Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9497-restless-legs-syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a brain, nerve and sleep condition that causes a strong, nearly irresistible urge to move your legs thats at least partially relieved by movement. […] The cause of restless legs syndrome isnt well understood. It may relate to how the part of your brain that causes movement (basal ganglia) functions. The basal ganglia use dopamine to regulate how your body moves. If this part of your brain doesnt get enough dopamine, it isnt able to regulate your movement as efficiently as it should. This can lead to RLS symptoms. […] Research suggests the following may contribute to RLS: Genetics: You can inherit RLS. During conception, one of your biological parents passes a genetic trait (autosomal dominant) that leads to an RLS diagnosis. […] Iron deficiency: Iron can be low in your brain despite normal blood levels.

• #2 Restless legs syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168

  Restless legs syndrome can begin at any age and tends to get worse with age. […] Often, there’s no known cause for restless legs syndrome. Researchers suspect the condition may be caused by an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine sends messages to control muscle movement. […] Sometimes RLS runs in families, especially if the condition starts before age 40. Researchers have identified sites on the chromosomes where genes for RLS may be present. […] Pregnancy or hormonal changes may worsen RLS symptoms. Some people get RLS for the first time during pregnancy, especially during the last trimester. However, symptoms usually disappear after delivery. […] RLS usually isn’t related to a serious underlying medical condition. However, it sometimes occurs with other conditions, such as:

• #3 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/

  Restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a common condition of the nervous system that causes an overwhelming irresistible urge to move the legs. […] In the majority of cases, there’s no obvious cause of restless legs syndrome. […] This is known as idiopathic or primary restless legs syndrome, and it can run in families. […] Some neurologists (specialists in treating conditions that affect the nervous system) believe the symptoms of restless legs syndrome may have something to do with how the body handles a chemical called dopamine. […] In some cases, restless legs syndrome is caused by an underlying health condition, such as iron deficiency anaemia or kidney failure. This is known as secondary restless legs syndrome. […] There’s also a link between restless legs syndrome and pregnancy. About 1 in 5 pregnant women will experience symptoms in the last 3 months of their pregnancy, although it’s not clear exactly why this is.

• #5 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #6 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be either primary or secondary. In most cases, RLS is a primary, idiopathic central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Such idiopathic disease can be familial in 25-75% of cases. In the familial cases, RLS appears to follow a pattern of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. […] Patients with familial RLS tend to have an earlier age of onset (≤ 45 years) and slower disease progression. In some families, a progressive decrease in age of onset with successive generations (i.e., genetic anticipation) has been described. Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue can exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can develop as a result of certain conditions or factors, particularly iron deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. […] Other causes of RLS include the following: Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Diabetes mellitus, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Lyme disease, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, Uremia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, Frequent blood donation.

• #7 Restless Legs Syndrome | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  The exact cause of RLS is not known but is believed to be secondary to iron deficit in the brain. […] In many cases of primary RLS, up to 75% have a family history, suggesting genetic etiology. […] Most researchers believe that RLS is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that if someone has primary (genetic) RLS, then each of their children has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the gene and possibly developing the symptoms. […] Current research has identified at least six genes that may be involved in RLS and more RLS-related genetic abnormalities are expected to be identified in the near future. […] Secondary RLS means that another medical condition is the cause, or at least is associated with RLS symptoms. […] Several common conditions including neuropathy, kidney failure, iron deficiency, essential tremor, pregnancy and certain drugs can cause RLS symptoms. […] Iron deficiency is another potential cause and is usually measured by a blood test for serum iron, ferritin as well as other blood tests.

• #8 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #9 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #10 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  Nevertheless, most RLS patients have normal serum ferritin and no indication of peripheral iron deficiency. Rather, a hallmark of RLS appears to be brain iron deficiency, documented by several separate studies which discovered low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin in RLS patients. […] Two major pathophysiological consequences of low brain iron are hypoxia and demyelination. […] The findings of high 3-orthomethyl dopamine (3-OMD) in the CSF correlated with an increased level of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is suggestive of an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity leading to high dopamine production. […] A total of 13 different genes implicated in RLS have been identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 6p21.2 (BTBD9), 2p14 (MEIS1), 9p24.1-p23 (PTPRD), 15q23 (MAP2K5/SKOR1) and 16q12.1 (TOX3/BC034767) based on GWAS.

• #11 Restless Leg Syndrome: Causes, Home Remedies, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/restless-leg-syndrome

  RLS is a neurological disorder. RLS may be linked to a disruption in the dopamine pathways in the brain. More than 40 percent of people with RLS have some family history of the condition. There may be a connection between RLS and low levels of iron in the brain, even when blood tests show that your iron level is normal. Primary RLS isn’t related to an underlying condition. But RLS can actually be an offshoot of another health problem, like neuropathy, diabetes, or kidney failure. […] More often than not, the cause of RLS is a mystery. There may be a genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger. […] Its possible that certain substances like caffeine or alcohol can trigger or intensify symptoms. Other potential causes include medications to treat allergies, nausea, depression, and psychosis. […] There are five gene variants associated with RLS. The change in the BTBD9 gene associated with higher risk of RLS is present in about 75 percent of people with RLS. Its also found in about 65 percent of people without RLS.

• #12 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9497-restless-legs-syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a brain, nerve and sleep condition that causes a strong, nearly irresistible urge to move your legs thats at least partially relieved by movement. […] The cause of restless legs syndrome isnt well understood. It may relate to how the part of your brain that causes movement (basal ganglia) functions. The basal ganglia use dopamine to regulate how your body moves. If this part of your brain doesnt get enough dopamine, it isnt able to regulate your movement as efficiently as it should. This can lead to RLS symptoms. […] Research suggests the following may contribute to RLS: Genetics: You can inherit RLS. During conception, one of your biological parents passes a genetic trait (autosomal dominant) that leads to an RLS diagnosis. […] Iron deficiency: Iron can be low in your brain despite normal blood levels.

• #13 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #14 Restless legs syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/restless-legs-syndrome/

  Primary restless legs syndrome makes up the majority of restless leg syndrome cases. In these cases, theres no obvious cause of the syndrome. […] Some researchers think it may be caused by a problem with a part of the brain called the basal ganglia. This part of the brain uses a neurotransmitter (chemical) called dopamine to help control muscle activity and movement. If the cells in your basal ganglia becomes damaged, the amount of dopamine in the brain is reduced. This causes muscle spasms and involuntary movements. […] Research has also identified specific genes related to restless legs syndrome. This means it can run in families. In these cases, symptoms usually occur before the age of 40. […] Secondary restless legs syndrome occurs as a complication of another health condition. It can also be the result of another health-related factor.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/causes/

  In many cases, the exact cause of restless legs syndrome is unknown. […] Research has identified specific genes related to restless legs syndrome, and it can run in families. In these cases, symptoms usually occur before the age of 40. […] There’s evidence to suggest restless legs syndrome is related to a problem with part of the brain called the basal ganglia. […] Restless legs syndrome can sometimes occur as a complication of another health condition, or it can be the result of another health-related factor. This is known as secondary restless legs syndrome. […] You can develop secondary restless legs syndrome if you have iron deficiency anaemia (low levels of iron in the blood can lead to a fall in dopamine, triggering restless legs syndrome). […] Dopamine levels naturally fall towards the end of the day, which may explain why the symptoms of restless legs syndrome are often worse in the evening and during the night.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/causes/

  In many cases, the exact cause of restless legs syndrome is unknown. […] Research has identified specific genes related to restless legs syndrome, and it can run in families. In these cases, symptoms usually occur before the age of 40. […] There’s evidence to suggest restless legs syndrome is related to a problem with part of the brain called the basal ganglia. […] Restless legs syndrome can sometimes occur as a complication of another health condition, or it can be the result of another health-related factor. This is known as secondary restless legs syndrome. […] You can develop secondary restless legs syndrome if you have iron deficiency anaemia (low levels of iron in the blood can lead to a fall in dopamine, triggering restless legs syndrome). […] Dopamine levels naturally fall towards the end of the day, which may explain why the symptoms of restless legs syndrome are often worse in the evening and during the night.

• #17 Causes and Risk Factors For Restless Legs Syndrome – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-and-risk-factors-for-restless-legs-syndrome/

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological condition that causes an overwhelming urge to move the legs. RLS is characterised by sensations often described as creeping, crawling, tingling, or throbbing. These sensations are typically worse during periods of inactivity, such as the evening and nighttime. It’s estimated that 1 in 10 people are affected by RLS in some way. […] Most cases of restless legs syndrome have no exact underlying cause. However, the condition can be linked to the following factors: […] Research has found certain genes that can cause RLS. Indeed, it often runs in families and presents in people before the age of 40. […] The natural drop in dopamine levels towards the end of the day can explain some of the symptoms of RLS – and make them worse in the evening and night. Dopamine is responsible for controlling muscle movements, so it may cause involuntary leg movements associated with restless legs syndrome.

• #18 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  Nevertheless, most RLS patients have normal serum ferritin and no indication of peripheral iron deficiency. Rather, a hallmark of RLS appears to be brain iron deficiency, documented by several separate studies which discovered low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin in RLS patients. […] Two major pathophysiological consequences of low brain iron are hypoxia and demyelination. […] The findings of high 3-orthomethyl dopamine (3-OMD) in the CSF correlated with an increased level of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is suggestive of an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity leading to high dopamine production. […] A total of 13 different genes implicated in RLS have been identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 6p21.2 (BTBD9), 2p14 (MEIS1), 9p24.1-p23 (PTPRD), 15q23 (MAP2K5/SKOR1) and 16q12.1 (TOX3/BC034767) based on GWAS.

• #19 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #20 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9497-restless-legs-syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a brain, nerve and sleep condition that causes a strong, nearly irresistible urge to move your legs thats at least partially relieved by movement. […] The cause of restless legs syndrome isnt well understood. It may relate to how the part of your brain that causes movement (basal ganglia) functions. The basal ganglia use dopamine to regulate how your body moves. If this part of your brain doesnt get enough dopamine, it isnt able to regulate your movement as efficiently as it should. This can lead to RLS symptoms. […] Research suggests the following may contribute to RLS: Genetics: You can inherit RLS. During conception, one of your biological parents passes a genetic trait (autosomal dominant) that leads to an RLS diagnosis. […] Iron deficiency: Iron can be low in your brain despite normal blood levels.

• #21 Restless Legs Syndrome | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/neurology/parkinsons-disease-and-movement-disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  The exact cause of RLS is not known but is believed to be secondary to iron deficit in the brain. […] In many cases of primary RLS, up to 75% have a family history, suggesting genetic etiology. […] Most researchers believe that RLS is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that if someone has primary (genetic) RLS, then each of their children has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the gene and possibly developing the symptoms. […] Current research has identified at least six genes that may be involved in RLS and more RLS-related genetic abnormalities are expected to be identified in the near future. […] Secondary RLS means that another medical condition is the cause, or at least is associated with RLS symptoms. […] Several common conditions including neuropathy, kidney failure, iron deficiency, essential tremor, pregnancy and certain drugs can cause RLS symptoms. […] Iron deficiency is another potential cause and is usually measured by a blood test for serum iron, ferritin as well as other blood tests.

• #22 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  The aim of this overview was to outline the pathophysiology, common comorbidities and current therapeutic modalities in the treatment/management of restless legs syndrome (RLS) a sensorimotor neurological disorder. […] An understanding of the etiopathogenesis of RLS by examining both endogenous and exogenous factors, such as CNS dopaminergic and iron deficiency hypotheses as the etiologic hallmarks of RLS has enhanced our clinical understanding of this disorder, and contributed to the improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. […] One hypothesis concerning RLS establishes that underlying the condition there is a regional brain iron deficiency and/or specific genetic factors that disturb the neurotransmission of dopamine in the subcortical brain areas. […] The iron deficiency thesis has been in place since the pioneering studies of Ekbom and Norlander and is supported by epidemiological findings such as a 9 times higher prevalence of RLS in an iron-deficient anemia population than in the general population or the increased risk of RLS in all conditions that compromise iron status (e.g., ESRD, pregnancy).

• #23 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  Nevertheless, most RLS patients have normal serum ferritin and no indication of peripheral iron deficiency. Rather, a hallmark of RLS appears to be brain iron deficiency, documented by several separate studies which discovered low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin in RLS patients. […] Two major pathophysiological consequences of low brain iron are hypoxia and demyelination. […] The findings of high 3-orthomethyl dopamine (3-OMD) in the CSF correlated with an increased level of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is suggestive of an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity leading to high dopamine production. […] A total of 13 different genes implicated in RLS have been identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 6p21.2 (BTBD9), 2p14 (MEIS1), 9p24.1-p23 (PTPRD), 15q23 (MAP2K5/SKOR1) and 16q12.1 (TOX3/BC034767) based on GWAS.

• #24 What doctors wish patients knew about restless leg syndrome | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-restless-leg-syndrome

  Restless leg syndrome also called Willis-Ekbom disease causes significant symptoms in about 3% of people in the U.S. […] One of the causes tends to be iron deficiency, Dr. Epstein said, noting women who are of childbearing age is one common age group, but then anyone can get it. […] Dr. Epstein said that, in his experience, iron deficiency is the cause about half the time. […] Having restless leg syndrome properly identified is an important thing, because it can be either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as a different condition, Dr. Epstein said. […] Conditions that can cause it are pregnancy, certain vitamin deficiencies, kidney problems and iron deficiency. […] Medications, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, are associated with an increased risk of restless leg syndrome. […] If iron deficiency is a factor, then iron can be extremely effective and eliminate the condition together.

• #25 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  Nevertheless, most RLS patients have normal serum ferritin and no indication of peripheral iron deficiency. Rather, a hallmark of RLS appears to be brain iron deficiency, documented by several separate studies which discovered low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin in RLS patients. […] Two major pathophysiological consequences of low brain iron are hypoxia and demyelination. […] The findings of high 3-orthomethyl dopamine (3-OMD) in the CSF correlated with an increased level of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), is suggestive of an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity leading to high dopamine production. […] A total of 13 different genes implicated in RLS have been identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 6p21.2 (BTBD9), 2p14 (MEIS1), 9p24.1-p23 (PTPRD), 15q23 (MAP2K5/SKOR1) and 16q12.1 (TOX3/BC034767) based on GWAS.

• #26 Restless Legs Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0715/p235.html

  Restless legs syndrome may be a primary condition, or it may be secondary to iron deficiency, renal failure, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. […] RLS may be a primary condition, or it may be secondary to iron deficiency, pregnancy, renal failure, the use of certain medications, or a spinal cord injury. […] Research has identified abnormalities in dopamine and iron function in the central nervous system in individuals with RLS, although these relationships are not fully understood. […] A ferritin level of less than 50 ng per mL (50 mcg per L) may cause or exacerbate RLS. […] RLS is common during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, and will likely resolve with delivery. […] Individuals with RLS secondary to chronic kidney disease who undergo kidney transplant may experience resolution of symptoms.

• #27 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be either primary or secondary. In most cases, RLS is a primary, idiopathic central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Such idiopathic disease can be familial in 25-75% of cases. In the familial cases, RLS appears to follow a pattern of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. […] Patients with familial RLS tend to have an earlier age of onset (≤ 45 years) and slower disease progression. In some families, a progressive decrease in age of onset with successive generations (i.e., genetic anticipation) has been described. Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue can exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can develop as a result of certain conditions or factors, particularly iron deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. […] Other causes of RLS include the following: Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Diabetes mellitus, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Lyme disease, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, Uremia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, Frequent blood donation.

• #28

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/causes/

  In many cases, the exact cause of restless legs syndrome is unknown. […] Research has identified specific genes related to restless legs syndrome, and it can run in families. In these cases, symptoms usually occur before the age of 40. […] There’s evidence to suggest restless legs syndrome is related to a problem with part of the brain called the basal ganglia. […] Restless legs syndrome can sometimes occur as a complication of another health condition, or it can be the result of another health-related factor. This is known as secondary restless legs syndrome. […] You can develop secondary restless legs syndrome if you have iron deficiency anaemia (low levels of iron in the blood can lead to a fall in dopamine, triggering restless legs syndrome). […] Dopamine levels naturally fall towards the end of the day, which may explain why the symptoms of restless legs syndrome are often worse in the evening and during the night.

• #29 RLS (Restless Legs Syndrome) Causes and Medical Conditions

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/restless-legs-syndrome/rls-causes

  The specific causes of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are not known. […] RLS may be related to abnormalities in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that help regulate muscle movements, or to abnormalities in the part of the central nervous system that controls automatic movements. Research is still being done in these areas. […] RLS can sometimes be caused by an underlying medical condition (secondary RLS); however, most of the time the cause is not clear. […] Many different medical conditions have been linked to RLS. The two most common conditions are iron deficiency anemia (low blood count) and peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves of the arms and legs, often caused by underlying conditions such as diabetes). […] Other medical conditions linked to RLS include Parkinson’s disease, varicose veins, some tumors, fibromyalgia, hyper- or hypothyroidism (over- or underactive thyroid glands), pregnancy, cigarette smoking, vitamin and mineral deficiency, such as magnesium deficiency and vitamin B-12 deficiency, severe kidney disease and uremia (kidney failure causing build-up of toxins within the body), amyloidosis (build-up of a starch-like substance in the body’s tissues and organs), Lyme disease, damage to spinal nerves, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjgren syndrome. […] In many cases, RLS seems to run in families. People with a genetic link to RLS tend to get the condition earlier in life.

• #30 Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/restless-legs-syndrome-pro

  RLS may be idiopathic or symptomatic of an underlying condition. In most people there is no apparent cause (idiopathic or primary RLS). 18.5-59.6% of patients with idiopathic RLS have a family history, suggesting a genetic component. It is thought to be related in some way to dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Iron is important to dopamine metabolism and iron deficiency is one of the causes of restless legs syndrome, so some research has been concentrated on the use of iron. In the absence of iron deficiency, however, iron replacement has not been proven to be efficacious, and aetiology is clearly more complex. […] Causes of secondary RLS include: […] Pregnancy (RLS is estimated to affect one in five pregnant women). […] Stage 5 chronic kidney disease. […] Iron deficiency (RLS is estimated to be present in about 24% of people with iron-deficiency anaemia). […] Adverse effects of medication. Causative agents include beta-blockers, neuroleptics, lithium, antihistamines and antidepressants. Also dopamine receptor blocking agents such as metoclopramide and prochlorperazine.

• #31 10 Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) – Brain Body Well

  http://brainbodywell.com.au/10-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome-rls/

  Restless leg syndrome involves an irresistible urge to move your legs to relieve unpleasant sensations often described a crawling sensation, „itchy nerves” or „itchy bones”. […] When it comes to restless leg syndrome there are many possible triggers and underlying conditions to investigate and each person is going to be different. […] Dopamine is an important brain chemical that regulates functions like mental stimulation, alertness, mood, stress and movement. Research into restless leg syndrome has found a link between symptoms and dopamine dysfunction, and researchers believe that low dopamine activity is a cause of symptoms. […] It has also been linked to reduced dopamine receptors. […] Restless legs is a common complaint for those who also have iron deficiency anemia and approximately 24% will experience restless legs.

• #32 What doctors wish patients knew about restless leg syndrome | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-restless-leg-syndrome

  Restless leg syndrome also called Willis-Ekbom disease causes significant symptoms in about 3% of people in the U.S. […] One of the causes tends to be iron deficiency, Dr. Epstein said, noting women who are of childbearing age is one common age group, but then anyone can get it. […] Dr. Epstein said that, in his experience, iron deficiency is the cause about half the time. […] Having restless leg syndrome properly identified is an important thing, because it can be either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as a different condition, Dr. Epstein said. […] Conditions that can cause it are pregnancy, certain vitamin deficiencies, kidney problems and iron deficiency. […] Medications, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, are associated with an increased risk of restless leg syndrome. […] If iron deficiency is a factor, then iron can be extremely effective and eliminate the condition together.

• #33 5 Restless Legs Syndrome Triggers

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-disorders/restless-leg-syndrome/8-restless-legs-syndrome-triggers/

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS), which is also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a common neurological sleep and movement disorder that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs because of itching, kicking, or crawling sensations in the legs, according to the Mayo Clinic. […] The precise cause of RLS is unknown, but researchers have their guesses. […] Sometimes RLS runs in the family, especially if the condition starts before age 40, the Mayo Clinic says. […] Its also thought that impaired transmission of dopamine signals in the brains basal ganglia may play a contributing role. […] RLS may also be caused by iron deficiency in the brain, with the mineral playing a key role in the production of dopamine, according to a study published in the journal Sleep Medicine in March 2017. […] RLS affects about 20 percent of all pregnant women, according to a review published in 2020 in the Journal of Primary Care Community Health.

• #34 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #35 Restless legs syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168

  Restless legs syndrome can begin at any age and tends to get worse with age. […] Often, there’s no known cause for restless legs syndrome. Researchers suspect the condition may be caused by an imbalance of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine sends messages to control muscle movement. […] Sometimes RLS runs in families, especially if the condition starts before age 40. Researchers have identified sites on the chromosomes where genes for RLS may be present. […] Pregnancy or hormonal changes may worsen RLS symptoms. Some people get RLS for the first time during pregnancy, especially during the last trimester. However, symptoms usually disappear after delivery. […] RLS usually isn’t related to a serious underlying medical condition. However, it sometimes occurs with other conditions, such as:

• #36

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/causes-restless-legs-syndrome

  Many factors can cause an iron deficiency, such as a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, or a B12 deficiency; blood disorders such as sickle cell disease; thyroid disease; or blood loss. […] Uncontrolled high blood sugars in people with diabetes can cause nerve damage, and may lead to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the nerves of the feet and lower leg from peripheral neuropathy is a contributor to restless legs syndrome. […] Pro-inflammatory proteins (called cytokines) that are produced by your immune system when you have rheumatoid arthritis impact sleep quality. […] Pregnancy is another cause of restless legs syndrome, however it has more to do with lower levels of iron and folate than the pregnancy itself. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially increases in the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the third trimester, are also likely a cause of restless legs syndrome.

• #37

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/causes-restless-legs-syndrome

  Many factors can cause an iron deficiency, such as a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, or a B12 deficiency; blood disorders such as sickle cell disease; thyroid disease; or blood loss. […] Uncontrolled high blood sugars in people with diabetes can cause nerve damage, and may lead to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the nerves of the feet and lower leg from peripheral neuropathy is a contributor to restless legs syndrome. […] Pro-inflammatory proteins (called cytokines) that are produced by your immune system when you have rheumatoid arthritis impact sleep quality. […] Pregnancy is another cause of restless legs syndrome, however it has more to do with lower levels of iron and folate than the pregnancy itself. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially increases in the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the third trimester, are also likely a cause of restless legs syndrome.

• #38 Restless Legs Syndrome – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.utentclinic.com/news/cause-of-restless-legs-syndrome

  Cause of Restless Legs Syndrome […] The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and stroke categorizes restless legs syndrome as a sleep disorder. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, the condition is apparent in at least one in 10 people. […] RLS can be initiated by a variety of conditions, dispositions, and situations. These are some of the most common causes: […] Sometimes, nothing other than family history and genetics can explain a sudden case of RLS. Many sufferers who experience it also have family members who have dealt with it at least once in their lives. […] Iron-deficiency anemia can cause a variety of neurological issues, with RLS being one of them. The condition can sometimes be resolved with iron supplementation and an improved diet if the cause of the deficiency is nutritional. […] Peripheral neuropathy tends to affect the hands and feet but can also include legs and other bodily systems when severe. Additionally, the condition is commonly seen in individuals with diabetes. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that causes pain and inflammation in various joints and can cause a secondary RLS case. […] Sjgren syndrome is another autoimmune condition that causes symptoms such as a dry mouth or eyes, persistent cough, relentless fatigue, and joint pain. It can very well cross over into the restless legs syndrome realm during a sufferer’s episode. […] RLS can happen when an individual has damaged dopamine receptors due to a brain injury or illness. Treatment for the condition may include taking medication to help regulate the chemical balance. […] RLS is common in about 15 percent of pregnant women. It most frequently happens to women in their second and third trimesters as the baby’s movements put pressure on the bottom sections of the body. Experts also say that pregnancy-related RLS may have something to do with low iron levels. […] The shifting hormone levels that occur in hypothyroidism patients commonly cause the symptoms. Raising thyroxine levels with the help of a seasoned specialist can resolve the problem. […] Medication, drug, and alcohol withdrawal can be the leading cause of RLS in some individuals. The problem usually occurs in the beginning stages and subsides after the individual’s body normalizes. […] Many other conditions can cause RLS as a secondary issue. Visiting an experienced specialist who can determine the root cause is the first step toward recovery.

• #39 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #40 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #41 Restless legs syndrome and related disorders Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/restless-legs-syndrome-and-related-disorders

  Several studies support the theory that an imbalance in neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain), notably dopamine, may play a part in RLS. […] Other research suggests that RLS may be due to nerve impairment in the spinal cord. […] RLS may be more common in some forms of neuropathy, especially neuropathy that one is born with (hereditary neuropathy). […] Iron deficiency, even at a level too mild to cause anemia, has been linked to RLS in some people. […] Other research suggests that low levels of the hormone cortisol in the evening and early night hours may be related to RLS. […] As many as 25% of people with chronic kidney disease have RLS. The exact cause of this is not known but may be related to co-existing anemia and iron deficiency as above.

• #42 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #43 Restless Legs Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0715/p235.html

  Restless legs syndrome may be a primary condition, or it may be secondary to iron deficiency, renal failure, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. […] RLS may be a primary condition, or it may be secondary to iron deficiency, pregnancy, renal failure, the use of certain medications, or a spinal cord injury. […] Research has identified abnormalities in dopamine and iron function in the central nervous system in individuals with RLS, although these relationships are not fully understood. […] A ferritin level of less than 50 ng per mL (50 mcg per L) may cause or exacerbate RLS. […] RLS is common during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, and will likely resolve with delivery. […] Individuals with RLS secondary to chronic kidney disease who undergo kidney transplant may experience resolution of symptoms.

• #44 Restless legs syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168

  Too little iron in the body, known as iron deficiency, can cause or worsen RLS. […] If you have kidney failure, you also may have iron deficiency, often with anemia. […] Damage to or injury of the spinal cord has been linked to RLS. […] People who have Parkinson’s disease may have an increased risk of developing RLS.

• #45 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #46 Restless legs syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/restless-legs-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377168

  Too little iron in the body, known as iron deficiency, can cause or worsen RLS. […] If you have kidney failure, you also may have iron deficiency, often with anemia. […] Damage to or injury of the spinal cord has been linked to RLS. […] People who have Parkinson’s disease may have an increased risk of developing RLS.

• #47 Restless Legs Syndrome and MS: Causes and Triggers

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/restless-legs-syndrome-multiple-sclerosis-2440812

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related movement disorder commonly experienced by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). […] Research shows that people with MS are six times more likely to have RLS than people in the general population. […] Iron deficiency and chronic inflammation are thought to be contributing factors. […] RLS affects roughly a quarter of people with MS, compared to 6% of people without MS. The disparity is thought to be caused by the effects MS has on the nerves of the spinal cord. […] Studies suggest that nerve demyelination in the cervical spinal cord of the neck is the main cause of RLS in people with MS. […] The lesions appear to block the signals of an important neurotransmitter called dopamine which helps regulate leg muscle movements. Chronic inflammation (a hallmark of MS) can also contribute by releasing inflammatory chemicals called cytokines that irritate the spinal cord. […] Restless leg syndrome has been linked to iron deficiency anemia. […] It is thought to be due to MS lesions that develop on the spinal cord. Iron deficiency and chronic inflammation may also contribute.

• #48 RLS (Restless Legs Syndrome) Causes and Medical Conditions

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/restless-legs-syndrome/rls-causes

  The specific causes of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are not known. […] RLS may be related to abnormalities in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that help regulate muscle movements, or to abnormalities in the part of the central nervous system that controls automatic movements. Research is still being done in these areas. […] RLS can sometimes be caused by an underlying medical condition (secondary RLS); however, most of the time the cause is not clear. […] Many different medical conditions have been linked to RLS. The two most common conditions are iron deficiency anemia (low blood count) and peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves of the arms and legs, often caused by underlying conditions such as diabetes). […] Other medical conditions linked to RLS include Parkinson’s disease, varicose veins, some tumors, fibromyalgia, hyper- or hypothyroidism (over- or underactive thyroid glands), pregnancy, cigarette smoking, vitamin and mineral deficiency, such as magnesium deficiency and vitamin B-12 deficiency, severe kidney disease and uremia (kidney failure causing build-up of toxins within the body), amyloidosis (build-up of a starch-like substance in the body’s tissues and organs), Lyme disease, damage to spinal nerves, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjgren syndrome. […] In many cases, RLS seems to run in families. People with a genetic link to RLS tend to get the condition earlier in life.

• #49 6 Possible Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome: Vascular & Interventional Associates: Board Certified Vein and Vascular Specialists

  https://www.viaveincenter.com/blog/6-possible-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome

  While researchers are still working to understand the exact cause of RLS, doctors can trace a lot of cases back to issues with low iron. […] The more that researchers learn about RLS, the more it seems to be connected to your dopamine levels. Because low vitamin D can affect dopamine, not getting enough of this nutrient can make your RLS worse. […] When you have diabetes, the heightened levels of sugar in your blood can damage your nerves, causing diabetic neuropathy. This nerve damage can cause RLS in some people. […] Both chronic kidney disease and uremia, which indicates decreasing kidney function, can heighten your likelihood of dealing with restless leg syndrome. […] Fibromyalgia often comes with sleep problems, and RLS commonly makes the list. While researchers haven’t yet figured out why these conditions are connected, if you live with fibromyalgia, you may also get restless legs at night. […] When you’re diagnosed with this condition, it means the blood vessels in your legs don’t work the way they should. This can contribute to your RLS symptoms.

• #50

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/causes-restless-legs-syndrome

  Many factors can cause an iron deficiency, such as a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, or a B12 deficiency; blood disorders such as sickle cell disease; thyroid disease; or blood loss. […] Uncontrolled high blood sugars in people with diabetes can cause nerve damage, and may lead to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the nerves of the feet and lower leg from peripheral neuropathy is a contributor to restless legs syndrome. […] Pro-inflammatory proteins (called cytokines) that are produced by your immune system when you have rheumatoid arthritis impact sleep quality. […] Pregnancy is another cause of restless legs syndrome, however it has more to do with lower levels of iron and folate than the pregnancy itself. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially increases in the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the third trimester, are also likely a cause of restless legs syndrome.

• #51

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/causes-restless-legs-syndrome

  Many factors can cause an iron deficiency, such as a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, or a B12 deficiency; blood disorders such as sickle cell disease; thyroid disease; or blood loss. […] Uncontrolled high blood sugars in people with diabetes can cause nerve damage, and may lead to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the nerves of the feet and lower leg from peripheral neuropathy is a contributor to restless legs syndrome. […] Pro-inflammatory proteins (called cytokines) that are produced by your immune system when you have rheumatoid arthritis impact sleep quality. […] Pregnancy is another cause of restless legs syndrome, however it has more to do with lower levels of iron and folate than the pregnancy itself. […] Hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially increases in the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the third trimester, are also likely a cause of restless legs syndrome.

• #52 Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/restless-legs-syndrome-pro

  Associations have also been found with: […] Folate deficiency, B12 deficiency and magnesium deficiency. […] Polyneuropathy. […] Endocrine: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism. […] Spinal disorders. […] Parkinsonism. […] Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren’s syndrome. […] Amyloidosis. […] Excessive intake of caffeine, alcohol or chocolate (possibly) and sleep deprivation. […] Obesity.

• #53 Restless Leg Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/restless-leg-syndrome-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  RLS may also be secondary to other causes, including: Iron deficiency, Nutrient Deficiencies, Thyroid Disease, Kidney disease requiring hemodialysis, Nerve damage (e.g., diabetic neuropathy), Pregnancy, Spinal cord injury, Multiple sclerosis, Spinal anesthetic. […] Several medications are known to promote or worsen RLS, including: Anti-nausea drugs like metoclopramide (e.g., Reglan), Antipsychotic drugs like haloperidol (e.g., Haldol), Antidepressants like fluoxetine (e.g., Prozac), Allergy medications like diphenhydramine (e.g., Benadryl). […] Research is also ongoing to evaluate other possible contributors to RLS, including: Celiac disease, possibly due to its contribution to iron deficiency, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal overgrowth (SIBO), Crohn’s disease, Thyroid dysfunction, Suboptimal vitamin D, Micronutrient imbalances. […] RLS is a complex disorder with an incompletely understood etiology and pathophysiology. […] The cause of RLS is unknown, but iron deficiency is a likely contributor, and studies have demonstrated that iron supplementation may be helpful.

• #54 Restless legs syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/restless-legs-syndrome/

  You can develop secondary restless legs syndrome if you have: iron deficiency anaemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, Parkinsons disease, rheumatoid arthritis, an underactive thyroid gland, fibromyalgia. […] You can also develop secondary restless legs syndrome if youre pregnant. Its most common from 27 weeks onwards.

• #55 6 Possible Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome: Vascular & Interventional Associates: Board Certified Vein and Vascular Specialists

  https://www.viaveincenter.com/blog/6-possible-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome

  While researchers are still working to understand the exact cause of RLS, doctors can trace a lot of cases back to issues with low iron. […] The more that researchers learn about RLS, the more it seems to be connected to your dopamine levels. Because low vitamin D can affect dopamine, not getting enough of this nutrient can make your RLS worse. […] When you have diabetes, the heightened levels of sugar in your blood can damage your nerves, causing diabetic neuropathy. This nerve damage can cause RLS in some people. […] Both chronic kidney disease and uremia, which indicates decreasing kidney function, can heighten your likelihood of dealing with restless leg syndrome. […] Fibromyalgia often comes with sleep problems, and RLS commonly makes the list. While researchers haven’t yet figured out why these conditions are connected, if you live with fibromyalgia, you may also get restless legs at night. […] When you’re diagnosed with this condition, it means the blood vessels in your legs don’t work the way they should. This can contribute to your RLS symptoms.

• #56 6 Possible Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome: Vascular & Interventional Associates: Board Certified Vein and Vascular Specialists

  https://www.viaveincenter.com/blog/6-possible-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome

  While researchers are still working to understand the exact cause of RLS, doctors can trace a lot of cases back to issues with low iron. […] The more that researchers learn about RLS, the more it seems to be connected to your dopamine levels. Because low vitamin D can affect dopamine, not getting enough of this nutrient can make your RLS worse. […] When you have diabetes, the heightened levels of sugar in your blood can damage your nerves, causing diabetic neuropathy. This nerve damage can cause RLS in some people. […] Both chronic kidney disease and uremia, which indicates decreasing kidney function, can heighten your likelihood of dealing with restless leg syndrome. […] Fibromyalgia often comes with sleep problems, and RLS commonly makes the list. While researchers haven’t yet figured out why these conditions are connected, if you live with fibromyalgia, you may also get restless legs at night. […] When you’re diagnosed with this condition, it means the blood vessels in your legs don’t work the way they should. This can contribute to your RLS symptoms.

• #57 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be either primary or secondary. In most cases, RLS is a primary, idiopathic central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Such idiopathic disease can be familial in 25-75% of cases. In the familial cases, RLS appears to follow a pattern of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. […] Patients with familial RLS tend to have an earlier age of onset (≤ 45 years) and slower disease progression. In some families, a progressive decrease in age of onset with successive generations (i.e., genetic anticipation) has been described. Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue can exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can develop as a result of certain conditions or factors, particularly iron deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. […] Other causes of RLS include the following: Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Diabetes mellitus, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Lyme disease, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, Uremia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, Frequent blood donation.

• #58 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be either primary or secondary. In most cases, RLS is a primary, idiopathic central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Such idiopathic disease can be familial in 25-75% of cases. In the familial cases, RLS appears to follow a pattern of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. […] Patients with familial RLS tend to have an earlier age of onset (≤ 45 years) and slower disease progression. In some families, a progressive decrease in age of onset with successive generations (i.e., genetic anticipation) has been described. Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue can exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can develop as a result of certain conditions or factors, particularly iron deficiency and peripheral neuropathy. […] Other causes of RLS include the following: Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Diabetes mellitus, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Lyme disease, Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, Uremia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency, Frequent blood donation.

• #59 What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome to Flare Up?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/restless-leg-syndrome/what-causes-restless-leg-syndrome-to-flare-up

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs. […] A variety of things can cause RLS to flare up, including medications, vitamin deficiencies, and substances such as caffeine and alcohol. […] Experts suggest that low iron levels are linked to RLS. Iron deficiencies have also been linked to worse sleep overall. […] Low levels of vitamin B12 and magnesium have also been linked to a higher risk of RLS flare-ups. […] Medications are a common trigger for RLS. Several medications have been linked to restless legs. […] Restless legs is worse at night for many people. The majority of people with RLS report having sleep-related symptoms. […] Sitting or lying down for a long time is a primary trigger for RLS. […] RLS flares can be triggered by certain medications, vitamin deficiencies, caffeine, and long periods of inactivity.

• #60 What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome to Flare Up?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/restless-leg-syndrome/what-causes-restless-leg-syndrome-to-flare-up

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs. […] A variety of things can cause RLS to flare up, including medications, vitamin deficiencies, and substances such as caffeine and alcohol. […] Experts suggest that low iron levels are linked to RLS. Iron deficiencies have also been linked to worse sleep overall. […] Low levels of vitamin B12 and magnesium have also been linked to a higher risk of RLS flare-ups. […] Medications are a common trigger for RLS. Several medications have been linked to restless legs. […] Restless legs is worse at night for many people. The majority of people with RLS report having sleep-related symptoms. […] Sitting or lying down for a long time is a primary trigger for RLS. […] RLS flares can be triggered by certain medications, vitamin deficiencies, caffeine, and long periods of inactivity.

• #61 6 Possible Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome: Vascular & Interventional Associates: Board Certified Vein and Vascular Specialists

  https://www.viaveincenter.com/blog/6-possible-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome

  While researchers are still working to understand the exact cause of RLS, doctors can trace a lot of cases back to issues with low iron. […] The more that researchers learn about RLS, the more it seems to be connected to your dopamine levels. Because low vitamin D can affect dopamine, not getting enough of this nutrient can make your RLS worse. […] When you have diabetes, the heightened levels of sugar in your blood can damage your nerves, causing diabetic neuropathy. This nerve damage can cause RLS in some people. […] Both chronic kidney disease and uremia, which indicates decreasing kidney function, can heighten your likelihood of dealing with restless leg syndrome. […] Fibromyalgia often comes with sleep problems, and RLS commonly makes the list. While researchers haven’t yet figured out why these conditions are connected, if you live with fibromyalgia, you may also get restless legs at night. […] When you’re diagnosed with this condition, it means the blood vessels in your legs don’t work the way they should. This can contribute to your RLS symptoms.

• #62 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #63 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #64 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #65 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #66 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #67 What doctors wish patients knew about restless leg syndrome | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-restless-leg-syndrome

  Restless leg syndrome also called Willis-Ekbom disease causes significant symptoms in about 3% of people in the U.S. […] One of the causes tends to be iron deficiency, Dr. Epstein said, noting women who are of childbearing age is one common age group, but then anyone can get it. […] Dr. Epstein said that, in his experience, iron deficiency is the cause about half the time. […] Having restless leg syndrome properly identified is an important thing, because it can be either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as a different condition, Dr. Epstein said. […] Conditions that can cause it are pregnancy, certain vitamin deficiencies, kidney problems and iron deficiency. […] Medications, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, are associated with an increased risk of restless leg syndrome. […] If iron deficiency is a factor, then iron can be extremely effective and eliminate the condition together.

• #68 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #69 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #70 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #71 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #72 What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome to Flare Up?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/restless-leg-syndrome/what-causes-restless-leg-syndrome-to-flare-up

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs. […] A variety of things can cause RLS to flare up, including medications, vitamin deficiencies, and substances such as caffeine and alcohol. […] Experts suggest that low iron levels are linked to RLS. Iron deficiencies have also been linked to worse sleep overall. […] Low levels of vitamin B12 and magnesium have also been linked to a higher risk of RLS flare-ups. […] Medications are a common trigger for RLS. Several medications have been linked to restless legs. […] Restless legs is worse at night for many people. The majority of people with RLS report having sleep-related symptoms. […] Sitting or lying down for a long time is a primary trigger for RLS. […] RLS flares can be triggered by certain medications, vitamin deficiencies, caffeine, and long periods of inactivity.

• #73 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #74 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Pregnancy is another causative factor in RLS, which is estimated to affect 25-40% of pregnant women. […] RLS also occurs in as many as 25-50% of patients who have end-stage renal disease; these patients find their symptoms to be particularly bothersome during hemodialysis. […] The following medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS: Antidopaminergic medications (e.g., neuroleptics), Diphenhydramine, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Alcohol, Caffeine, Lithium, Beta blockers.

• #75 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9497-restless-legs-syndrome

  Underlying medical condition: Some conditions can cause secondary RLS, which is when RLS occurs with another medical condition. […] Medications: Certain medications, like antihistamines, antidepressants or antinausea medications, can cause RLS or make symptoms worse. […] Some medical conditions can happen in addition to RLS, including: Low levels of iron (iron deficiency). […] Anemia. […] Pregnancy. […] Diabetes. […] Kidney disease. […] Peripheral neuropathy. […] Substance use disorder. […] Triggers are things that make your RLS symptoms worse. Possible triggers can vary but could include: Alcohol. […] Caffeine. […] Nicotine. […] Certain medications. […] Stress. […] The cause of restless legs syndrome isnt well understood.

• #76 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #77 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/restless_legs_syndrome_rls/article_em.htm

  In 25% to 75% of cases, primary RLS seems to run in families. Such hereditary cases of RLS tend to start earlier in life and get worse more slowly than other cases. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue can worsen the symptoms of RLS. […] Other conditions linked to RLS include: […] Chronic venous insufficiency or varicose veins

• #78 What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome to Flare Up?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/restless-leg-syndrome/what-causes-restless-leg-syndrome-to-flare-up

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move your legs. […] A variety of things can cause RLS to flare up, including medications, vitamin deficiencies, and substances such as caffeine and alcohol. […] Experts suggest that low iron levels are linked to RLS. Iron deficiencies have also been linked to worse sleep overall. […] Low levels of vitamin B12 and magnesium have also been linked to a higher risk of RLS flare-ups. […] Medications are a common trigger for RLS. Several medications have been linked to restless legs. […] Restless legs is worse at night for many people. The majority of people with RLS report having sleep-related symptoms. […] Sitting or lying down for a long time is a primary trigger for RLS. […] RLS flares can be triggered by certain medications, vitamin deficiencies, caffeine, and long periods of inactivity.

• #79

• #80 Causes and Risk Factors For Restless Legs Syndrome – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-and-risk-factors-for-restless-legs-syndrome/

  Some pregnant people experience the symptoms of restless legs syndrome for the first time when they are pregnant, and find that their symptoms disappear again after giving birth. Others find their RLS symptoms worsen during pregnancy. […] RLS is more common in individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) more than individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB). It is understood that hormonal changes can be a cause of restless legs syndrome, with the increase in oestrogen levels during pregnancy causing RLS symptoms due to oestrogens influence on dopamine synthesis. […] However, pregnancy hormones are not solely responsible for triggering RLS. If high levels of oestrogen were the only cause of RLS in pregnant people, then we would expect the rate or severity of RLS to decrease after menopause – but that doesn’t happen. Additionally, the use of hormone replacement therapy does not lead to an increased incidence of RLS. In fact, RLS symptoms tend to become more severe during and after menopause.

• #81 Restless Legs Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/restless-legs-syndrome-overview-7487684

  Abnormal function of the peripheral nerves: Restless legs syndrome can cause more exaggerated responses to light physical touch. This response suggests that peripheral nerves in the legs that sense stimulation may not function effectively in people who have RLS. […] Medical conditions: People with certain medical conditions experience RLS at higher rates. These conditions include spinal cord disease, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, and Parkinson’s disease. […] Iron deficiency: Low blood iron levels may affect nervous system transmission and lead to RLS symptoms. People with iron deficiency anemia are five to six times more likely to have RLS. […] People assigned female at birth are more likely than people assigned male at birth to experience RLS. There also seems to be a genetic component as well. Up to 65% of people with RLS have a family history of the condition, and there’s about an 80% correlation with identical twins. In other words, when one identical twin has RLS, there’s an 80% probability that the other twin also has symptoms.

• #82 10 Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) – Brain Body Well

  http://brainbodywell.com.au/10-causes-of-restless-leg-syndrome-rls/

  Interestingly, it appears that low „brain levels” of iron in particular, may play a key role in restless leg syndrome. […] Deficiencies in B vitamins such as folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and other B vitamins could play a role in exacerbating restless leg symptoms. […] Certain medications can exacerbate restless leg symptoms. […] Research has found that restless legs symptoms are more common in women. […] One theory is that estrogen dominance, which is defined as higher levels of estrogen relative to progesterone, might play a role in triggering symptoms. […] Least surprising of all, stress can play a big role in triggering restless leg syndrome.

• #83 Restless Legs Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome

  RLS can develop at any age, however it most often begins in middle age. The condition occurs in men and women but is more common in women. […] In most cases, the cause of RLS is unknown. However, RLS often runs in families, and specific gene variants are associated with the condition. Low levels of iron in the brain also may be responsible for RLS. […] RLS also may be related to a dysfunction in the basal gangliaa part of the brain that controls movement. The basal ganglia uses a brain chemical called dopamine to produce smooth, purposeful muscle activity and movement. Disruption of dopamine levels in the brain frequently results in involuntary movements. People with Parkinsons disease have an increased risk of developing RLS. […] Certain medications may aggravate RLS symptoms, such as some anti-nausea drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants that increase serotonin, and some antihistamines.

• #84 Restless Leg Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/restless-legs-syndrome/

  The cause is unknown but people with a family history of RLS make up approximately 50% of cases, and people with low iron levels or anaemia, chronic diseases such as kidney failure, diabetes, Parkinsons disease, and peripheral neuropathy, some pregnant women in their last trimester and people taking certain medications such as anti-nausea, anti-seizure, and antipsychotic drugs, and some cold and allergy medications appear to be more likely to suffer from RLS. […] RLS can affect anyone of any age, although the disorder is more common with increasing age. […] In general, however, symptoms become more severe over time.

• #85 Causes and Risk Factors For Restless Legs Syndrome – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-and-risk-factors-for-restless-legs-syndrome/

  Restless legs syndrome is more common in the elderly, with 10-35% or sufferers being above the age of 65. […] Although restless legs syndrome is not associated with any serious medical conditions, some underlying conditions are known to make symptoms worse or can trigger the symptoms. These include: […] Diabetes, which can cause nerve damage to hands and feet and worsen RLS symptoms […] Iron deficiency can affect the synthesis of dopamine in the body, which can cause RLS […] Kidney failure can cause iron deficiency, which in turn leads to more severe RLS symptoms […] Spinal cord conditions, such as slipped disc, spinal cord lesions and pinched nerves […] Parkinsons disease – RLS can be a symptom of this disease, alongside weakness and decreased mobility in other limbs […] Underactive thyroid – this can worsen RLS symptoms

• #86 Restless Legs Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Sleepopolis

  https://sleepopolis.com/education/restless-leg-syndrome/

  Because RLS symptoms get worse at night, sufferers often find it difficult to fall and stay asleep. RLS tends to occur during early stages of sleep, increasing the risk of sleep-onset insomnia and/or frequent awakening before deep sleep has occurred. […] RLS is less common among African and Asian populations, suggesting that the disorder likely involves genetics, and possibly environment or diet.

• #87 Restless Legs Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430878/

  There are 2 types of RLS, primary and secondary. […] Commonly, RLS is a primary central nervous system disorder. This idiopathic disease may be familial in 25-75% of patients. […] In familial cases, RLS is observed to have autosomal dominant or recessive patterns. […] Patients with a familial type of RLS tend to present earlier ( 45 years) with slower disease progression. […] In some familial cases, a progressively decreasing age of onset in successive generations has been described ie, genetic anticipation. […] Psychiatric factors, stress, and fatigue may also exacerbate symptoms of RLS. […] Secondary RLS can occur secondary to some disorders, including: Iron deficiency, End-stage renal disease, Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatic disease, Venous insufficiency, Peripheral neuropathy, Folate or magnesium deficiency, Amyloidosis, Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Fibromyalgia, Celiac disease. […] Medications have been known to cause or exacerbate the symptoms of RLS. […] RLS has been observed in 25-50% of patients with end-stage renal disease; the symptoms in these patients are typically worse during hemodialysis. […] RLS may resolve after kidney transplantation.

• #88 Restless Legs Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Sleepopolis

  https://sleepopolis.com/education/restless-leg-syndrome/

  RLS that begins before age 45 is considered early-onset. RLS after 45 is late-onset. Early-onset RLS may begin in the teenage years or earlier, and typically has a strong genetic component. Late-onset RLS occurs in middle age, and is often a secondary condition caused by other medical issues, medications, or nervous system disorders. […] The uncomfortable sensations characteristic of RLS are divided into two categories: Paresthesias and Dysethesias. Paresthesias are sensations that are not generally considered painful, such as tingling, chill feelings, prickling, or numbness. Dysethesias are usually felt to be painful, and include burning, unrelieved itching, pins and needles, and electric shock sensations. […] RLS often occurs in conjunction with other irregular movements called Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep, or PLMS. More than 80% of people with RLS may have PMLS, as well.

• #89 Restless Legs Syndrome – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/restless-legs-syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease is a neurological and sleep-related malady. The exact cause of RLS varies from person to person. […] Lack of dopamine. Restless legs syndrome is related to basal ganglia, which uses dopamine neurotransmitters to control your movement. Dopamine deficiency can affect the function of basal ganglia, leading to the condition. […] Early Onset RLS refers to RLS symptoms that first appear before the age of 45. It is usually caused by genetic disorders or iron deficiency, particularly from heavy menstruation or pregnancy. […] Late Onset RLS occurs after age 45. It can progress quickly and can be associated with other medical conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinsons disease. […] Medical issues, such as anemia, kidney disease, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, or pregnancy. […] Other possible triggers include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, stress, or lack of sleep.

• #90 Restless Legs Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Sleepopolis

  https://sleepopolis.com/education/restless-leg-syndrome/

  RLS that begins before age 45 is considered early-onset. RLS after 45 is late-onset. Early-onset RLS may begin in the teenage years or earlier, and typically has a strong genetic component. Late-onset RLS occurs in middle age, and is often a secondary condition caused by other medical issues, medications, or nervous system disorders. […] The uncomfortable sensations characteristic of RLS are divided into two categories: Paresthesias and Dysethesias. Paresthesias are sensations that are not generally considered painful, such as tingling, chill feelings, prickling, or numbness. Dysethesias are usually felt to be painful, and include burning, unrelieved itching, pins and needles, and electric shock sensations. […] RLS often occurs in conjunction with other irregular movements called Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep, or PLMS. More than 80% of people with RLS may have PMLS, as well.

• #91 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  A multifactorial understanding of the etiopathogenesis of RLS with regards to primary and secondary forms and its prevalence in comorbid conditions such as IPF, ESRD, IBS and ADHD have brought greater attention to the clinical relevance of this sensorimotor neurological disorder and in the development of rating scales such as IRLSSG. […] In this overview, the iron-dopamine hypothesis postulates that RLS involves a regional iron deficiency affecting the neurotransmission of dopamine in the brain subcortical area, and/or by genetic factors affecting the iron metabolism in the brain.

• #92 Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.11108

  A multifactorial understanding of the etiopathogenesis of RLS with regards to primary and secondary forms and its prevalence in comorbid conditions such as IPF, ESRD, IBS and ADHD have brought greater attention to the clinical relevance of this sensorimotor neurological disorder and in the development of rating scales such as IRLSSG. […] In this overview, the iron-dopamine hypothesis postulates that RLS involves a regional iron deficiency affecting the neurotransmission of dopamine in the brain subcortical area, and/or by genetic factors affecting the iron metabolism in the brain.

• #93 Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments for Restless Legs Syndrome | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/restless-legs/research-protocol

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease is a neurological disorder that causes unpleasant or painful sensations within the legs and a distressing, irresistible urge to move the legs. RLS is believed to be idiopathic or primary RLS, or secondary to other conditions such as iron deficiency, end-stage renal disease and pregnancy. Secondary RLS often starts later in life, is associated with more rapid progression than idiopathic RLS, and is often resolved when the underlying condition is treated. […] RLS encompasses a broad range of condition severity. Pharmacologic treatment is necessary only for those for whom the disease significantly impacts quality of life. For individuals with mild or moderate symptoms, the risks/benefits of therapy are unclear. […] Substantial uncertainty exists about the long-term benefits and harms of treatments for RLS. Most of what we know about the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for RLS comes from short-term clinical trials. Yet, the disease is chronic, often requiring life-long treatment.

Zobacz więcej