Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Synthesis of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3204316/

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has gained considerable attention in the recent years: nearly 50 community-based studies have been published in the last decade around the world. […] In community-based surveys, RLS has been studied as: (1) a symptom only, (2) a set of symptoms meeting minimal diagnostic criteria of the IRLSSG, (3) meeting minimal criteria accompanied with a specific frequency and/or severity, and (4) a differential diagnosis. […] In all instances, RLS prevalence is higher in women than in men. It also increases with age in European and North American countries but not in Asian countries. […] Overall, individuals with RLS have a poorer health than non-RLS but evidence for specific disease associations is mixed. […] In the last 10 years, there has been a surge in the evaluation of RLS in the general population.

• #2 The global and regional prevalence of restless legs syndrome among adults: A systematic review and modelling analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11156251/

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent neuro-sensory disorder that impairs quality of life. […] In this systematic review and modelling study, we estimated the global and regional prevalence of RLS and its associated factors. […] The global RLS prevalence in 2019 was estimated to be 7.12% (95% confidence interval (CI)=5.159.76) among adults 2079 years of age, equating to 356.07 million (95% CI=257.61488.09) affected individuals. […] Prevalence was similar in H-SDI (7.29%; 95% CI=5.0410.41) and LM-SDI (7.10%; 95% CI=5.169.70) regions, with the majority of cases in LM-SDI countries (323.06 million; 90.73%). […] Factors positively associated with RLS included advanced age (OR=1.13; 95% CI=1.041.24), smoking (OR=1.46; 95% CI=1.291.64), depression (OR=1.71; 95% CI=1.262.32), and diabetes (OR=1.54; 95% CI=1.191.97).

• #3 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  According to one systematic review and meta-analysis, the overall pooled prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in the general adult population is 3%. […] Studies estimate that the global prevalence of RLS is approximately 7.12%. The highest prevalence rates are found in European regions, while African countries report lower rates. This prevalence translates to roughly 356 million individuals affected globally. […] Although RLS becomes more prevalent with age, it has a variable age of onset and can occur in children. In patients with severe RLS, 33-40% had their first symptom before the age of 20 years, although the precise diagnosis of RLS was made much later. RLS usually progresses slowly to daily symptoms and severe disruption of sleep after age 50 years. Individuals with familial RLS tend to have onset of symptoms before age 45 years.

• #4 Prevalence and associated comorbidities of restless legs syndrome (RLS): Data from a large population-based door-to-door survey on 19176 adults in Tehran, Iran | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172593

  In total, 1580 individuals were positively screened for RLS resulting in a standardized prevalence rate of 60.0/1000. […] Prevalence of RLS has been estimated to vary between 3.9% and 14.3% in general populations and generally increases by age. […] Our findings showed that neuro-cognitive co-morbidities such as parkinsonism, peripheral neuropathy, SCI, acting out dreams and hyposmia as well as cardio-metabolic risk factors and diseases were independent determinants of RLS. […] To our knowledge, our study is the first population-based door-to-door survey to estimate the prevalence of RLS in Iran, in which 19176 individuals were screened using the minimal criteria of the IRLSSG. […] Our results are aligned with those of a recent systematic review concluding that cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, migraine, and PD might associate with RLS according to current literature.

• #5 Epidemiology of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Synthesis of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3204316/

  Prevalence estimates of RLS were obtained using either 1) a single question, 2) diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) in 1995 or the revised diagnostic criteria published in 2003 or 3) diagnostic criteria such as ICSD criteria. […] In studies where IRLSSG criteria were used without differential diagnoses, with comparable age ranges (i.e., from 18-20 years old up to 70 years or higher) and including both genders; prevalences ranged between 5.0% and 14.3%. […] In primary care studies, when the frequency of RLS symptoms was set to at least two times per week with moderate to severe distress or negative impact, prevalence rates dropped by more than half, ranging between 3.4% and 9.0%. […] Many studies have reported a higher prevalence of RLS among women than in men.

• #6 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Restless Legs Syndrome – touchNEUROLOGY

  https://touchneurology.com/movement-disorders/journal-articles/epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-restless-legs-syndrome-2/

  Any degree of RLS symptoms was experienced by 11.9% of respondents, 9.6% had at least weekly symptoms, and 551 (2.4% of total respondents, 3.4% of respondents with complete data) had at least twice-weekly symptoms and endorsed a negative impact on QOL. […] Prevalence estimates derived from primary care patients may overestimate general population prevalence because older and sicker persons are over-represented. […] International variations in the prevalence of RLS and the genetic and sociocultural differences that may account for this variation remain poorly understood. […] In summary, symptoms of RLS are quite common, and the population prevalence of RLS severe enough to cause impairment in QOL and warrant medical treatment is probably about 23%. […] Many epidemiological studies have found some degree of female predominance among RLS sufferers, but reported female-male ratios vary from one to three.

• #7 Epidemiology of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Synthesis of the Literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3204316/

  RLS is the most common movement disorder occurring during pregnancy. […] RLS prevalence appears to remain unchanged with age in men and in women. […] Overall, it is difficult to have a clear image of the prevalence of RLS around the world. However, so far, it appears that Asian countries have a lower prevalence of RLS than European and North American countries. […] RLS prevalence in women is approximately double that of men across all populations and ages.

• #8 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/neurology/restless-legs-syndrome/epidemiology

  in the white Caucasian population, adult prevalence figures for restless legs syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movements range between 5 and 29 per cent (1) […] with reference to the MEMO study results, it is likely to be in excess of five million people in the UK who have RLS (1,2) […] in the United States and Northern Europe around 7 to 10% of the general population are diagnosed with RLS (3) […] prevalence and disease severity seems to increase with age (3) […] the incidence is higher in women (3) […] RLS presents mostly in middle age – however onset occurs before the age of 20 in up to 43 per cent of adult cases (1) […] many patients will have a mild form of RLS […] however in some the symptoms may be very severe – these patients will often request and need treatment.

• #9 Restless legs syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome

  RLS affects an estimated 2.515% of the American population. […] A minority (around 2.7% of the population) experience daily or severe symptoms. […] RLS is twice as common in women as in men, and Caucasians are more prone to RLS than people of African descent. […] RLS occurs in 3% of individuals from the Mediterranean or Middle Eastern regions, and in 15% of those from East Asia, indicating that different genetic or environmental factors, including diet, may play a role in the prevalence of this syndrome. […] RLS diagnosed at an older age runs a more severe course. […] RLS is even more common in individuals with iron deficiency, pregnancy, or end-stage kidney disease. […] The National Sleep Foundation’s 1998 Sleep in America poll showed that up to 25 percent of pregnant women developed RLS during the third trimester.

• #10 The level of knowledge about restless legs syndrome in the population that apply to primary health care services | 2022, Cilt 25 – Sayı 2-3 | Parkinson Hastalığı ve Hareket Bozuklukları Dergisi

  https://parkinson.org.tr/tur/tam-metin/92

  The prevalence of RLS varies regionally. Its prevalence is between 5 and 12% in the European population, 1 and 8% in Central Asian countries, and less than 1% in African countries. […] The prevalence of RLS in Trkiye has been reported to be between 2.5 and 7%. […] Studies related to awareness of RLS in Trkiye are lacking or limited. Hence, the purpose of our study was to determine the level of awareness of RLS in individuals admitted to primary health care services. […] Despite the low rates of awareness, the rate of the patients who answered Yes to all four questions of IRLSSG diagnostic criteria was 28.1%. […] In conclusion, even though there are many studies focusing on determining the prevalence of RLS, the number of studies on awareness is low.

• #11 Syndrome des jambes sans repos — Wikipédia

  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_des_jambes_sans_repos

  La prvalence est estime entre 3,9 % et 14,3 % de la population mondiale. […] En France, la prvalence de la maladie est de 8,5 %, dont la moiti en souffre au moins une fois par semaine, et 1,6 % des Franais en souffrent toutes les nuits. […] Les femmes (10,8 %) sont plus touches que les hommes (5,8 %). […] Le SJSR est rare dans les populations d’origine africaine et asiatique. […] Une prdisposition gntique a t suspecte devant la haute frquence des cas familiaux. […] Le risque dtre soi-mme atteint est 6 fois plus lev lorsqu’un membre de la famille est atteint. […] Une tude canadienne portant sur un nombre important de jumeaux a permis de mettre en vidence une concordance de 53,7 % entre jumeaux, l’hritabilit tant calcule pour sa part 69 %. […] Des frquences leves de SJSR ont t rapportes dans nombre de maladies et cas de figure : linsuffisance rnale chronique au stade dialyse, au 3e trimestre de la grossesse, baisse de fer par malabsorption, hmorragie gyncologique ou digestive, chirurgie en cas de maladie hpatique, maladies inflammatoires, neurologiques et cardiovasculaires.

• #12 The Real Burden of Restless Legs Syndrome: Clinical and Economic Outcomes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/a409_12oct_salas_s207

  The RLS Epidemiology, Symptoms, and Treatment (REST) General Population study found the prevalence of RLS approximately 2 to 3 times more common in women depending on severity of symptoms which was roughly consistent with the Innes findings. […] Other demographic risk factors for RLS have been identified in epidemiologic studies. […] Underdiagnosis of RLS is common, with only 41% of those requiring medical treatment actually receiving an RLS diagnosis; less than one-third of those experiencing frequent RLS symptoms receive an appropriate diagnosis. […] In addition to underdiagnosis, misdiagnosis is common. […] RLS has, in recent years, become the subject of intensifying study as the prevalence of RLS and the seriousness of an RLS diagnosis are becoming better recognized. […] The economic impact of RLS has been somewhat, if not extensively, studied; unfortunately, few such studies have been undertaken in the United States. […] RLS expenditures, while not extraordinarily high, certainly represent meaningful expenditures both directly and indirectly. […] The full economic impact of not treating RLS has not been satisfactorily evaluated at present.

• #13 (PDF) Epidemiology and clinical findings of restless legs syndrome

  https://www.academia.edu/13648339/Epidemiology_and_clinical_findings_of_restless_legs_syndrome

  The prevalence of RLS was 10.6% (14.2% in women, 6.6% in men); 33.8% of all patients with RLS had mild, 44.6% had moderate, and 21.6% had severe disease expression. […] Epidemiological studies in restless legs syndrome (RLS) have often been limited by misdiagnosis and by the fact that affected individuals, even when their symptoms are severe, might not seek medical care. Some of these limitations have been overcome in the last years as population studies based on face to face interviews have been carried out with new standardized diagnostic criteria. According to these studies, and in contrast to earlier views, RLS has been shown to be a common disorder with prevalences ranging between 2.5 and 10% of the population.

• #14 Restless Legs Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188327-overview

  Women are affected more commonly than men, in a ratio of almost 2:1. The increased risk of RLS in women is thought to be related to parity; nulliparous women have the same risk of developing RLS that age-matched men do. […] RLS has a lower prevalence in Asia and Africa, as well as among Hispanic populations. It affects Blacks less commonly than Whites; this applies even to secondary RLS caused by hemodialysis.

• #15 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Restless Legs Syndrome – touchNEUROLOGY

  https://touchneurology.com/movement-disorders/journal-articles/epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-restless-legs-syndrome-2/

  Population-based studies have found an increasing prevalence of RLS with age. […] Racial differences in RLS have not been completely explored. […] RLS is encountered with greater than expected frequency in several general medical conditions, and the RLS occurring in these conditions is often referred to as secondary RLS. […] The most well-established secondary causes of RLS are renal failure, iron deficiency, and pregnancy. […] In the REST population, 65% of respondents with clinically significant RLS (at least twice-weekly symptoms) reported seeking medical attention for their symptoms within the preceding 12 months. […] The proportion of RLS patients with an affected first-degree relative has consistently been found to be higher than would be expected by chance alone, suggesting an inherited susceptibility to disease. […] The basic pathophysiological mechanisms of RLS remain poorly understood. […] RLS is a common disorder and likely causes significant morbidity in about 2% of the population.

• #16 Restless Legs Syndrome: A Common, Underdiagnosed Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/restless-legs-syndrome-a-common-underdiagnosed-disorder

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder of the central nervous system. […] Epidemiologic studies report that 7.2% to 11% of the general population in Europe and North America suffers from some form of RLS. […] In the United States alone, RLS is believed to affect more than 10 million adults and an estimated 1.5 million children and adolescents, with similar rates between boys and girls. […] Women are approximately twice as susceptible to RLS as men (9% vs. 5.4%). […] RLS is more common in older adults, but after age 79 its incidence tends to decrease. […] Clinically significant RLS cases exist in 2.7% to 3 % of the population. […] Despite its high prevalence, this syndrome remains underdiagnosed and troubling for many patients.

• #17 (PDF) Epidemiology and clinical findings of restless legs syndrome

  https://www.academia.edu/13648339/Epidemiology_and_clinical_findings_of_restless_legs_syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder characterized by discomfort of and urge to move the legs, primarily during rest or inactivity, partial or total relief with movement, with presence or worsening exclusively in the evening. It is a relatively common but frequently unrecognized disorder, with a prevalence ranging from 2.5 to 15% of the general population, increasing with age and with a female preponderance. […] Recent epidemiologic analyses of different populations, applying the International Diagnostic Criteria for RLS, have provided more detailed information and a prevalence rate ranging from 5 to 15% of the general population. […] The prevalence of secondary RLS among comorbid conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, end-stage renal disease, irritable bowel syndrome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have further elucidated our understanding of the role of the iron-dopamine hypothesis as an etiopathogenetic hallmark in RLS.

• #18 Restless legs syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome

  Poor general health is also linked. […] There are several risk factors for RLS, including old age, family history, and uremia. […] The prevalence of RLS tends to increase with age, as well as its severity and longer duration of symptoms. […] People with uremia receiving renal dialysis have a prevalence from 20% to 57%, while those having kidney transplant improve compared to those treated with dialysis. […] RLS can occur at all ages but usually begins in the third or fourth decade. […] Genomewide association studies have now identified 19 risk loci associated with RLS. […] Neurological conditions linked to RLS include Parkinson’s disease, spinal cerebellar atrophy, spinal stenosis, lumbosacral radiculopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2.

• #19 The prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome on patients with iron deficiency anemia – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/The-prevalence-and-impact-of-restless/9984354040302771

  Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) a common, under-recognized disorder disrupts sleep and diminishes quality of life. […] Despite a clear relation between low peripheral iron and increased prevalence and severity of RLS, the prevalence and clinical significance of RLS in iron-deficient anemic (IDA) populations is unknown. […] The prevalence of clinically significant RLS (RLS sufferers) was 23.9%, nine times higher than the general population. […] Clinically significant RLS occurs commonly with IDA producing much greater disruption of sleep and shorter sleep times than does IDA alone. […] This indicates the need for identification of RLS with IDA and consideration of appropriate therapeutic interventions for this sizeable subgroup: either aggressive iron treatment to reduce the RLS symptoms or medications for RLS or both.

• #20 Large genome-wide association study identifies three novel risk variants for restless legs syndrome | Communications Biology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01430-1

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological sensorimotor disorder often described as an unpleasant sensation associated with an urge to move the legs. […] The prevalence ranges from 5 to 18.8% in European populations with approximately 2 to 3% of the general population thought to benefit from medical treatments that ameliorate symptoms. […] A variety of modifiable health and lifestyle risk factors that accompany or aggravate RLS have been reported, including obesity, smoking, high alcohol intake, and sedentary lifestyle. […] This study confirms 19 of the 20 previously reported RLS sequence variants at 19 loci and identifies three novel RLS-associated variants. […] Finally, investigating traits associated with polygenic risk score for RLS, this study confirms and adds to prior epidemiological findings by implicating among other factors obesity, smoking and high alcohol intake as lifestyle risk factors for RLS. […] RLS is a complex polygenic sensorimotor disorder strongly influenced by lifestyle. This study increases the number of known independent RLS-associated genes to 23 in 22 loci, and cis-eQTL highlights genes at four of the loci giving more insights into RLS etiology.

• #21 Research lecture to examine risk factors of Parkinson’s, restless legs syndrome | Penn State University

  https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/research-lecture-examine-risk-factors-parkinsons-restless-legs-syndrome

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) causes the overwhelming urge to move ones legs and can be very uncomfortable. RLS typically occurs when people are resting and is considered a sleep disorder. […] Additionally, we wanted to understand whether people with RLS have increased risk of other diseases, said Gao. We found that individuals with RLS, particularly those with severe symptoms, had a higher risk of major chronic diseases, including erectile dysfunction, Parkinsons disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and suicidality. We also found that obesity and physical inactivity are associated with a higher future risk of RLS. RLS could be of clinical and public health significance, and its unfavorable effects on health could be alleviated by modifying ones lifestyle.

• #22 Restless Legs Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0715/p235.html

  Restless legs syndrome is a common neurologic movement disorder that affects approximately 10 percent of adults. Of those affected with this condition, approximately one third have symptoms severe enough to require medical therapy. […] The prevalence of RLS increases with age, although approximately one third of patients with RLS first experience symptoms before 18 years of age. RLS is more common in females. […] RLS has a negative impact on quality of life. Individuals with RLS are more likely to be depressed or anxious. […] In a study of the prevalence of RLS, approximately 30 percent of individuals with RLS had symptoms that would be classified as moderate to severe.

• #23 Comparative Effectiveness of Treatments for Restless Legs Syndrome | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/restless-legs/research-protocol

  Prevalence estimates for RLS range from 3 to 10 percent, and are higher for women and older people. Different approaches to diagnosing RLS and defining its severity lead to the large variance in prevalence estimates, as does the fact that many RLS questionnaires do not account for individuals with other conditions with similar symptoms (e.g. neuropathies, pain syndromes). […] RLS is believed to be idiopathic or primary RLS, or secondary to other conditions such as iron deficiency, end-stage renal disease and pregnancy. Secondary RLS often starts later in life, is associated with more rapid progression than idiopathic RLS, and is often resolved when the underlying condition is treated. […] RLS has a wide spectrum of disease severity. Patients with mild RLS may experience its symptoms as only a minor annoyance. However, severe RLS can have a crippling impact on quality of life. It can prevent participation in occupational or social activities, and reduce function and emotional well-being. RLS-induced sleep disruption may lead to poor daytime functioning, anxiety, and depression. Indeed, sleep deprivation and daytime fatigue are the most common reasons RLS patients seek treatment.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11136-006-9142-8

  To quantify the total and unique burden of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) on patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL). […] The burden of RLS was greater on physical than on mental/emotional HRQoL (physical and mental summary scores were 1.08 and 0.40 SD below norm, respectively), and greater than that observed for type-2 diabetes. […] After controlling for the impact of age, gender, and disease comorbidity, RLS was associated with unique burden on both physical and mental aspects of HRQoL.

• #25 Restless legs syndrome and functional limitations among American elders in the Health and Retirement Study | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-12-39

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common condition associated with decreased quality of life in older adults. This study estimates the prevalence, risk factors, and functional correlates of among U.S. elders. […] The prevalence of RLS among U.S. elders born before 1947 was 10.6%. […] RLS did not predict incident disability for aggregate measures but was associated with increased risk for specific limitations, including: difficulty climbing several stair flights, prolonged sitting, rising from a chair, stooping, moving heavy objects, carrying ten pounds, raising arms, or picking up a dime. […] RLS sufferers are more likely to have functional disability, even after adjusting for health status and pain syndrome correlates. […] This population-based sample of U.S. elders confirms that restless legs syndrome is common, with 10.6% of our sample meeting the operational definition of weekly RLS symptoms, and potentially disabling.

• #26 Restless legs syndrome and functional limitations among American elders in the Health and Retirement Study | BMC Geriatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-12-39

  Among those reporting RLS symptoms, fewer than half sought medical care. […] This study identifies associations between RLS and disability using valid functional limitation measures. […] RLS predicted functional decline in multiple domains, which suggests an impact on subjects abilities to work and live independently.

• #27 Algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome in primary care | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-11-28

  Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 3-10%. in European studies. However, the diagnosis of RLS in primary care remains low and mistreatment is common. […] Given the high prevalence of RLS, the diagnosis of this disorder should occur principally in the primary care setting. Unfortunately this is not the case as identification of RLS in primary care occurs with substantial difficulties. Furthermore, RLS is mismanaged despite the recent publication of evidence-based guidelines on its treatment. […] Despite the high prevalence of RLS and the high percentage of RLS sufferers with symptoms that impact on activities of daily living, RLS remains underdiagnosed and also misdiagnosed–as skin irritation, arthritis, malingering, and venous disorders in adults, and as growing pains or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children–which consequently leads to many sufferers having to wait several years before a correct diagnosis is made, this is especially the case for patients who have chronic RLS that began in childhood.

• #28 Algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome in primary care | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-11-28

  In a German population-based survey the overall prevalence of a known doctor diagnosis of RLS was 2.3%, the ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed RLS was 1:3. […] In a French study only 5.3% of RLS sufferers received a diagnosis of RLS despite the fact that 53% of the sample had consulted their doctor with RLS symptoms; 60% of RLS sufferers had received a previous vascular diagnosis mainly related to venous disease. […] In the REST primary care study performed in the USA and five European countries, 64.8% of sufferers reported consulting a physician about their RLS symptoms, of these only 58% received any diagnosis, while 12.9% were given a diagnosis of RLS; the general practitioner reported that only 37.9% of these RLS sufferers had consulted for RLS symptoms. […] The diagnosis of RLS necessitates that the physician is aware of the disorder and its variety of symptoms. When there is a lack of awareness about what exactly RLS is, then the probability of misdiagnosis is more likely.

• #29 Prevalence and Awareness of Restless Leg Syndrome in Medical Students and Associated Self Reported Sleep Problems – Turkish Journal of Sleep Medicine

  https://jtsm.org/articles/prevalence-and-awareness-of-restless-leg-syndrome-in-medical-students-and-associated-self-reported-sleep-problems/doi/jtsm.galenos.2023.78908

  Awareness did not differ between third- and fourth-year medical students. In the group with awareness, RLS symptoms were more frequent either in themselves or in their relatives than those with less awareness. This may be interpreted as the presence of RLS symptoms have alerted the students to learning more about RLS. […] Awareness and knowledge about RLS was quite low among our participants, and this supports the results of the studies conducted with other medical students.

• #30 A Case of Restless Legs Syndrome in the Setting of Long-Term Care and Dementia | Faucher | Journal of Medical Cases

  https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/901/499

  Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder that physicians frequently encounter in an outpatient clinic. […] Its prevalence increases with age to affect over 19% of people older than 80 years. […] RLS is often seen in long-term care patients. […] Dementia is also extremely common in long-term care settings, with prevalence in residents 65 years and older recently measured at 45% for men, and 52 % for women. […] In patients with dementia, having RLS as a comorbidity has been associated with nocturnal agitation behavior. […] Current diagnostic criteria for RLS require patient reports of subjective symptoms. […] Patients with dementia and concurrent RLS have been previously shown to be incapable of reliably answering questions during an RLS diagnostic interview. […] These circumstances suggest that numerous patients with dementia and RLS are at-risk of delayed diagnosis and treatment, exacerbating their sleep disruption and cognitive difficulties, and leading to a decreased quality of life.

• #31 Restless legs syndrome

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/restless-legs-syndrome

  The onset and severity of RLS increases with age, and the condition occurs twice as more commonly in women, although the risks are equivalent between men and nulliparous women, indicating pregnancy is a significant contributor. […] Renal failure leading to dialysis is a significant risk factor for RLS, and the presence of RLS in patients on dialysis is associated with higher mortality in this population. […] Interestingly, although kidney transplants reverse RLS within days to weeks, dialysis has not been shown to improve the symptom burden significantly.

• #32 The global and regional prevalence of restless legs syndrome among adults: A systematic review and modelling analysis — JOGH

  https://jogh.org/2024/jogh-14-04113/

  The global and regional prevalence of restless legs syndrome among adults: A systematic review and modelling analysis […] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent neuro-sensory disorder that impairs quality of life. In this systematic review and modelling study, we estimated the global and regional prevalence of RLS and its associated factors. […] We searched PubMed, Embase, and Medline for population-based studies on RLS prevalence published up to 12 November 2023. […] From 52 articles across 23 countries, the global RLS prevalence in 2019 was estimated to be 7.12% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.15–9.76) among adults 20–79 years of age, equating to 356.07 million (95% CI = 257.61–488.09) affected individuals. […] A considerable global burden of RLS exists. Effective strategies are needed to increase awareness and optimise resource allocation to address this often-overlooked condition. High-quality epidemiological investigations employing standardised and rigorous criteria for RLS are essential for addressing RLS burden more effectively. […] The prevalence of RLS in the general population needs to be determined, with highlights on variations across different socio-demographic features. […] While recent efforts by Broström et al. have estimated a synthesised global RLS prevalence of 3% among the general population worldwide, significant uncertainties persist due to methodological heterogeneity in study designs (cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control), diagnostic criteria (IRLSS 2003, IRLSS 1995, and others), and participant age groups (adults and elderly). […] In light of these considerations, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and modelling analysis of epidemiological studies that have investigated the prevalence of RLS in the general population. […] Our estimated prevalence is more than double that reported in the prior meta-analysis by Broström et al. (7.12% vs 3%). […] The substantial variability in reported RLS prevalence across age groups underscores the imperative for age-specific prevalence estimations. […] Factors such as advanced age, smoking, depression, and diabetes were identified as positively associated with RLS. […] The highest prevalence of RLS among individuals aged 20–79 years was observed in EUR, with the lowest prevalence noted in AFR, a variation likely influenced by the demographic structures in those regions. […] The large and increasing burden of RLS highlights that RLS should not remain a neglected health issue and more efforts to improve prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of RLS should be strengthened, as should awareness of the disease among health care providers and the general public.

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