Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #2 Current Overview on Clinical Management of Chronic Constipation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1738

  Constipation is one of the major gastrointestinal disorders diagnosed in clinical practice in Western countries. Almost 20% of population suffer from this disorder, which means constipation is a substantial utilization of healthcare. […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated from 12% to 19%. Constipation is more frequent in North America and Europe in comparison with Asia, probably due to differences in culture, diet, or environment. […] Diagnosing and treating constipation has a significant impact on economic burden, according to Sbahi et al. only testing for constipation costs almost $7 billion annually. Commonness of this disorder, costs of medical care, and decrease in quality life cause constipation a serious issue for many specialists. […] The aim of this review is updating knowledge of chronic constipation and management in this disorder.

• #3 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  We aimed to review the literature regarding the epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania and the associated prevalence/risk factors. […] The 21 reviewed studies depict prevalence rates in 34 different population groups ranging widely from a low 0.7% to a high 81%. In the general population of Europe the mean value of the reported constipation rates is 17,1 % and the median value 16.6%. Among the studies conducted in Oceania, the mean value of constipation prevalence was 15.3%. Female gender, age and socioeconomic and educational class seem to have major effect on constipation prevalence. […] This systematic review depicts the high prevalence and related risk factors of a disorder that decreases the health-related quality of life and has major economic consequences. […] The prevalence rates of constipation in Europe and Oceania as depicted by this review are consistent with the epidemiology of the disorder in North America.

• #4

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #5 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Chronic constipation is highly prevalent and affects approximately 15% of persons in the United States. […] In 2006, the number of constipation-related physician visits reached 5.7 million, and of these, 2.7 million visits had constipation as the primary diagnosis. […] About 2% of the population describes constant or frequent intermittent episodes of constipation. […] Prevalence of self-reported constipation varies substantially because of differences among ethnic groups in how constipation is perceived. […] In North America alone, chronic constipation affects approximately 63 million people. […] Worldwide, approximately 12% of people suffer from self-defined constipation; people in the Americas and the Asian Pacific suffer twice as much as their European counterparts. […] A meta-analysis of patients in Europe and Oceania cited prevalence rates as high as 81%, with a general incidence of approximately 17%.

• #6 Prevalence of Constipation: Agreement among Several Criteria and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Qualifying Symptoms and Self-reported Definition in a Population-based Survey in Spain. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00029262&AN=19809328&h=Bl07%2Bp%2F3mI%2Bx9Zs%2Fov65p1jK7wlSetpVLkW31oWT8TSGHKmG33LrWttX0QftikSgnxE2BCvs7FvpTc%2BmEbVS0w%3D%3D&crl=f

  The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of chronic constipation and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the symptoms and the self-reported definition of constipation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the general community in 1999. In the 349 subjects (71%) responding to the questionnaire, the prevalence of self-reported constipation was 29.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.9, 34.3) versus 19.2% (95% CI: 15.1, 23.3) and 14.0% (95% CI: 10.4, 17.7) based on Rome I and Rome II criteria, respectively. Chronic constipation is a highly prevalent problem, especially in women. Different prevalence estimates of constipation were observed using different criteria, although agreement between them was acceptable. Anal blockage, straining, and hard stools show the greatest accuracy for the diagnosis of constipation. […] Female gender was identified to be a risk factor for constipation; fiber intake and physical exercise were found to be protective factors.

• #7 Epidemiology of constipation in adults: Why estimates of prevalence differ | Werth | Journal of Epidemiological Research

  https://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/jer/article/view/14698

  This review of over 80 articles published in the last 30 years shows that estimates of the prevalence of chronic constipation in community-dwelling adults varied widely from 2.4% to 39.6% in general adult populations and from 4% to 25.8% in older adult populations. […] Estimates of the prevalence of any constipation (including both chronic and sporadic constipation) also varied widely from 2.6% to 31.0% in general adult populations and from 4.4% to 44.5% in older adult populations. […] Further research is required to examine the impact of different definitions on prevalence estimates to help determine the best definitions for use in future epidemiological studies. […] If standard definitions can be universally agreed and used, along with appropriate sampling and data collection methods, more precise estimates of constipation prevalence should be attained.

• #8 (PDF) Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation

  https://www.academia.edu/57029254/Epidemiology_and_burden_of_chronic_constipation

  In a prospective, population-based nested case-control study, a cohort of randomly selected community residents (n 8006) were mailed a validated self-report gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire. […] The prevalence of chronic constipation (CC) has been reported to be as high as 20% in the general population. […] The worldwide prevalence of idiopathic constipation has been approximated to be about fourteen percent. […] In North America alone, the overall prevalence of chronic constipation was estimated to reach eight percent, disproportionately affecting females more than males and older individuals more than younger individuals. […] Constipation is considered to be one of the commonly encountered clinical conditions around the world. […] Chronic constipation is a common health problem that has great importance. […] Studies estimating population prevalence of constipation should use definitions based on the Rome criteria where possible.

• #9

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #10 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Female sex, age, and educational class were strongly associated with the prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation can occur in all ages, from newborns to elderly persons. […] An age-related increase in the incidence of constipation has been observed, with 30%-40% of adults older than 65 years citing constipation as a problem. […] In the United States, self-reported constipation and admissions to hospital for constipation are more common in women than in men. […] The overall female-to-male ratio is approximately 3:1. […] In the United States, the prevalence of constipation is 30% higher among nonwhite populations than among white populations. […] Both self-reported constipation and constipation requiring admission to a hospital are more frequent in black people than in white people.

• #11 (PDF) Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation

  https://www.academia.edu/57029254/Epidemiology_and_burden_of_chronic_constipation

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either self-reported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden. […] Chronic constipation (CC) is common in the community but surprisingly little is known about relevant gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI co-morbidities. […] Age-adjusted prevalence in females was 8.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1-10.3) and 5.1 (3.6-6.7) in males, per 100 persons.

• #12 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patient | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-management-of-chronic-constipation-in-elderly-patient-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. In the elderly population the incidence of constipation is higher compared to the younger population, with elderly females suffering more often from severe constipation. […] A population-based study reported that the cumulative incidence of chronic constipation (CC) is higher in the elderly (~20%) compared to a younger population. […] Severe constipation is more common in elderly women, with rates of constipation two to three times higher than that of their male counterparts. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a higher prevalence laxative use in the elderly, and elderly patients residing in nursing homes have a greater prevalence of constipation (up to 50%), with up to 74% of them using daily laxatives.

• #13 Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i21/2795.htm

  In assessing the results of studies reviewed, it is clear that there is insufficient evidence for an association of most factors with constipation. Regarding demographic factors, female gender is strongly associated with an increased prevalence of constipation; there are various possible explanations for this such as the influence of sex hormones. […] It is essential that further research is conducted in community-dwelling adult populations to better understand the importance of each risk factor in constipation.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #15 Constipation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513291/

  Chronic constipation is excessively prevalent and affects about 15% of the population in the United States. In 2006, the number of visits to healthcare professionals for constipation reached 5.7 million, and 2.7 million visits listed constipation as the primary diagnosis. Approximately 12% of people worldwide report self-defined constipation; people in the Asian Pacific and the Americas suffer twice as much as the European population. […] Constipation can occur in any age group, from newborns to older individuals; overall, it is seen more commonly in females than males. An age-related increase in the prevalence of constipation has been seen, with 30% to 40% of adults over 65 citing constipation as a problem. Also, the nonwhite population has been reported to have a 30% higher prevalence than the white population.

• #16 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Female sex, age, and educational class were strongly associated with the prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation can occur in all ages, from newborns to elderly persons. […] An age-related increase in the incidence of constipation has been observed, with 30%-40% of adults older than 65 years citing constipation as a problem. […] In the United States, self-reported constipation and admissions to hospital for constipation are more common in women than in men. […] The overall female-to-male ratio is approximately 3:1. […] In the United States, the prevalence of constipation is 30% higher among nonwhite populations than among white populations. […] Both self-reported constipation and constipation requiring admission to a hospital are more frequent in black people than in white people.

• #17 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Constipation | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-constipation/

  Constipation is common. The prevalence increases with age and differs among settings. Community dwellers 65 years: the prevalence is 26% for women and 16% for men. Community dwellers 84 years: The prevalence is 34% for women and 26% for men. Long-term care residents: Prevalence is as high as 80%

• #18 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Constipation | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-of-constipation/

  Constipation is common. The prevalence increases with age and differs among settings. Community dwellers 65 years: the prevalence is 26% for women and 16% for men. Community dwellers 84 years: The prevalence is 34% for women and 26% for men. Long-term care residents: Prevalence is as high as 80%

• #19 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459612/

  Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. In the elderly population the incidence of constipation is higher compared to the younger population, with elderly females suffering more often from severe constipation. […] A population-based study reported that the cumulative incidence of chronic constipation (CC) is higher in the elderly (~20%) compared to a younger population. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a higher prevalence laxative use in the elderly, and elderly patients residing in nursing homes have a greater prevalence of constipation (up to 50%), with up to 74% of them using daily laxatives. […] The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources.

• #20 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459612/

  Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. In the elderly population the incidence of constipation is higher compared to the younger population, with elderly females suffering more often from severe constipation. […] A population-based study reported that the cumulative incidence of chronic constipation (CC) is higher in the elderly (~20%) compared to a younger population. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a higher prevalence laxative use in the elderly, and elderly patients residing in nursing homes have a greater prevalence of constipation (up to 50%), with up to 74% of them using daily laxatives. […] The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources.

• #21 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patient | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-management-of-chronic-constipation-in-elderly-patient-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. In the elderly population the incidence of constipation is higher compared to the younger population, with elderly females suffering more often from severe constipation. […] A population-based study reported that the cumulative incidence of chronic constipation (CC) is higher in the elderly (~20%) compared to a younger population. […] Severe constipation is more common in elderly women, with rates of constipation two to three times higher than that of their male counterparts. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a higher prevalence laxative use in the elderly, and elderly patients residing in nursing homes have a greater prevalence of constipation (up to 50%), with up to 74% of them using daily laxatives.

• #22 Constipation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513291/

  Chronic constipation is excessively prevalent and affects about 15% of the population in the United States. In 2006, the number of visits to healthcare professionals for constipation reached 5.7 million, and 2.7 million visits listed constipation as the primary diagnosis. Approximately 12% of people worldwide report self-defined constipation; people in the Asian Pacific and the Americas suffer twice as much as the European population. […] Constipation can occur in any age group, from newborns to older individuals; overall, it is seen more commonly in females than males. An age-related increase in the prevalence of constipation has been seen, with 30% to 40% of adults over 65 citing constipation as a problem. Also, the nonwhite population has been reported to have a 30% higher prevalence than the white population.

• #23 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Female sex, age, and educational class were strongly associated with the prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation can occur in all ages, from newborns to elderly persons. […] An age-related increase in the incidence of constipation has been observed, with 30%-40% of adults older than 65 years citing constipation as a problem. […] In the United States, self-reported constipation and admissions to hospital for constipation are more common in women than in men. […] The overall female-to-male ratio is approximately 3:1. […] In the United States, the prevalence of constipation is 30% higher among nonwhite populations than among white populations. […] Both self-reported constipation and constipation requiring admission to a hospital are more frequent in black people than in white people.

• #24 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Female sex, age, and educational class were strongly associated with the prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation can occur in all ages, from newborns to elderly persons. […] An age-related increase in the incidence of constipation has been observed, with 30%-40% of adults older than 65 years citing constipation as a problem. […] In the United States, self-reported constipation and admissions to hospital for constipation are more common in women than in men. […] The overall female-to-male ratio is approximately 3:1. […] In the United States, the prevalence of constipation is 30% higher among nonwhite populations than among white populations. […] Both self-reported constipation and constipation requiring admission to a hospital are more frequent in black people than in white people.

• #25 Constipation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Constipation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of constipation is approximately 16,666 per 100,000 individuals in general population (one in every six). […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population. […] It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States. […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America. […] The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population. […] The incidence of constipation increases with age. […] The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41). […] Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1. […] Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income. […] Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.

• #26 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #27 Constipation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Constipation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of constipation is approximately 16,666 per 100,000 individuals in general population (one in every six). […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population. […] It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States. […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America. […] The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population. […] The incidence of constipation increases with age. […] The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41). […] Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1. […] Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income. […] Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.

• #28 Constipation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Constipation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of constipation is approximately 16,666 per 100,000 individuals in general population (one in every six). […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population. […] It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States. […] The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America. […] The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population. […] The incidence of constipation increases with age. […] The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41). […] Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1. […] Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income. […] Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.

• #29 Definitions and Epidemiology of Constipation | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-84628-275-1_1

  The epidemiology of constipation demonstrates a consistent pattern with several key points. No true population-based incidence or natural history studies have been published to date. The prevalence of constipation ranges from 3% to 27%, averaging approximately 15%, the variance resulting from differing case definitions of constipation and the effects of varying ascertainment methods. Constipation increases progressively with age, and this increase is particularly marked after the age of 65 years. It is twice as common in females than males and is also more common in nonwhites than whites, although the distribution by race is less consistent than the distributions by age or gender. Constipation is also more common among those with lower socioeconomic status and education levels. […] Constipation demonstrates a distinct geographic distribution, being more common in rural states, northern or mountainous states, and poorer states. The unique geographic pattern of constipation seems to suggest the influence of three global environmental factors: rural living, colder temperatures, and lower socioeconomic status. Finally, constipation is more common among patients with a wide variety of neurologic diseases, indicating the possibility of a shared environmental risk factor.

• #30 Definitions and Epidemiology of Constipation | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-84628-275-1_1

  The epidemiology of constipation demonstrates a consistent pattern with several key points. No true population-based incidence or natural history studies have been published to date. The prevalence of constipation ranges from 3% to 27%, averaging approximately 15%, the variance resulting from differing case definitions of constipation and the effects of varying ascertainment methods. Constipation increases progressively with age, and this increase is particularly marked after the age of 65 years. It is twice as common in females than males and is also more common in nonwhites than whites, although the distribution by race is less consistent than the distributions by age or gender. Constipation is also more common among those with lower socioeconomic status and education levels. […] Constipation demonstrates a distinct geographic distribution, being more common in rural states, northern or mountainous states, and poorer states. The unique geographic pattern of constipation seems to suggest the influence of three global environmental factors: rural living, colder temperatures, and lower socioeconomic status. Finally, constipation is more common among patients with a wide variety of neurologic diseases, indicating the possibility of a shared environmental risk factor.

• #31 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation and Chronic Constipation

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/509930_3

  Constipation is as equally common a GI motility disorder as IBS. Prevalence rates are variable, ranging from 2% to 28% in the published literature, attributed in part to the lack of a single definition of constipation and study methodology. […] Nevertheless, a 1991 National Health Interview survey found that 4.5 million people in the United States are constipated most, or all, of the time. […] There is a greater prevalence in women than men, persons of color than whites, children than adults, and the elderly (65 and older) than younger adults. […] Self-reporting of constipation is also greater in women: Results from one survey of self-reported bowel habits showed that women were 2.9 times more likely than men to self-report constipation. […] Finally, constipation is associated with a distinct geographic distribution; it occurs more commonly in rural than in urban states and in northern and poorer states, suggesting that environmental factors are important in its etiology. […] Like IBS, constipation is responsible for substantial healthcare resource use in the United States: More than 2.5 million physician visits and 92,000 hospitalizations each year are attributed to constipation.

• #32 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.35

  Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management […] Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation. […] All these facts prove that constipation is a growing health problem among children worldwide.

• #33 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.35

  Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management […] Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation. […] All these facts prove that constipation is a growing health problem among children worldwide.

• #34 Evaluation of Constipation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0601/p2283.html

  Constipation is the reason for 2.5 million physician visits per year in the United States, with more than one half of these visits to primary care physicians. […] The exact prevalence of constipation in the U.S. population is not known, although one epidemiologic study found an overall prevalence of 14.7 percent. […] In adults, constipation occurs more frequently in blacks and women, and usually becomes more prevalent with increasing age. […] Constipation affects 3 percent of preschool-age children and 1 to 2 percent of school-age children; in the latter group, constipation is more common in boys. […] In the United States, more than $800 million is spent on laxatives each year. Constipation is also responsible for 2.5 million physician visits, with patients over 65 years of age accounting for the greatest number of these visits. […] In children, constipation is the reason for nearly 5 percent of outpatient visits to pediatric clinics and more than 25 percent of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists.

• #35 Pediatric Constipation: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928185-overview

  Constipation in children has reported prevalence rates between 1% and 30%. It is the principal complaint in 3-5% of all visits to pediatric outpatient clinics and as many as 35% of all visits to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] In the United States, constipation is extremely common among infants and young children. In a 1987 report, Issenman et al found that 16% of parents reported that their 2-year-old children had constipation; 2 decades later, Loening-Baucke reported that the prevalence of constipation was 22.6% among 482 children aged 4-17 years. In a longitudinal study of children aged 9-11 years, Saps et al reported an 18% overall prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation occurs in all pediatric age groups from infancy to young adulthood. Typically, childhood constipation develops during 3 stages of childhood: in infants during weaning, in toddlers during toilet training, and in school-aged children. In several published reports, approximately half of childhood constipation occurs during the first year of life. […] Before puberty, constipation appears to be equally common among girls and boys. After puberty and into young adulthood, females are more likely to develop constipation than males.

• #36 Pediatric Constipation: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928185-overview

  Constipation in children has reported prevalence rates between 1% and 30%. It is the principal complaint in 3-5% of all visits to pediatric outpatient clinics and as many as 35% of all visits to pediatric gastroenterologists. […] In the United States, constipation is extremely common among infants and young children. In a 1987 report, Issenman et al found that 16% of parents reported that their 2-year-old children had constipation; 2 decades later, Loening-Baucke reported that the prevalence of constipation was 22.6% among 482 children aged 4-17 years. In a longitudinal study of children aged 9-11 years, Saps et al reported an 18% overall prevalence of constipation. […] Constipation occurs in all pediatric age groups from infancy to young adulthood. Typically, childhood constipation develops during 3 stages of childhood: in infants during weaning, in toddlers during toilet training, and in school-aged children. In several published reports, approximately half of childhood constipation occurs during the first year of life. […] Before puberty, constipation appears to be equally common among girls and boys. After puberty and into young adulthood, females are more likely to develop constipation than males.

• #37 Pediatric Functional Constipation in Clinical Practice: The Continuous Search for the Light at the End of the Tunnel

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/pediatric-functional-constipation-in-clinical-practice-the-continuous-search-for-the-light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel

  Functional constipation (FC) has a pooled world prevalence of 9.5%, a clear definition by Rome IV Criteria, and the NAPGHAN/ESPGHAN guidelines recommendation for management. […] FC reputable epidemiological studies were developed along this path. In 2006, a systematic review, including eighteen studies, showed that the prevalence of FC in children from 0 to 18 years ranged from 0.7% to 29.6% (median 8.9%), considered a worldwide common problem. In 2011, the same authors, now including adults, evaluated the epidemiology of FC in 19 articles, and the prevalence rate was between 0.7% and 29.6% (median 12%). Females, increasing age, socioeconomic status, and educational level affected the prevalence of constipation. […] In 2018, a systematic review and meta-analysis including 35 countries defined a pooled prevalence of 9.5%, with a similar prevalence in boys (8.6%) and girls (8.9%) but with a higher prevalence of 17.5% in children under four years. A systematic review of pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders, based on Rome IV Criteria, recently included 20 papers in the final analysis. FC was the most common pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorder for children aged 13-48 months and for those over four years. Accordingly, there is a tendency for the median to stabilize around 10% over time.

• #38 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in Pregnant Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133521

  The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of constipation and its related risk factors in pregnant women in Shanghai, and to analyze its impact on postpartum outcomes. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women in Shanghai (13.01%) was higher than among the general population (6.00%). […] The prevalence rate of functional constipation in pregnant women was significantly higher than in the general population. […] Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women was related to age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, diet, exercise, occupation, psychological factors, threatened abortion in early pregnancy and constipation history. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation in women with a pre-pregnancy BMI 24 was higher than other BMI ranges (27.34%).

• #39 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in Pregnant Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133521

  The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of constipation and its related risk factors in pregnant women in Shanghai, and to analyze its impact on postpartum outcomes. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women in Shanghai (13.01%) was higher than among the general population (6.00%). […] The prevalence rate of functional constipation in pregnant women was significantly higher than in the general population. […] Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women was related to age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, diet, exercise, occupation, psychological factors, threatened abortion in early pregnancy and constipation history. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation in women with a pre-pregnancy BMI 24 was higher than other BMI ranges (27.34%).

• #40 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in Pregnant Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133521

  The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of constipation and its related risk factors in pregnant women in Shanghai, and to analyze its impact on postpartum outcomes. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women in Shanghai (13.01%) was higher than among the general population (6.00%). […] The prevalence rate of functional constipation in pregnant women was significantly higher than in the general population. […] Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women was related to age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, diet, exercise, occupation, psychological factors, threatened abortion in early pregnancy and constipation history. […] Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation in women with a pre-pregnancy BMI 24 was higher than other BMI ranges (27.34%).

• #41 Real-world evidence of constipation and laxative use in the Korean population with chronic kidney disease from a common data model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57382-7

  Constipation is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] We aimed to explore real-world data on constipation and laxative use in patients with CKD in a nationwide population-based cohort from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment-National Patient Sample database. […] The pooled proportion of constipation diagnoses was 30.5% in all patients with CKD and 15.9%, 16.5%, 17.4%, 29.9%, and 43.3% in patients with CKD stages 1-5, respectively, suggesting a higher prevalence in advanced CKD. […] Patients with CKD had a significantly higher risk of constipation than age- and sex-matched non-CKD individuals (range of odds ratio [OR]: 1.66-1.90). […] Our findings provide real-world constipation and laxative prescription status in the Korean CKD population, revealing a significantly higher risk of constipation and different laxative prescribing patterns in patients with CKD.

• #42 Real-world evidence of constipation and laxative use in the Korean population with chronic kidney disease from a common data model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57382-7

  Constipation is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] We aimed to explore real-world data on constipation and laxative use in patients with CKD in a nationwide population-based cohort from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment-National Patient Sample database. […] The pooled proportion of constipation diagnoses was 30.5% in all patients with CKD and 15.9%, 16.5%, 17.4%, 29.9%, and 43.3% in patients with CKD stages 1-5, respectively, suggesting a higher prevalence in advanced CKD. […] Patients with CKD had a significantly higher risk of constipation than age- and sex-matched non-CKD individuals (range of odds ratio [OR]: 1.66-1.90). […] Our findings provide real-world constipation and laxative prescription status in the Korean CKD population, revealing a significantly higher risk of constipation and different laxative prescribing patterns in patients with CKD.

• #43 Constipation and the Quality of Life in Conservatively Treated Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

  https://www.medsci.org/v17p2954.htm

  Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder that in general population is associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The epidemiology of constipation has not been reliably determined in conservatively-treated CKD patients. […] The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of constipation and constipation-related symptoms in conservatively-treated CKD patients, to find factors associated with their altered prevalence ratio (PR), and to verify the associations between the occurrence of constipation and HRQoL. […] Depending on the used definition, the prevalence of constipation was 6.6-28.9%. […] FC and constipation diagnosed with BSFS were found in 21 (18.9%) and 28 (28.9% of patients who completed the scale) of patients, respectively. […] The frequency of drug-taking is summarized in Supplementary material, Table S2. As shown in Table 3, for constipation diagnosed with the BSFS, besides female sex and increasing age, taking diuretics was independently associated with increased PR of constipation (adjusted PR 2.86, 95% CI 1.28-6.37, P= 0.01).

• #44 Constipation and the Quality of Life in Conservatively Treated Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

  https://www.medsci.org/v17p2954.htm

  Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder that in general population is associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The epidemiology of constipation has not been reliably determined in conservatively-treated CKD patients. […] The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of constipation and constipation-related symptoms in conservatively-treated CKD patients, to find factors associated with their altered prevalence ratio (PR), and to verify the associations between the occurrence of constipation and HRQoL. […] Depending on the used definition, the prevalence of constipation was 6.6-28.9%. […] FC and constipation diagnosed with BSFS were found in 21 (18.9%) and 28 (28.9% of patients who completed the scale) of patients, respectively. […] The frequency of drug-taking is summarized in Supplementary material, Table S2. As shown in Table 3, for constipation diagnosed with the BSFS, besides female sex and increasing age, taking diuretics was independently associated with increased PR of constipation (adjusted PR 2.86, 95% CI 1.28-6.37, P= 0.01).

• #45 Association Between Coexisting Constipation and Heart Failure Readmission in Patients With Heart Failure　― A Nationwide Database Study ―

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circrep/6/11/6_CR-24-0060/_html/-char/en

  Constipation often coexists with heart failure (HF) and can cause increased blood pressure variability, which may increase the risk of repeated HF admissions. However, large-scale contemporary data regarding the prognostic effect of constipation in patients with HF are lacking. […] The prevalence of constipation was 22.0% (n=122,670), which remained stable over the 6 years. […] In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, constipation was significantly associated with a higher incidence of 1-year HF readmission (24.0% vs. 18.6%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.061.10). […] Constipation was associated with a higher risk of HF readmission after the first episode of HF hospitalization. […] This nationwide study demonstrated that constipation commonly coexisted with HF in approximately 1 out of 5 patients hospitalized with HF and was significantly associated with a higher incidence of 1-year HF readmission.

• #46 Association Between Coexisting Constipation and Heart Failure Readmission in Patients With Heart Failure　― A Nationwide Database Study ―

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circrep/6/11/6_CR-24-0060/_html/-char/en

  Constipation often coexists with heart failure (HF) and can cause increased blood pressure variability, which may increase the risk of repeated HF admissions. However, large-scale contemporary data regarding the prognostic effect of constipation in patients with HF are lacking. […] The prevalence of constipation was 22.0% (n=122,670), which remained stable over the 6 years. […] In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, constipation was significantly associated with a higher incidence of 1-year HF readmission (24.0% vs. 18.6%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.061.10). […] Constipation was associated with a higher risk of HF readmission after the first episode of HF hospitalization. […] This nationwide study demonstrated that constipation commonly coexisted with HF in approximately 1 out of 5 patients hospitalized with HF and was significantly associated with a higher incidence of 1-year HF readmission.

• #47 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4459612/

  Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with prevalence in the general population of approximately 20%. In the elderly population the incidence of constipation is higher compared to the younger population, with elderly females suffering more often from severe constipation. […] A population-based study reported that the cumulative incidence of chronic constipation (CC) is higher in the elderly (~20%) compared to a younger population. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a higher prevalence laxative use in the elderly, and elderly patients residing in nursing homes have a greater prevalence of constipation (up to 50%), with up to 74% of them using daily laxatives. […] The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources.

• #48 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patient | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-management-of-chronic-constipation-in-elderly-patient-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources. […] A careful history, medication assessment, and physical examination are helpful in obtaining relevant clues that aid direct management. […] Physiologic categorization of the cause leading to patient presentation improves management outcomes, and it is important to consider that many causes can be present in one patient, and many factors influence the clinical presentation of an older patient.

• #49 Current Overview on Clinical Management of Chronic Constipation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1738

  Constipation is one of the major gastrointestinal disorders diagnosed in clinical practice in Western countries. Almost 20% of population suffer from this disorder, which means constipation is a substantial utilization of healthcare. […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated from 12% to 19%. Constipation is more frequent in North America and Europe in comparison with Asia, probably due to differences in culture, diet, or environment. […] Diagnosing and treating constipation has a significant impact on economic burden, according to Sbahi et al. only testing for constipation costs almost $7 billion annually. Commonness of this disorder, costs of medical care, and decrease in quality life cause constipation a serious issue for many specialists. […] The aim of this review is updating knowledge of chronic constipation and management in this disorder.

• #50 Constipation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513291/

  Chronic constipation is excessively prevalent and affects about 15% of the population in the United States. In 2006, the number of visits to healthcare professionals for constipation reached 5.7 million, and 2.7 million visits listed constipation as the primary diagnosis. Approximately 12% of people worldwide report self-defined constipation; people in the Asian Pacific and the Americas suffer twice as much as the European population. […] Constipation can occur in any age group, from newborns to older individuals; overall, it is seen more commonly in females than males. An age-related increase in the prevalence of constipation has been seen, with 30% to 40% of adults over 65 citing constipation as a problem. Also, the nonwhite population has been reported to have a 30% higher prevalence than the white population.

• #51 Constipation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/184704-overview

  Chronic constipation is highly prevalent and affects approximately 15% of persons in the United States. […] In 2006, the number of constipation-related physician visits reached 5.7 million, and of these, 2.7 million visits had constipation as the primary diagnosis. […] About 2% of the population describes constant or frequent intermittent episodes of constipation. […] Prevalence of self-reported constipation varies substantially because of differences among ethnic groups in how constipation is perceived. […] In North America alone, chronic constipation affects approximately 63 million people. […] Worldwide, approximately 12% of people suffer from self-defined constipation; people in the Americas and the Asian Pacific suffer twice as much as their European counterparts. […] A meta-analysis of patients in Europe and Oceania cited prevalence rates as high as 81%, with a general incidence of approximately 17%.

• #52

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication1914324

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either selfreported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden.

• #53 Evaluation of Constipation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0601/p2283.html

  Constipation is the reason for 2.5 million physician visits per year in the United States, with more than one half of these visits to primary care physicians. […] The exact prevalence of constipation in the U.S. population is not known, although one epidemiologic study found an overall prevalence of 14.7 percent. […] In adults, constipation occurs more frequently in blacks and women, and usually becomes more prevalent with increasing age. […] Constipation affects 3 percent of preschool-age children and 1 to 2 percent of school-age children; in the latter group, constipation is more common in boys. […] In the United States, more than $800 million is spent on laxatives each year. Constipation is also responsible for 2.5 million physician visits, with patients over 65 years of age accounting for the greatest number of these visits. […] In children, constipation is the reason for nearly 5 percent of outpatient visits to pediatric clinics and more than 25 percent of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists.

• #54 Evaluation of Constipation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0601/p2283.html

  Constipation is the reason for 2.5 million physician visits per year in the United States, with more than one half of these visits to primary care physicians. […] The exact prevalence of constipation in the U.S. population is not known, although one epidemiologic study found an overall prevalence of 14.7 percent. […] In adults, constipation occurs more frequently in blacks and women, and usually becomes more prevalent with increasing age. […] Constipation affects 3 percent of preschool-age children and 1 to 2 percent of school-age children; in the latter group, constipation is more common in boys. […] In the United States, more than $800 million is spent on laxatives each year. Constipation is also responsible for 2.5 million physician visits, with patients over 65 years of age accounting for the greatest number of these visits. […] In children, constipation is the reason for nearly 5 percent of outpatient visits to pediatric clinics and more than 25 percent of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists.

• #55 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patient | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-management-of-chronic-constipation-in-elderly-patient-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources. […] A careful history, medication assessment, and physical examination are helpful in obtaining relevant clues that aid direct management. […] Physiologic categorization of the cause leading to patient presentation improves management outcomes, and it is important to consider that many causes can be present in one patient, and many factors influence the clinical presentation of an older patient.

• #56

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication1914324

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either selfreported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden.

• #57 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.35

  Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management […] Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation. […] All these facts prove that constipation is a growing health problem among children worldwide.

• #58 Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.35

  Constipation in Children: Novel Insight Into Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management […] Global burden of childhood constipation is often underappreciated. This was mainly due to lack of data in this age group. In epidemiological studies, the definitions vary from accepted Rome criteria to proxy reports by parents. A recent systematic review in pediatric age group reported constipation in 0.7% to 29.6%. […] Until recently, it was believed that constipation is a disease of the developed world, but studies from Asia have reported equally high prevalence of constipation. A survey in Sri Lanka using Rome III criteria reported constipation in 10.6% of 10-16 years old. Similarly, prevalence of constipation in Japan was 18.5%. […] The available data indicate that constipation is on the rise. A recent analysis of longitudinal data in the USA beginning from 1979 showed nearly 4-fold increase in rates of constipation during the last decade. There was a surge in both outpatient clinic visits and hospitalizations due to constipation between 1992 and 2004, with more than a doubling of rates in diagnosing constipation from outpatient clinics and nearly 4-fold increase in rates of hospital discharge under the diagnosis of constipation. Furthermore, children under 15 years had the highest number of clinic visits for constipation. […] All these facts prove that constipation is a growing health problem among children worldwide.

• #59

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication1914324

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either selfreported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden.

• #60 (PDF) Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation

  https://www.academia.edu/65873107/Epidemiology_and_burden_of_chronic_constipation

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either self-reported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden. […] Chronic constipation (CC) is common in the community but surprisingly little is known about relevant gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI co-morbidities. […] The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of CC and in particular provide new insights into the co-morbidities linked to this condition.

• #61 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #62 Food Intake and Functional Constipation: A Cross-Sectional Study of 3,835 Japanese Women Aged 18-20 Years

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/53/1/53_1_30/_article

  Although we previously observed significant associations between intakes of several foods and constipation, definition of constipation was completely based on subjective perception assessed by a quite simple and single question: do you often have constipation? […] In this study, we examined the associations between food intake and functional constipation as defined according to symptom-based criteria (Rome I criteria: straining, hard stools, incomplete evacuation, and infrequency of bowel movement). […] The prevalence of functional constipation was 26.2%. […] Dietary intakes of several foods were significantly associated with functional constipation. […] In conclusion, intake of rice and pulse was negatively and that of confectioneries and bread was positively associated with functional constipation among a population of young Japanese women, which was generally consistent with our previous study where constipation was assessed by a quite simple question.

• #63 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #64 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #65 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #66 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #67 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #68 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  Female gender is associated with elevated constipation prevalence rates. […] In general, individuals of lower social, economic and educational level have a tendency towards higher constipation rates. […] A secondary purpose of this review was to identify risk factors related with this functional constipation disorder. […] The effect of ageing on constipation prevalence has been recorded by 3 of the reviewed studies. […] Various other risk factors are associated with constipation by at least one research paper included in our systematic review of the current evidence; dietary habits like the consumption of olive oil and meat, life-style factors like living in a large community or old peoples home and immobility, frequency of breastfeeding, waist/hip ratio, anxiety and depression, co morbidities like hemorrhoids, other bowel disorders, previous hysterectomy and posterior colpocele and the use of medications like laxatives.

• #69 Prevalence of Constipation: Agreement among Several Criteria and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Qualifying Symptoms and Self-reported Definition in a Population-based Survey in Spain. | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00029262&AN=19809328&h=Bl07%2Bp%2F3mI%2Bx9Zs%2Fov65p1jK7wlSetpVLkW31oWT8TSGHKmG33LrWttX0QftikSgnxE2BCvs7FvpTc%2BmEbVS0w%3D%3D&crl=f

  The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of chronic constipation and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the symptoms and the self-reported definition of constipation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the general community in 1999. In the 349 subjects (71%) responding to the questionnaire, the prevalence of self-reported constipation was 29.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.9, 34.3) versus 19.2% (95% CI: 15.1, 23.3) and 14.0% (95% CI: 10.4, 17.7) based on Rome I and Rome II criteria, respectively. Chronic constipation is a highly prevalent problem, especially in women. Different prevalence estimates of constipation were observed using different criteria, although agreement between them was acceptable. Anal blockage, straining, and hard stools show the greatest accuracy for the diagnosis of constipation. […] Female gender was identified to be a risk factor for constipation; fiber intake and physical exercise were found to be protective factors.

• #70 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in Pregnant Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133521

  In conclusion, functional constipation is a common gastrointestinal disease in pregnant women. Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women was 13.01% in Shanghai, China. A high fiber diet and moderate exercise were factors for preventing constipation during pregnancy.

• #71 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Functional Constipation in Pregnant Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133521

  In conclusion, functional constipation is a common gastrointestinal disease in pregnant women. Our study showed that the prevalence of functional constipation among pregnant women was 13.01% in Shanghai, China. A high fiber diet and moderate exercise were factors for preventing constipation during pregnancy.

• #72

  https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/1196

  The present study was conducted to study the incidence of constipation in children attending the paediatric Op and also to know the bowel pattern in constipated children and normal children with respect to food habits and regarding psychosocial aspect of toileting. […] A total of 654 children were analysed, out of which 202 children fulfilled the ROME III criteria for functional constipation. The prevalence of functional constipation was noted in 30.8% with female preponderance and incidence is more in the age group of 2-4 years. […] Constipation continues to be a problem, mostly under recognised in older population. Psychosocial factors had a significant effect on functional constipation. Skipping breakfast, early toilet practising, low intake of vegetables and fruits were other factors leading to constipation.

• #73 Chronic Constipation – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525264/chronic-constipation-epidemiology-forecast?srsltid=AfmBOorTKryp_wmv4REjpRl3dKRVtbcIg2LBubnHLhQA-W27zEl2j_j_

  The Chronic Constipation epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Chronic Constipation epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. The Chronic Constipation report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken. The calculated data are presented with relevant tables and graphs to give a clear view of the epidemiology at first sight. […] The Chronic Constipation Epidemiology Report and Model provide an overview of the global trends of Chronic Constipation in the seven major markets (7MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and Japan). […] The report provides insight into the historical and forecasted patient pool of Chronic Constipation in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan.

• #74 Chronic Constipation – Epidemiology Forecast – 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525264/chronic-constipation-epidemiology-forecast?srsltid=AfmBOorTKryp_wmv4REjpRl3dKRVtbcIg2LBubnHLhQA-W27zEl2j_j_

  The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Chronic Constipation. […] 11-year Forecast of Chronic Constipation epidemiology. […] What are the key findings pertaining to the Chronic Constipation epidemiology across 7MM and which country will have the highest number of patients during the forecast period (2019-2032)? […] What would be the total number of patients of Chronic Constipation across the 7MM during the forecast period (2019-2032)? […] What is the disease risk, burden and unmet needs of Chronic Constipation?

• #75

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #76

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2004/04000/epidemiology_of_constipation_in_north_america__a.30.aspx

  The aim of this study was to systematically review the published literature regarding prevalence, risk factors, incidence, natural history, and the effect on quality of life of constipation in North America. […] The estimates of the prevalence of constipation in North America ranged from 1.9% to 27.2%, with most estimates from 12% to 19%. Prevalence estimates by gender support a female-to-male ratio of 2.2:1. Constipation appears to increase with increasing age, particularly after age 65. […] Constipation is very common, as approximately 63 million people in North America meet the Rome II criteria for constipation. Minimal data are available regarding incidence, natural history, and quality of life in patients with constipation. Effort should be expended toward the study of these topics, particularly in the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by this condition.

• #77 Epidemiology of constipation in adults: Why estimates of prevalence differ | Werth | Journal of Epidemiological Research

  https://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/jer/article/view/14698

  This review of over 80 articles published in the last 30 years shows that estimates of the prevalence of chronic constipation in community-dwelling adults varied widely from 2.4% to 39.6% in general adult populations and from 4% to 25.8% in older adult populations. […] Estimates of the prevalence of any constipation (including both chronic and sporadic constipation) also varied widely from 2.6% to 31.0% in general adult populations and from 4.4% to 44.5% in older adult populations. […] Further research is required to examine the impact of different definitions on prevalence estimates to help determine the best definitions for use in future epidemiological studies. […] If standard definitions can be universally agreed and used, along with appropriate sampling and data collection methods, more precise estimates of constipation prevalence should be attained.

• #78 Epidemiology of constipation in adults: Why estimates of prevalence differ | Werth | Journal of Epidemiological Research

  https://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/jer/article/view/14698

  This review of over 80 articles published in the last 30 years shows that estimates of the prevalence of chronic constipation in community-dwelling adults varied widely from 2.4% to 39.6% in general adult populations and from 4% to 25.8% in older adult populations. […] Estimates of the prevalence of any constipation (including both chronic and sporadic constipation) also varied widely from 2.6% to 31.0% in general adult populations and from 4.4% to 44.5% in older adult populations. […] Further research is required to examine the impact of different definitions on prevalence estimates to help determine the best definitions for use in future epidemiological studies. […] If standard definitions can be universally agreed and used, along with appropriate sampling and data collection methods, more precise estimates of constipation prevalence should be attained.

• #79 (PDF) Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation

  https://www.academia.edu/65873107/Epidemiology_and_burden_of_chronic_constipation

  Chronic constipation is an important component of clinical gastroenterology practice worldwide. Based on the definition, either self-reported or using Rome criteria, chronic constipation can affect from 2% to 27% of the population. […] The health care costs of constipation are significant as evidenced by the hundreds of million dollars spent yearly on laxatives alone. […] Because constipation is more common in older patients and life expectancy is increasing, an increase in the prevalence of constipation is expected in the years to come, with the associated impact on quality of life and socioeconomic burden. […] Chronic constipation (CC) is common in the community but surprisingly little is known about relevant gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI co-morbidities. […] The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of CC and in particular provide new insights into the co-morbidities linked to this condition.

• #80 (PDF) Epidemiology and burden of chronic constipation

  https://www.academia.edu/65873107/Epidemiology_and_burden_of_chronic_constipation

  Age-adjusted prevalence in females was 8.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1-10.3) and 5.1 (3.6-6.7) in males, per 100 persons. […] Conclusions: Neurological and cardiovascular diseases are linked to constipation but in the community constipation is unlikely to account for most lower GI pathology. […] The prevalence of chronic constipation (CC) has been reported to be as high as 20% in the general population, but little is known about its natural history.

• #81 Epidemiology and management of chronic constipation in elderly patient | CIA

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-management-of-chronic-constipation-in-elderly-patient-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA

  The economic impact of CC in the US is significant, with an estimated 2.5 million physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations annually. […] CC in the elderly is common, and it has a significant impact on quality of life and the use of health care resources. […] A careful history, medication assessment, and physical examination are helpful in obtaining relevant clues that aid direct management. […] Physiologic categorization of the cause leading to patient presentation improves management outcomes, and it is important to consider that many causes can be present in one patient, and many factors influence the clinical presentation of an older patient.

• #82 Current Overview on Clinical Management of Chronic Constipation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1738

  Constipation is one of the major gastrointestinal disorders diagnosed in clinical practice in Western countries. Almost 20% of population suffer from this disorder, which means constipation is a substantial utilization of healthcare. […] Worldwide prevalence is estimated from 12% to 19%. Constipation is more frequent in North America and Europe in comparison with Asia, probably due to differences in culture, diet, or environment. […] Diagnosing and treating constipation has a significant impact on economic burden, according to Sbahi et al. only testing for constipation costs almost $7 billion annually. Commonness of this disorder, costs of medical care, and decrease in quality life cause constipation a serious issue for many specialists. […] The aim of this review is updating knowledge of chronic constipation and management in this disorder.

• #83 Epidemiology of constipation in adults: Why estimates of prevalence differ | Werth | Journal of Epidemiological Research

  https://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/jer/article/view/14698

  This review of over 80 articles published in the last 30 years shows that estimates of the prevalence of chronic constipation in community-dwelling adults varied widely from 2.4% to 39.6% in general adult populations and from 4% to 25.8% in older adult populations. […] Estimates of the prevalence of any constipation (including both chronic and sporadic constipation) also varied widely from 2.6% to 31.0% in general adult populations and from 4.4% to 44.5% in older adult populations. […] Further research is required to examine the impact of different definitions on prevalence estimates to help determine the best definitions for use in future epidemiological studies. […] If standard definitions can be universally agreed and used, along with appropriate sampling and data collection methods, more precise estimates of constipation prevalence should be attained.

• #84 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-8-5

  We aimed to review the literature regarding the epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania and the associated prevalence/risk factors. […] The 21 reviewed studies depict prevalence rates in 34 different population groups ranging widely from a low 0.7% to a high 81%. In the general population of Europe the mean value of the reported constipation rates is 17,1 % and the median value 16.6%. Among the studies conducted in Oceania, the mean value of constipation prevalence was 15.3%. Female gender, age and socioeconomic and educational class seem to have major effect on constipation prevalence. […] This systematic review depicts the high prevalence and related risk factors of a disorder that decreases the health-related quality of life and has major economic consequences. […] The prevalence rates of constipation in Europe and Oceania as depicted by this review are consistent with the epidemiology of the disorder in North America.

• #85 Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-constipation-in-europe-and-oceania-a-systematic-/9439080

  We aimed to review the literature regarding the epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania and the associated prevalence/risk factors. […] The 21 reviewed studies depict prevalence rates in 34 different population groups ranging widely from a low 0.7% to a high 81%. In the general population of Europe the mean value of the reported constipation rates is 17,1 % and the median value 16.6%. Among the studies conducted in Oceania, the mean value of constipation prevalence was 15.3%. Female gender, age and socioeconomic and educational class seem to have major effect on constipation prevalence. […] This systematic review depicts the high prevalence and related risk factors of a disorder that decreases the health-related quality of life and has major economic consequences. […] The high prevalence rates, economic cost and adverse implications on the quality of life and health state make constipation a major public health issue.

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