, including infertility, metabolic syndrome, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, depression, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), endometrial cancer, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2020/13040/the_prevalence_of_polycystic_ovary_syndrome__a.4.aspx

  The prevalence of PCOS is frequently quoted between 2% and 26%. […] The differences in diagnostic criteria, sample heterogeneity, socioeconomic level, medical care access, prevalence of influential risk factors, health and education/awareness were among the possible causes of substantial geographic disparities in the prevalence rate. […] Today, 1 in every 10 women is diagnosed with PCOS across the world. […] The prevalence of PCOS varies among different countries worldwide. Iran, China, and the USA reported a prevalence of 3%, 2.2%, and 4.7%, respectively. Brazil, Beijing, Sri Lanka, Palestine, Greece, the UK, and Spain found a prevalence rate in the range of 5%10%. Denmark, Turkey, and Australia reported a higher prevalence range (15%20%). […] The discrepancies might be partly attributed to small sample sizes, socioeconomic differences, clinical heterogeneity, low statistical power, differing ethnic backgrounds among various populations, geographic variations, and interactions with other environmental plus genetic factors.

• #2 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  Given the substantial number of women who suffer from PCOS, and its significant impact on the patient, a better understanding of the current burden in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is important. […] The findings of this study could be used to inform policy decisions regarding the allocation of public health resources or the development and implementation of interventions. […] The present study showed that there were great differences in the age-standardised prevalence of PCOS in the MENA countries, with the lowest estimate being found in Afghanistan and the highest in Kuwait. Furthermore, the largest burdens of PCOS were found in the third and fourth decades of life, and the burden increased with increasing sociodemographic development. […] The overall increase in PCOS, that was found in this study, might be due to the inherited nature of this syndrome, along with changes in the diagnostic criteria over the last few decades.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 613% of reproductive-aged women. […] Up to 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed worldwide. […] PCOS is the commonest cause of anovulation and a leading cause of infertility. […] PCOS is a significant public health problem and is one of the commonest hormonal disturbances affecting women of reproductive age. The condition affects an estimated 613% of women of reproductive age, and up to 70% of cases are undiagnosed. […] The prevalence of PCOS is higher among some ethnicities and these groups often experience more complications, in particular related to metabolic problems. […] WHO supports the generation of statistics on how common infertility and its causes (such as PCOS) are.

• #2 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. […] PCOS is also a common and treatable cause of infertility. […] Between 5% and 10% of women between 15 and 44, or during the years you can have children, have PCOS. […] Most women find out they have PCOS in their 20s and 30s, when they have problems getting pregnant and see their doctor. […] But PCOS can happen at any age after puberty. […] Women of all races and ethnicities are at risk of PCOS. […] Your risk of PCOS may be higher if you have obesity or if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with PCOS. […] In fact, PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] Yes, studies have found links between PCOS and other health problems, including: […] More than half of women with PCOS will have diabetes or prediabetes (glucose intolerance) before the age of 40.

• #2 Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients’ characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01160-z

  The pathogenesis of PCOS is a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. IR and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are seen in 50 to 60% of women with PCOS. In addition, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is four times higher. Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome, and hyperandrogenism is an important risk factor for metabolic syndrome in PCOS patients. […] A recent study revealed that insulin resistance in patients with PCOS closely resembled that observed in individuals with pre-diabetes. Women diagnosed with PCOS commonly experience insulin resistance, increased luteinizing follicle-stimulating hormone ratios, abdominal obesity, and infertility. […] Endocrinologists from the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the PCOS association in the congress about assessment and treatment of PCOS and long-term risks in 2015, emphasized the important role of IR in the pathogenesis of PCOS by creating oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism with unknown mechanisms. IR is also the cause of many PCOS-related disorders, including obesity, ovulatory failure leading to sub-fertility or infertility, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and finally diabetes mellitus (DM). Given the association of IR with numerous disorders, all women with polycystic ovary syndrome should undergo evaluation for IR.

• #2 Association of insulin resistance with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes and patients’ characteristics: a cross-sectional study in Iran | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

  https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01160-z

  In the current study, using a HOMA-IR cut-off point of 2.5, insulin resistance was identified in 119 participants (74.4%). This discovery closely paralleled the results of JalaliZands investigation, wherein the prevalence of insulin resistance among patients with PCOS was reported as 69.3%. […] The results of our study revealed varying rates of insulin resistance (IR) among different PCOS phenotypes, with phenotype A showing a rate of 74.7%, phenotype B at 91.9%, phenotype C at 57.1%, and phenotype D at 57.9%. Remarkably, phenotype B exhibited the highest incidence of IR. […] Based on the findings of this study, the grouping of phenotypes (classical: phenotypes A B and non-classical: phenotypes C D) exhibited a statistically significant association with insulin resistance. Additionally, the highest HOMA index values were observed in phenotypes A and B, representative of the classic PCOS phenotype. This observation mirrored the results of the study conducted by Bil et al.

• #2 Global burden and epidemiological prediction of polycystic ovary syndrome from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306991

  To comprehensively assess the global, regional and national burden of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (DLYs) based on the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. […] The incidence and prevalence rates of PCOS are discrepant according to age and regional differences. But in general, the prevalence and incidence rates of PCOS are continuously increasing. […] In 2019, 66 million people worldwide suffered from PCOS. […] The 10 to 19 years old group had the highest incidence counts of PCOS globally. […] The ARIMA and BAPC model showed the consistent increasing trend of the burden of PCOS. […] This study revealed that the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of PCOS were increasing and this trend would maintain in the next 20 years. […] The highest incidence of PCOS is from 10 to 19 years old, which points out that the government should pay attention to the importance of early screening in adolescents.

• #2 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction

  Ovarian dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 20142023 […] Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. […] This retrospective cohort study examined ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence among female active component service members in the U.S. military from 2014 to 2023 using medical encounter data from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Ovarian dysfunction diagnosis incidence gradually increased during this period, driven almost entirely by polycystic ovary syndrome, of which the incidence increased from 32.0 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2014 to 60.3 cases per 10,000 person-years in 2023. […] This increase in incidence was observed in all demographic subgroups and had the strongest independent association with pre-existing obesity.

• #2 Burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11006-0

  The YLD rate of PCOS in the MENA region was higher than the global average (18.7 vs. 14.7 per 100,000 population). Furthermore, the age-standardised YLD rate increased at both the global and regional levels, with a higher increase being found in the MENA region (36.1% vs. 29.9%). The large increase in the incidence of PCOS may be related to: population growth and aging, resource availability, healthcare access, health awareness, and obesity. […] The highest number of PCOS incident cases were found among women aged 10-14 years old and the highest number of YLDs were found in the 20-24 age group. […] Our results revealed a generally positive association between the burden of PCOS and SDI, suggesting that the rates of PCOS increase with higher income per capita, higher educational attainment and a lower total fertility rate.

• #2 Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59745-179-6_13

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of functional androgen excess, although its definition remains fluid and controversial. […] The prevalence of PCOS among unselected reproductive-aged women is at least 6.5 8.0% using the NIH 1990 criteria. […] Future studies must establish the prevalence of the disorder in different populations and using the various criteria proposed to define PCOS. […] Finally, studies on the long-term development of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with the two new phenotypes of PCOS defined by Rotterdam 2003 are needed to determine whether these have risks similar to classic PCOS.

• #2 Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-diagnosis-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  An increased prevalence of PCOS is associated with a number of conditions. […] Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes have been associated with an increased prevalence of PCOS. […] Although the demonstration of insulin resistance is not required to make the diagnosis of PCOS, it is clear that hyperinsulinemic insulin resistance plays a prominent role in PCOS. […] Independent of obesity, PCOS is associated with a higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. […] An increased risk of dyslipidemia has been demonstrated in PCOS. […] Several studies conclude that women with PCOS have an increased prevalence of hypertension. […] Despite the apparent clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in PCOS, evidence that PCOS is associated with increased cardiovascular events is scarce.

• #2 PCOS Demographics, Prevalence, Pregnancy Stats and More | livestrong

  https://www.livestrong.com/article/13765305-pcos-statistics/

  Research shows the infertility rate for people with PCOS is higher than in people without the condition. […] The rate of infertility is estimated to be 15 times higher in people with PCOS than in those without the condition, according to an April 2015 study in the Journal of Women’s Health. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility (when you don’t ovulate, or release an egg to fertilize). […] 80 percent of people with anovulatory infertility have PCOS, according to a September 2017 paper in Women’s Health. […] As of 2020, identifying and managing PCOS costs the U.S. health care system more than $8 billion per year, according to a January 2022 review in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. […] PCOS puts you at higher risk for heart disease, and that risk increases with age, per the CDC.

• #2 Polycystic ovary syndrome

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome

  Women with PCOS are at greater risk of having high blood pressure compared with women of the same age without PCOS. […] Women with PCOS often have higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. […] Many women with PCOS have overweight or obesity, which can cause sleep apnea. […] Depression and anxiety are common among women with PCOS. […] Problems with ovulation, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes (all common in women with PCOS) increase the risk of developing cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus or womb). […] Many women with PCOS find that their menstrual cycles become more regular as they get closer to menopause. […] However, their PCOS hormonal imbalance does not change with age, so they may continue to have symptoms of PCOS.

• #2 Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies – Kamboj – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16971/html

  Controversy continues about the underlying etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and recommendations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents. […] Recent literature has recognized these deficiencies and evidence based expert recommendations have become more available. […] Although the presence of polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) is included as a key diagnostic criterion of PCOS in adults, it is currently not recommended for the diagnosis in adolescents. […] As such, the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents currently hinges on evidence of ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess. […] Recommended evidence of ovulatory dysfunction includes: consecutive menstrual intervals 90 days even in the first year after menstrual onset; menstrual intervals persistently 21 or 45 days 2 or more years after menarche; and lack of menses by 15 years or 23 years after breast budding.

• #2 Ovarian Dysfunction and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the U.S. Military Active Component, 2014–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2025/01/01/MSMR-Ovarian-Dysfunction

  Health conditions due to ovarian dysfunction cause significant morbidity for female service members and contribute to reduced readiness and increased military health care spending. Increases in polycystic ovary syndrome in recent years could manifest in negative career impacts, including disqualification from certain military occupations and fewer service women able to meet retention standards. […] Ovarian dysfunction conditions, in particular PCOS, can cause a range of issues for the U.S. military, as these conditions can be associated excess weight gain, menstrual dysregulation, decreased fertility, cognitive and mood disturbances, and immune and endocrine dysfunction. […] A 2022 meta-analysis estimated the financial burden of PCOS to the overall U.S. health care system at $8 billion a year, which suggests that the condition may also present a significant cost burden to the Military Health System.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p106.html

  The clinical presentation of PCOS is variable. […] The Endocrine Society advises clinicians to diagnose PCOS using the 2003 Rotterdam criteria, although recommendations differ across guidelines. […] Diagnosis requires the presence of at least two of the following three findings: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. […] The goal of further evaluation of suspected PCOS is twofold: to exclude other treatable conditions that can mimic PCOS and to detect and treat long-term metabolic complications. […] More research is needed to clarify the complex pathophysiology of PCOS.

• #2 Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2023) – practice guidance | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/recommendations-from-the-2023-international-evidence-based-guideline-for-the-assessment-and-management-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome/

  Healthcare professionals and women with PCOS should be aware that, regardless of age and BMI, women with PCOS have an increased risk of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. […] The International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS and the related translation program aims to provide a high quality, reliable source of international evidence-based recommendations to guide consistent clinical practice and to empower women with evidence-based information. […] The guideline provides 77 evidence-based and 54 consensus recommendations, with 123 practice points underpinned by a technical report on evidence synthesis and GRADE detailed considerations. […] Key recommendations and updates include that PCOS should be diagnosed using the 2018 International Evidence-based Guideline criteria, which built on the consensus based 2003 Rotterdam criteria.

• #2

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2008/april/polycystic.aspx

  Studies have identified that insulin resistance appears to be responsible for many of these long term health consequences. […] A woman with PCOS therefore may have many factors that could increase her long term health risks and it has been difficult so far to determine the exact roles of each factor. […] PCOS is a syndrome, so there is no single diagnostic test. […] Diagnostic criteria have been developed and widely adopted internationally. […] A clinical or biochemical finding of increased androgen levels along with either menstrual abnormalities or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound will satisfy the current diagnostic criteria. […] Ongoing preventive screening of cardiovascular and endometrial disease risk factors is important when managing women with PCOS.

• #3 Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies – Kamboj – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16971/html

  Controversy continues about the underlying etiopathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and recommendations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents. […] Recent literature has recognized these deficiencies and evidence based expert recommendations have become more available. […] Although the presence of polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) is included as a key diagnostic criterion of PCOS in adults, it is currently not recommended for the diagnosis in adolescents. […] As such, the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents currently hinges on evidence of ovulatory dysfunction and androgen excess. […] Recommended evidence of ovulatory dysfunction includes: consecutive menstrual intervals 90 days even in the first year after menstrual onset; menstrual intervals persistently 21 or 45 days 2 or more years after menarche; and lack of menses by 15 years or 23 years after breast budding.

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