Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/constipation-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Constipation is the decrease in normal frequency of bowel movements. It is also typically accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and stool that is often extremely hard and dry. Constipation is very common and one of the most frequently seen gastrointestinal complaints. It can affect anyone however the following individuals are more prone to constipation: […] Nursing diagnoses are revised, added, or retired by the NANDA International Diagnosis Development Committee (DDC) to coincide with shifts in language standardization. Constipation has been renamed to Chronic Functional Constipation. […] The following are the common causes of constipation: […] The following are the common signs and symptoms of constipation. They are categorized into subjective and objective data based on patient reports.

• #2 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/constipation/

  Developing a nursing care plan for constipation requires a thorough understanding of the condition. Learn about constipation and how nurses can improve patient outcomes. Discover assessment, nursing diagnosis, care planning, goal setting, and intervention strategies for constipation nursing care plans. […] Constipation is a common gastrointestinal symptom affecting many individuals and contributes to frequent hospitalizations every year. About 33 out of 100 adults ages 60 and above have symptoms of constipation (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). […] Identifying the underlying cause of constipation is essential to develop an effective nursing care plan that can improve bowel function and relieve symptoms. […] Constipation is a common condition that can be characterized by several signs and symptoms. Identifying these signs and symptoms is critical to develop an accurate nursing diagnosis for constipation and design effective nursing care plans to address patient needs.

• #3 Management of Constipation in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0915/p500.html

  Chronic constipation is common in adults older than 60 years, and symptoms occur in up to 50% of nursing home residents. […] Most patients are initially treated with lifestyle modifications, such as scheduled toileting after meals, increased fluid intake, and increased dietary fiber intake. […] The next step in the treatment of constipation is the use of an osmotic laxative, such as polyethylene glycol, followed by a stool softener, such as docusate sodium, and then stimulant laxatives. […] If symptoms do not improve, a trial of linaclotide or lubiprostone may be appropriate, or the patient may be referred for further diagnostic evaluation. […] Clinicians should discuss goals of treatment with patients and caregivers. The primary goal should be symptom improvement, and the secondary goal should be the passage of soft, formed stool without straining at least three times per week.

• #4 Constipation – Care of the Patient Course | CNA Ceu | CEUfast

  https://ceufast.com/course/care-of-the-patient-with-constipation

  Constipation is the most frequently reported gastrointestinal problem and can affect a persons mental and physical health. Healthcare workers need to be alert to any conditions that may cause constipation. Management and prevention are the best interventions to improve the quality of life of patients with constipation symptoms. […] The goal of treatment is to relieve the cause of constipation and to promote regular and predictable bowel movements. This is usually achieved through lifestyle changes in diet. However, some people do require medications. Bowel retraining is also used to help the patient gain control and develop regular elimination patterns. […] Educating patients on the importance of diet, exercise, and toilet training can vastly improve symptoms and is often the first treatment. However, it is important to identify learning barriers, such as hearing or visual impairments or cognitive decline, as these may impact how the interventions are carried out. Keeping a detailed bowel diary can also help to identify problems and help in bowel retraining. […] CNAs are involved in preventing, identifying, and treating constipation and impaction. Observing and reporting are primary functions to prevent constipation and impaction. The CNA is the front-line observer. In addition, carefully following the care plan helps prevent constipation and impaction.

• #5 16.6 Constipation – Nursing Fundamentals 2e

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/16-6-constipation/

  Constipation is defined by NANDA-I as, Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. Typically a client is diagnosed with constipation if they have less than three bowel movements per week. Constipation can be caused by slowed peristalsis due to decreased activity, dehydration, lack of fiber, medications such as opioids, depression, or surgical procedures in the abdominal area. As the stool moves slowly through the large intestine, additional water is reabsorbed, resulting in the stool becoming hard, dry, and difficult to move through the lower intestines. […] The client may experience associated symptoms such as rectal pressure, abdominal cramps, bloating, distension, and straining. Fecal impaction can occur when stool accumulates in the rectum, usually due to the client not feeling the presence of stool or not using the toilet when the urge is felt. Fecal impact has hallmark signs of seepage of liquid stool from the anus. It is important to not confuse this seepage with diarrhea. Large balls of hard stool are treated with mineral oil enemas or digital removal (i.e., with a lubricated, gloved finger that can be painful for the client.)

• #6 16.6 Constipation – Nursing Fundamentals

  https://openwa.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/16-6-constipation/

  Constipation is defined by NANDA-I as, A decrease in normal frequency of defecation accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and/or passage of excessively hard, dry stool. Typically a patient is diagnosed with constipation if they have less than three bowel movements per week. Constipation can be caused by slowed peristalsis due to decreased activity, dehydration, lack of fiber, medications such as opioids, depression, or surgical procedures in the abdominal area. As the stool moves slowly through the large intestine, additional water is reabsorbed, resulting in the stool becoming hard, dry, and difficult to move through the lower intestines. […] The patient may experience associated symptoms such as rectal pressure, abdominal cramps, bloating, distension, and straining. Fecal impaction can occur when stool accumulates in the rectum, usually due to the patient not feeling the presence of stool or not using the toilet when the urge is felt. Large balls of hard stool need to be digitally removed or treated with mineral oil enemas.

• #7 Constipation: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/constipation/?srsltid=AfmBOopDZSj8Br66pbewYs_E5LgfN9rnhJHsReBv526YJcn3xxyFcMcR

  Constipation Nursing, Care […] Constipation is the infrequent or difficult evacuation of stool and usually results from a decrease in activity or dietary changes, such as inadequate intake of fluids and dietary fiber. […] Common causes of constipation include: Irregular bowel habits, Neurological conditions, Chronic bowel dysfunction, Stress, Physical inactivity, Medications, Changes in routine, Aging, Chronic illness, Surgery, Psychosocial issues, Diet. […] Management of constipation includes: Changing lifestyle, such as a high fiber diet, Adding psyllium supplements, Increasing fluid intake, Including prunes in diet, Reducing the amount of red meat, fried/fatty foods, and dairy products, Using laxatives such as polyethylene glycol (MiraLAX) or lactulose (Enulose), Adding stimulant laxatives such as bisacodyl (Dulcolax) for chronic constipation, Increasing physical activity. […] Laxatives are frequently used to manage constipation and are often used in older people to treat and prevent constipation. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Assesses for signs and symptoms such as: Infrequent bowel movements (less than three times per week), Difficult to pass stool, Hydration status (skin turgor, fluid intake), Painful or difficult bowel movements, Dietary intake, especially for foods high in fiber, Medications that cause constipation, Less frequent stools or smaller volume of stool, Abdominal tenderness or distension. […] Monitor frequency and characteristics of the individuals stool. […] Provide privacy for effective elimination. […] Emphasize the importance of responding to the urge to defecate. […] Encourage ambulation and physical activity. […] Promote a high fiber diet. […] Encourage adequate fluid intake (at least 2000 mL per day). […] Administer fiber and bulk-forming laxatives, as ordered. […] Review risk factors for constipation: Age, Poor hydration, Diet low in fiber, Low physical activity, Irritable bowel syndrome, Sudden lifestyle changes, such as surgery or travel, Certain medications. […] Educate individuals on how to use laxatives appropriately: Take only as directed, Take only as needed unless otherwise instructed by the healthcare provider, Do not use to promote weight loss, See a healthcare provider if constipation persists or they have not passed any stool for several days.

• #8 Constipation: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4059-constipation

  Constipation occurs when your bowel movements become less frequent and stools become difficult to pass. You should call a healthcare provider if you have severe pain, blood in your stool or constipation that lasts longer than three weeks. […] Regardless of your bowel pattern, one fact is certain: The longer you go before you poop, the more difficult it becomes for poop to pass. Other key features that usually define constipation include: Your stools are dry and hard. Your bowel movements are painful, and your stools are difficult to pass. You have a feeling that you haven’t fully emptied your bowels. […] Common lifestyle causes of constipation include: Not eating enough fiber. Not drinking enough water (dehydration). Not getting enough exercise. Changes in your regular routine, such as traveling or eating, or going to bed at different times.

• #9 Constipation

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/

  Constipation is where you have changes to how you poo, including not pooing as often or finding it hard to poo. It’s common and it affects people of all ages. You can usually treat it with simple changes to your diet and lifestyle. […] If you’re caring for an older person, or someone with dementia or a learning disability, constipation may be easily missed. Look out for any behaviour changes such as confusion, as it might mean they are in pain or discomfort. […] Making simple changes to your diet and lifestyle can help treat constipation. […] To make your poo softer and easier to pass: eat a healthy balanced diet and include fruits that contain sorbitol such as apples, apricots, grapes (and raisins), raspberries and strawberries. […] Speak to a pharmacist if diet and lifestyle changes are not helping. […] Long-term constipation can lead to faecal impaction. This is where poo has built up in the last part of the large intestine (rectum).

• #10 Constipation & Diarrhea nursing care | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/constipation-diarrhea-nursing-care/238429585

  Constipation accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and/or passage of excessively hard, dry stool. Constipation occurs when a person has difficulty emptying the large bowel. […] Common lifestyle causes of constipation include: Low in fibre diet. Dehydration Lack of exercise. Sedentary lifestyle travelling. Eating large amounts of milk or cheese. Stress. Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement. Oldage […] Pain and cramping in the abdomen Feeling bloated Nausea A loss of appetite Difficulty passing stool Straining when passing stool Abdominal distention Dull headache […] Rectal bleeding after straining Anal fissure, which is a small tear around the anus. Symptomatic hemorrhoids (piles), which are swollen, inflamed blood vessels in the anus Fecal impaction […] Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination. A barium enema or sigmoidoscopy Stool for occult blood Anorectal manometry (pressure studies) Defecography, and colonic transit studies Newer tests such as pelvic floor MRI may identify occult pelvic floor defects

• #11 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/constipation-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  The following are the common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for constipation: Patient will report soft, formed stool during bowel movements. Patient will establish bowel movement three times a week to three times a day. Patient will verbalize being free of pain and straining during bowel movement. Patient will be able to identify actions to prevent constipation in the future. Patient will be able to enumerate behavior or lifestyle changes to prevent constipation. […] The first step of nursing care is the nursing assessment, during which the nurse will gather physical, psychosocial, emotional, and diagnostic data. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #12 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Constipation / Encopresis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-constipation-encopresis

  Both constipation and encopresis can be uncomfortable and embarrassing, but there are ways to help, like changing what you eat, getting more exercise, and sometimes taking medicine. Its also important for kids with encopresis to know its not their fault and theyre not alone. With the right care and support, they can feel better. […] Conduct a comprehensive nursing assessment for constipation and encopresis. […] Develop individualized nursing care plans for constipation and encopresis. […] Implement and evaluate nursing interventions for constipation and encopresis. […] A comprehensive nursing assessment is foundational for understanding the nuances of constipation. […] Assess the patients dietary intake, paying particular attention to fiber-rich foods, hydration, and the consumption of fluids throughout the day.

• #13 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/constipation/

  After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of constipation, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. […] Setting goals and expected outcomes is crucial in developing effective nursing care plans for constipation. Common goals include improving bowel function and relieving associated symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating. […] Assessment of the patient with constipation includes a careful history and physical examination, followed by appropriate laboratory and radiological investigations. […] Nursing management of constipation includes relieving the symptoms through nonpharmacological approaches such as dietary changes, lifestyle changes, and physical activity, restoring normal bowel habits, and improving the patients quality of life.

• #14 Constipation Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plans/nursing-care-plan-for-constipation/

  Nursing Care Plan for Constipation […] Focus on the patient’s regularity and frequency of bowel movements, along with symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Ask the patient whether stools are difficult to pass or whether bowel movements are occurring at all. […] Further assessment should focus on changes in regularity and frequency of bowel movements, as well as medication side effects. […] Dietary adjustments help the colon process feces and make it easier for feces to travel through the body. […] A Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Constipation starts at patient admission. […] The goal of an NCP is to create a treatment plan that’s specific to the patient. Plans should be anchored in evidence-based practices, accurately record existing data, and identify potential needs or risks. […] Abdominal assessment (percussion, palpation, and auscultation)

• #15 Management of constipation in long-term care hospitals and its ward manager and organization factors | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-020-0398-z

  Effective constipation management requires bowel movement assessment, including consideration of history of laxative use, bowel movement patterns including frequency, stool consistency, and typical bowel movement time, and physical assessment such as palpation of abdominal mass and auscultation of bowel sounds. However, previous studies revealed that bowel movement assessment has been infrequently used according to LTC nursing records, and there is little evidence regarding assessment of bowel movements based on nursing practice guideline recommendation. […] Ward managers perceptions and the organizational climate in LTC hospitals can contribute to effective constipation management. It has been reported that ward managers who acknowledge the importance of evidence-based nursing practice support their staff in performing evidence-based practices. Additionally, the organizational climate has been related to evidence-based nursing practices in diabetes management or person-centered care. However, little is known about the relationship between ward managers perceptions and constipation management. […] Areas to improve constipation management in LTC hospitals include altering the ward managers perception, improving hospitals organizational climate, and introducing standardized assessment/care planning systems.

• #16 Assisting Patients With Elimination – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559258/

  Special consideration is necessary for patients at risk for bowel and bladder dysfunction such as patients with decreased fiber or fluid intake, or those with decreased bulk in their diet, patients on bed rest, those with kidney, CNS, or heart disease, the elderly, infants and cancer patients. […] Non-invasive interventions such as repositioning the patient, providing counseling in regards to a high fiber diet rich in prunes, stool softeners, removing drugs that may be causing gastrointestinal or genitourinary side effects, and abdominal massage can aid the patient in elimination. […] Thus, empathetic nursing care, counseling, and non-invasive methods are ideal for improving excretion issues. […] Any patient without a bowel movement for several days requires assessment for constipation or small bowel obstruction. […] Thus, by following these methods and being knowledgeable about elimination and the complications associated with patient elimination, nurses can adequately assist with this fundamental aspect of patient care.

• #17 Bristol Stool Chart | Faecal | Continence Foundation of Australia

  https://www.continence.org.au/bristol-stool-chart

  Type 1-2 indicate constipation, […] If a child is unable to be toilet trained or has regular poo accidents after the age of three to four years, then they should be medically assessed. […] Constipation is very common and occurs at some time in up to 25% of children. If it is not recognised and treated, bowel actions may become harder and less frequent.

• #18 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan

  https://nurse.org/education/constipation-nursing-care-plan/

  Nursing care plans enhance the care provided to patients throughout their healthcare journey. By integrating a care plan, nurses can provide individualized treatment and comprehensive education to patients and their families. […] Developing a nursing care plan helps nurses and other healthcare professionals ensure that short-term and long-term goals for the patient are met. […] The first consideration when developing a nursing care plan for constipation is to determine a patients goals. […] A nursing diagnosis is rooted in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs pyramid and helps prioritize treatments. Based on the nursing diagnosis, you’ll set goals to resolve your patients problems through nursing implementations determined in the next step. […] A nursing care plan has several key components, including: Nursing Diagnosis, Expected outcome, Nursing interventions and rationales, Evaluation.

• #19 Nursing Diagnosis of Constipation: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions

  https://nursipedia.com/constipation/

  Nursing activities are essential in managing and preventing constipation, addressing both the physical and emotional needs of patients. […] Several nursing diagnoses are closely related to constipation, each highlighting specific aspects of a patient’s health that may contribute to or be affected by this condition. […] When managing a nursing diagnosis of constipation, it is vital for healthcare professionals to empower patients by providing clear and actionable strategies that can enhance their bowel health. […] This section presents various patient scenarios that may require the nursing diagnosis of constipation. Each example illustrates unique backgrounds and health journeys, highlighting the need for tailored nursing interventions to enhance comfort and outcomes.

• #20 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan

  https://nurse.org/education/constipation-nursing-care-plan/

  Each of the five main components is essential to the overall nursing process and care plan. A properly written care plan must include these sections. Otherwise, it won’t make sense. […] Nursing diagnosis: A clinical judgment that helps nurses determine the plan of care for their patients. […] Expected outcome: The measurable action for a patient to be achieved in a specific time frame. […] Nursing interventions and rationales: Actions to be taken to achieve expected outcomes and reasoning behind them. […] Evaluation: Determines the effectiveness of the nursing interventions and determines if expected outcomes are met within the time set. […] All nursing diagnoses must be NANDA-I approved and have corresponding definitions to help guide nurses in writing a nursing care plan.

• #21 Constipation Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/constipation/

  Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system in which a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to expel. […] Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, possibly a barium enema or sigmoidoscopy, stool for occult blood, anorectal manometry (pressure studies), defecography, and colonic transit studies. […] Treatment should target the underlying cause of constipation and aim to prevent recurrence, including education, bowel habit training, increased fiber and fluid intake, and judicious use of laxatives. […] Sets specific goals for teaching; goals for the patient include restoring or maintaining a regular pattern of elimination by responding to the urge to defecate, ensuring adequate intake of fluids and high fiber foods, learning about methods to avoid constipation, relieving anxiety about bowel elimination patterns, and avoiding complications.

• #21 Constipation Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/constipation/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Constipation. […] Desired Outcomes: Maintains passage of soft, formed stool every 1 to 3 days without straining. […] Observe usual pattern of defecation including time of day, amount and frequency of stool, consistency of stool, history of bowel habits or laxative use; diet including fluid intake; exercise patterns; personal remedies for constipation; obstetrical/gynecological history; surgeries; alterations in perianal sensation; present bowel regimen. […] Encourage fiber intake of 25 g/day for adults. Emphasize foods such as fresh fruits, beans, vegetables, and bran cereals. […] Encourage a fluid intake of 1.5 to 2 L/day (6 to 8 glasses of liquids per day). […] Provide laxatives, suppositories, and enemas as needed and as ordered only; establish a client goal of eliminating their use.

• #22 Constipation in palliative care | For professionals | Marie Curie

  https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/professionals/palliative-care-knowledge-zone/constipation

  Constipation is very common in people living with a terminal illness. […] There are ways you can help manage a patients constipation. […] Constipation is a very common problem for patients living with a terminal illness. […] Constipation can cause other distressing symptoms such as pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention and agitation. […] You can support your patient by ensuring they have access to a toilet whenever they need it and encouraging a high-fibre diet, good fluid intake and physical activity. […] Laxatives or enemas may be required. […] Be aware that constipation can be a symptom of bowel obstruction and spinal cord compression, which require urgent assessment and management. […] The aim is for the patient to be able to open their bowels comfortably and at an acceptable frequency for them.

• #23 Combating Constipation: Creating an Effective Nursing Care Plan

  https://vervecollege.edu/nursing-care-plan-for-patient-with-constipation/

  The frequency of defecation can vary from twice a day to once every 3-4 days. However, dry, hard stool is a sign of constipation. […] Licensed practical nursing schools or community colleges educate nurses or healthcare teams to identify and manage these symptoms of constipation in a way that promotes patient well-being through their critical thinking skills. […] Patients prescribed opioids must be treated with laxatives, with the exception of bulk-forming types as a prophylactic treatment for chronic constipation. […] In addition to preventing constipation, the ability to move around quickly after surgery lowers the risk of postoperative complications in healthcare settings. […] Constipation is a typical adverse effect of opioids. […] Long-term usage of stimulant laxatives may lead to dependence on defecation.

• #24 Constipation – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/constipation

  If you don’t notice an improvement in your constipation, talk to your doctor about other possible treatments. […] You can help prevent constipation by practising good toilet habits. […] Being constipated can increase your chances of developing: haemorrhoids (piles), anal fissures (small splits in your anus that cause pain and bleeding), faecal impaction (your poo becomes stuck in your colon), faecal seepage (leaking stool or faecal incontinence), rectal ulcer syndrome (open sores in the lower part of your large bowel where the body stores poo), megarectum and megacolon (caused by a build-up of poo with a loss of feeling in your bowel). […] If you have questions about constipation, you can call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria).

• #25 Constipation Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/constipation/

  Laxatives are recommended when nonpharmacological measures such as behavioral modification and diet are ineffective in managing constipation. However, the use of laxatives must be individualized with extra caution for older adults due to existing cardiac and renal conditions, adverse effects, and potential drug interactions. […] Surgical interventions such as sigmoid colectomy, ileostomy, and ileorectal anastomosis are an alternative option for clients with chronic and severe constipation who are unresponsive to other forms of medical treatments and those clients with refractory slow transit constipation, specifically colonic inertia.

• #26 16.6 Constipation – Nursing Fundamentals 2e

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/16-6-constipation/

  The goal of interventions implemented to treat constipation is to establish what is considered a normal bowel pattern for each client and to set an expected outcome of a bowel movement at least every 72 hours regardless of intake. Treatment typically includes a prescribed daily bowel regimen, such as oral stool softeners (e.g., docusate) and a mild stimulant laxative (e.g., sennosides). Stronger laxatives (e.g., Milk of Magnesia or bisacodyl), rectal suppositories, or enemas are implemented when oral medications are not effective. […] Clients should be educated about the importance of increased fluids, increased dietary fiber, and increased activity to prevent constipation. Some food sources, such as prune juice, prunes, and apricots, are helpful in preventing constipation. Over-the-counter medication, such as methylcellulose or psyllium, can be used to increase dietary fiber. When administering these medications, mix in a full eight-ounce glass of water to avoid the development of an intestinal obstruction.

• #27 Constipation | Nurse Teachings

  https://www.nurseteachings.com/tag/constipation

  SN instructed patient and caregiver on some measures aimed to controlling/managing constipation, such as: establish regular times for evacuations usually after a meal and drink a warm liquid one-half hour before breakfast to stimulate bowel movement, avoid laxative and enema abuse. […] Instructed on some potential complications of constipation, such as: stool impaction bowel blockage, liquid bowel movement may ooze around hard stool in the colon, pain, valsalva maneuver may be caused by straining, causing a slowed pulse, decreased blood return and increased venous pressure, rectal bleeding and rectal pain. […] SN instructed patient and caregiver on measures to prevent constipation: increasing fluids (prefer approx. 8 glasses of water daily) eating a diet high in fiber, and avoiding foods with sugars (pasta, pastries, cheese, rice, etc.), exercise regularly at a slow, steady pace, as directed by md if you are able.

• #28 Caregiver Guide: Constipation Problems | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/tools-and-tips/caregiver-guide-constipation-problems

  Liquids like water and juice add fluid to the colon and bulk to stools. […] Encourage the older adult to exercise each and every day. […] The person you are caring for should follow a schedule of regular toileting, diet, exercise, and medicines to prevent constipation. […] You should review all the medicines that the older person is taking with a healthcare profession, to see if any of them could be causing some of the constipation. […] Many medicines can cause constipation. […] Encourage a diet with fruits, vegetables, and a little bran. […] Encourage drinking 4 (or more) glasses of water a day. […] If constipation continues, call the healthcare provider for help.

• #28 Caregiver Guide: Constipation Problems | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/tools-and-tips/caregiver-guide-constipation-problems

  Constipation occurs when bowel movements are small, hard, and dry and happen three times a week or less. […] Constipation can also occur when the person strains during bowel movements, or does not feel like the bowel movement has been completed. […] Your goals are to: Relieve the older persons constipation. […] Prevent constipation by providing plenty of water and other liquids. […] Serving foods rich in fiber. […] Encouraging exercise. […] Call for professional help when needed. […] Constipation can be very uncomfortable. If it is not taken care of immediately, it can be difficult to treat. […] A laxative, stool softener, or enema may be prescribed. […] Encourage the older person to go to the bathroom when the urge is felt. […] The most common cause of constipation is a diet low in fiber (found in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains) and high in fats (found in cheese, eggs, and meats).

• #29 Constipation: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4059-constipation

  You can manage most cases of mild to moderate constipation at home. Self-care starts by taking an inventory of what you eat and drink and then making changes. Some recommendations for immediate constipation relief at home include: Drink two to four extra glasses of water a day. Avoid caffeine-containing drinks and alcohol, which can cause dehydration. […] In addition to self-care methods, your healthcare provider will review your medications and supplements (if you take any). Some of these products can cause constipation. […] A few prescription drugs are available to treat constipation. […] Use the same home-based methods you used to treat constipation to prevent it from becoming a chronic problem: Eat a well-balanced diet with plenty of fiber. […] Call a healthcare provider if: Constipation is a new problem for you. You see blood in your poop. You’re losing weight unintentionally. You have severe pain with bowel movements. Your constipation has lasted more than three weeks. You have symptoms of outlet dysfunction constipation. […] Remember, talk openly and honestly with your healthcare provider about your bowel movements and any questions or concerns you may have.

• #30 Constipation – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000120.htm

  Constipation is when you do not pass stool as often as you normally do. Your stool may become hard and dry, and it can be difficult to pass. […] You might feel bloated and have pain, or you might have to strain when you try to go. […] Try to get to know your normal bowel movement pattern, so that you can prevent constipation and keep it from getting worse. […] Exercise regularly. Drink more water and eat more fiber. Try to walk, swim, or do something active at least 3 or 4 times a week. […] If you feel the urge to go to the bathroom, go. Do not wait or hold it in. […] You can also train your bowels to be more regular. It may help to go to the bathroom every day at the same time. For many people, this is after breakfast or dinner. […] Many foods are good natural laxatives that will help you move your bowels. High-fiber foods help move waste through your body.

• #31 Combating Constipation: Creating an Effective Nursing Care Plan

  https://vervecollege.edu/nursing-care-plan-for-patient-with-constipation/

  Constipation that is caused by immobility such as bloating or abdominal pain. […] The patient will go through Bristol Stools Type 3. (sausage-shaped that has cracks along the edges) as well as Type 4 (sausage-shaped but smooth and soft). […] Each person is unique and has a normal stool pattern. […] The extent of a patients ability to move could assist in determining the best exercise detailed nursing care plan or physical exercise at nursing homes or clinical sites. […] Fiber is a bulky stool that expands the bowel wall to encourage peristalsis, speeding up the process of bowel movement. […] The gut is flooded with water to help create an easier fecal mass. It also helps to avoid gut obstruction. […] Encourage turning and changing positions when you are in bed. […] Abdominal massage increases the rectal load by increasing the pressure in the abdomen. […] You may want to consider enemas if natural remedies arent working. Enemas aid in cleansing the bowel and stimulating emptying.

• #32 Management of Constipation in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0915/p500.html

  Initially, any fecal impaction should be treated with enemas or manual disimpaction. […] To take advantage of the gastrocolic reflex, patients should schedule toileting after meals. […] Patients in long-term care facilities should be allowed adequate time and privacy for bowel movements, and should avoid using bedpans to defecate. […] Most older adults with chronic constipation eventually require a laxative to alleviate symptoms. […] Enemas and suppositories can be useful for fecal impaction or in patients who cannot tolerate oral preparations. […] Bulking agents may be soluble, such as psyllium (Metamucil), or insoluble, such as bran, methylcellulose (Citrucel), and polycarbophil (Fibercon). […] Osmotic laxatives are not absorbable. These laxatives draw water into the intestinal lumen.

• #33 Constipation Nursing Care Plan | Diagnosis, Assessment, Intervention

  https://simplenursing.com/nursing-care-plans/nursing-care-plan-for-constipation/

  Adequate privacy […] Administer stool softeners and laxatives as ordered […] Monitor patient hydration status […] Encourage client to watch defecation warning signs and develop a regular schedule by using a stimulus (such as a warm drink or prune juice). […] Patient maintaining a regular bowel schedule by eating a well-balanced diet high in fiber, drinking more water, and being active regularly.

• #34 Constipation: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.constipation-care-instructions.ut1878

  Constipation means that you have a hard time passing stools (bowel movements). […] A few changes in your diet and lifestyle may help you avoid ongoing constipation. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help loosen your stool. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Drink plenty of fluids. […] Include high-fiber foods in your diet each day. […] Get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. […] Take a fiber supplement, such as Citrucel or Metamucil, every day. […] Schedule time each day for a bowel movement. […] Support your feet with a small step stool when you sit on the toilet. […] Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter laxative to relieve your constipation. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have new or worse belly pain. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: Your constipation is getting worse.

• #35 Constipation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/constipation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354259

  Laxatives are medicines that help move stool through the colon. Each laxative works somewhat differently. […] An enema is a fluid gently pumped into the rectum to help pass stool. An enema may be used when other treatments don’t work. […] Your health care professional may prescribe other medicines if other treatments don’t work. […] Biofeedback training involves working with a therapist who uses devices to help you learn to relax muscles and coordinate the use of muscles in your pelvis, rectum and anus. […] Surgery may be necessary to correct damage or irregularities in the tissues or nerves of the colon or rectum. Surgery is usually done only when other treatments for chronic constipation haven’t worked.

• #36 Management of Constipation in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0915/p500.html

  Three RCTs involving older patients showed a benefit of docusate sodium (Colace) over placebo in the treatment of constipation. […] Senna and bisacodyl (Dulcolax) promote intestinal motility and increase fluid secretion into the bowel. […] Lubiprostone (Amitiza), a chloride channel activator that moves water into the intestinal lumen, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term treatment of chronic constipation in adults. […] Linaclotide (Linzess) increases intestinal fluid secretion and motility. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome.

• #37

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/constipation.aspx

  Dietary fibre comprises complex carbohydrate polymers that are poorly digested and pass into the colon almost unchanged. […] Despite being a mainstay of constipation treatment, there have been relatively few studies on the effects of increasing dietary fibre and those that have been published are of poor quality. […] The available evidence does, however, support increasing dietary fibre as it is likely to improve stool frequency and possibly decrease straining and the need for laxatives. […] Macrogols are often preferred to lactulose when treating older people with constipation due to greater evidence of efficacy. […] The choice of laxative is influenced by the cause of the constipation, the presence of co-morbidities, the use of other medicines, the general health of the patient and tolerability.

• #38 Treatment for Constipation – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation/treatment

  You should only use stimulants if your constipation is severe or other treatments have not worked. […] If self-care treatments dont work, your doctor may prescribe a medicine to treat your constipation. […] Your doctor may prescribe one of the following medicines for constipation […] If you have problems with the muscles that control bowel movements, your doctor may recommend biofeedback therapy to retrain your muscles. […] Your doctor may recommend surgery to treat an anorectal blockage caused by rectal prolapse if other treatments dont work. […] You can help prevent constipation by doing some of the same things that treat constipation.

• #38 Treatment for Constipation – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation/treatment

  You can most often treat your constipation at home by doing the following […] Changing what you eat and drink may make your stools softer and easier to pass. To help relieve your symptoms […] You may be able to treat and prevent your constipation by changing what you eat and drink. […] Getting regular physical activity may help relieve your symptoms. […] Your doctor may suggest that you try to train yourself to have a bowel movement at the same time each day to help you become more regular. […] Make sure you give yourself enough time to have a bowel movement, and use the bathroom as soon as you feel the need to go. […] If you think certain medicines or dietary supplements are causing your constipation, talk with your doctor. […] Your health care professional may recommend using a laxative for a short time.

• #39 Constipation | Nurse Teachings

  https://www.nurseteachings.com/tag/constipation

  SN instructed that infrequent passage of hard, dry stool, low back pain, abdominal fullness and/or abdominal discomfort, decreased appetite, nausea and/or vomiting, and rectal pressure may constitute as signs/symptoms of constipation. […] Educated patient on new medication; Amitiza which is used to treat chronic constipation, or constipation caused by opioid (narcotic) pain medicine. […] Trulance (plecanatide) is used to treat chronic idiopathic constipation or irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Trulance works by activating certain substances within your intestines that help increase fluid secretion and muscle movement. […] SN instructed patient/ CG about Miralax to relieve constipation. SN instructed that MiraLax is used as a laxative to treat occasional constipation or irregular bowel movements.

• #40 Constipation Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/constipation/

  Explain the importance of fiber intake, fluid intake, and activity for soft, formed stool. […] Carefully monitor bowel patterns of clients under pain management with opioids. Introduce a bowel management program at first sign of constipation. […] Instruct client on normal bowel function and the necessity of fluid, fiber, and activity in a bowel program. […] Encourage client to heed defecation warning signs and develop a regular schedule of defecation by using a stimulus such as a warm drink or prune juice. […] Encourage client to avoid long-term use of laxatives and enemas and to gradually withdraw from their use if used regularly.

• #41 Constipation – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/constipation-self-care

  Many foods are good natural laxatives that will help you move your bowels. High-fiber foods help move waste through your body. […] It is important to drink plenty of water when adding fiber to the diet or taking fiber supplements. […] You can buy stool softeners at any pharmacy. They will help you pass stool more easily. […] Your provider may prescribe a laxative to relieve your constipation. It may be a pill or liquid. […] Only take a laxative as often as your provider recommends. Most laxatives are taken with meals or at bedtime. […] Always drink plenty of water (8 to 10 cups, or 2 to 2.5 L a day) when you are using laxatives. […] Contact your provider if you: Have not had a bowel movement in 3 days […] Are bloated or have pain in your stomach […] Have nausea or throw up […] Have blood in your stool.

• #42 Constipation: Nursing Diagnosis Guide

  https://healthokglobal.com/constipation-nursing-diagnosis

  Encouraging patients to increase fluid intake and consume a diet rich in fiber can help soften stool and promote regular bowel movements. […] Regular physical activity stimulates bowel motility and enhances overall gastrointestinal function. […] In cases where lifestyle modifications are insufficient, nurses may administer laxatives, stool softeners, or enemas as prescribed by healthcare providers to promote bowel evacuation and relieve constipation. […] Patient education is essential in empowering individuals to manage constipation effectively. […] Nurses monitor the patient’s bowel elimination patterns, assess the effectiveness of interventions, and evaluate for any complications or adverse effects. […] Constipation nursing diagnosis is a critical component of patient care, requiring thorough assessment, tailored interventions, and ongoing monitoring to promote optimal bowel health.

• #43 Management of Constipation in Older Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0915/p500.html

  Chronic constipation is common in adults older than 60 years, and symptoms occur in up to 50% of nursing home residents. […] Most patients are initially treated with lifestyle modifications, such as scheduled toileting after meals, increased fluid intake, and increased dietary fiber intake. […] The next step in the treatment of constipation is the use of an osmotic laxative, such as polyethylene glycol, followed by a stool softener, such as docusate sodium, and then stimulant laxatives. […] If symptoms do not improve, a trial of linaclotide or lubiprostone may be appropriate, or the patient may be referred for further diagnostic evaluation. […] Clinicians should discuss goals of treatment with patients and caregivers. The primary goal should be symptom improvement, and the secondary goal should be the passage of soft, formed stool without straining at least three times per week.

• #44

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/constipation.aspx

  Constipation is common in older people due to factors such as multimorbidity, polypharmacy, frailty, dehydration, a lack of exercise and poor diet. […] The goal of constipation management is resolution of symptoms and a soft, fully-formed stool passed without straining at least three times per week, i.e. the lower limit of a healthy frequency of defaecation. […] Conservative interventions are first-line including advice about toileting routine, exercise and diet (ensuring adequate fibre and fluid intake). […] Optimising management of co-morbidities and the use of medicines, e.g. opioids, that can cause constipation may resolve secondary constipation. […] Osmotic laxatives, e.g. macrogols or lactulose, are often first-line in older patients; bulk-forming laxatives may be preferred in some cases, however, the additional fluid intake required may be an issue for some patients, e.g. those with heart failure or advanced chronic kidney disease.

• #44

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/constipation.aspx

  Treatment duration is guided by the patients response; a managed withdrawal of laxatives should be considered once the goals of care have been achieved. […] The primary goal of treatment of constipation is symptom resolution. […] The secondary goal is a soft, fully-formed stool passed at least three times per week without straining. […] Improvements in lifestyle, which also increase general health and quality of life, are the first-line interventions for constipation, including: Regular morning exercise, e.g. walking or swimming; A caffeinated beverage in the morning, which can have a stimulating effect on colonic activity; A breakfast high in fibre; Fluid intake of at least 1.52 L per day; this may be inappropriate for some patients with heart failure or advanced chronic kidney disease.

• #45 Management of constipation in long-term care hospitals and its ward manager and organization factors | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-020-0398-z

  Constipation management is an essential component of long-term care (LTC) for older adults. Constipation can cause discomfort and abdominal pain, as well as serious conditions including megacolon, intestinal impaction, or volvulus. It can lower well being and affect healthcare costs. Although the definitions of constipation varies, the prevalence of constipation is high among older adults in LTC settings, with a need for daily constipation management. […] Nursing practice guidelines recommend non-pharmacological management for constipation in addition to appropriate use of laxatives. Non-pharmacological management includes increased fluid intake, increased physical activity, regular encouragement to use the bathroom, and intake of dietary fiber and probiotic products. However, non-pharmacological management is applied infrequently in LTC settings as nurses may be reluctant to change from laxative administration. Furthermore, despite the recommendation of the American Gastroenterological Association that stimulant laxatives should be used sporadically, nurses in LTC settings regularly administer them.

• #45

• #46 Constipation: how can nurses help to reduce the scale of the problem? | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/constipation-how-can-nurses-help-to-reduce-the-scale-of-the-problem-06-04-2021/

  The Bowel Interest Group has highlighted the huge costs to the NHS of treating constipation. This article outlines key points for nurses about managing the condition. […] This article outlines the key findings from the report that are relevant to nurses including communication, managing high-risk patients, laxative use and dedicated services. […] A proactive approach may help to identify the issue or encourage patient awareness of their bowel health. For example, nurses can integrate a few simple questions into routine health checks to gauge whether patients are experiencing any discomfort related to their bowels. […] This is particularly beneficial for patients known to be at higher risk of developing constipation symptoms. […] Certain drugs may cause constipation so pre-emptively prescribing laxatives may help to address symptoms in their early stages. Older people may be especially embarrassed to discuss their symptoms, so a proactive approach, as described above, is beneficial.

• #46 Constipation: how can nurses help to reduce the scale of the problem? | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/constipation-how-can-nurses-help-to-reduce-the-scale-of-the-problem-06-04-2021/

  Laxatives are often considered a short-term easy fix, but constipation has several causes and these must be assessed before prescribing treatment. […] A regular, unhurried toilet routine is vital to good bowel health. […] Better management of chronic constipation can help to alleviate some of this pressure and, crucially, reduce the number of avoidable emergency admissions. […] Good proactive communication with patients can help identify problems early on. […] Better treatment pathways are needed to reduce national variation.

• #47

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-info/coping-with-cancer/managing-symptoms-side-effects/constipation-caused-by-your-medications

  Constipation is when you do not have a bowel movement (go poop) as often as usual. Cancer treatments and other medications may cause constipation. […] Talk to your health care team if you become constipated. […] You can treat this type of constipation with laxatives that you can buy at a drug store or supermarket. You do not need a prescription for these laxatives. Laxatives work in two ways: Stimulant laxatives help stool move along your bowel or Osmotic laxatives help liquid stay in your bowel so stool does not become dry and hard. […] The first laxative you should try is the stimulant type called sennosides. It is mild and works for most people. […] If you have a history of frequent bowel cramps (also known as Irritable Bowel Syndrome), you may want to try an osmotic laxative first, such as PEG.

• #48

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-info/coping-with-cancer/managing-symptoms-side-effects/constipation-caused-by-your-medications

  Each person has a different bowel pattern. What is normal for you will be different than what is normal for another person. However, having a bowel movement should not be uncomfortable. […] Call your health care team if you: Feel the protocol is not working for you. You may need an osmotic laxative call lactulose syrup. This is sometimes necessary when you have reached the highest step on your protocol and you are still constipated. […] DO NOT use liquid laxatives that have mineral oil or magnesium in them. Brands such as Magnolax, Agarol, or Milk of Magnesia may not be safe to use. Talk to your health care team first. […] DO NOT take bulk-forming laxatives like Metamucil or Prodiem. These are forms of fibre, which do not work for medication-related constipation. They will make bowel movements very hard if you do not drink enough fluids. […] DO NOT take Docusate (example: „Colace”). This is a stool softener. It does not help opioid-related constipation and we do not recommend that you take this.

• #49 Constipation Nursing Care Plan Template & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/constipation-nursing-care-plan

  After surgeries, especially abdominal or pelvic procedures, patients commonly experience constipation due to anesthesia, reduced mobility, and changes in bowel function. Care plans include measures to promote bowel regularity and prevent complications post-surgery. […] Patients receiving care at home, particularly those with limited mobility or chronic conditions, may require specific constipation management strategies. Care plans emphasize dietary modifications, hydration, exercise, and medication adjustments to alleviate constipation. […] Continuous monitoring is vital for evaluating the effectiveness of the constipation nursing care plan. Healthcare providers should regularly assess patients bowel movements, abdominal comfort, and adherence to the care plan. This ongoing evaluation enables practitioners to make necessary adjustments to treatment strategies and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

• #50 Constipation Care Plan | Health Information

  https://www.mckenzie-pediatrics.com/constipation-care-plan

  If a consistent change in diet and fluid intake fails to relieve your childs constipation, the nurse or physician will likely recommend a method of disimpaction, to empty the rectum of its large amount of impacted stool. […] If disimpaction proves successful (usually taking 3-7 days), it will be VERY IMPORTANT to begin a maintenance method for the next 3 to 9 months, to allow time for your childs over-stretched rectum to return to its normal size. […] Do not use enemas or suppositories without the advice of your nurse or physician, as these methods could become habit-forming, or might cause rectal tears or fissures with overuse.

• #50 Constipation Care Plan | Health Information

  https://www.mckenzie-pediatrics.com/constipation-care-plan

  Recurrent painful passage of stools for greater than 2 weeks at any age. […] Fewer than 3 stools per week in a child greater than 1 year of age. […] More than 4 days without a stool in a child greater than 1 year of age, or for more than 7 days in an infant. […] The inability in an older child to pass stools despite the urge, discomfort, or pain. […] Voluntary withholding of stool for fear of a painful bowel movement, due to a past painful bowel movement. This is most common in toddlers and pre-school aged children. […] Forced toilet training, leading to anxiety and tension, or voluntary withholding as a way to exert control. […] Repeatedly waiting too long to use the toilet (such as being fearful of using the toilet away from home). […] If your child is actively toilet training, or trained, (s)he should be encouraged to spend unhurried time on the toilet after every meal, especially breakfast, in order to establish a regular bowel movement pattern. However, DO NOT FORCE a child to sit on the toilet. If (s)he refuses to stool except in a diaper or pull-up, it is okay to allow this.

• #51 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Constipation / Encopresis | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-constipation-encopresis

  Assess the anus and rectum for signs of bleeding. […] Administer stool softeners or laxatives; suppositories or enemas as needed. […] Educate patient or caregivers on diet and lifestyle modifications. […] Dietary changes help the colon process stool and help make the stool more easy to pass. […] Evaluation of the outcomes of constipation management involves a systematic approach. […] Regularly assess and document changes in the patients bowel movement patterns. […] Engage in open communication with the patient to gather feedback on their experiences. […] Evaluate the impact of dietary modifications. […] Assess for relief of rectal impaction through physical examination and patient-reported symptoms. […] Evaluate improvements in psychosocial well-being, particularly for children.

• #52 Constipation Nursing Care Plan Template & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/constipation-nursing-care-plan

  One of the primary benefits of a constipation nursing care plan is its role in promoting normal bowel habits. By establishing clear guidelines and nursing interventions, healthcare providers can help patients develop consistent routines for bowel movements. […] Effective nursing interventions outlined in the care plan can help reduce intra-abdominal pressure, which is often a contributing factor to constipation. […] This nursing care plan supports bowel movement training, an essential aspect of constipation management. By providing structured guidance, healthcare providers can educate patients on effective strategies to facilitate bowel movements, such as dietary adjustments and the use of laxatives or stool softeners when necessary. […] The care plan allows practitioners to identify and address risk factors that can trigger constipation, such as medications, inadequate fluid intake, and sedentary lifestyles. […] A well-structured nursing care plan for constipation helps mitigate these risks by promoting regular bowel movements and proper hygiene practices, ultimately improving overall health outcomes for patients.

• #53

  https://bpac.org.nz/2019/constipation.aspx

  Laxatives should be withdrawn gradually once the patient has established a healthy pattern of bowel movements; ideally ongoing prevention is achieved via lifestyle and dietary measures. […] If a patient has ongoing symptoms despite lifestyle and dietary change and the use of multiple laxatives, the presence of an underlying cause and the need for investigations should be reconsidered.

• #54

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut1878

  Constipation means that you have a hard time passing stools (bowel movements). Constipation may occur with pain in the rectum and cramping. A few changes in your diet and lifestyle may help you avoid ongoing constipation. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help loosen your stool. Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. […] Drink plenty of fluids. Include high-fibre foods in your diet each day. Get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous exercise a week. Take a fibre supplement, such as Benefibre or Metamucil, every day. Schedule time each day for a bowel movement. Support your feet with a small step stool when you sit on the toilet. Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter laxative to relieve your constipation. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if you have new or worse belly pain. Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your constipation is getting worse.

• #55 Constipation: A Crucial Conversation in Hospice Care | MJHS Health System

  https://www.mjhs.org/resource/constipation-a-crucial-conversation-in-hospice-care/

  Recognizing the urgency of addressing constipation is paramount. If your loved one hasn’t had a bowel movement in three days, it’s essential to contact your hospice team promptly. Even if they’re not consuming food or fluids, prolonged constipation can have serious implications and should not be overlooked.

• #56 Patient education: Constipation in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constipation-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Increasing fiber in your diet may reduce or eliminate constipation. The recommended amount of dietary fiber is 20 to 35 grams of fiber per day. […] If behavior changes and increasing fiber does not relieve your constipation, you may try taking a laxative. A variety of laxatives are available for treating constipation. […] Biofeedback is a behavioral approach that may help some people with severe chronic constipation who involuntarily squeeze (rather than relax) their muscles while having a bowel movement.

• #57 Constipation

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation/

  Constipation is where you have changes to how you poo, including not pooing as often or finding it hard to poo. It’s common and it affects people of all ages. You can usually treat it with simple changes to your diet and lifestyle. […] If you’re caring for an older person, or someone with dementia or a learning disability, constipation may be easily missed. Look out for any behaviour changes such as confusion, as it might mean they are in pain or discomfort. […] Making simple changes to your diet and lifestyle can help treat constipation. […] To make your poo softer and easier to pass: eat a healthy balanced diet and include fruits that contain sorbitol such as apples, apricots, grapes (and raisins), raspberries and strawberries. […] Speak to a pharmacist if diet and lifestyle changes are not helping. […] Long-term constipation can lead to faecal impaction. This is where poo has built up in the last part of the large intestine (rectum).

• #58 Constipation | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/constipation

  Most cases of constipation are successfully treated by eating a diet high in fibre, drinking more fluids and exercising daily. […] Complications of chronic constipation include haemorrhoids, faecal impaction and rectal prolapse. […] Over-the-counter laxatives are fine in the short term, but seek advice if the problem persists. […] Treatment depends on the cause, but could include: Stopping or changing medications that can cause constipation. […] Removal of the impacted faeces which may involve enemas, stool softeners and a short-term course of laxatives. […] Dietary changes such as increasing the amount of fibre in the daily diet. […] More fluids liquids help to plump out faeces. […] Exercise one of the many benefits of regular exercise is improved bowel motility. […] Laxatives there are 2 main types: bulk forming and osmotic agents that increase the water content of the stool.

• #59 Constipation

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/constipation/

  Most often, changes in diet helps constipation. […] After your child is better, be sure to keep him on high fiber foods. […] Also, have your child sit on the toilet at the same time each day. […] These tips will help to prevent the symptoms from coming back. […] Call Your Doctor If: Constipation lasts more than 1 week after making changes to diet. […] You think your child needs to be seen. […] Your child becomes worse.

• #60 Constipation in palliative care | For professionals | Marie Curie

  https://www.mariecurie.org.uk/professionals/palliative-care-knowledge-zone/constipation

  There are lots of ways you can help someone with constipation: Encourage the patient to have plenty of fluids. […] Encourage the patient to eat regular meals. […] Ensure your patient has access to toilet facilities. […] Make sure they have privacy and ask if they need help going to the toilet. […] Encourage exercise if its appropriate. […] If they have been prescribed laxatives, encourage them to take them regularly. […] Review their bowel habit regularly and talk to the district nurse, specialist nurse or GP if their symptoms dont improve. […] Patients who are prescribed opioids will commonly be prescribed laxatives at the same time. […] If a patients constipation is caused by opioids, they might not respond to normal laxatives. […] If the patients constipation isnt resolving, or they’re having distressing symptoms as a result, speak to their district nurse, specialist nurse or GP as they may require more treatment.

• #61 Patient education: Constipation in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constipation-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Constipation is a common problem in children of all ages. A child with constipation may have bowel movements less frequently than normal, or their bowel movements may be hard, large-caliber, or difficult and painful to pass. […] Most children with constipation do not have an identifiable underlying medical problem causing their symptoms. Constipation generally resolves with changes in diet or behavior or sometimes with medicine. You can try some of these treatments at home. If home treatment is not helpful, talk to your child’s health care provider. […] Constipation is particularly common at three times in an infant’s and child’s life: after starting cereal and puréed foods, during toilet training, and after starting school. Parents can help by being aware of these high-risk times, working to prevent constipation, recognizing the problem if it develops, and acting quickly so that constipation does not become a bigger problem.

• #62 Patient education: Constipation in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/constipation-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  You can try using home remedies first to relieve your child’s constipation. These remedies should begin to work within 24 hours; if your child does not have a bowel movement with 24 hours or if you are worried, call your child’s doctor or nurse for advice. […] If your child has been constipated for a short time, changing what they eat may be the only treatment needed. You can make these changes as often as needed so that the child has soft and painless bowel movements. […] If your infant or child has repeated episodes of constipation (called recurrent constipation), work with your child’s doctor or nurse to figure out why this is happening. […] If your child has hard or painful stools, treatment is recommended. Treating pain early can help prevent your child from withholding, which can lead to chronic constipation and leakage of bowel movements. […] Call your child’s doctor or nurse immediately (during the day or night) if your child has severe abdominal or rectal pain. […] Your child’s health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your child’s medical problem.

• #63 NHS England » National clinical constipation pathway for primary care for children

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/national-clinical-constipation-pathway-for-primary-care-for-children/

  Children with disabilities are more prone to constipation than their typically developing peers. It must be treated proactively to prevent long-term morbidities and potential mortality in the young person or young adult with a learning disability. […] Continued provision of prescriptions for laxatives is essential to allow the bowel to recover and prevent withholding due to fear of painful bowel actions. […] Regular follow up improves outcomes. Family should be contacted one week after commencing disimpaction, two weeks after commencing maintenance, then within a further four weeks and then within eight weeks. Further follow up should continue as appropriate to the child and family. […] First line treatment of all idiopathic constipation in children is with laxatives, usually macrogols. Prompt treatment may prevent constipation becoming chronic.

• #63 NHS England » National clinical constipation pathway for primary care for children

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/national-clinical-constipation-pathway-for-primary-care-for-children/

  This guidance supports clinicians in the prevention and management of constipation in children and young people with the following actions: providing a clear and standardised approach based on guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the British National Formulary for Children (BNFc) and clinical expert groups. […] Laxatives are always first line management of acute or chronic constipation in children. The aim is to titrate doses to ensure the passage of soft, pain free stools and to overcome any withholding behaviours. […] Do not use diet and fluids alone as treatment. Diet and fluid adjustments do not break down hard faeces and there is evidence that constipation is unrelated to diet and fluid intake in about 59% of affected children. […] When constipation has persisted for more than four weeks it is considered chronic. Resolution can take six months or more if the child has developed mega-rectum or mega-colon. Maintenance doses of laxatives for chronic constipation should be continued for at least three to six months after symptoms resolve and toilet training is established unless loose stools develop.

• #64 Constipation Management and Treatment – Nursing CE Central

  https://nursingcecentral.com/lessons/constipation-management-and-treatment/

  Constipation is more than just an uncomfortable topicits a challenge that nurses encounter very frequently across diverse patient populations. […] Managing constipation effectively can significantly impact a patients comfort, recovery, disease management, and overall quality of life. […] Understanding its types and causes is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. […] Constipation significantly impacts quality of life (QOL), affecting both physical and emotional well-being. […] Nurses play a meaningful role in identifying, preventing, and managing constipation through comprehensive assessment, evidence-based interventions, and patient education. […] This course has provided learners with the knowledge and tools to approach constipation with confidence, compassion, and clinical expertise.

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