Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nephrotic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. […] The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems. […] Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include: Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet, Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine, Weight gain due to fluid retention, Fatigue, Loss of appetite. […] Nephrotic syndrome can increase your risk of infections and blood clots. […] Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include: Blood clots, High blood cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides, Poor nutrition, High blood pressure, Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, Infections.

• #2 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatments, Causes, & Symptoms – American Kidney Fund (AKF)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/nephrotic-syndrome-treatments-causes-symptoms

  Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that show that your kidneys are not working as well as they should. These symptoms include too much protein in your urine, not enough protein in your blood, too much fat or cholesterol in your blood and swelling. […] You may not know that you have nephrotic syndrome until you have routine blood and urine tests at a doctor’s appointment. The results of your tests can show that you have too much protein in your urine, not enough protein in your blood, or too much fat or cholesterol in your blood. Signs of nephrotic syndrome that you may notice are: Swelling in your legs, feet, ankles and sometimes face and hands, Weight gain, Feeling very tired, Foamy or bubbly urine, Not feeling hungry. […] When you have nephrotic syndrome, an important protein called albumin leaks into your urine instead of getting filtered by the kidneys as it should. Albumin helps your body get rid of extra fluid. When you do not have enough albumin in your blood, fluid can build up in your body, causing swelling in your legs, feet and ankles.

• #3 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome causes your kidneys to release too much protein in your urine. Symptoms include swelling, high amounts of protein in your urine and low amounts of protein in your blood. […] Common nephrotic syndrome symptoms include: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of the protein albumin in your pee (albuminuria). High fat and cholesterol levels in your blood (hyperlipidemia). Swelling (edema), usually in your legs, feet or ankles. Swelling may also occur in your hands or face. Low levels of albumin in your blood (hypoalbuminemia). Loss of appetite. Feeling unwell or sick. Abdominal pain (pain anywhere from your ribs to your pelvis). Foamy pee. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a serious condition. Without treatment, nephrotic syndrome can affect your life expectancy due to secondary complications. […] With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outcome for people with nephrotic syndrome is good. Most people respond well to treatment, and nephrotic syndrome often goes into remission.

• #4 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria responsible for hypoalbuminemia, with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. […] The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is the swelling of the face which then progresses to the entire body. Adults may present with dependent edema. Other common features are fatigue and loss of appetite. […] The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population is usually swelling on the face. This is followed by edema of the entire body. Adult patients can present with dependent edema. Frothy urine may be a presenting symptom. Tiredness and lack of appetite are common features. […] Edema is the most prominent feature of nephrotic syndrome, and in the beginning, it develops around the eyes and legs. Over time, the edema becomes generalized and leads to increasing weight and the development of ascites or pleural effusions.

• #5 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Nephrotic syndrome is the combination of nephrotic-range proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema. Nephrotic syndrome may affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race. The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in children is usually swelling of the face; this is followed by swelling of the entire body. Adults can present with dependent edema. Fatigue and loss of appetite are common symptoms. […] The prognosis for patients with primary nephrotic syndrome depends on its cause. Infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome have a dismal prognosis: survival beyond several months is possible only with dialysis and kidney transplantation. Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome generally have an excellent prognosis. The majority of these cases (90%) are steroid sensitive and approximately a quarter of these children will have no further exacerbations after completing the initial course of therapy.

• #6 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome causes your kidneys to release too much protein in your urine. Symptoms include swelling, high amounts of protein in your urine and low amounts of protein in your blood. […] Common nephrotic syndrome symptoms include: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of the protein albumin in your pee (albuminuria). High fat and cholesterol levels in your blood (hyperlipidemia). Swelling (edema), usually in your legs, feet or ankles. Swelling may also occur in your hands or face. Low levels of albumin in your blood (hypoalbuminemia). Loss of appetite. Feeling unwell or sick. Abdominal pain (pain anywhere from your ribs to your pelvis). Foamy pee. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a serious condition. Without treatment, nephrotic syndrome can affect your life expectancy due to secondary complications. […] With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outcome for people with nephrotic syndrome is good. Most people respond well to treatment, and nephrotic syndrome often goes into remission.

• #7 Nephrotic syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000490.htm

  Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms and abnormal test results that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, increased blood clot risk, and swelling. […] Swelling (edema) is the most common symptom. It may occur: In the face and around the eyes (facial swelling), In the arms and legs, especially in the feet and ankles, In the belly area (swollen abdomen). […] Other symptoms include: Skin rash or sores, Foamy appearance of the urine, Poor appetite, Weight gain (unintentional) from fluid retention, Seizures. […] The outcome varies. Some people recover from the condition. Others develop long-term kidney disease and need dialysis and eventually a kidney transplant.

• #8 Nephrotic syndrome in adults: symptoms and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/nephrotic-syndrome-in-adults-symptoms-and-management

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a rare, serious and debilitating kidney condition, caused by a range of different diseases that damage the glomeruli. […] Damage to the glomeruli allows proteins, such as albumin, to pass through into the nephron tubules and be lost in urine, giving rise to three clinical features that define NS: Proteinuria (defined as loss of >3.5g of protein in urine over 24 hours); Hypoalbuminaemia (<30g/L of albumin in the blood); Peripheral oedema. [...] Oedema (i.e. swelling in the body owing to fluid accumulation) is the major clinical manifestation of NS. It is caused by a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure from the urinary loss of albumin, which promotes the movement of fluid from the vascular space into the interstitium. [...] Progressive oedema, mainly observed in the lower limbs, periorbital (around the eyes), genital area and abdomen (ascites), is the typical presenting symptom of NS. [...] Urine may appear frothy owing to high concentrations of protein. [...] Fatigue and loss of appetite are also common symptoms, with others attributable to the complications of NS.

• #9 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria responsible for hypoalbuminemia, with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. […] The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is the swelling of the face which then progresses to the entire body. Adults may present with dependent edema. Other common features are fatigue and loss of appetite. […] The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population is usually swelling on the face. This is followed by edema of the entire body. Adult patients can present with dependent edema. Frothy urine may be a presenting symptom. Tiredness and lack of appetite are common features. […] Edema is the most prominent feature of nephrotic syndrome, and in the beginning, it develops around the eyes and legs. Over time, the edema becomes generalized and leads to increasing weight and the development of ascites or pleural effusions.

• #10 Nephrotic Syndrome In Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome

  Children with too much protein in their urine, sudden weight gain, and swelling in various body parts could have a condition called nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is also called nephrosis. Nephrotic syndrome happens when tiny structures in the kidneys called glomeruli stop working properly and let too much protein enter the kidneys. […] You may see swelling around your child’s eyes in the morning. Often, that’s the first sign. As time passes, the swelling may last all day, and you may see swelling in your child’s ankles, feet or belly. […] Nephrotic syndrome is almost always treatable, but the treatment depends on the cause. The treatment’s goal is to stop the loss of protein in the urine and increase the amount of urine passed from the body. […] Most children will have problems only with swelling. However, a child with the nephrotic syndrome can develop a serious infection in the belly or blood clots in the legs. Both of these require immediate medical attention.

• #11 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time. […] Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite.

• #12 Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1115/p1129.html

  Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia. […] Progressive lower extremity edema, weight gain, and fatigue are typical presenting symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. In advanced disease, patients may develop periorbital or genital edema, ascites, or pleural or pericardial effusion. […] Nephrotic-range proteinuria is typically defined as greater than 3 to 3.5 g of protein in a 24-hour urine collection; however, not all persons with this range of proteinuria have nephrotic syndrome. […] Low serum albumin levels (less than 2.5 g per dL [25 g per L]) and severe hyperlipidemia are also typical features of nephrotic syndrome. […] Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include venous thromboembolism caused by loss of clotting factors in the urine, infection caused by urinary loss of immunoglobulins, and acute renal failure. […] Acute renal failure is a rare, spontaneous complication of nephrotic syndrome. Although older persons, children, and those with more profound edema and proteinuria are at highest risk, there are many possible causes or contributing factors to acute renal failure in this setting.

• #13 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria responsible for hypoalbuminemia, with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. […] The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is the swelling of the face which then progresses to the entire body. Adults may present with dependent edema. Other common features are fatigue and loss of appetite. […] The first sign of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population is usually swelling on the face. This is followed by edema of the entire body. Adult patients can present with dependent edema. Frothy urine may be a presenting symptom. Tiredness and lack of appetite are common features. […] Edema is the most prominent feature of nephrotic syndrome, and in the beginning, it develops around the eyes and legs. Over time, the edema becomes generalized and leads to increasing weight and the development of ascites or pleural effusions.

• #14 What Is Nephrotic Syndrome?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nephrotic-syndrome-8670996

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by high cholesterol, low blood albumin (a type of protein), high protein in urine, and fluid overload in tissues. These can lead to symptoms like foamy urine, weight gain, puffy eyes, and swollen legs and feet. […] Nephrotic syndrome in adults and children is defined by four co-occurring conditions: Proteinuria: Too much protein in the urine, Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of a protein called albumin in your blood, Hyperlipidemia: High levels of cholesterol in your blood, Edema: The swelling of tissues due to the overload of fluid. […] These conditions together cause the symptoms commonly seen in people with nephrotic syndrome, including: Foamy urine, Puffy eyelids and face, Swollen legs, ankles, and feet, Loss of appetite, Fatigue, Weight gain due to fluid retention.

• #15 Nephrotic Syndrome – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/nephrotic-syndrome

  People feel tired and have tissue swelling (edema). […] Early symptoms include loss of appetite, a general feeling of illness (malaise), puffy eyelids and tissue swelling (edema) due to excess sodium and water retention, abdominal pain, and frothy urine. […] The abdomen may be swollen because of a large accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). Shortness of breath may develop because fluid accumulates in the space surrounding the lungs (pleural effusion). […] In children, blood pressure is generally low, and blood pressure may fall when the child stands up (orthostatic or postural hypotension). […] Urine production may decrease, and kidney failure (loss of most kidney function) may develop if the leakage of fluid from blood vessels into tissues depletes the liquid component of blood and the blood supply to the kidneys is diminished.

• #16 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Nephrotic syndrome symptoms and signs […] Symptoms of oedema: discomfort (abdominal, genital), increased work of breathing from pleural effusion. […] Symptoms of hypovolaemia/intravascular volume depletion: dizziness, abdominal cramps. […] Symptoms of infection: fever, nausea or vomiting, rash, abdominal pain. […] Some patients may notice frothiness of their urine. […] Hypercoagulability may manifest as venous or arterial thrombosis – eg, deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction. […] Patients may also report general fatigue, lethargy, poor appetite, weight gain (fluid associated) or weakness. […] Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome include: Oedema (oedema of dependent parts or generalised oedema are the main clinical findings): periorbital oedema (facial oedema may be found in children), lower limb oedema, oedema of the genitals, ascites. […] Breathlessness: pleural effusion (occasionally, severely hypoalbuminaemic people may have pleural effusions or ascites), fluid overload (high jugular venous pressure). […] Breathlessness with chest pain: pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction. […] Signs of hypovolaemia/intravascular volume depletion: tachycardia, cold peripheries, oliguria, reduced capillary refill time, hypotension (late sign). […] Dyslipidaemia: eruptive xanthomata, xanthelasmata. […] Signs of infection or systemic disease: eg, fever, rash, purpura, joint swelling. […] Muehrcke’s lines: multiple transverse white lines on the nail, which are associated with hypoalbuminaemia. They disappear on applying pressure, hence the term 'apparent leukonychia’ is also used to describe this finding.

• #17 Nephrotic Syndrome – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/nephrotic-syndrome

  People feel tired and have tissue swelling (edema). […] Early symptoms include loss of appetite, a general feeling of illness (malaise), puffy eyelids and tissue swelling (edema) due to excess sodium and water retention, abdominal pain, and frothy urine. […] The abdomen may be swollen because of a large accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). Shortness of breath may develop because fluid accumulates in the space surrounding the lungs (pleural effusion). […] In children, blood pressure is generally low, and blood pressure may fall when the child stands up (orthostatic or postural hypotension). […] Urine production may decrease, and kidney failure (loss of most kidney function) may develop if the leakage of fluid from blood vessels into tissues depletes the liquid component of blood and the blood supply to the kidneys is diminished.

• #18 Nephrotic syndrome: symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is the name given to a condition where large amounts of protein leak into the urine, causing fluid retention and swelling (oedema) most commonly around the eyes, abdomen, feet and legs. […] Swelling is the most noticeable symptom – especially around the eyes and face which can be worse first thing in the morning. Later in the day, fluid can collect in the fingers, legs and abdomen which can sometimes make you feel distended. The swelling is soft and will leave a temporary dent if you press on it. Some people can also feel breathless due to excess water around the lungs. […] Frothy urine can also occur as a result of protein leakage (proteinuria). […] If a person does not respond to treatment, after years of heavy protein leakage, the kidneys can eventually fail (this is known as end-stage kidney disease). This can then lead to the need for kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #19 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time. […] Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite.

• #20 Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p479.html

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) consists of peripheral edema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia, often with hyperlipidemia. Patients typically present with edema and fatigue, without evidence of heart failure or severe liver disease. […] New-onset edema, particularly in the lower extremities, is the most common presenting symptom of NS. Depending on disease severity, patients may have edema extending to the proximal lower extremities, lower abdomen, or genitalia. Ascites, periorbital edema, hypertension, and pleural effusion are also possible presenting features. Patients may report foamy urine, exertional dyspnea or fatigue, and significant fluid-associated weight gain. […] Acute kidney injury is considered a rare spontaneous complication of NS. It can coexist with NS when it is caused by the same factors that lead to edema and proteinuria, such as lupus nephritis and drug-induced interstitial nephritis.

• #21 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-nephrotic-syndrome

  There are four main symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. They are: […] This means you have too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome damages the filters, called glomeruli, that remove waste from your blood. Normally these filters keep protein in your body because your body needs it to work properly. Damaged filters allow protein to leak into your urine. […] This means you have high fat and cholesterol levels in your blood. Nephrotic syndrome causes hyperlipidemia by increasing the amount of fat and cholesterol produced in your liver and by slowing the rate at which your body removes these fatty substances. Having too much fat and cholesterol in your blood could increase your risk for heart disease. […] Nephrotic syndrome can cause swelling of your legs, feet, and ankles, and sometimes of your hands and face. The medical term for swelling is edema.

• #22 Kidneys – nephrotic syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidneys-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by the kidneys removing too much protein from the blood. […] The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include: foamy and frothy urine, unexplained weight loss, general malaise (feeling unwell), oedema (fluid retention or swelling), particularly around the abdomen (belly area), legs and eyes, muscle wasting, stomach pain, dizziness when standing up from a lying or sitting position (orthostatic hypotension), loss of appetite, fatigue. […] Treatment includes medications and dietary changes.

• #23 Nephrotic syndrome – symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is a condition that can be caused by many different diseases. […] If you have nephrotic syndrome the part of your kidney that filters your blood is damaged and this allows proteins to leak out of the blood and into the urine. […] Nephrotic syndrome causes swelling in your body it can affect the area around your eyes, feet, abdomen (tummy) and other places. […] Other symptoms include high blood pressure and frothy or bloody urine (wee). […] One of the most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome is fluid retention. This causes puffy eyes, a swollen abdomen (tummy), swollen ankles and feet, as well as weight gain. […] Other symptoms can include: frothy urine, blood in urine, feeling dizzy, anaemia causing tiredness or breathlessness. […] Nephrotic syndrome can lead to serious illness such as infections, blood clots and kidney failure.

• #24 4 Signs You May Have Nephrotic Syndrome: Metro Renal Associates: Nephrologists

  https://www.metrorenalassoc.com/blog/4-signs-you-may-have-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is one of the many conditions that plague the kidneys. It happens when too much protein goes through the kidneys and comes out during urination. Nephrotic syndrome can lead to serious health complications without treatment. […] The telltale sign of nephrotic syndrome is large amounts of protein in the urine but you can’t see that with the naked eye. There are other signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome that are more obvious, and they include: […] If you have nephrotic syndrome, you may notice your pee is incredibly bubbly or foamy all of the time. This happens due to the increase in protein in the urine. […] When you have damaged glomeruli, they can’t filter out wastes and urine as they should, which could lead to weight gain. The most common cause of weight gain with nephrotic syndrome is fluid retention.

• #25 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-nephrotic-syndrome

  This is the term for low levels of albumin in your blood. Albumin is a protein that your liver makes. It stops fluid from leaking out of your bloodstream. Damage to the filters in your kidneys can allow albumin to leak out of your bloodstream. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that happen when the filters in your kidneys get damaged and too much protein leaks into your urine. It causes swelling in your feet and ankles, high blood pressure, and increased amounts of fat and cholesterol in your blood. Medicines can help lower your blood pressure and cholesterol. A low-salt, low-fluid diet is another important part of managing this condition.

• #26 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatments, Causes, & Symptoms – American Kidney Fund (AKF)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/nephrotic-syndrome-treatments-causes-symptoms

  Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that show that your kidneys are not working as well as they should. These symptoms include too much protein in your urine, not enough protein in your blood, too much fat or cholesterol in your blood and swelling. […] You may not know that you have nephrotic syndrome until you have routine blood and urine tests at a doctor’s appointment. The results of your tests can show that you have too much protein in your urine, not enough protein in your blood, or too much fat or cholesterol in your blood. Signs of nephrotic syndrome that you may notice are: Swelling in your legs, feet, ankles and sometimes face and hands, Weight gain, Feeling very tired, Foamy or bubbly urine, Not feeling hungry. […] When you have nephrotic syndrome, an important protein called albumin leaks into your urine instead of getting filtered by the kidneys as it should. Albumin helps your body get rid of extra fluid. When you do not have enough albumin in your blood, fluid can build up in your body, causing swelling in your legs, feet and ankles.

• #27

  https://www.sgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is a syndrome comprising the following: […] Edema – swelling of the face, legs, or ankles due to the abnormal collection of fluids in the tissues that is usually accompanied by rapid weight gain […] Proteinuria – large amount of protein contained in urine (more than 3 to 3.5g/day) that can be identified by frothy or foamy urine in the toilet bowl. […] Hypoalbumina – low level of albumin (less than 30g/L) in the blood.

• #28 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-nephrotic-syndrome

  There are four main symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. They are: […] This means you have too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome damages the filters, called glomeruli, that remove waste from your blood. Normally these filters keep protein in your body because your body needs it to work properly. Damaged filters allow protein to leak into your urine. […] This means you have high fat and cholesterol levels in your blood. Nephrotic syndrome causes hyperlipidemia by increasing the amount of fat and cholesterol produced in your liver and by slowing the rate at which your body removes these fatty substances. Having too much fat and cholesterol in your blood could increase your risk for heart disease. […] Nephrotic syndrome can cause swelling of your legs, feet, and ankles, and sometimes of your hands and face. The medical term for swelling is edema.

• #29 Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p479.html

  Elevated lipid levels (potentially markedly elevated) are a common feature of NS. Any subtype of lipoprotein concentrations can be elevated. There are no recent epidemiologic data to indicate how common or severe this complication is, and no recent data regarding the impact of treatment for dyslipidemia associated with NS. However, resolving proteinuria and any underlying disease process is believed to improve or resolve the dyslipidemia. […] The prognosis for NS is highly dependent on the underlying cause, the disease histology, and patient clinical factors. Although many patients improve with appropriate supportive care and do not require any specific therapy, others worsen despite aggressive, specific therapy and may require dialysis.

• #30 Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults & Kids) Symptoms & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome can cause complications due to the way it may unbalance bodily systems. Complications can include: Hypothyroidism; Protein undernutrition, in children; High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia, due to changes in blood composition resulting from protein loss; Coronary artery disease, in adults; Blood clots (hypercoagulability), which occur because of abnormal protein levels in the blood; Thrombosis in the lungs, limbs, kidney vessels or brain; Anemia, due to a mechanism yet not fully understood, iron no longer being adequately transported in the blood; Acute kidney injury, sudden, temporary loss of kidney function; Hematuria, blood in the urine; Severe azotemia, high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood; Infections, such as cellulitis, a skin infection, pneumonia, meningitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which may be more likely than in healthy people, due to a loss of immunoglobulins.

• #31 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time. […] Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite.

• #32 Kidneys – nephrotic syndrome | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidneys-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by the kidneys removing too much protein from the blood. […] The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include: foamy and frothy urine, unexplained weight loss, general malaise (feeling unwell), oedema (fluid retention or swelling), particularly around the abdomen (belly area), legs and eyes, muscle wasting, stomach pain, dizziness when standing up from a lying or sitting position (orthostatic hypotension), loss of appetite, fatigue. […] Treatment includes medications and dietary changes.

• #33 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome causes your kidneys to release too much protein in your urine. Symptoms include swelling, high amounts of protein in your urine and low amounts of protein in your blood. […] Common nephrotic syndrome symptoms include: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of the protein albumin in your pee (albuminuria). High fat and cholesterol levels in your blood (hyperlipidemia). Swelling (edema), usually in your legs, feet or ankles. Swelling may also occur in your hands or face. Low levels of albumin in your blood (hypoalbuminemia). Loss of appetite. Feeling unwell or sick. Abdominal pain (pain anywhere from your ribs to your pelvis). Foamy pee. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a serious condition. Without treatment, nephrotic syndrome can affect your life expectancy due to secondary complications. […] With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outcome for people with nephrotic syndrome is good. Most people respond well to treatment, and nephrotic syndrome often goes into remission.

• #34 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #35 Nephrotic syndrome: symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is the name given to a condition where large amounts of protein leak into the urine, causing fluid retention and swelling (oedema) most commonly around the eyes, abdomen, feet and legs. […] Swelling is the most noticeable symptom – especially around the eyes and face which can be worse first thing in the morning. Later in the day, fluid can collect in the fingers, legs and abdomen which can sometimes make you feel distended. The swelling is soft and will leave a temporary dent if you press on it. Some people can also feel breathless due to excess water around the lungs. […] Frothy urine can also occur as a result of protein leakage (proteinuria). […] If a person does not respond to treatment, after years of heavy protein leakage, the kidneys can eventually fail (this is known as end-stage kidney disease). This can then lead to the need for kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #36 Nephrotic Syndrome – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/nephrotic-syndrome

  People feel tired and have tissue swelling (edema). […] Early symptoms include loss of appetite, a general feeling of illness (malaise), puffy eyelids and tissue swelling (edema) due to excess sodium and water retention, abdominal pain, and frothy urine. […] The abdomen may be swollen because of a large accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). Shortness of breath may develop because fluid accumulates in the space surrounding the lungs (pleural effusion). […] In children, blood pressure is generally low, and blood pressure may fall when the child stands up (orthostatic or postural hypotension). […] Urine production may decrease, and kidney failure (loss of most kidney function) may develop if the leakage of fluid from blood vessels into tissues depletes the liquid component of blood and the blood supply to the kidneys is diminished.

• #37 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #38 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #39 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #40 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #41 Nephrotic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. […] The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems. […] Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include: Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet, Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine, Weight gain due to fluid retention, Fatigue, Loss of appetite. […] Nephrotic syndrome can increase your risk of infections and blood clots. […] Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include: Blood clots, High blood cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides, Poor nutrition, High blood pressure, Acute kidney injury, Chronic kidney disease, Infections.

• #42 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  Blood clots — People with nephrotic syndrome are at an increased risk of blood clots in the veins or arteries. Clots in the veins can travel to the lungs. This can be dangerous, or even fatal. […] Infection — People with severe nephrotic syndrome are at increased risk for infections (particularly children with minimal change disease), although the reasons for this are not well understood.

• #43 Nephrotic Syndrome | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome develops when there is damage to the filtering part of the kidneys (glomeruli). This results in protein spilling into the urine. […] Loss of the proteins from your blood allows fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into the nearby tissues, causing swelling. […] The blood in your blood vessels will become thick with the loss of fluid into the tissue. This increases the risk for a blood clot. […] Your body will try to replace the lost proteins by increased production through the liver. This can result in high cholesterol. […] You will need to limit excess sodium and fluids to prevent fluid buildup in the tissue from getting worse. […] Medicines are used to treat the underlying cause or help your body get rid of excess fluid. […] Dialysis may be needed if kidney failure develops, which can happen in extreme cases.

• #44 Evaluation of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/356

  Nephrotic syndrome is defined as the presence of proteinuria (3.5 g/24 hours), hypoalbuminemia (3.0 g/dL), and peripheral edema. Hyperlipidemia and thrombotic disease are also frequently seen. […] Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at risk of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephrotic syndrome is associated with significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, these patients require specialized input and assessment. […] Hypercoagulability and thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, renal vein thrombosis) is a recognized life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome. […] Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at increased risk of infection due to loss of immunoglobulins, complement, and other compounds in the urine.

• #45 Assessment of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/356

  Oedema occurs due to a combination of a decrease in oncotic pressure (also known as colloid osmotic pressure) from hypoalbuminaemia, as well as a primary renal sodium retention in the collecting tubules. Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at increased risk of infection due to loss of immunoglobulins, complement, and other compounds in the urine.

• #46 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  Blood clots — People with nephrotic syndrome are at an increased risk of blood clots in the veins or arteries. Clots in the veins can travel to the lungs. This can be dangerous, or even fatal. […] Infection — People with severe nephrotic syndrome are at increased risk for infections (particularly children with minimal change disease), although the reasons for this are not well understood.

• #47 Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults & Kids) Symptoms & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome can cause complications due to the way it may unbalance bodily systems. Complications can include: Hypothyroidism; Protein undernutrition, in children; High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia, due to changes in blood composition resulting from protein loss; Coronary artery disease, in adults; Blood clots (hypercoagulability), which occur because of abnormal protein levels in the blood; Thrombosis in the lungs, limbs, kidney vessels or brain; Anemia, due to a mechanism yet not fully understood, iron no longer being adequately transported in the blood; Acute kidney injury, sudden, temporary loss of kidney function; Hematuria, blood in the urine; Severe azotemia, high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood; Infections, such as cellulitis, a skin infection, pneumonia, meningitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which may be more likely than in healthy people, due to a loss of immunoglobulins.

• #48 Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p479.html

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) consists of peripheral edema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia, often with hyperlipidemia. Patients typically present with edema and fatigue, without evidence of heart failure or severe liver disease. […] New-onset edema, particularly in the lower extremities, is the most common presenting symptom of NS. Depending on disease severity, patients may have edema extending to the proximal lower extremities, lower abdomen, or genitalia. Ascites, periorbital edema, hypertension, and pleural effusion are also possible presenting features. Patients may report foamy urine, exertional dyspnea or fatigue, and significant fluid-associated weight gain. […] Acute kidney injury is considered a rare spontaneous complication of NS. It can coexist with NS when it is caused by the same factors that lead to edema and proteinuria, such as lupus nephritis and drug-induced interstitial nephritis.

• #49 Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1115/p1129.html

  Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia. […] Progressive lower extremity edema, weight gain, and fatigue are typical presenting symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. In advanced disease, patients may develop periorbital or genital edema, ascites, or pleural or pericardial effusion. […] Nephrotic-range proteinuria is typically defined as greater than 3 to 3.5 g of protein in a 24-hour urine collection; however, not all persons with this range of proteinuria have nephrotic syndrome. […] Low serum albumin levels (less than 2.5 g per dL [25 g per L]) and severe hyperlipidemia are also typical features of nephrotic syndrome. […] Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include venous thromboembolism caused by loss of clotting factors in the urine, infection caused by urinary loss of immunoglobulins, and acute renal failure. […] Acute renal failure is a rare, spontaneous complication of nephrotic syndrome. Although older persons, children, and those with more profound edema and proteinuria are at highest risk, there are many possible causes or contributing factors to acute renal failure in this setting.

• #50 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatments, Causes, & Symptoms – American Kidney Fund (AKF)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/nephrotic-syndrome-treatments-causes-symptoms

  With nephrotic syndrome, cholesterol also builds up in your blood. When you have too much cholesterol in your blood, clumps form inside your veins and arteries, which can cause a heart attack or a stroke. […] Nephrotic syndrome can also cause other serious health problems such as anemia, heart disease, high blood pressure, fluid buildup, acute kidney injury, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure. […] There is no cure for nephrotic syndrome, but your doctor might tell you to take certain medicines to treat the symptoms and to keep the damage to your kidneys from getting worse.

• #51 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Only approximately 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis undergo remission of proteinuria; an additional 10% improve but remain proteinuric. Many patients experience frequent relapses, become steroid-dependent, or become steroid-resistant. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) develops in 25-30% of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by 5 years and in 30-40% of these patients by 10 years. […] The prognosis may worsen because of (1) an increased incidence of renal failure and the complications secondary to nephrotic syndrome, including thrombotic episodes and infection, or (2) treatment-related conditions, such as infectious complications of immunosuppressive drug therapy.

• #52 Nephrotic Syndrome – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/kidney-filtering-disorders/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nutritional deficiencies may result because nutrients are excreted in the urine. […] The higher likelihood of infection is thought to occur because the antibodies that normally combat infections are excreted in the urine or not produced in normal amounts. […] Symptoms may disappear completely if the nephrotic syndrome is caused by a treatable disorder, such as an infection, cancer, or medications, provided the condition is treated early and effectively. […] If the underlying disorder responds to corticosteroids, sometimes progression of the disease is halted, and less often the condition partially or, rarely, completely reverses. […] When the syndrome is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, it usually progresses relentlessly, often resulting in kidney failure within 3 or 4 months. […] When the cause is systemic lupus erythematosus or diabetes mellitus, medications often stabilize or decrease the amount of protein in the urine. However, some people do not respond to medications and develop chronic kidney disease, which then progresses to kidney failure within a few years.

• #53 Nephrotic Syndrome – CORE Kidney | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/programs/core-kidney/conditions-treated/glomerulonephritis/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete too much protein (which is normally kept in the plasma of the blood) in your urine. […] Nephrotic syndrome isn’t a disease. It’s a warning that something is damaging your kidneys. Without treatment, that problem could cause kidney failure. So it’s important to get treatment right away. […] What are the signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome? Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet. Foamy urine, which may be caused by excess protein in your urine. Weight gain due to excess fluid retention. […] Possible complications of nephrotic syndrome include: Blood clots (thrombus) formation in your veins. High blood cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides. Poor nutrition. Loss of too much blood protein can result in malnutrition. This can lead to weight loss, but it may be masked by swelling. You may also have too few red blood cells (anemia) and low levels of vitamin D and calcium. High blood pressure. Acute kidney failure. If your kidneys lose their ability to filter blood due to damage to the glomeruli, waste products may build up quickly in your blood. If this happens, you may need emergency dialysis. Chronic kidney disease. Nephrotic syndrome may cause your kidneys to gradually lose their function over time. Infections. People with nephrotic syndrome have an increased risk of infections.

• #54 Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults & Kids) Symptoms & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome can cause complications due to the way it may unbalance bodily systems. Complications can include: Hypothyroidism; Protein undernutrition, in children; High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia, due to changes in blood composition resulting from protein loss; Coronary artery disease, in adults; Blood clots (hypercoagulability), which occur because of abnormal protein levels in the blood; Thrombosis in the lungs, limbs, kidney vessels or brain; Anemia, due to a mechanism yet not fully understood, iron no longer being adequately transported in the blood; Acute kidney injury, sudden, temporary loss of kidney function; Hematuria, blood in the urine; Severe azotemia, high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood; Infections, such as cellulitis, a skin infection, pneumonia, meningitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which may be more likely than in healthy people, due to a loss of immunoglobulins.

• #55

  https://www.kidney.org.uk/nephrotic-syndrome-in-adults

  Nephrotic syndrome causes water to build up in the body. The extra water can cause ankle swelling, or swelling in the hand (rings go tight on fingers) or around the eyes. Severe swelling can develop all the way up the legs and around the back. There may be swelling of the tummy or breathlessness due to water around the lungs. […] The main clue to nephrotic syndrome is protein in the urine. This can be detected by a simple dipstick test on a small urine sample. […] Nephrotic syndrome may be present when the PCR level is greater than 300 mg/mmol, or the 24 hour urine excretion is greater than 3 g/24hr. […] Extra water in the body. Fluid build up around the ankles, or in the hands, can be uncomfortable but does not cause serious problems. However, in some cases of severe nephrotic syndrome, fluid can build up around the lungs and the heart, to cause breathlessness. […] High blood pressure. Kidney disease and extra water in the body can cause high blood pressure. This increases the risk of further kidney disease, and also the risk of heart attack and stroke.

• #56 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  The prognosis is excellent for patients with minimal change pathology, with most patients going into remission following corticosteroid treatment. However, 85 to 90% of patients are steroid-responsive and may relapse, placing them at risk for steroid toxicity, systemic infections, and other complications. […] For patients with focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), the prognosis is grave. Generally will progress to an end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis and kidney transplant. Only around 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis go into remission of proteinuria; another 10% improve but stay proteinuric. Between 25 and 30% of patients with FSGS develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within five years. […] Of patients with membranous nephropathy, around 30% undergo spontaneous remission. However, for patients with persistent nephrotic syndrome, 40% to 50% develop ESRD over a period of ten years.

• #57 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #58

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Swelling in the legs, abdomen and around the eyes is usually the first sign of nephrotic syndrome. […] Among other symptoms, your child may say that their urine looks „foamy.” High cholesterol in the blood can also happen with nephrotic syndrome. […] About 80% of children with minimal change disease between 2 and 9 years of age will respond to treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. This means protein in the urine and swelling will go away while taking the medication. […] However, many children will have relapse (return) of protein in their urine. Some children will rarely have relapses while others have frequent relapses. […] Some children with nephrotic syndrome have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. This means that protein in the urine does not go away with prednisone treatment.

• #59 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Prognosis […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of primary nephrotic syndrome has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. […] Corticosteroids have reduced the mortality rate in children to around 3%. […] The outlook for the vast majority of children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is excellent, with good response to steroids, although there may be relapses and a need to use alternative immunomodulatory drugs. […] The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy but 80% experience a relapsing course. […] Congenital nephrotic syndrome usually carries a very poor prognosis. […] The prognosis in adults is variable and largely related to the underlying cause, its severity, progression and response to any treatment used to modify it. […] About 50% of adults with idiopathic FSGS will progress to end-stage renal disease over five to 10 years.

• #60 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Most children respond well to treatment with prednisolone, with the protein often disappearing from their urine and the swelling going down within a few weeks. This period is known as remission. […] If the dipstick shows 3+ or more of protein in the urine for 3 days in a row, this means your child is having a relapse.

• #61 Nephrotic syndrome: frequently relapsing | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-frequently-relapsing/

  In nephrotic syndrome, the kidneys leak too much protein into urine, leading to a drop in the levels of protein in the blood. This causes swelling in the body, especially in the face, legs and feet (oedema). […] Many children have at least one relapse when the symptoms come back after treatment, and they need to take steroid medicines again. Some children have relapses that happen very frequently. This is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. […] About half of children with SSNS have frequent relapses. This means that although the nephrotic syndrome gets better with steroids, it keeps coming back in a short space of time. It is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome if this happens: two or more times in 6 months, or four or more times in one year. […] Children with frequent relapses may continue to have them throughout childhood, though they tend to relapse less often as they grow into their teenage years. It is rare that SSNS continues to relapse in adulthood.

• #62 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome can get better on its own and with treatment. It may also get worse despite treatment. A child may have periods of improvement and relapses. Family support is important for a child’s well-being. […] Once a child reaches the teen years, the syndrome usually stays in remission. This means that symptoms decrease or go away. In most cases, symptoms don’t return in adulthood.

• #63 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/nephrotic-syndrome

  For childhood nephrotic syndrome, most patients respond well to treatment with a steroid medication called prednisone or prednisilone. About 80% of children will improve with steroids. […] Even with successful initial treatment, some children with nephrotic syndrome can have relapses. […] Prognosis is excellent; the majority of children, especially those with minimal change disease, will outgrow nephrotic syndrome and become adults with normal functioning kidneys. […] Most children respond well to treatment and have a good outlook. Nephrotic syndrome rarely causes kidney failure and children are likely to grow out of it. It is not uncommon for children to have at least one relapse. If your child has a relapse, they will receive repeated treatment with prednisone or other medications.

• #64 Nephrotic Syndrome in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/n/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.html

  Nephrotic syndrome is a problem where too much protein called albumin is released from the body into the urine. It means that one or both kidneys are damaged. […] A child with nephrotic syndrome may have: Very high levels of protein (albumin) in the urine, Low levels of protein in the blood, Tissue swelling all over the body (edema), especially in the belly (ascites), Weight gain from excess fluid, High cholesterol levels in the blood, Less urine. […] The most common type is called minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). With MCNS, a child has times when symptoms get worse (relapses). But the condition can be managed over time. In rare cases, a child may develop kidney failure and need dialysis. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue), A general feeling of discomfort (malaise), Decreased appetite, Weight gain and facial swelling, Belly swelling or pain, Foamy urine, Fluid buildup in the body (edema), Fluid buildup in the belly area (ascites), Pale fingernail beds, Dull hair, Ear cartilage that feels less firm, Food intolerance or allergies, High blood pressure, Blood in urine, Fever, Diarrhea.

• #65 Nephrotic Syndrome: In Children, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following: a high amount of protein present in the urine (proteinuria) […] swelling (edema), particularly in your ankles and feet, and around your eyes. In addition to the above symptoms, people with nephrotic syndrome may also experience: foamy urine […] fatigue. […] As in children, nephrotic syndrome in adults can have primary and secondary causes. In adults, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This condition is associated with a poorer outlook. The amount of protein present in the urine is a significant factor in determining prognosis in these individuals. About half of the people with FSGS and nephrotic syndrome progress to end-stage kidney disease in 5 to 10 years. […] The outlook for nephrotic syndrome can vary. It depends on what’s causing it to occur as well as your overall health. Some of the diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome get better on their own or with treatment. Once the underlying disease has been treated, nephrotic syndrome should improve. However, other conditions can eventually lead to kidney failure, even with treatment. When this happens, dialysis and possibly a kidney transplant will be required.

• #66 Minimal change disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000496.htm

  Minimal change disease is a kidney disorder that can lead to nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and swelling. […] There may be symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, including: Foamy appearance of the urine, Poor appetite, Swelling (especially around the eyes, feet and ankles, and in the abdomen), Weight gain (from fluid retention). […] Minimal change disease does not reduce the amount of urine produced. It rarely progresses to kidney failure. […] A relapse can occur. The condition may improve after long-term treatment with corticosteroids and medicines that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants).

• #67 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Only approximately 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis undergo remission of proteinuria; an additional 10% improve but remain proteinuric. Many patients experience frequent relapses, become steroid-dependent, or become steroid-resistant. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) develops in 25-30% of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by 5 years and in 30-40% of these patients by 10 years. […] The prognosis may worsen because of (1) an increased incidence of renal failure and the complications secondary to nephrotic syndrome, including thrombotic episodes and infection, or (2) treatment-related conditions, such as infectious complications of immunosuppressive drug therapy.

• #68 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Prognosis […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of primary nephrotic syndrome has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. […] Corticosteroids have reduced the mortality rate in children to around 3%. […] The outlook for the vast majority of children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is excellent, with good response to steroids, although there may be relapses and a need to use alternative immunomodulatory drugs. […] The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy but 80% experience a relapsing course. […] Congenital nephrotic syndrome usually carries a very poor prognosis. […] The prognosis in adults is variable and largely related to the underlying cause, its severity, progression and response to any treatment used to modify it. […] About 50% of adults with idiopathic FSGS will progress to end-stage renal disease over five to 10 years.

• #69 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  The prognosis is excellent for patients with minimal change pathology, with most patients going into remission following corticosteroid treatment. However, 85 to 90% of patients are steroid-responsive and may relapse, placing them at risk for steroid toxicity, systemic infections, and other complications. […] For patients with focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), the prognosis is grave. Generally will progress to an end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis and kidney transplant. Only around 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis go into remission of proteinuria; another 10% improve but stay proteinuric. Between 25 and 30% of patients with FSGS develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within five years. […] Of patients with membranous nephropathy, around 30% undergo spontaneous remission. However, for patients with persistent nephrotic syndrome, 40% to 50% develop ESRD over a period of ten years.

• #70 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Only approximately 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis undergo remission of proteinuria; an additional 10% improve but remain proteinuric. Many patients experience frequent relapses, become steroid-dependent, or become steroid-resistant. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) develops in 25-30% of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by 5 years and in 30-40% of these patients by 10 years. […] The prognosis may worsen because of (1) an increased incidence of renal failure and the complications secondary to nephrotic syndrome, including thrombotic episodes and infection, or (2) treatment-related conditions, such as infectious complications of immunosuppressive drug therapy.

• #71 Nephrotic Syndrome: In Children, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following: a high amount of protein present in the urine (proteinuria) […] swelling (edema), particularly in your ankles and feet, and around your eyes. In addition to the above symptoms, people with nephrotic syndrome may also experience: foamy urine […] fatigue. […] As in children, nephrotic syndrome in adults can have primary and secondary causes. In adults, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This condition is associated with a poorer outlook. The amount of protein present in the urine is a significant factor in determining prognosis in these individuals. About half of the people with FSGS and nephrotic syndrome progress to end-stage kidney disease in 5 to 10 years. […] The outlook for nephrotic syndrome can vary. It depends on what’s causing it to occur as well as your overall health. Some of the diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome get better on their own or with treatment. Once the underlying disease has been treated, nephrotic syndrome should improve. However, other conditions can eventually lead to kidney failure, even with treatment. When this happens, dialysis and possibly a kidney transplant will be required.

• #72

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/nephrotic-syndrome-in-children.aspx

  Swelling in the legs, abdomen and around the eyes is usually the first sign of nephrotic syndrome. […] Among other symptoms, your child may say that their urine looks „foamy.” High cholesterol in the blood can also happen with nephrotic syndrome. […] About 80% of children with minimal change disease between 2 and 9 years of age will respond to treatment within 3 to 4 weeks. This means protein in the urine and swelling will go away while taking the medication. […] However, many children will have relapse (return) of protein in their urine. Some children will rarely have relapses while others have frequent relapses. […] Some children with nephrotic syndrome have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. This means that protein in the urine does not go away with prednisone treatment.

• #73 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/kidney-disease/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when the kidneys aren’t working correctly. Symptoms may include protein in the urine, low levels of albumin in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol. […] Symptoms may include: Edema Swelling in your body. Hyperlipidemia High cholesterol. Hypoalbuminemia Low levels of albumin in your blood. Proteinuria Protein in your urine. […] Swelling in the face, feet, ankles, arms, or abdomen (belly) is the most common symptom of nephrotic syndrome. Other symptoms may include: Blood in your urine. Diarrhea or nausea. Fatigue. Fluid retention which may cause unintentional weight gain. Foamy or bubbly urine. Lack of appetite. Muscle cramps. Seizures. Skin rash or sores. […] Nephrotic syndrome prognosis varies depending on the type you have, the cause, the severity of symptoms, and your age. Some people respond well to nephrotic syndrome treatment, while others develop kidney failure and need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #74 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/kidney-disease/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when the kidneys aren’t working correctly. Symptoms may include protein in the urine, low levels of albumin in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol. […] Symptoms may include: Edema Swelling in your body. Hyperlipidemia High cholesterol. Hypoalbuminemia Low levels of albumin in your blood. Proteinuria Protein in your urine. […] Swelling in the face, feet, ankles, arms, or abdomen (belly) is the most common symptom of nephrotic syndrome. Other symptoms may include: Blood in your urine. Diarrhea or nausea. Fatigue. Fluid retention which may cause unintentional weight gain. Foamy or bubbly urine. Lack of appetite. Muscle cramps. Seizures. Skin rash or sores. […] Nephrotic syndrome prognosis varies depending on the type you have, the cause, the severity of symptoms, and your age. Some people respond well to nephrotic syndrome treatment, while others develop kidney failure and need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #75 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/kidney-disease/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when the kidneys aren’t working correctly. Symptoms may include protein in the urine, low levels of albumin in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol. […] Symptoms may include: Edema Swelling in your body. Hyperlipidemia High cholesterol. Hypoalbuminemia Low levels of albumin in your blood. Proteinuria Protein in your urine. […] Swelling in the face, feet, ankles, arms, or abdomen (belly) is the most common symptom of nephrotic syndrome. Other symptoms may include: Blood in your urine. Diarrhea or nausea. Fatigue. Fluid retention which may cause unintentional weight gain. Foamy or bubbly urine. Lack of appetite. Muscle cramps. Seizures. Skin rash or sores. […] Nephrotic syndrome prognosis varies depending on the type you have, the cause, the severity of symptoms, and your age. Some people respond well to nephrotic syndrome treatment, while others develop kidney failure and need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

• #76 Nephrotic Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview

  Only approximately 20% of patients with focal glomerulosclerosis undergo remission of proteinuria; an additional 10% improve but remain proteinuric. Many patients experience frequent relapses, become steroid-dependent, or become steroid-resistant. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) develops in 25-30% of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis by 5 years and in 30-40% of these patients by 10 years. […] The prognosis may worsen because of (1) an increased incidence of renal failure and the complications secondary to nephrotic syndrome, including thrombotic episodes and infection, or (2) treatment-related conditions, such as infectious complications of immunosuppressive drug therapy.

• #77 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Most children respond well to treatment with prednisolone, with the protein often disappearing from their urine and the swelling going down within a few weeks. This period is known as remission. […] If the dipstick shows 3+ or more of protein in the urine for 3 days in a row, this means your child is having a relapse.

• #78 Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome | Treatment and symptoms

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Though they have different causes, the symptoms of INS and NS are the same since the problem in the structure of the filtration barrier is very similar. These symptoms can include: […] Frothy urine: the urine can appear foamy because it contains protein […] Oedema: this term describes swelling that is commonly found in the feet, ankles and around the eyes […] Weight gain: due to the body retaining more water […] Fatigue […] Loss of appetite […] Infections due to the loss of antibodies (which are proteins) into the urine. […] If steroid treatment is effective prognosis is generally good. INS can come back once the person has come off steroids, however many people find that steroid treatment can control their INS. Prognosis is better in people who experience their first episode before the age of five and if their first episode is sensitive to steroids. MCD has a better prognosis than FSGS. If other therapies are successful in steroid resistant INS then prognosis is generally good. However, in people whose INS is not put into remission following intensive treatment with immunosuppressants, the condition can progress to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis and or transplant.

• #79 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome causes your kidneys to release too much protein in your urine. Symptoms include swelling, high amounts of protein in your urine and low amounts of protein in your blood. […] Common nephrotic syndrome symptoms include: Large amounts (greater than 3.5 grams) of the protein albumin in your pee (albuminuria). High fat and cholesterol levels in your blood (hyperlipidemia). Swelling (edema), usually in your legs, feet or ankles. Swelling may also occur in your hands or face. Low levels of albumin in your blood (hypoalbuminemia). Loss of appetite. Feeling unwell or sick. Abdominal pain (pain anywhere from your ribs to your pelvis). Foamy pee. […] Nephrotic syndrome is a serious condition. Without treatment, nephrotic syndrome can affect your life expectancy due to secondary complications. […] With proper diagnosis and treatment, the outcome for people with nephrotic syndrome is good. Most people respond well to treatment, and nephrotic syndrome often goes into remission.

• #80 Nephrotic syndrome: frequently relapsing | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-frequently-relapsing/

  If the urine dipstick shows either 3+ or 4+ protein for three days in a row, the nephrotic syndrome has relapsed. […] The main symptom of nephrotic syndrome is oedema swelling or puffiness in the body, especially around the eyes and in the legs and feet. […] However, if you detect a relapse with home urine testing and your child starts treatment soon after, he or she is less likely to develop oedema. If there is oedema, it will probably be less than the first time your child had nephrotic syndrome. […] Rarely, the kidneys stop working as well as they should in relapses this is called acute kidney injury (AKI). In nephrotic syndrome, this may happen when the body has a lower volume of blood than normal this is called hypovolaemia.

• #81 Nephrotic syndrome in children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Most children respond well to treatment with prednisolone, with the protein often disappearing from their urine and the swelling going down within a few weeks. This period is known as remission. […] If the dipstick shows 3+ or more of protein in the urine for 3 days in a row, this means your child is having a relapse.

• #82 Nephrotic syndrome: frequently relapsing | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-frequently-relapsing/

  In nephrotic syndrome, the kidneys leak too much protein into urine, leading to a drop in the levels of protein in the blood. This causes swelling in the body, especially in the face, legs and feet (oedema). […] Many children have at least one relapse when the symptoms come back after treatment, and they need to take steroid medicines again. Some children have relapses that happen very frequently. This is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. […] About half of children with SSNS have frequent relapses. This means that although the nephrotic syndrome gets better with steroids, it keeps coming back in a short space of time. It is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome if this happens: two or more times in 6 months, or four or more times in one year. […] Children with frequent relapses may continue to have them throughout childhood, though they tend to relapse less often as they grow into their teenage years. It is rare that SSNS continues to relapse in adulthood.

• #83 Nephrotic syndrome: frequently relapsing | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-frequently-relapsing/

  In nephrotic syndrome, the kidneys leak too much protein into urine, leading to a drop in the levels of protein in the blood. This causes swelling in the body, especially in the face, legs and feet (oedema). […] Many children have at least one relapse when the symptoms come back after treatment, and they need to take steroid medicines again. Some children have relapses that happen very frequently. This is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. […] About half of children with SSNS have frequent relapses. This means that although the nephrotic syndrome gets better with steroids, it keeps coming back in a short space of time. It is called frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome if this happens: two or more times in 6 months, or four or more times in one year. […] Children with frequent relapses may continue to have them throughout childhood, though they tend to relapse less often as they grow into their teenage years. It is rare that SSNS continues to relapse in adulthood.

• #84 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Prognosis […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of primary nephrotic syndrome has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. […] Corticosteroids have reduced the mortality rate in children to around 3%. […] The outlook for the vast majority of children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is excellent, with good response to steroids, although there may be relapses and a need to use alternative immunomodulatory drugs. […] The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy but 80% experience a relapsing course. […] Congenital nephrotic syndrome usually carries a very poor prognosis. […] The prognosis in adults is variable and largely related to the underlying cause, its severity, progression and response to any treatment used to modify it. […] About 50% of adults with idiopathic FSGS will progress to end-stage renal disease over five to 10 years.

• #85 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nephrotic_syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterised by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema […] Nephrotic Syndrome usually presents with the classic triad of oedema, proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia. […] Of the children with steroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome 80% will have one or more relapses […] The family should be taught to test urine protein each morning […] It is important to convey that, though their child will likely respond to therapy, they will likely have relapses (80% chance) […] The most common relapse trigger is intercurrent infection.

• #86 Nephrotic Syndrome: In Children, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following: a high amount of protein present in the urine (proteinuria) […] swelling (edema), particularly in your ankles and feet, and around your eyes. In addition to the above symptoms, people with nephrotic syndrome may also experience: foamy urine […] fatigue. […] As in children, nephrotic syndrome in adults can have primary and secondary causes. In adults, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This condition is associated with a poorer outlook. The amount of protein present in the urine is a significant factor in determining prognosis in these individuals. About half of the people with FSGS and nephrotic syndrome progress to end-stage kidney disease in 5 to 10 years. […] The outlook for nephrotic syndrome can vary. It depends on what’s causing it to occur as well as your overall health. Some of the diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome get better on their own or with treatment. Once the underlying disease has been treated, nephrotic syndrome should improve. However, other conditions can eventually lead to kidney failure, even with treatment. When this happens, dialysis and possibly a kidney transplant will be required.

• #87 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time. […] Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite.

• #88 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time. […] Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite.

• #89 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/kidney-disease/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome can be life-threatening. If left untreated or if symptoms are severe, it may cause kidney failure a life-threatening condition that can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant. […] Your nephrotic syndrome treatments may change over time as your condition progresses, and treatments may be lifelong. […] If your nephrotic syndrome progresses to end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure which is defined as having less than 15% of your normal kidney function it can cause toxic waste to build up in your body. You may need to have dialysis, also called renal replacement therapy, to filter and clean your blood.

• #90 Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney Disease, Causes & Symptoms | Nephropathy Treatments

  https://nephcure.org/intro-to-rkd/types-of-rkd/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is not a disease itself, but rather an umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that result from damage in the kidney’s filters, called glomeruli. This damage causes protein to leak into the urine, a condition called proteinuria. […] Nephrotic Syndrome can affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race/ethnicity. […] Some signs and symptoms of NS are common in most Nephrotic Syndrome patients. Patients with NS often experience: High levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria, also known as “spilling” or “leaking” protein), Low blood protein levels due to protein spilling into the urine, Foamy urine, Swelling, typically around the eyes, feet, and hands (edema), Weight gain from excess water, Sometimes high blood pressure (hypertension), Sometimes high blood cholesterol levels. […] It is important to see a kidney specialist on a regular basis to monitor kidney function, degree of proteinuria, cholesterol, and blood pressure. […] Eating a kidney-friendly diet can help manage the symptoms and progression of your RKD.

• #91 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nephrotic_syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterised by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema […] Nephrotic Syndrome usually presents with the classic triad of oedema, proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia. […] Of the children with steroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome 80% will have one or more relapses […] The family should be taught to test urine protein each morning […] It is important to convey that, though their child will likely respond to therapy, they will likely have relapses (80% chance) […] The most common relapse trigger is intercurrent infection.

• #92 Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney Disease, Causes & Symptoms | Nephropathy Treatments

  https://nephcure.org/intro-to-rkd/types-of-rkd/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is not a disease itself, but rather an umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that result from damage in the kidney’s filters, called glomeruli. This damage causes protein to leak into the urine, a condition called proteinuria. […] Nephrotic Syndrome can affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race/ethnicity. […] Some signs and symptoms of NS are common in most Nephrotic Syndrome patients. Patients with NS often experience: High levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria, also known as “spilling” or “leaking” protein), Low blood protein levels due to protein spilling into the urine, Foamy urine, Swelling, typically around the eyes, feet, and hands (edema), Weight gain from excess water, Sometimes high blood pressure (hypertension), Sometimes high blood cholesterol levels. […] It is important to see a kidney specialist on a regular basis to monitor kidney function, degree of proteinuria, cholesterol, and blood pressure. […] Eating a kidney-friendly diet can help manage the symptoms and progression of your RKD.

• #93 Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney Disease, Causes & Symptoms | Nephropathy Treatments

  https://nephcure.org/intro-to-rkd/types-of-rkd/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is not a disease itself, but rather an umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that result from damage in the kidney’s filters, called glomeruli. This damage causes protein to leak into the urine, a condition called proteinuria. […] Nephrotic Syndrome can affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race/ethnicity. […] Some signs and symptoms of NS are common in most Nephrotic Syndrome patients. Patients with NS often experience: High levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria, also known as “spilling” or “leaking” protein), Low blood protein levels due to protein spilling into the urine, Foamy urine, Swelling, typically around the eyes, feet, and hands (edema), Weight gain from excess water, Sometimes high blood pressure (hypertension), Sometimes high blood cholesterol levels. […] It is important to see a kidney specialist on a regular basis to monitor kidney function, degree of proteinuria, cholesterol, and blood pressure. […] Eating a kidney-friendly diet can help manage the symptoms and progression of your RKD.

• #94 Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney Disease, Causes & Symptoms | Nephropathy Treatments

  https://nephcure.org/intro-to-rkd/types-of-rkd/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is not a disease itself, but rather an umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that result from damage in the kidney’s filters, called glomeruli. This damage causes protein to leak into the urine, a condition called proteinuria. […] Nephrotic Syndrome can affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race/ethnicity. […] Some signs and symptoms of NS are common in most Nephrotic Syndrome patients. Patients with NS often experience: High levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria, also known as “spilling” or “leaking” protein), Low blood protein levels due to protein spilling into the urine, Foamy urine, Swelling, typically around the eyes, feet, and hands (edema), Weight gain from excess water, Sometimes high blood pressure (hypertension), Sometimes high blood cholesterol levels. […] It is important to see a kidney specialist on a regular basis to monitor kidney function, degree of proteinuria, cholesterol, and blood pressure. […] Eating a kidney-friendly diet can help manage the symptoms and progression of your RKD.

• #95 Nephrotic Syndrome Kidney Disease, Causes & Symptoms | Nephropathy Treatments

  https://nephcure.org/intro-to-rkd/types-of-rkd/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is not a disease itself, but rather an umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that result from damage in the kidney’s filters, called glomeruli. This damage causes protein to leak into the urine, a condition called proteinuria. […] Nephrotic Syndrome can affect adults and children of both sexes and of any race/ethnicity. […] Some signs and symptoms of NS are common in most Nephrotic Syndrome patients. Patients with NS often experience: High levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria, also known as “spilling” or “leaking” protein), Low blood protein levels due to protein spilling into the urine, Foamy urine, Swelling, typically around the eyes, feet, and hands (edema), Weight gain from excess water, Sometimes high blood pressure (hypertension), Sometimes high blood cholesterol levels. […] It is important to see a kidney specialist on a regular basis to monitor kidney function, degree of proteinuria, cholesterol, and blood pressure. […] Eating a kidney-friendly diet can help manage the symptoms and progression of your RKD.

• #96 Nephrotic syndrome: frequently relapsing | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome-frequently-relapsing/

  If the urine dipstick shows either 3+ or 4+ protein for three days in a row, the nephrotic syndrome has relapsed. […] The main symptom of nephrotic syndrome is oedema swelling or puffiness in the body, especially around the eyes and in the legs and feet. […] However, if you detect a relapse with home urine testing and your child starts treatment soon after, he or she is less likely to develop oedema. If there is oedema, it will probably be less than the first time your child had nephrotic syndrome. […] Rarely, the kidneys stop working as well as they should in relapses this is called acute kidney injury (AKI). In nephrotic syndrome, this may happen when the body has a lower volume of blood than normal this is called hypovolaemia.

• #97 A Complete Guide to Nephrotic Syndrome | Manipal TRUtest

  https://www.manipaltrutest.com/blogs/a-complete-guide-to-nephrotic-syndrome?srsltid=AfmBOorJgKWwIcXePYIBgZuX0BxKP9RzJqMxAz2A8RYXKfPxzF8gLbnd

  Treatment of nephrotic syndrome involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. […] Patients with nephrotic syndrome need to be closely monitored by a healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively and prevent long-term complications such as kidney failure.

• #98 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nephrotic_syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterised by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and oedema […] Nephrotic Syndrome usually presents with the classic triad of oedema, proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia. […] Of the children with steroid-sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome 80% will have one or more relapses […] The family should be taught to test urine protein each morning […] It is important to convey that, though their child will likely respond to therapy, they will likely have relapses (80% chance) […] The most common relapse trigger is intercurrent infection.

• #99 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  Nephrotic syndrome develops when there is damage to the glomeruli, the structures in the kidneys that work to filter the blood. This damage allows proteins in the blood (such as albumin) to leak into the urine, causing increased excretion of protein (proteinuria). Eventually, blood levels of albumin become reduced. Accompanying abnormalities of kidney function lead to accumulation of fluid in the tissues (edema). […] The most common symptoms of nephrotic syndrome are swelling, weight gain, fatigue, blood clots, and infections. Kidney failure may develop in some people. Increased excretion of protein may lead to „frothy” appearing urine in the toilet bowl. […] Swelling (edema) — Swelling that occurs in people with nephrotic syndrome commonly affects the lining of the eye socket, which often causes swelling around the eyes upon waking in the morning. Swelling (edema) can also occur in the feet or ankles after sitting or standing for any period of time.

• #100 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  Weight gain — Weight gain can occur in people who develop swelling. Weight gain can occur rapidly. […] Kidney failure — Some people with nephrotic syndrome have a gradual decline in kidney function, which causes no symptoms in the early stages. However, as kidney function continues to worsen, symptoms of kidney failure can develop, including shortness of breath, weakness and easy fatigability (from anemia), and loss of appetite. […] Blood lipids — The concentration of lipids (cholesterol and/or triglycerides) can become greatly elevated in nephrotic syndrome. If persistent, this may increase the risk of coronary artery disease. […] Blood clots — People with nephrotic syndrome are at an increased risk of blood clots in the veins or arteries. Clots in the veins can travel to the lungs. This can be dangerous, or even fatal. […] Infection — People with severe nephrotic syndrome are at increased risk for infections (particularly children with minimal change disease), although the reasons for this are not well understood.

• #101 Nephrotic Syndrome: In Children, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the following: a high amount of protein present in the urine (proteinuria) […] swelling (edema), particularly in your ankles and feet, and around your eyes. In addition to the above symptoms, people with nephrotic syndrome may also experience: foamy urine […] fatigue. […] As in children, nephrotic syndrome in adults can have primary and secondary causes. In adults, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This condition is associated with a poorer outlook. The amount of protein present in the urine is a significant factor in determining prognosis in these individuals. About half of the people with FSGS and nephrotic syndrome progress to end-stage kidney disease in 5 to 10 years. […] The outlook for nephrotic syndrome can vary. It depends on what’s causing it to occur as well as your overall health. Some of the diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome get better on their own or with treatment. Once the underlying disease has been treated, nephrotic syndrome should improve. However, other conditions can eventually lead to kidney failure, even with treatment. When this happens, dialysis and possibly a kidney transplant will be required.

• #102 Nephrotic syndrome

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/nephrotic-syndrome

  For childhood nephrotic syndrome, most patients respond well to treatment with a steroid medication called prednisone or prednisilone. About 80% of children will improve with steroids. […] Even with successful initial treatment, some children with nephrotic syndrome can have relapses. […] Prognosis is excellent; the majority of children, especially those with minimal change disease, will outgrow nephrotic syndrome and become adults with normal functioning kidneys. […] Most children respond well to treatment and have a good outlook. Nephrotic syndrome rarely causes kidney failure and children are likely to grow out of it. It is not uncommon for children to have at least one relapse. If your child has a relapse, they will receive repeated treatment with prednisone or other medications.

• #103 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Prognosis […] Since the introduction of corticosteroids, the overall mortality of primary nephrotic syndrome has decreased dramatically from over 50% to approximately 2-5%. […] Corticosteroids have reduced the mortality rate in children to around 3%. […] The outlook for the vast majority of children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is excellent, with good response to steroids, although there may be relapses and a need to use alternative immunomodulatory drugs. […] The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy but 80% experience a relapsing course. […] Congenital nephrotic syndrome usually carries a very poor prognosis. […] The prognosis in adults is variable and largely related to the underlying cause, its severity, progression and response to any treatment used to modify it. […] About 50% of adults with idiopathic FSGS will progress to end-stage renal disease over five to 10 years.

• #104 Nephrotic Syndrome (Adults & Kids) Symptoms & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome can cause complications due to the way it may unbalance bodily systems. Complications can include: Hypothyroidism; Protein undernutrition, in children; High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia, due to changes in blood composition resulting from protein loss; Coronary artery disease, in adults; Blood clots (hypercoagulability), which occur because of abnormal protein levels in the blood; Thrombosis in the lungs, limbs, kidney vessels or brain; Anemia, due to a mechanism yet not fully understood, iron no longer being adequately transported in the blood; Acute kidney injury, sudden, temporary loss of kidney function; Hematuria, blood in the urine; Severe azotemia, high levels of nitrogen compounds in the blood; Infections, such as cellulitis, a skin infection, pneumonia, meningitis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which may be more likely than in healthy people, due to a loss of immunoglobulins.

• #105 A Complete Guide to Nephrotic Syndrome | Manipal TRUtest

  https://www.manipaltrutest.com/blogs/a-complete-guide-to-nephrotic-syndrome?srsltid=AfmBOorJgKWwIcXePYIBgZuX0BxKP9RzJqMxAz2A8RYXKfPxzF8gLbnd

  Treatment of nephrotic syndrome involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. […] Patients with nephrotic syndrome need to be closely monitored by a healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively and prevent long-term complications such as kidney failure.

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