Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria (greater than 40 mg/m^2 per hour) responsible for hypoalbuminemia (less than 30 g/L), with resulting hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. It is caused by increased permeability through the damaged basement membrane in the renal glomerulus. It results from an abnormality of glomerular permeability that may be primary with a disease-specific to the kidneys or secondary to congenital infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, neoplasia, or certain drug use. […] Common primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are intrinsic kidney diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal-change nephropathy, and focal glomerulosclerosis. Secondary causes may include systemic diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and amyloidosis. Congenital/hereditary focal glomerulosclerosis could occur because of genetic mutations in podocyte proteins, such as podocin, nephrin, or the cation channel 6 protein.

• #2 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome causes your kidneys to release too much protein in your urine. […] Causes include kidney diseases that affect the tiny filters inside your kidneys. […] Kidney diseases often damage your glomeruli. The diseases target your glomeruli, though healthcare providers and medical researchers aren’t sure why. Damaged glomeruli are the primary cause of nephrotic syndrome. These diseases include: […] Amyloidosis. This is a disease in which amyloid proteins build up in your vital organs. Amyloidosis most commonly occurs in your kidneys, affecting their ability to filter. […] Diabetes-related nephropathy. Nephropathy means that your kidney isn’t working properly. In diabetes-related nephropathy, diabetes causes damage or dysfunction to one or more of the nerves in your kidneys.

• #3 Nephrotic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

  Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) of your kidneys. […] The glomeruli filter your blood as it passes through your kidneys, separating things your body needs from those it doesn’t. Healthy glomeruli keep blood protein (mainly albumin) which is needed to maintain the right amount of fluid in your body from seeping into your urine. When damaged, glomeruli allow too much blood protein to leave your body, leading to nephrotic syndrome. […] Many diseases and conditions can cause glomerular damage and lead to nephrotic syndrome, including: […] Diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes can lead to kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) that affects the glomeruli. […] Minimal change disease. This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Minimal change disease results in abnormal kidney function, but when the kidney tissue is examined under a microscope, it appears normal or nearly normal. The cause of the abnormal function typically can’t be determined.

• #4 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes

  http://www.askdrshah.com/app/nephrotic-syndrome/nephrotic-syndrome-causes.aspx

  Nephrotic Syndrome is the outcome of a number of diseases that damage the filtering units of the kidneys in a specific way that allows them to leak protein into the urine. Hence there is an array of diseases, which eventually end up in Nephrotic Syndrome. Some of the diseases that cause Nephrotic Syndrome, such as nephritis, affect only the kidney. Other diseases that cause Nephrotic Syndromes, such as diabetes and lupus erythematosus, affect other parts of the body as well. It should be also noted that in the vast majority of cases the exact cause cannot be pinpointed. The most common causes could be listed as under: […] The basis of various nephropathies causing Nephrotic Syndrome is related to problems in the body’s immune system. Under normal circumstances, the immune system protects the body against invasion by foreign materials such as viruses and bacteria. However, if the immune system is not working properly, the kidneys may be harmed. The immune system may mistakenly attack the kidneys’ filters (glomeruli) and cause them to become inflamed.

• #5 Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adults

  Nephrotic syndrome is a combination of symptoms that can occur due to different causes. […] Many disorders can cause nephrotic syndrome, including diseases that affect only the kidneys and diseases that affect many parts of the body, such as diabetes and lupus. […] Diseases that affect only the kidneys and lead to nephrotic syndrome are called primary causes of nephrotic syndrome. The most common primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), Membranous nephropathy, and Minimal change disease. […] Other causes of nephrotic syndrome, also called secondary causes, include diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis, infections, some allergic reactions, some medicines, and genetic disorders that affect the kidneys.

• #6 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Nephrotic syndrome can be caused by a wide range of primary and secondary glomerular diseases. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and membranous nephropathy are the most common causes of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults. […] Type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are the most common secondary causes. […] Minimal change glomerular disease is the most common cause in children. […] Infection – eg, bacterial (including infective endocarditis, mycoplasma, leprosy and syphilis), viral (including HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes zoster), and parasitic (including malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, toxoplasmosis). […] Immunological/inflammatory – eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schnlein purpura, vasculitides, sarcoidosis.

• #7 What Is Nephrotic Syndrome?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nephrotic-syndrome-8670996

  Nephrotic syndrome is caused either by a disease directly affecting the kidneys, called primary nephrotic syndrome, or a systemic disease that affects the kidneys and other organs, called secondary nephrotic syndrome. […] Primary nephrotic syndrome accounts for roughly 90% of nephrotic syndrome cases. It is caused by a category of kidney disease called glomerular disease, which affects the cluster of capillaries (called glomeruli) where protein and waste products are filtered from the blood. […] Secondary nephrotic syndrome accounts for around 10% of nephrotic syndrome cases. It is associated with diseases that collaterally damage the kidneys. These include autoimmune diseases that damage the kidney with systemic inflammation or diseases that cause the obstruction of blood vessels, including those of the kidneys.

• #8 Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/glomerular-disorders/overview-of-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome occurs at any age but is more prevalent in children (primarily minimal change disease), with a mean age of diagnosis of 5 to 6 years. […] Causes differ by age and may be primary or secondary. […] The most common primary causes are minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. […] Important secondary causes, more common in adults than children, include diabetic nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and preeclampsia. […] Amyloidosis is an underrecognized cause. […] HIV-associated nephropathy is a type of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis that occurs in patients with advanced HIV infection. […] In adults, nephrotic syndrome is often secondary, most often to diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, or preeclampsia.

• #9 Nephrotic Syndrome Treatments, Causes, & Symptoms – American Kidney Fund (AKF)

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/nephrotic-syndrome-treatments-causes-symptoms

  Nephrotic syndrome happens when you have a disease that damages the filters in your kidneys causes them to not work as they should. There are primary and secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome. […] Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are diseases that affect only the kidneys. […] The most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is a disease called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). […] In children, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is minimal change disease. […] Secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome are diseases that affect the whole body, including the kidneys. […] Most of the time, nephrotic syndrome happens because of secondary causes. The most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is diabetes. […] The most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is diabetes.

• #10 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/kidney-urinary-tract/glomerulonephritis-leaflet/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome can be caused by many different diseases, some more serious than others. […] The cause of minimal change disease is not clear. It probably has something to do with a slight change in the immune system, or perhaps a reaction of parts of the immune system to some unidentified factor. […] In many cases, the cause or reason for this change to occur in the glomeruli is not known. However, there are various conditions that can cause membranous nephropathy to develop. […] The cause is unknown in most cases. However, a reaction of the immune system to something, or to various different things, is thought to be the cause. […] The cause of some of these conditions is not clear. However, some are probably caused by reactions of the immune system that cause damage to the glomeruli or nearby cells. […] A complication of some other more generalised conditions can cause damage to glomeruli, resulting in nephrotic syndrome.

• #11 Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome – Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/childhood-nephrotic-syndrome.htm

  Childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a complex condition consisting of distinct subtypes of glomerular histopathology and clinical courses in children. […] The causes of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome can be divided into three categories: […] Primary Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome occurs without an identifiable cause such as infections, autoimmune diseases or drugs. […] Minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) – In minimal change disease, there is damage to the glomeruli involved in urine formation. […] It may be idiopathic or can be related to allergic reactions, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tumours, vaccinations (flu and pneumococcal) and viral infections. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is described as scarring (sclerosis) in the kidney. […] Secondary Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome This is caused by an underlying disease or infection that results in changes in kidney function.

• #12 Nephrotic syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375608

  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Characterized by scarring of some of the glomeruli, this condition can result from another disease, a genetic defect or certain medications or occur for no known reason. […] Membranous nephropathy. This kidney disorder is the result of thickening membranes within the glomeruli. The thickening is due to deposits made by the immune system. It can be associated with other medical conditions, such as lupus, hepatitis B, malaria and cancer, or it can occur for no known reason. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus. This chronic inflammatory disease can lead to serious kidney damage. […] Amyloidosis. This disorder occurs when amyloid proteins accumulate in your organs. Amyloid buildup often damages the kidneys’ filtering system.

• #13 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome can affect both adults and children. It is treatable. […] You might have a condition that affects only your kidneys. Doctors call that a primary cause of nephrotic syndrome. […] Or you might have an issue with another part of your body that also affects your kidneys. Thats called a secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome. […] Some of the conditions that can damage your glomeruli include: […] Minimal change disease is the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a disease that scars the glomeruli. Its the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. […] Membranous nephropathy causes the membranes of the glomeruli to thicken. […] Diabetes is the most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults.

• #14

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120696/nephrotic-syndrome

  Primary glomerular disease […] focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. […] membranous nephropathy. […] minimal change disease. […] Secondary causes include diabetic nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis.

• #15 Understanding The Causes And Risk Factors Of Nephrotic Syndrome – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/10/25/understanding-the-causes-and-risk-factors-of-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): This disease causes scarring of the glomeruli, commonly the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. FSGS can be caused by viruses, medications, genetic mutations, obesity, high blood pressure, vascular disease, and many others. […] Membranous neuropathy: This occurs when membranes of glomeruli thicken. This thickening happens due to deposits made by the immune system, or associated with other medical conditions such as cancer, malaria, hepatitis B, and lupus, or it occurs for no known reason. […] Diabetes kidney disease: This is another popular cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It happens due to unmanaged diabetes which damages the kidney function, including glomeruli. This is known as diabetes nephropathy. […] Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus): It is a chronic disease that causes inflammation due to immune system response and damage to the kidneys.

• #16 Nephrotic Syndrome | UNC Kidney Center

  https://unckidneycenter.org/kidneyhealthlibrary/glomerular-disease/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different diseases of the kidney filters. These diseases cause injury to the vessel walls in the filter. This results in severe leakage of proteins into the urine. […] Many different diseases can harm the vessels in the kidney filter and cause protein to leak into the urine. Some are listed below: Minimal change disease (most common cause in children), Membranous glomerulopathy (most common cause in White adults), Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (most common cause in African American adults), Diabetic glomerulosclerosis, C1q nephropathy, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Amyloidosis, Lupus nephritis.

• #17 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/nephrotic-syndrome/causes

  Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis: Along with inflammation, there is deposit of antibodies in glomeruli causing difficulties in filtration. […] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: Glomeruli become crescent-shaped causing rapid loss of kidney functions. […] Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome is due to a general or systemic disease that affects the kidney and other parts of the body. […] Diabetic nephropathy: It is a complication of Diabetes where excess blood sugar accumulates in the kidneys, causing inflammation, thus reduces their function. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease which affects multiple organs including kidneys. […] Conventional medicines: Long term use of Penicillin, NSAIDs, Gold, etc. have resulted in many cases of Nephrotic Syndrome. […] Other causes of Nephrotic Syndrome of secondary type include Sarcoidosis, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, HIV, multiple myeloma, cancers, etc.

• #18 Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p479.html

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) consists of peripheral edema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia, often with hyperlipidemia. […] Most cases of NS are considered idiopathic or primary; membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are the most common histologic subtypes of primary NS in adults. […] Assessing the cause of NS is important in guiding management decisions. Many underlying systemic conditions can cause NS, although type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus are most common. […] Secondary causes of NS are listed in Table 1. […] The remaining 10% of cases are secondary to an underlying medical condition. […] Nephrotic syndrome may not present as a primary diagnosis, but instead as one of multiple disease manifestations, particularly in systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #19 What is nephrotic syndrome? Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nephrotic-syndrome

  Nephrotic syndrome can result from diseases that affect just the kidneys or the entire body. […] According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), diabetes is the systemic disease that most commonly causes nephrotic syndrome, while focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the kidney-related condition most likely to cause it. […] Healthcare professionals classify the cause of nephrotic syndrome as either primary or secondary. […] Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are conditions that only affect the kidneys. […] Examples of primary causes include: FSGS: In FSGS, scarring occurs in portions of the glomeruli. […] Membranous nephropathy: Immune complexes build up in the glomeruli, causing damage. […] Minimal change disease (MCD): The damage to the glomeruli is only visible with a very powerful microscope.

• #20 Patient education: The nephrotic syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-nephrotic-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  Membranous nephropathy is a condition in which the walls of the glomerular blood vessels become thickened from the accumulation of protein deposits, causing increased „leakiness.” […] It is not clear why membranous nephropathy develops in most people, but an „auto-immune” mechanism is suspected. […] Kidney disease is common in people with diabetes who have chronically elevated blood glucose levels and/or high blood pressure. […] Lupus is a disease that can affect multiple organs of the body, including the kidney. Nephrotic syndrome is common in people with severe lupus.

• #21 Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5989-nephrotic-syndrome

  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). In FSGS, scarring affects small areas (segments) of some of your glomeruli. It may cause swelling, kidney failure and loss of proteins in your pee. […] Lupus. Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, swelling and pain throughout your body, including your kidneys. […] Membranous nephropathy. In membranous nephropathy, your body’s immune system attacks the filtering membranes in your kidneys. […] Minimal change disease (MCD). This is a type of nephropathy in which your kidneys aren’t working properly. However, a kidney biopsy shows little or no damage to your glomeruli or kidney tissue. MCD may occur at any age, but it’s most common in children.

• #22 Nephrotic Syndrome – CORE Kidney | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/programs/core-kidney/conditions-treated/glomerulonephritis/nephrotic-syndrome

  Membranous nephropathy. This kidney disorder is the result of thickening membranes within the glomeruli. The exact cause of the thickening isn’t known, but it’s sometimes associated with other medical conditions, such as hepatitis B, malaria, lupus and cancer. […] Diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes can lead to kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) that affects the glomeruli. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus. This chronic inflammatory disease can lead to serious kidney damage. […] Amyloidosis. This disorder occurs when substances called amyloid proteins accumulate in your organs. Amyloid buildup often affects the kidneys, damaging their filtering system. […] Blood clot in a kidney vein. Renal vein thrombosis, which occurs when a blood clot blocks a vein connected to the kidney, can cause nephrotic syndrome. […] Heart failure. Some forms of heart failure, such as constrictive pericarditis and severe right heart failure, can cause nephrotic syndrome.

• #23 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  An episode of infectious diseases, particularly the upper respiratory tract, is a triggering factor in almost half of cases, an allergic reaction in a third of cases, and more rarely, an insect bite or vaccination. Nephrotic syndrome can also result from drugs of abuse, including heroin. […] Secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome include the following: Diabetes mellitus, Immune: lupus erythematosus, antibody vasculitis, Berger disease, glomeruli acute post-infectious nephritis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic neutrophils (ANCA), Goodpasture syndrome, extramembranous or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy, alloantibodies from enzyme replacement therapy, or toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or gold salts, Infection: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B1, preeclampsia, toxoplasmosis, amyloidosis, and paraproteinemias.

• #24 Table: Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-nephrotic-syndrome

  Gold […] Heroin […] Interferon alfa […] LithiumLithium […] NSAIDs […] Mercury […] PamidronatePamidronate […] PenicillaminePenicillamine […] ProbenecidProbenecid […] Bacterial […] Infective endocarditis […] Leprosy […] Syphilis […] Protozoan […] Filariasis […] Helminthic infections […] Malaria […] Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma haematobium) […] Viral […] Epstein-Barr virus infection […] Chronic hepatitis B virus infection […] Acute or chronic hepatitis C virus infection […] HIV infection […] Allergic […] Antitoxins […] Insect stings […] Snake venom […] Genetic syndromes […] Congenital nephrotic syndromes […] Corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (podocin defect) […] Denys-Drash syndrome […] Diffuse mesangial sclerosis […] Familial FSGS

• #24 Table: Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-nephrotic-syndrome

  Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome […] Primary causes […] Idiopathic […] Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN […] Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis […] IgA nephropathy* […] Membranoproliferative GN* […] Membranous nephropathy […] Minimal change disease […] Rapidly progressive GN* […] Secondary causes […] Metabolic […] Amyloidosis […] Diabetes mellitus […] Immunologic […] Cryoglobulinemia* […] Immunoglobulin A vasculitis* […] Microscopic polyangiitis […] Serum sickness […] Sjgren syndrome […] Systemic lupus erythematosus* […] Idiopathic […] Castleman disease […] Sarcoidosis […] Neoplastic […] Carcinoma (eg, bronchus, breast, colon, stomach, kidney) […] Leukemia […] Lymphomas […] Melanoma […] Multiple myeloma […] Medication or substance-related

• #24 Table: Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome-Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/causes-of-nephrotic-syndrome

  Finnish type (ie, nephrin gene mutation) […] Nail-patella syndrome […] Fabry disease […] Alport syndrome* […] Sickle cell disease […] Physiologic […] Adaptation to reduced nephrons […] Severe obesity […] Oligomeganephronia […] Miscellaneous […] Chronic allograft nephropathy […] Malignant hypertension […] Preeclampsia […] * More commonly manifests as nephritic syndrome.

• #25 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro

  Metabolic diseases – eg, diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis. […] Inherited disease – eg, Alport’s syndrome (hereditary nephritis), congenital nephrotic syndrome (Finnish type), familial FSGS, sickle cell disease. […] Malignant disease – eg, multiple myeloma, melanoma, leukaemia, lymphoma, carcinoma of breast, carcinoma of lung, carcinoma of colon and carcinoma of stomach. […] Drugs – eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), captopril, lithium, pamidronate, diamorphine, interferon alfa, penicillamine, probenecid, heroin and many others. […] Toxins – eg, insect sting, snake bites, phytotoxins, poison ivy. […] Pregnancy – eg, pre-eclampsia. […] Transplant rejection.

• #26 Nephrotic Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470444/

  The most common cause in children is minimal change glomerulonephritis. In White adults, nephrotic syndrome is most frequently due to membranous nephropathy, whereas in populations of African ancestry, the most common cause of the nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. […] Medication may also cause nephrotic syndrome. This includes the following: The infrequent occurrence of minimal-change disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), The occurrence of membranous glomerulonephritis with gold, bucillamine, and penicillamine use, which are used for rheumatic diseases, Focal glomerulosclerosis may occur due to bisphosphonates, Lithium and interferon therapy has been found to be associated with focal glomerulosclerosis.

• #27 Nephrotic Syndrome Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome is often caused by: […] Diabetes. This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. […] Many other things can cause the blood vessel damage that leads to nephrotic syndrome, including: […] Kidney diseases that attack the glomeruli, such as membranous glomerulopathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. […] Diseases such as lupus and certain cancers. […] Infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. […] Medicines such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Sometimes doctors don’t know what causes it.

• #28 Congenital nephrotic syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that begins in infancy and typically leads to irreversible kidney failure (end-stage renal disease) by early childhood. […] The features of congenital nephrotic syndrome are caused by failure of the kidneys to filter waste products from the blood and remove them in urine. […] Mutations in the NPHS1 or NPHS2 gene cause most cases of congenital nephrotic syndrome. […] Mutations in the NPHS1 or NPHS2 gene result in a decrease or absence of functional protein, which impairs the formation of normal slit diaphragms. […] NPHS1 gene mutations cause all cases of congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type. […] Mutations in other genes cause a small number of cases of congenital nephrotic syndrome. […] In these cases, the cause of the condition may be environmental, including infections such as congenital syphilis or toxoplasmosis, or it may be caused by mutations in unidentified genes.

• #29 06. Nephrotic Syndrome | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/06-nephrotic-syndrome/06-nephrotic-syndrome

  Drugs/Toxins/Immune reaction: heroin, gold, penicillamine, NSAIDs, interferon alpha. […] Cryoglobulinemia: typically presents with membranoproliferative GN. […] Infections: HIV (HIV-associated nephropathy, HIVAN), syphilis, hepatitis B or C, schistosomiasis. […] Malignancy: lymphoma, multiple myeloma, solid-organ carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pre-eclampsia: presents as HTN and proteinuria +/- edema. Occurs after 20 weeks gestation up to as late as 4-6 weeks postpartum.

• #30 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes

  http://www.askdrshah.com/app/nephrotic-syndrome/nephrotic-syndrome-causes.aspx

  In some cases, Nephrotic Syndrome is thought to be a result of or after effect of infectious conditions like malaria, infective endocarditis, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, streptococcal throat infection, etc. […] Certain modern medicines such as antibiotics (penicillin), antihypertensive medicines, gold preparations, etc are known to induce Nephrotic Syndrome in sensitive individuals. […] Cancers of the kidneys or lymphatic system (Hodgkins lymphoma) have the potential of inducing Nephrotic Syndrome. […] There is proven evidence that emotional stress can produce alteration in our immune system. Some of the known causes of Nephrotic Syndrome like diabetes mellitus and SLE are offshoots of psychosocial stress. […] In the vast majority of cases of Nephrotic Syndrome, the exact cause cannot be pinpointed.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Nephrotic-Syndrome-Epidemiology.aspx

  The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is minimal change disease. This accounts for up to 90% of cases involved children less than five years old. Minimal change disease can also be responsible for causing the condition in adults, although it is a less prominent cause associated with approximately 1 in 5 cases. Other common causes in children are segmental glomerulosclerosis and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, accounting for approximately 8% and 6% of cases, respectively. […] The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, which is responsible for about a third of cases. Other prominent causes include focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change disease, each accounting for approximately 20% of cases. In contrast to minimal change disease occurring in children, it usually occurs secondary to another condition, such as diabetic nephropathy.

• #32 Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1115/p1129.html

  Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. […] In adults, diabetes mellitus is the most common secondary cause, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy are the most common primary causes. […] Most cases of nephrotic syndrome appear to be caused by primary kidney disease. […] Membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) each account for about one third of cases of primary nephrotic syndrome; however, FSGS is the most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. […] Minimal change disease and (less commonly) immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy cause approximately 25 percent of cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. […] A large number of secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome have been identified, with diabetes mellitus being the most common.

• #33 Causes and Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome in Childhood | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69943

  Nephrotic syndrome is a general type of kidney disease seen in children. […] Nephrotic syndrome possibly causes due to some of glomerular diseases and systemic diseases, but significantly the mostly in childhood is unknown nephrotic syndrome. […] Etiology of nephrotic syndrome is also age reliant. Most cases reported in the first 3 months of life are referred to as congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and are due to genetic diseases. […] The childhood nephrotic syndrome is principally idiopathic or primary, though a limited number of cases are secondary to glomerular and inclusive diseases and other infectious agents. […] Maximum cases presenting in the first 3 months of lifespan are mentioned as CNS (congenital nephrotic syndrome) and are caused by genetic diseases. […] Above the infancy and above the first year of life, maximum of the nephrotic syndrome cases are idiopathic.

• #34 Nephrotic syndrome: symptoms, causes, treatment and diagnosis

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/nephrotic-syndrome/

  Nephrotic syndrome causes […] It can occur at any age and is caused by damage to the glomeruli (the tiny filters in the kidney). […] This damage is normally caused by a family of kidney diseases (known collectively as glomerulonephritis). […] However, nephrotic syndrome can also occur as a result of: a genetic abnormality (known as congenital nephrotic syndrome), lupus, diabetes, allergic reactions to medicines, infections like Hepatitis B. […] When the cause of nephrotic syndrome is not known it is referred to as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS).

• #35 Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome | Treatment and symptoms

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) occurs when the structure of the filter within the kidney breaks down. When this happens due to genetic mutations it is known as nephrotic syndrome (NS), however if a genetic mutation cannot be found then it is termed idiopathic. The cause is not well understood but there is good evidence that it is caused by an unknown factor in the circulation released by the immune system. […] INS is a type of nephrotic syndrome that has no known genetic cause. The specific underlying triggers for INS are not well understood, although there is growing evidence that there is something in the bloodstream that travels to the kidney and damages cells known as podocytes. The podocytes are octopus-like cells that sit on top of the small blood vessels and wrap their tentacles around them. When the podocytes are damaged by this unknown factor, protein can leak into the urine causing nephrotic syndrome.

• #36 Causes of nephrotic syndrome | infoKID

  https://infokid.org.uk/conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/causes-of-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Studies show that different types of nephrotic syndrome are linked to the immune system, which normally protects the body against disease and infection. […] In nephrotic syndrome, the immune system can interfere with the tiny filters in the kidneys, the glomeruli. […] In nephrotic syndrome, there is a change in the glomeruli. They become more leaky, and so some proteins pass through, leaving the body in urine. […] A few children (about 1 in 10) have a type that cannot be treated by steroids alone this is called steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) because it is resistant (does not respond) to steroid treatment. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and IgM nephropathy are causes of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. […] Other cases of nephrotic syndrome are very rare in children: Glomerulonephritis: A group of conditions that cause inflammation (swelling) in the glomeruli, the tiny filters in the kidneys.

• #37 Nephrotic Syndrome: In Children, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nephrotic-syndrome

  In adults, the most common primary cause of nephrotic syndrome is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). […] However, secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome also play an important role in adults. Its estimated that over 50 percent of nephrotic syndrome cases in adults have a secondary cause such as diabetes or lupus. […] There are some things that can put you at an increased risk of developing nephrotic syndrome. These can include: An underlying condition that can lead to kidney damage. Examples of such conditions include things like diabetes, lupus, or other kidney diseases. […] Specific infections. There are some infections that may increase your risk of nephrotic syndrome, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria. […] Some infection-fighting drugs and NSAIDs can increase the risk of nephrotic syndrome.

• #38 Understanding The Causes And Risk Factors Of Nephrotic Syndrome – Doral Health & Wellness NY

  https://doralhw.org/2024/10/25/understanding-the-causes-and-risk-factors-of-nephrotic-syndrome/

  Amyloidosis: This happens when amyloid proteins build in your organs and damage the kidneys filtering system. […] Certain health conditions or infections can increase the risk of nephrotic syndrome, including: […] Diabetes […] Lupus […] Amyloidosis […] Hepatitis B and C […] HIV […] Malaria […] In children, untreated strep infection […] If you take certain medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), then your risk of nephrotic syndrome is high. This disorder is more common in children between the ages of 2 to 6. Males are more often diagnosed with this disorder than females.

• #39 Nephrotic Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/nephrotic-syndrome-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Nephrotic syndrome can be triggered by various underlying health conditions, including chronic diseases and infections. […] Several medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing nephrotic syndrome. Diabetes is one of the most common causes, as high blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys’ filtering units over time. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is another major risk factor, as it strains the kidneys and leads to damage. Other conditions that increase the risk include lupus, amyloidosis, and infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. […] Genetics can play a role in the development of nephrotic syndrome, particularly in children. Some forms are inherited, meaning a family history of the condition increases the likelihood of developing it. Additionally, certain genetic mutations can affect kidney structure and function, leading to nephrotic syndrome. Age is another important factor, as children between 2 and 6 are more likely to develop nephrotic syndrome, particularly the type known as minimal change disease. In adults, the risk increases with age, especially in those with underlying health conditions like diabetes or hypertension.

• #40 Nephrotic Syndrome | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/n/nephrotic-syndrome.html

  Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys’ glomeruli. These are the tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. […] Nephrotic syndrome may happen with other health problems, such as kidney disease caused by diabetes and immune disorders. It can also develop after damage from viral infections. […] The cause of nephrotic syndrome isn’t always known. […] Nephrotic syndrome develops when there is damage to the filtering part of the kidneys (glomeruli). This results in protein spilling into the urine. […] Loss of the proteins from your blood allows fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into the nearby tissues, causing swelling. […] The blood in your blood vessels will become thick with the loss of fluid into the tissue. This increases the risk for a blood clot. […] Your body will try to replace the lost proteins by increased production through the liver. This can result in high cholesterol.

• #41 Assessment of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/356

  Nephrotic syndrome is not a single disease; it is a constellation of several symptoms that can be caused by several renal diseases. The challenge is to determine the underlying aetiology causing the nephrotic syndrome in any given patient. […] In focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), the podocyte is often the target of an unknown circulating factor. In idiopathic membranous nephropathy, the podocyte is the target of an antibody response, and in genetic causes of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), the genetic mutation affects the podocyte or the filtration barrier. […] Patients become hypoalbuminaemic due to the urinary loss of albumin. The liver tries to compensate for this protein loss by increasing the synthesis of albumin, as well as other molecules including low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a), contributing to the development of lipid abnormalities including hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia.

• #42 Assessment of nephrotic syndrome – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/356

  Hypercoagulability and thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, renal vein thrombosis) is a recognised life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome. It occurs as a result of loss of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S in the urine; increased hepatic synthesis of pro-coagulant factors; and increased platelet activation. […] Occurs due to a combination of a decrease in oncotic pressure (also known as colloid osmotic pressure) from hypoalbuminaemia, as well as a primary renal sodium retention in the collecting tubules.

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