Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921083/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional condition of the bowel that is diagnosed using clinical criteria. This paper discusses the nature of the diagnostic process for IBS and how this impacts epidemiological measurements. Depending on the diagnostic criteria employed, IBS affects around 11% of the population globally. […] Internationally, there is a female predominance in the prevalence of IBS. […] There is no evidence that IBS is associated with an increased mortality risk. The epidemiological evidence surrounding these aspects of the natural history is discussed. […] The prevalence of IBS within the community is between 10% and 25%. […] Meta-analysis shows a pooled estimate of international IBS prevalence of 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.8-12.8), with variation by geographic region; the lowest occurring in South Asia (7.0%) and the highest in South America (21.0%).

• #2 Irritable bowel syndrome: Epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10354571/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disease with a significant impact on patients quality of life and a high socioeconomic burden. […] The Rome Foundation Global Study coverage across the country reported that the overall prevalence of IBS was 3.8% in Rome IV and 10.1% in Rome III. […] The prevalence of IBS varies widely between different countries. In 2017, the Rome Foundation working group reviewed related work and showed that the prevalence of IBS varied from 1.1% (France and Iran) to 35.5% (Mexico), and the prevalence in Asia is also uneven. […] The goal of determining the global prevalence of IBS is still inaccurate. […] The Rome Foundation Global Epidemiological Study organized a study using Rome IV in 33 countries and our analysis discovered that the prevalence rates in Europe and the United States were comparable, while those in Asia and Australia were marginally lower.

• #3 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional condition of the bowel that is diagnosed using clinical criteria. […] Depending on the diagnostic criteria employed, IBS affects around 11% of the population globally. […] Internationally, there is a female predominance in the prevalence of IBS. […] There is 25% less IBS diagnosed in those over 50 years and there is no association with socioeconomic status. […] The epidemiological evidence surrounding these aspects of the natural history is discussed. […] Prevalence estimates for IBS vary greatly internationally, both within and between countries. […] The prevalence of IBS within the community is between 10% and 25%. […] Meta-analysis shows a pooled estimate of international IBS prevalence of 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.8-12.8), with variation by geographic region; the lowest occurring in South Asia (7.0%) and the highest in South America (21.0%).

• #4

  https://www.jpublichealth.org/articles/1034.html

  Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional bowel disorders, but its prevalence appears to vary widely between different countries. […] In total, 131 publications reporting 133 records from 39 countries with 292,951 participants were identified for our analysis. The global pooled prevalence of IBS was 15.0% (95% CI: 13.4%-16.6%), and the pooled prevalence of IBS varied substantially between countries and regions. The highest pooled prevalence of IBS was 18.9% in South America, and the lowest was 11.0% in Southeast Asia. […] The present meta-analysis provides comprehensive and useful information on the epidemiology of IBS. The prevalence of IBS varies strikingly by country and region, even when the same diagnostic criteria were applied. […] Studies have shown that IBS affects 7% to 21% of the general population worldwide.

• #5 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | ACG

  https://gi.org/topics/irritable-bowel-syndrome/

  In the United States, it is thought that 10-15 percent of adults suffer from IBS symptoms. Yet, only 5 to 7 percent of adults have been diagnosed with the disease. IBS is one of the most common disorders seen by doctors. […] IBS is common – 10% to 15% of people in the United States have it. It is more common in women, but anyone can be affected. […] IBS is a very common disorder and scientific tests show that about 10% to 15% of people in the United States have it. IBS is more common in women with almost twice as many women having it than men. […] IBS can really cause people to have problems living a good life. IBS symptoms can be bad enough to cause them to miss school or work, or reduce social activities. Some may skip meals or make other changes to diet and nutrition. According to research, people with IBS make more visits to their doctors and undergo more tests. They are prescribed more medicines, miss more workdays, and are less effective at work. They go to the hospital more frequently and spend more money for healthcare than patients without IBS.

• #6 Irritable bowel syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Irritable_bowel_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of IBS is approximately 200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of IBS is approximately 11,200 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of IBS varies with geographical and demographic distribution. […] The prevalence of IBS in USA and Europe is ranges from a low of 10,000 per 100,000 individuals to a high of 20,000 per 100,000 individuals. […] IBS commonly affects individuals younger than 35 years of age. […] The incidence of IBS decreases with age. […] The prevalence of IBS is 25% lower in individuals over 50 years of age. […] There is no racial predilection to IBS. […] Females are more commonly affected by IBS than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 1:2. This is due to social and biological factors. […] Females are predominantly affected by IBS as the likelihood of diagnosis of IBS is 2-3 times more in women as compared to men. This is because health care seeking behavior for symptoms is 4-5 times higher in women as compared to men.

• #7 Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Japan, China, and South Korea: An International Cross-sectional Study

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm22037

  Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Japan, China, and South Korea: An International Cross-sectional Study […] The estimated global prevalence is approximately 10%; however, accumulated evidence shows international heterogeneity. […] The overall prevalence of IBS with 95% CI was 12.6% (11.6-13.7); the prevalence was significantly different across Japan, China, and South Korea (14.9% [13.4-16.5], 5.5% [4.3-7.1], and 15.6% [13.3-18.3], respectively). […] The overall prevalence of IBS in the 3 countries was slightly higher than the global prevalence, and it was significantly lower in China than in Japan and South Korea. […] IBS prevalence was the highest and lowest among individuals in their 40s and 60s, respectively. […] IBS prevalence has been previously studied. […] A Rome Foundation working team performed a literature review and reported the global IBS prevalence in adults to be 8.8% (8.7-8.9%).

• #8 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180389-overview

  Population-based studies often estimate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) at 4.1% (Rome IV criteria) to 10.1% (Rome III criteria) or up to 11%, and the incidence of IBS at 1-2% per year. It is the seventh most common diagnosis by primary care physicians. IBS contributes to large direct and indirect costs on a personal and societal level. […] Of people with IBS, approximately 30% seek medical care. An estimated 10% of gastroenterology referrals relate to this symptom complex. The prevalence is markedly different among countries, with the lowest reported in South Asia (7%) and the highest in South America (21%). A 2018 study by Quigley suggested that in Asia, the lowest prevalence was in China (6%), with a higher prevalence in Japan (15%) and South Korea (16%). However, the Rome Foundation found in 2017 that there was significant heterogeneity among studies of IBS prevalence. In the same year, an expert literature review among community-based studies worldwide suggested that the lowest prevalence is in France (1.1%) and the highest is in Mexico (35.5%); a 7.1% prevalence was found in the US/Europe/Australia/New Zealand.

• #9 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #98932: Irritable Bowel Syndrome – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2508&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  IBS affects persons regardless of age and biological sex but is most common in women and younger individuals. The worldwide prevalence of IBS among adults is between 4.1% (Rome IV criteria) and 10.1% (Rome III criteria). A population-based survey among 5,931 adults found that prevalence values (4.4% to 4.8%) of IBS (Rome IV criteria) are similar in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom. The estimated lifetime prevalence of IBS in adult North American and European populations is 10% to 20%, but only 5% to 7% have been diagnosed. IBS shows highest prevalence in South America (21%) and lowest prevalence in Southeast Asia (7%). […] IBS is among the most common diagnosed GI disorders, accounting for 41% of patients with functional GI symptoms. Among clinical populations, IBS accounts for 12% of all patients seen in primary care and 28% in gastroenterology clinics. In the United States, patients with IBS are evenly distributed among three common presenting clinical patterns: IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), IBS with constipation (IBS-C), and mixed IBS (IBS-M); in Europe, most patients reportedly have either IBS-C or IBS-M.

• #10 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Rates in women are approximately 1.5- to 3-fold higher than those seen in men. […] Internationally, the overall prevalence of IBS in women is 67% higher than in men. […] IBS occurs in all age groups, including children and the elderly, with no difference seen in the frequency of subtypes by age. […] However, 50% of patients with IBS report having first had symptoms before the age of 35 years, and prevalence is 25% lower in those aged over 50 years than in those who are younger. […] One study suggested that IBS was associated with lower socioeconomic status, a finding supported by the theory that lower income is associated with poorer health care outcomes, lower overall quality of life, and increased life stressors. […] The relative risk of IBS is twice as high in individuals with a biological relative with IBS.

• #11 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults/print

  Prevalence varies by age and gender: In one meta-analysis, the prevalence of IBS was 25 percent lower in those aged over 50 years compared with those who were younger (odds ratio [OR] 0.75, 95% CI, 0.62-0.92). In another meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of IBS in females was 14 percent, compared with 9 percent in males (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.53–1.82). Females were more likely to have constipation-predominant IBS compared with males.

• #12 IBS Facts and Statistics – About IBS

  https://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/facts-about-ibs/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, and altered bowel habit (chronic or recurrent diarrhea, constipation, or both either mixed or in alternation). […] Worldwide its estimated that 5-10% of the population has IBS. […] Most persons with IBS are under the age of 50. But many older adults suffer as well. […] IBS affects between 25 and 45 million people in the United States. About 2 in 3 IBS sufferers are female. About 1 in 3 IBS sufferers are male. […] Based on a survey taken by IFFGD, a significant proportion 35% to 40% of individuals who report IBS in the community are male. Approximately 60% to 65% of individuals who report IBS in the community are female. […] IBS is a major womens health issue. Data reveals an increased risk of unnecessary surgery for extra-abdominal and abdominal surgery in IBS patients. For example, hysterectomy or ovarian surgery has been reported in female patients with IBS as high as 47% to 55% and has been performed more often in the IBS patient than in comparison groups.

• #13 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180389-overview

  Adolescent and young adult women are most commonly affected with IBS. In Western countries, women are 2-3 times more likely to develop IBS than men, although in the Indian subcontinent males represent 70-80% of patients with IBS. Patients often retrospectively note the onset of abdominal pain and altered bowel habit in childhood. Approximately 50% of people with IBS report symptoms beginning before age 35 years. The development of symptoms later in life does not exclude IBS but should prompt a closer search for an underlying organic etiology.

• #14 Irritable bowel syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that commonly include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, and changes in the consistency of bowel movements. These symptoms may occur over a long time, sometimes for years. IBS can negatively affect quality of life and may result in missed school or work or reduced productivity at work. Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are common among people with IBS. […] About 10-15% of people in the developed world are believed to be affected by IBS. The prevalence varies according to country (from 1.1% to 45.0%) and criteria used to define IBS; however, the average global prevalence is 11.2%. It is more common in South America and less common in Southeast Asia. In the Western world, it is twice as common in women as men and typically occurs before age 45. However, women in East Asia are not more likely than their male counterparts to have IBS, indicating much lower rates among East Asian women. Similarly, men from South America, South Asia and Africa are just as likely to have IBS as women in those regions, if not more so. The condition appears to become less common with age. IBS does not affect life expectancy or lead to other serious diseases. […] The prevalence of IBS varies by country and by age range examined. The bar graph at right shows the percentage of the population reporting symptoms of IBS in studies from various geographic regions.

• #15 Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/irritable-bowel-syndromeepidemiology

  The number of newly diagnosed cases of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is increasing worldwide. International IBS prevalence is estimated at 11.2% with variations in geographic regions ranging from 7% to 21%. […] IBS is more prevalent among women, whose incidence is 1.5 to 3 fold higher than in men. Internationally 14% of women and 8.9% of men will suffer from IBS. […] The condition appears within all age groups, including children and the elderly, although half of patients will report having suffered with symptoms before the age of 35 years. […] Although IBS is thought to be a life-long condition, there is actually a 25% lower incidence in those aged over 50. […] It remains unclear if there is any link with socioeconomic status, but there does appear to be a familial link indicated by a two-fold increase in risk amongst first degree relatives.

• #16 Diagnosis and Management of IBS in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0901/p419.html

  Irritable bowel syndrome is defined as abdominal discomfort or pain associated with altered bowel habits for at least three days per month in the previous three months, with the absence of organic disease. In North America, the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome is 5 to 10 percent with peak prevalence from 20 to 39 years of age. […] Prevalence estimates of IBS in North America range from 5 to 10 percent, with peak prevalence from 20 to 39 years of age. IBS affects 1.5 times more women than men and is more common in lower socioeconomic populations. […] Patients with IBS have lower work productivity and higher absenteeism; take more medications; and require more physician visits, diagnostic tests, and hospitalizations compared with patients of the same age without IBS.

• #17 Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930844-overview

  Symptoms consistent with irritable bowel syndrome are present in 10-20% of adolescents and adults. Less than one third of patients seek medical advice. In the pediatric population, irritable bowel syndrome symptoms are reported in 14% of high-school students and 6% of middle-school students. One third of patients with irritable bowel syndrome trace their symptoms to childhood. The prevalence of IBS in children across the United States ranges from 1.2% to 2.9%. […] Prevalence in developing countries is probably lower than in Western countries, but this may be explained by a combination of reduced availability of medical care and different cultural approaches to illness. […] Irritable bowel syndrome is not well characterized outside Western countries. According to reported studies, the disease prevalence is lower in Hispanic and Asian populations than in Caucasian populations, and Whites are more likely to have irritable bowel syndrome than Blacks.

• #18 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3921083/

  Many patients do not seek medical attention for symptoms indicative of IBS. […] Estimates of the proportion who do attend primary care for their symptoms are between 10% and 70%. […] The relative risk of IBS is twice as high in individuals with a biological relative with IBS. […] IBS is a significant health care burden, irrespective of setting or geography, affecting around 11% of the population globally. […] Accurate case definition remains difficult in IBS due to the high frequency of symptoms within the community, variations in diagnostic criteria and the stringency with which they are implemented, lack of specific histopathological changes, and lack of a definitive point of onset.

• #19 Study: Prevalence of IBS Exceeds Previous Estimates

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/study-prevalence-of-ibs-exceeds-previous-estimates/

  Results from a new study by Cedars-Sinai investigators reveal that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is more prevalent than previously thought. […] A large nationwide survey of 89,000 people conducted by Cedars-Sinai investigators found the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to be higher than previously reported: 6.1% compared with 4.7% to 5.3% in studies of significantly smaller sample sizes. […] This new study is among the largest population-based evaluations of IBS epidemiology. […] In addition to the significant size of the study cohort, investigators point out there have been few large-scale studies looking at racial and ethnic differences in IBS. […] Our findings showed that non-Hispanic Black people, Hispanics and non-Hispanic Asian people all were less likely to have IBS when compared to non-Hispanic white people, said Almario.

• #20 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-(IBS)-Epidemiology.aspx

  Geographically surveys in Israel (among Jews not Bedouins), Iran, and India, China etc. have shown low prevalence of IBS. In China for example prevalence is less than 1%. […] Assessing the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome as per the predominant symptoms or diarrhea or constipation, it was found that the prevalence of IBS with predominant diarrhea was 5.0 to 5.5% where as the prevalence of IBS with predominant constipation was around 5.2 to 5.4%. […] The prevalence of IBS with alternating constipation and diarrhea or mixed IBS with 5.2% as assessed from the studies. […] Studies from Korea, Greece, Malaysia, Finland and France showed that there is a wide variation in the prevalence of IBS as per the subclassifications. […] Studies have also assessed the factors that contribute to development of IBS including depression, anxiety and sleep disorders like insomnia.

• #21 Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Japan, China, and South Korea: An International Cross-sectional Study

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm22037

  In Asian countries, IBS prevalence ranges from 1.1% in Iran to 21.2% in Japan. […] Even when uniform symptom-based criteria are applied based on an identical methodology to define IBS presence, the prevalence varies substantially among countries. […] In this study we aim to investigate IBS prevalence in the urban populations of 3 East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, and China) after adjusting for sex and age following the same criteria and compare the IBS features among these 3 countries. […] The prevalence of IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, and IBS-U in East Asia was 2.8% (95% CI, 2.3-3.3), 2.1% (95% CI, 1.7-2.6), 6.0% (95% CI, 5.3-6.8), and 1.7% (95% CI, 1.4-2.2), respectively. […] There were significant differences in IBS prevalence and IBS-D between the sexes. […] There were significant differences in the prevalence of IBS, IBS-D, and IBS-M across the age groups.

• #22

  https://www.jpublichealth.org/articles/1034.html

  The prevalence of IBS varies by country and population. It has been reported that the global prevalence of IBS in adults is approximately 8.8%, 7.1% in North America and 12.6% in Asia. […] The pooled prevalence of IBS was 14.2% from 1990 to 2000, 11.4% from 2001 to 2010 and 16.5% from 2011 to 2022. […] The pooled prevalence of IBS was higher in women than in men (15.0% [95% CI, 13.3%-17.8%] vs. 11.0% [95% CI: 9.8%-12.9%]). […] The pooled prevalence of IBS in those aged 18 years or younger was 16.23%, that in those aged 18-50 years was 15.95% and that in those aged 50 years or older was 15.10%. […] The pooled global prevalence of IBS was 15.0% (95% CI: 13.4%-16.6%). Most of the studies reported were in the Western Pacific Region, while research in Africa was relatively scarce. […] The prevalence of IBS was influenced by the mode of assessment. […] Future epidemiological surveys are needed to provide the prevalence of IBS after the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

• #23 The Current Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=332&vmd=Full

  Unfortunately, it is very hard to define that all enrolled study populations throughout the world should be harmonized with a least heterogeneity. Thus obtained IBS prevalences throughout the world would be quite variable among the studies. Besides, it is unknown whether these mentioned factors are truly existed because prevalence studies do not attempt to confirm their existence. Even some studies indicate the contradictory impact on the IBS. For instance, the same questionnaire applied to different countries may obtain the very dissimilar prevalence results, such as this conducted in Thailand and Western countries, another conducted in USA and 8 European countries and an early study carried out in Japan and The Netherlands, respectively. With regard to the IBS prevalence around the world, it has been indicated that the IBS prevalence is lower in non-western countries. In addition, a study based on Manning criteria indicated that the IBS prevalence of USA Asian residents was lower compared to others. However, this early statement meets challenge. Likewise, IBS prevalence is reported as higher as 26%-33% in the selected populations of the African countries. Similarly, the Japanese IBS prevalence was almost 3-fold of this of Dutch using the same questionnaire. Kang compared East IBS prevalences to those of West counterparts and provided the median values of 12% vs 17% in Manning criteria, 10.4% vs 9.2% in Rome I and 7.6% vs 6.0% in Rome II, respectively. He finally concluded no convincing prevalence difference existed in the East and West countries. In the same year, Gwee et al believed that the IBS prevalence is increasing among the Asia countries with the estimated community prevalence ranging 5.7%-8.6%, whereas these of selected population reach up to 16%-45%. Most recently, he reviewed the Asia IBS studies and indicated that the Asia IBS prevalence has a trend of higher in the affluent cities compared to South Asia, eg, 8.6%-9.8% vs 4.2%. Talley also pointed out that IBS is prevalent in both East and West countries without necessarily to emphasize on the prevalence difference. With regard to study IBS prevalence, employed criteria should be considered since it may produce enormously different results.

• #24 Study: Prevalence of IBS Exceeds Previous Estimates

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/study-prevalence-of-ibs-exceeds-previous-estimates/

  Since the prevalence of IBS appears to be on the rise, Almario suggests physicians may be seeing more patients with associated symptoms in their clinics. […] According to the study authors, the COVID-19 pandemic may have played a role in the increased prevalence of IBS, and they are performing additional data analysis to examine the potential connection. […] It is possible that both direct infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 and the psychological stress associated with living through a pandemic contributed to the rise in IBS prevalence through a number of mechanisms worthy of further investigation, said Spiegel.

• #25 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Considerable heterogeneity exists between studies. […] It is plausible that the underlying prevalence of symptoms in communities internationally is the same, around 11%, and the variations reflect differences in access to health care and acceptability of a diagnosis. […] Many patients do not seek medical attention for symptoms indicative of IBS. […] Estimates of the proportion who do attend primary care for their symptoms are between 10% and 70%. […] In the UK, estimates of the proportion who consult vary from 30% to 50%. […] There are no significant differences in gastrointestinal symptoms between those who consult and those who do not, but those who consult do report higher pain scores, greater levels of anxiety, and greater reduction in quality of life. […] In most populations, women report more IBS symptoms than men, irrespective of the diagnostic criteria employed.

• #26 Self-Assessment Questions – Course #98932: Irritable Bowel Syndrome – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/studypoints.php?courseid=2508&printable=yes&page=printquestions

  Of all persons with IBS symptoms, only a minority seek primary care medical attention, estimated at 10% to 70% in European countries and around 30% in the United States. In a 2017 online survey of 1,924 participants with a history of gastrointestinal symptoms, 43% of individuals who met the criteria for IBS-D had not received a formal diagnosis of the disorder. Patients with IBS-D tend to seek medical attention at higher rates than those with IBS-C or IBS-M. Those seeking medical care report greater levels of pain and anxiety and greater impact on quality of life. In contrast, GI symptom severity does not differ greatly between the two groups. […] The prevalence of IBS is increased six- to seven-fold in persons who have experienced a prior infectious gastroenteritis or enterocolitis, and postinfectious IBS accounts for 5% to 25% of all cases of IBS. IBS develops in 3% to 30% of patients following acute gastroenteritis, illustrating an acute pathogen and host interaction that predisposes to development of chronic IBS. Factors with the greatest risk for postinfectious IBS are elongating toxin and longer duration of the initial illness.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-020-01746-z

  IBS patients show higher co-morbidity with functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or IBD than non-IBS patients. […] In Japan, routine workplace health examinations revealed that the prevalence of functional dyspepsia or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in individuals with IBS was estimated at more than twofold that in individuals without IBS. […] The RR of transition from IBS to IBD was as high as 16.3. […] IBS shows high co-morbidity with extra-intestinal disorders. […] IBS patients are at risk of many diseases and impaired QOL. […] Health-related QOL in patients with IBS is greatly impaired. […] The severity of IBS (particularly abdominal pain or diarrhea) and psychological disturbance in IBS patients determine their healthcare-seeking behavior. […] Whether IBS actually impairs the survival rate is inconclusive, but the increased suicide rate in IBS patients should be recognized.

• #28 Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/irritable-bowel-syndromeepidemiology

  Various other co-existing conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, chronic back pain, chronic pelvic pain, chronic headache and temporomandibular joint dysfunction seem to occur twice as often in IBS patients in comparison to the general population and affect around 50% of IBS patients. […] Although IBS can significantly reduce a patient’s quality of life and can be associated with depression and anxiety, IBS is not associated with an increased risk of mortality.

• #29 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-english

  The prevalence of IBS in Europe and North America is estimated to be 10-15%. In Sweden, the most commonly cited figure is 13.5%. […] The prevalence of IBS is increasing in countries in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly in those with developing economies. […] The estimated prevalence of IBS in children is similar to that in adults. […] IBS mainly occurs between the ages of 15 and 65 years. […] The prevalence is greater in women although this result is not reproduced in some studies from India, for example. […] Typical IBS symptoms are common in healthy population samples, but the majority of sufferers with IBS are not actually medically diagnosed. This may explain apparent differences between countries in the reported prevalence. […] Several studies suggest that among African-Americans, in comparison to their white compatriots: stool frequency is lower. […] The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux-type symptoms in patients with IBS is four times higher than in those without IBS. There is an overlap between the two conditions in up to 25% of individuals.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-(IBS)-Epidemiology.aspx

  The most common psychiatric disorder associated with IBS is depression, with a prevalence of approximately 30% in IBS patients compared to only 18% in normal healthy population. […] Anxiety is also commonly encountered as a condition associated with IBS, with 16% affected compared to healthy populations at a rate of 6%.

• #31 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  IBS is a significant health care burden, irrespective of setting or geography, affecting around 11% of the population globally. […] Accurate case definition remains difficult in IBS due to the high frequency of symptoms within the community, variations in diagnostic criteria and the stringency with which they are implemented, lack of specific histopathological changes, and lack of a definitive point of onset. […] A significant amount of evidence also suggests that patients with IBS are more likely to also have other functional conditions.

• #32 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) At a Glance | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-glance

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent and expensive condition that is associated with a significantly impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and reduced work productivity. IBS care consumes over $ 20 billion in both direct and indirect expenditures. Moreover, patients with IBS consume over 50% more health care resources than matched controls without IBS. Based on strict criteria, 7 10 % of people have IBS worldwide. Community-based data indicate that diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) and mixed IBS (IBS-M) subtypes are more prevalent than constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C), and that switching among subtype groups may occur. IBS is 1.5 times more common in women than in men, is more common in lower socioeconomic groups, and is more commonly diagnosed in patients younger than 50 years of age. Prevalence estimates of IBS range from 1 % to more than 20% in North America(7%). In Asia the prevalence is about 5%. Recently, a School-Based Study in china reported the prevalence of IBS in adolescents and children was 13.25% and the ratio of boys to girls was 1:1.8. Most patient with IBS in India are middle-aged men (mean age 39.4 years).

• #33 Epidemiology of IBS | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-ibs-2/

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. Because not everyone needs to seek care, population-based studies are needed to truly understand the epidemiology of IBS. About 10% of the population has IBS at any one time and about 200 people per 100,000 will receive an initial diagnosis of IBS over the course of a year. IBS patients are more frequently younger in age, and a female predominance has been observed in Western countries and tertiary care settings. IBS patients commonly report overlapping upper GI, as well as a variety of non-GI, complaints. […] IBS is one of the most common disorders affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBS accounts for 10% to 15% of primary care visits and 25% to 50% of gastroenterology referral visits. Data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) showed that IBS accounts for 2.6 million office-based visits and 3.5 million all-location physician visits. However, a limited proportion of subjects suffering from IBS seek medical attention for this condition. Thus, knowledge of IBS epidemiology depends on research in the general population. This review addresses the comprehensive epidemiology in terms of prevalence, incidence, overlap, and natural history of one of the most common GI disorders, IBS.

• #34 New and Important Insights Into IBS: From Epidemiology to Treatment

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/444514

  Similar results have also been observed in Europe and Australia. […] In another epidemiologic study of 1069 employees of the Veterans’ Affairs Health Care System in Utah, Tuteja and colleagues evaluated potential risk factors for IBS. They recruited a total of 723 subjects, obtaining a response rate of 72%, and observed that 9% had IBS, as expected. Adjusting for age and sex, IBS was not associated with smoking, aspirin use, alcohol consumption, or education level. However, unmarried patients and those taking acetaminophen were at a significantly higher risk for IBS. […] Impairment of quality of life is considered by many to be an important prerequisite if a condition not associated with mortality is to be labeled a disease. […] Hungin and associates reported that despite substantial nonconsulting, IBS had a significant impact on patients’ day-to-day life: 25% were working fewer hours and 20% had changed their work schedule because of the disease. Although IBS has a confirmed predominance among women, it is still not known whether there are sex-specific differences that predict health-related quality of life in IBS. […] Thus, sex differences do matter in IBS, as exemplified by the not-yet-explained superior efficacy of the new peripherally acting serotonin-modulating drugs in IBS, which appear to be more efficacious in women.

• #35 New and Important Insights Into IBS: From Epidemiology to Treatment

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/444514

  It is well known that IBS is highly prevalent in the general population, but national US data are limited and previous studies have often focused on self-reported diagnosis of IBS data rather than applying standard diagnostic criteria (eg, Rome). […] Hungin and colleagues applied random-digit-dialing technology to conduct telephone interviews in more than 5000 subjects 18 years and older in the United States. Using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on IBS, they identified the overall prevalence of this disorder to be 14%, with a female-male ratio of approximately 2:1. More women than men had typical IBS symptoms, but overall only about one fourth had been formally diagnosed as having IBS; 34% had symptoms for more than 10 years, and 48% had symptoms for more than 5 years. Approximately 60% of subjects used over-the-counter medications, and 20% used nothing to treat their IBS. These investigators reported that abdominal pain was the major reason patients visited healthcare professionals. They also observed that there was a higher rate of cholecystectomy and hysterectomy among those with IBS in the population. These findings are consistent with other high-quality US epidemiologic studies.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-020-01746-z

  The overall objectives of the guidelines are to provide evidence-based strategies to develop our understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and complications of IBS and for the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of patients with IBS. […] A recent epidemiological survey using the Rome IV criteria revealed that the prevalence of IBS in the general population globally is 4.1%. […] In Japan, the prevalence of IBS is 2.2% but that of functional bowel disorders is 25.2%. […] The prevalence of IBS is unlikely to be increasing. […] The prevalence of IBS in Japan is not increasing in line with that worldwide. […] PI-IBS develops in approximately 10% of patients with infectious enteritis due to known risk factors. […] The proportion of PI-IBS among all IBS cases is estimated to be 5%25%.

• #37 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in North America: a systematic review 1

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/72339?show=full

  The aim of this study was to systematically review published literature about the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in North America. […] The prevalence of IBS in North America ranges from 3% to 20%, with most prevalence estimates ranging from 10% to 15%. The prevalences of diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant IBS are both approximately 5%. […] Approximately 30 million people in North America meet the diagnostic criteria for IBS. However, data about the natural history of IBS is quite sparse and renewed efforts should be focused at developing appropriately designed trials of the epidemiology of IBS.

• #38 The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in North America: a systematic review 1

  https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/72339

  The aim of this study was to systematically review published literature about the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in North America. […] The prevalence of IBS in North America ranges from 3% to 20%, with most prevalence estimates ranging from 10% to 15%. […] Published prevalence estimates by gender range from 2:1 female predominance to a ratio of 1:1. […] Constipation-predominant IBS is more common in female individuals. […] Approximately 30 million people in North America meet the diagnostic criteria for IBS. […] However, data about the natural history of IBS is quite sparse and renewed efforts should be focused at developing appropriately designed trials of the epidemiology of IBS.

• #39 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome-in-adults/print

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. However, only a small percentage of those affected seek medical attention. Approximately 40 percent of individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for IBS do not have a formal diagnosis. IBS is associated with increased health care costs and is the second highest cause of work absenteeism. In the United States, IBS accounts for 25 to 50 percent of all referrals to gastroenterologists. […] The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in North America estimated from population-based studies is approximately 10 to 15 percent. In a meta-analysis that included eight international studies, the pooled prevalence of IBS was estimated to be 11 percent, with wide variation by geographic region.

• #40 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/irritable-bowel-syndrome-pro

  IBS occurs in 10-20% of the population in the UK, but prevalence is thought to be higher than this as many people with the disorder do not seek medical advice. […] A systematic review of global prevalence showed significant geographical differences (between 1% and 45%). […] It is more common in women than in men, with a ratio of 1.67:1. […] Peak prevalence is between the ages of 20 and 30.

• #41 Epidemiology of IBS | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-ibs-2/

  In general, IBS is considered a highly prevalent FGID. However, IBS epidemiology varies considerably according to the definition used. Many population-based surveys have estimated the prevalence of IBS using the responses of surveys that record bowel symptoms. The prevalence rates in these studies have varied between 3 and 32 per hundred. […] The major IBS prevalence studies in Western countries are summarized in Table 1. The range of prevalence is from 3% to 32%, with most studies reporting results between 5% and 15% depending on the definition applied. In a comprehensive review of the epidemiology of IBS in North America in 2002, the prevalence estimates for IBS in the United States ranged from 3% to 20%. In addition, this study showed that the prevalence decreased slightly with age, and the prevalence in women was slightly higher (2:1 female to male predominance). However, this study was performed before the development of the Rome II criteria. In more recent studies of the epidemiology of IBS in the United States or Canada using Rome II criteria, the prevalence of IBS has been estimated as from 5% to 12%. In another systemic review of IBS in 2007, which was based on 13 studies in European Union nations, the prevalence of IBS was approximately 4% based on Rome II criteria. In addition, there was a 2:1 female:male predominance.

• #42 Prevalence, epidemiology and associated healthcare burden of Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in the adult population of Gibraltar | BMJ Open Gastroenterology

  https://bmjopengastro.bmj.com/content/9/1/e000979

  Epidemiology Prevalence, epidemiology and associated healthcare burden of Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in the adult population of Gibraltar […] We aimed to provide the first-ever assessment of prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in Gibraltar in relation to their diagnostic recognition and healthcare burden. […] Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence was 5.2% (95% CI 3.7% to 6.6%). Functional dyspepsia prevalence was 9.9% (95% CI 7.9% to 11.9%). […] Diagnostic recognition by healthcare providers was low, leaving 58.3% of irritable bowel syndrome and 96.9% of functional dyspepsia individuals undiagnosed. […] This first-ever population-based study of Rome IV defined irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia in Gibraltar indicates that the prevalence rates of these disorders are similar to the recently reported data for the UK and Spain, but they remain poorly recognised despite substantially affecting the quality of life of individuals who have them in the Gibraltar community.

• #43 The Current Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=332&vmd=Full

  Summarized together, the reported IBS prevalences of Tables 2-5 are very variable with a range 0.82%-31.0% among the Asia countries. However, these data are likely to indicate that the most Asia community prevalences are within the range 1%-10% and lower than these of selected populations as well as previous comments. Similar to Table 1, the same country using the same criteria usually yields dissociated results among the different study populations. On the other hand, the same population always results in different prevalences defined by various criteria. Within the same population, the prevalence orders are usually first higher based on Manning criteria, then followed by Rome I criteria and finally reported in Rome II criteria. This ranking characteristic is also to agree with Asia consensus. Occasionally, few studies in Asia and developed countries contradictorily indicated the higher value based on Rome II than Rome I. With regard to Rome III criteria, it is apparently higher than Rome II reported in Israeli, Chinese and Korean studies, respectively, whereas another study carried out in a selected Chinese population showed comparable in both definitions. In contrast, an Iran study yields a much lower prevalence by way of Rome III criteria. Most importantly, the IBS prevalence studies conducted on multi-ethnic countries such as Malaysia and Singapore clearly pointed out no difference existed among various ethnic populations. Similarly, the IBS prevalence of Chinese minority was not different from this of Han ethnic. Based on these observations and comparisons, we as well as the Asia consensus are strongly to conclude that the current Asia IBS prevalence is at least equal to the Western countries.

• #44 Diagnostic strategy of irritable bowel syndrome: a low- and middle-income country perspective

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2023.00199

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder associated with substantial impairment which considerably burdens healthcare systems worldwide. […] By applying the Rome III criteria, the global prevalence of IBS was estimated to be 9.2%. In comparison, the prevalence of IBS was reported to be 3.8% based on the Rome IV criteria. […] Prevalence rates varied significantly between regions, with rates as high as 17.5% in Latin America, 9.6% in Asia, 7.1% in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as 5.5% in the Middle East and Africa. […] This data suggests that the prevalence of IBS tends to be higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (HICs). […] IBS accounts for 15% of primary care referrals to gastroenterologists and imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare system.

• #45 Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Japan, China, and South Korea: An International Cross-sectional Study

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm22037

  Among the 3 countries, the prevalence was comparable in Japan and South Korea but significantly lower in China. […] The overall IBS prevalence in these 3 countries was 12.6% (95% CI, 11.6-13.7), which was slightly higher than the reported global prevalence. […] Further studies to elucidate the factors responsible for this regional heterogeneity are warranted.

• #46

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020549118299

  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is common in Caucasians and Japanese, but its epidemiology has not been studied in urbanized Chinese populations. […] Our aim was to compare diagnostic criteria and study the epidemiology of IBS in Hong Kong Chinese. […] The prevalence of IBS, based on the Rome II criteria, was 3.6% (95% CI = 2.05.2) in men and 3.8% (95% CI = 2.55.2) in women. […] In conclusion, IBS is quite prevalent in Hong Kong Chinese, and the QOL of subjects with IBS was significantly affected.

• #47 Epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Saudi Arabia

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20180801.02.html

  The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort, is the most mutual complaint met by gastroenterologists. […] A relatively high prevalence of IBS was reported in several Saudi studies with variable study population settings. […] The prevalence of IBS in Saudi Arabia among the available literature was slightly higher but relatively comparable to some worldwide reports. […] Several studies have assessed the prevalence rates of IBS in different cross sectional survey with diverse settings in the KSA. […] The prevalence of IBS was 8.9% and 9.2% according to Manning and Rome II criteria for diagnosis of IBS respectively in the patients with mean age of 17.5 +/- 3 years and range of 15-23 years. […] In a systematic review and a meta-analysis of published literature to estimate the prevalence of IBS among Asian children including Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of IBS ranges from 2.8% to 25.7%, with a pooled prevalence of 12.41%.

• #48 Epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Saudi Arabia

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20180801.02.html

  Another study was conducted in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, involving a self-administered questionnaire based on Rome III criteria for diagnosis of IBS. The study included 597 medical students. The prevalence of IBS was 31.8%. […] A cross sectional study was conducted in Qassim region, KSA, involving a self-administered questionnaire based on Rome III criteria for diagnosis of IBS. The study included 300 school teachers. The prevalence of IBS symptoms among teachers in Qassim region of KSA is 40.7% with no significant gender predilection. […] The prevalence of IBS among nurses was 14.4%, and IBS-Mixed type was the commonest variety (54.5%). […] The most common symptom compatible with IBS reported from Northern KSA were abdominal pain or discomfort in 37.9%, and feeling of incomplete rectal evacuation after defecation in 32.2%. […] The prevalence of IBS in Saudi Arabia is seemed to be relatively higher compared to many other countries.

• #49

  https://www.jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/article/view/150

  Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) considerably represents a great public health threat to the nation. Limited evidences exists in terms of occurrence and determinants, with respect to the epidemiology of IBS in Arab countries. Therefore, this study aims to systematically explore previous evidences related to the incidence, prevalence, and natural history of IBS in Arab world. Of the 35 articles evaluated, seven studies included cross-sectional study design with a prevalence ranging from 8.9% to 31.8%. Evidence extracted from these studies demonstrates a potential link between IBS and stress, HBV, HCV infections and co-occurrence of tension headache. The IBS pathogenesis is not yet fully understood due to limited evidence from population-based studies. Future research are warranted in the community based settings of the Arab world in order to identify the real burden of this disease at population level, to improve treatment strategies for IBS patients, and investigate its preventable risk factors.

• #50 Irritable bowel syndrome: Epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10354571/

  Overall, there is a clear predominance in the prevalence in Africa, and the prevalence based on Rome IV diagnosis is similar in the United States and Europe. […] Through years of research and analysis, it was determined that estimating a pooled global prevalence of IBS was unlikely to be feasible, so regionalization should be emphasized in future research. […] The overlapping pattern and pathology of FGIDs are something that should be studied in depth. […] The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiology from clinical studies and basic research on IBS after Rome IV. […] The diagnosis of IBS is based on symptoms ranging from the Manning criteria to the Rome criteria, and the most widely used diagnostic criteria are the Rome IV. […] It is concluded that a pooled global prevalence of IBS is unlikely to be meaningful and that future research should focus more on regionalization.

• #51 Irritable bowel syndrome: Epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology and treatment

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i26/4120.htm

  Overall, there is a clear predominance in the prevalence in Africa, and the prevalence based on Rome IV diagnosis is similar in the United States and Europe. […] However, prevalence varies widely between Europe and Asia, especially in Asian countries surveyed by using the internet and questionnaires. […] Through years of research and analysis, it was determined that estimating a pooled global prevalence of IBS was unlikely to be feasible, so regionalization should be emphasized in future research. […] The overlapping pattern and pathology of FGIDs are something that should be studied in depth. […] It is concluded that a pooled global prevalence of IBS is unlikely to be meaningful and that future research should focus more on regionalization.

• #52 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs-english

  With this guideline, the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) is aiming to guide health providers in the best management of irritable bowel disease (IBS) through a concise document with recommendations based on the latest evidence and resulting from our global expert consensus process based on best current practice. […] A standardized, global approach to the diagnosis and management of IBS may not be feasible, since neither the epidemiology nor the clinical presentation of the condition, nor the availability of diagnostic or therapeutic resources, are sufficiently uniform throughout the world to support the provision of a single, gold standard approach. […] The global picture of the prevalence of IBS is far from complete, as no data are available from several regions. In addition, comparisons of data from different regions are often problematic due to the use of different diagnostic criteria (in general, the looser the criteria, the higher the prevalence), as well as the influence of other factors such as population selection, the inclusion or exclusion of comorbid disorders (e.g., anxiety), access to health care, and cultural influences.

• #53 The Current Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=332&vmd=Full

  Upon Rome III definition, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been a biopsychosocial dysfunction. It means that a biological bowel dysfunction is the final result of brain-gut linkage and modified by the social, environmental and psychological factors. Since a well-known functional disorder usually coexisted with other somatic complaints, IBS per se has an obvious impact on living and quality of life of sufferers leading to the excessive social costs for medical seeking behavior and absenteeism. Today, IBS has been included as one of the commonly presented functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). It is of interest how commonly it presents in the society. In addition, knowing the IBS prevalence may estimate how it would consume the limited medical resources in the society. Western studies indicated that the population-based IBS prevalence widely ranges between 3%-20%, whereas the most reported data range from 10% to 15%. It draws a controversy why the IBS prevalence studies usually show an obvious discrimination. Actually, most prevalence study obtained data completely depend upon the response of distributed questionnaires to the studied subjects. Thereafter, the demographic characteristics in terms of evaluated population, willing of responsiveness, geographical location, criteria to define, etc always individually exist leading to the study heterogeneity and variation in the reported IBS prevalences. Of them, the employed IBS diagnostic criteria may obtain extremely distinct results for the same population. For example, Manning definition often yields a higher value compared to this of either Rome I or II definition with a gap of 2-5 folds or 2.5%-37.0%. Even confined to the Manning definition, the number of used disorders results in different values. In addition, large-scaled and questionnaire-based prevalence study does not exclude the alarm symptoms and the obtained results are unlikely to reflect the true IBS manifestations seen clinically. Since a characteristically biopsychosocial disorder, many social and cultural factors indeed have an apparent impact on the meaning, expression and course of FGIDs including IBS. Accordingly, gender, age, economic state, education level, married state, food, race, stress, climate, drugs, dysentery history and coexisted dyspepsia etc all have been addressed to be the risk factors leading to IBS.

• #54 Diagnostic strategy of irritable bowel syndrome: a low- and middle-income country perspective

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2023.00199

  A study conducted in a primary care setting compared a positive diagnosis strategy to an exclusion strategy and found that neither was inferior in terms of health-related quality of life. […] The positive diagnostic strategy for IBS is largely based on symptom-based criteria. […] The Rome criteria are the most universally endorsed diagnostic criteria for defining IBS worldwide. […] However, problems may arise when applying these criteria to LMICs, which are largely non-Western countries, as they are developed based on Western studies and clinical experience. […] A recent study found that the majority of patients with IBS who met the Rome IV criteria also met the Rome III criteria. […] The diagnostic algorithm proposed in this study provides insights into the optimal utilization of resources based on existing evidence. […] IBS is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that causes significant impairment and imposes an enormous burden on the global healthcare system.

• #55

  https://njcmindia.com/index.php/file/article/view/3630

  There is no pervious investigation of the prevalence and triggering factors of undiagnosed IBS among Jordanian adults. […] The study emphasized the need for increasing IBS awareness among Jordanian citizens to encourage early diagnosis and reduce the proportion of undiagnosed IBS people. […] The odds of having IBS were 1.471 and 1.475 times higher in adults with psychological distress and insomnia severity respectively compared with no IBS adults. […] The odds of having IBS were 0.548 and 0.601 times lower in caffeine drinkers and smokers respectively compared to non-IBS. […] In comparison to non-caffeine drinking having IBS, the odds of disordered eating attitudes and insomnia severity were significantly greater by 33% and 19.5%, respectively.

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