Materiały źródłowe

• #1 An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10214960/

  Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries, with the United States having a rate of 4 to 10 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #2 Frontiers | An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645/full

  An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review […] Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Children have a higher incidence of septic arthritis than adults. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #3 Septic Arthritis and Tuberculosis Arthritis

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/septic-arthritis-and-tuberculosis-arthritis-45637.html

  Septic arthritis is an important medical emergency, with high morbidity and mortality. We review the changing epidemiology of infectious arthritis, which incidence seems to be increasing due to several factors. […] Information concerning the epidemiology of septic arthritis is limited due to several factors. Acute septic arthritis is an uncommon disease, with few reports of series containing more than 50 cases, most of which are from retrospective cohorts. […] The estimated incidence of acute septic in industrialized countries varies from 2 to 6 cases/100,000 person-years in the general population. In particular, the reported incidence of septic arthritis in Western Europe varies from 4 to 10 cases/100,000 person-years. Moreover, the incidence increases in populations with low socioeconomic status, as has been demonstrated by studies conducted in both Northern Europe and Australia.

• #4 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #5 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #6 THU0369 Septic arthritis: Changing trends in epidemiology over two decades | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/280.2

  Septic arthritis (SA) is the most rapidly destructive joint disease. The estimated incidence of septic arthritis is 2-10 cases per 100,000 per year. The incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing. […] The incidence of SA is increasing in the general population, especially in older patients with CHF, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, OA and ESRD. The knee is most commonly involved, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common organism, and gonococcal arthritis becoming extremely rare. More patients received surgical treatment and require inpatient rehabilitation before being discharged home over time. The incidence of death has remained stable.

• #7 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Approximately 20,000 cases of SA occur in the United States each year (7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years), with a similar incidence occurring in Europe. […] The incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among all prosthesis recipients ranges from 2% to 10%. Since postoperative surveillance is limited to the operative hospital, it may result in significant underestimation of the rate of PJIs. […] It is important to remember that any patients who have undergone treatment for infection of a native joint are at a lifetime risk for PJI after a total joint arthroplasty of that particular joint. […] PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Recommendations for the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for revisions of total joint arthroplasties have yet to be established.

• #8 Frontiers | An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645/full

  An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review […] Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Children have a higher incidence of septic arthritis than adults. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #9 Native Joint Septic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Microbiological Causes in a New Zealand Population | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/42/12/2392

  Objective. To determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, over a 5-year period in individuals with and without an underlying rheumatic disorder. […] Results. Two hundred forty-eight cases of native joint septic arthritis (mean age 60, range 16-97 yrs) were identified with an overall incidence rate of 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Yearly incidence increased with age to a maximum of 73.4/100,000 in those 90 years of age. […] The incidence of septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, is higher than in previous studies. […] The overall incidence rate of native joint septic arthritis was 12.0/100,000 over the 5 years of this study. This is higher than previously reported studies of Western European populations in which a rate of 4-10/100,000, including prosthetic joint infections, has been reported. […] Our study shows that the incidence of septic arthritis is comparatively high in our population. Elderly patients have elevated rates, and iatrogenic infections frequently occur. Underlying crystal arthropathy is very common although RA appears to be a smaller risk factor than in other studies.

• #10 Native Joint Septic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Microbiological Causes in a New Zealand Population – University of Otago

  https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Native-Joint-Septic-Arthritis-Epidemiology-Clinical/9926516640201891

  To determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, over a 5-year period in individuals with and without an underlying rheumatic disorder. […] Two hundred forty-eight cases of native joint septic arthritis (mean age 60, range 16-97 yrs) were identified with an overall incidence rate of 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). […] The incidence of septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, is higher than in previous studies.

• #11 Incidence and prevalence of septic arthritis in Thailand | OARRR

  https://www.dovepress.com/incidence-and-prevalence-of-septic-arthritis-in-thailand-a-database-fr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OARRR

  A better understanding of the epidemiological profile of septic arthritis or pyogenic arthritis in Thais could improve care and provide information for better infectious control. We aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of septic arthritis in Thailand between 2017 and 2020. […] The prevalence of septic arthritis in 2017 was 41.2 per 100,000 (95% CI 40.7 41.7). The incidence of septic arthritis slightly increased from 2018 to 2019 but was stable in 2020 (22.6, 23.3, and 23.1 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] Septic arthritis commonly presents in the elderly and is comparable between men and women. The disease was found mainly in the northeastern and southern regions. The incidence remained stable during the study period. […] The prevalence of septic arthritis in Thais in 2017 was 41.2 per 100,000, while the incidence remained stable during the study period, with the respective incidence in 2018, 2019, and 2020 being 22.6, 23.3, and 23.1 per 100,000 person-years. The epidemiologic study of septic arthritis might help assess the geographic distribution, human resource planning, and allocation of public health policy budgets for treating septic arthritis in Thailand.

• #12 An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/an-18-year-clinical-review-of-septic-arthritis-from-tropical-australia/478E98913F948B51E6C88D3E2C20A19F

  A retrospective study of 191 cases of septic arthritis was undertaken at Royal Darwin Hospital in the tropical north of Australia. Incidence was 92 per 100000 overall and 291 per 100000 in Aboriginal Australians (RR 66; 95% CI 5089). Males were affected more than females (RR 16; 95% CI 1221). […] Significant age associations were infected hips in those under 15 years and infected knees in those over 45 years. […] Causative organisms included Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12%). […] Univariate and multivariate analysis showed the hip to be at greater risk for S. aureus than other joints.

• #13 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #14 Septic Arthritis – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/septic-arthritis/

  Bimodal distribution of cases, peaking for young children and adults 55 years old. […] Nongonococcal: Intravenous drug use (IVDU), Prosthetic joint, Diabetes, Immunocompromised states, Elderly, Indwelling IV catheters. […] Gonococcal: Sexually active population, 4:1 female-to-male predominance. […] Consider Gram negative, fungal, or mycobacterial arthritis in immunocompromised patients and elderly. […] There is no absolute serum or synovial laboratory value to rule in or out septic arthritis. […] The decision to start treatment in the ED for septic arthritis is based on overall clinical suspicion derived from patients risk factors, clinical picture, and synovial fluid cell count.

• #15 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #16 Septic Arthritis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617393/all/Septic_Arthritis?q=Arthritis+Septic

  Most common age: toddler and school age (2 to 6 years) […] Predominant sex: male (2:1 female) […] Most common location: lower extremities (hip, knee, and ankle) and large joints (hip, shoulder, elbow)

• #17

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120520/septic-arthritis

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] increasing age […] diabetes mellitus […] rheumatoid arthritis […] prosthetic joints […] intravenous drug abuse […] skin infection […] alcohol use […] sexual activity […] […] […] Prognosis […] Dependent on a number of comorbid conditions (e.g., age and immunosuppresion) […] ranges 10-15%

• #18 Arthritis, Septic | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816409/all/Arthritis_Septic?q=cefepime

  Gender differences: […] Incidence: May occur at any age, bimodal incidence with peaks in childhood and age 55 years […] 40 to 60 cases per 100,000 population/year overall (1) […] 70 cases per 100,000 population/year in immunocompromised and patients with prosthetic joints […] Disseminated gonococcal infection is 3 cases per 100,000 population/year. […] Prevalence: 27% of patients presenting with monoarticular arthritis have nongonococcal septic arthritis (1). […] Given rising prevalence of prosthetic joints, infected hardware is now most common form of septic arthritis (~210% of all joint recipients).

• #19 Increased Incidence and Clinical Features of Septic Arthritis in Patients Aged 80 Years and above: A Comparative Analysis with Younger Cohorts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/891

  Increased Incidence and Clinical Features of Septic Arthritis in Patients Aged 80 Years and above: A Comparative Analysis with Younger Cohorts […] The overall incidence of septic arthritis in adults was 4 per 100,000 persons annually, rising to 14 per 100,000 in those ≥80 years. […] The incidence of septic arthritis varies significantly with age, with higher rates observed in older populations. […] The incidence in the age group over 60 has been reported to be 57.7 per 100,000 persons annually by Foocharoen et al. […] Kennedy et al. from New Zealand found an incidence of 58 per 100,000 persons annually in patients over 80. […] The present study showed an incidence of 14 per 100,000 persons annually in those aged 80 and above. […] Given the distinctly higher incidence of septic arthritis in elderly people and the aging population in Europe, it is of great importance to analyze potential age-related differences in septic arthritis.

• #20 Increased Incidence and Clinical Features of Septic Arthritis in Patients Aged 80 Years and above: A Comparative Analysis with Younger Cohorts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/891

  Increased Incidence and Clinical Features of Septic Arthritis in Patients Aged 80 Years and above: A Comparative Analysis with Younger Cohorts […] The overall incidence of septic arthritis in adults was 4 per 100,000 persons annually, rising to 14 per 100,000 in those ≥80 years. […] The incidence of septic arthritis varies significantly with age, with higher rates observed in older populations. […] The incidence in the age group over 60 has been reported to be 57.7 per 100,000 persons annually by Foocharoen et al. […] Kennedy et al. from New Zealand found an incidence of 58 per 100,000 persons annually in patients over 80. […] The present study showed an incidence of 14 per 100,000 persons annually in those aged 80 and above. […] Given the distinctly higher incidence of septic arthritis in elderly people and the aging population in Europe, it is of great importance to analyze potential age-related differences in septic arthritis.

• #21 Increased Incidence and Clinical Features of Septic Arthritis in Patients Aged 80 Years and above: A Comparative Analysis with Younger Cohorts

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/891

  The 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in patients aged 80 years and above compared to that in patients under 65 years. […] This study demonstrates that, although septic arthritis remains relatively rare, the overall incidence was 4 per 100,000 persons annually in VGR, Sweden between the years 2016 and 2019. The incidence in the age group of 80 years and above was approximately 6.5 times higher (14 per 100,000 persons annually) compared to patients under 65 years (2.1 per 100,000 persons annually).

• #22 Native Joint Septic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Microbiological Causes in a New Zealand Population | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/42/12/2392

  Objective. To determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, over a 5-year period in individuals with and without an underlying rheumatic disorder. […] Results. Two hundred forty-eight cases of native joint septic arthritis (mean age 60, range 16-97 yrs) were identified with an overall incidence rate of 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Yearly incidence increased with age to a maximum of 73.4/100,000 in those 90 years of age. […] The incidence of septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, is higher than in previous studies. […] The overall incidence rate of native joint septic arthritis was 12.0/100,000 over the 5 years of this study. This is higher than previously reported studies of Western European populations in which a rate of 4-10/100,000, including prosthetic joint infections, has been reported. […] Our study shows that the incidence of septic arthritis is comparatively high in our population. Elderly patients have elevated rates, and iatrogenic infections frequently occur. Underlying crystal arthropathy is very common although RA appears to be a smaller risk factor than in other studies.

• #23 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #24 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #25 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #26

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  Septic arthritis is an infection of surface of the cartilage that lines the joint and the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of septic arthritis in young sexually active adults. […] Septic arthritis is more commonly seen in children and in elderly adults. […] Unlike osteomyelitis, septic arthritis if not treated quickly can result in significant permanent damage to the joint and disability for the patient. […] The male to female ratio of osteomyelitis is 2:1. […] Most septic arthritis infections occur in very young and very old people and among intravenous drug users. […] Forty five percent of people with septic arthritis are over 65 years of age. […] Fifty six percent of patients with septic arthritis are male.

• #27 Septic Arthritis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617393/all/Septic_Arthritis?q=Arthritis+Septic

  Most common age: toddler and school age (2 to 6 years) […] Predominant sex: male (2:1 female) […] Most common location: lower extremities (hip, knee, and ankle) and large joints (hip, shoulder, elbow)

• #28

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  Septic arthritis is an infection of surface of the cartilage that lines the joint and the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of septic arthritis in young sexually active adults. […] Septic arthritis is more commonly seen in children and in elderly adults. […] Unlike osteomyelitis, septic arthritis if not treated quickly can result in significant permanent damage to the joint and disability for the patient. […] The male to female ratio of osteomyelitis is 2:1. […] Most septic arthritis infections occur in very young and very old people and among intravenous drug users. […] Forty five percent of people with septic arthritis are over 65 years of age. […] Fifty six percent of patients with septic arthritis are male.

• #29 Septic arthritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Septic_arthritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Septic arthritis is an orthopaedic emergency with potential high morbidity and mortality. Septic arthritis is also becoming increasingly common among people who are immunosuppressed and elderly persons. Of people with septic arthritis, 45% are older than 65 years. These groups are more likely to have various comorbidities. 56% of patients with septic arthritis are male. […] Worldwide, the incidence of septic arthritis ranges from a low of 2 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 10 per 100,000 persons/ year. […] Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with history of rheumatoid arthritis and patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 30 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 70 per 100,000 persons/ year. […] Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 40 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 68 per 100,000 persons/ year.

• #30 Septic Arthritis – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/septic-arthritis/

  Bimodal distribution of cases, peaking for young children and adults 55 years old. […] Nongonococcal: Intravenous drug use (IVDU), Prosthetic joint, Diabetes, Immunocompromised states, Elderly, Indwelling IV catheters. […] Gonococcal: Sexually active population, 4:1 female-to-male predominance. […] Consider Gram negative, fungal, or mycobacterial arthritis in immunocompromised patients and elderly. […] There is no absolute serum or synovial laboratory value to rule in or out septic arthritis. […] The decision to start treatment in the ED for septic arthritis is based on overall clinical suspicion derived from patients risk factors, clinical picture, and synovial fluid cell count.

• #31 Septic arthritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Septic_arthritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The case-fatality rate of septic arthritis is estimated to be 10-25%. […] Even after survival from septic arthritis, 25-50% of the patients suffer from irreversible loss of joint function. […] Gonococcal arthritis is more common in reproductive age group. […] Non gonococcal arthritis is more common in extreme age groups such as age 80 years or children 2 years. […] In comparison to male, female have a four-fold increased risk of predisposition to gonococcal arthritis due to the asymptomatic nature of gonorrheal infection in women. […] Poly-articular septic arthritis (PASA) is more common in men when compared to women.

• #32 THU0369 Septic arthritis: Changing trends in epidemiology over two decades | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/280.2

  Septic arthritis (SA) is the most rapidly destructive joint disease. The estimated incidence of septic arthritis is 2-10 cases per 100,000 per year. The incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing. […] The incidence of SA is increasing in the general population, especially in older patients with CHF, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, OA and ESRD. The knee is most commonly involved, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common organism, and gonococcal arthritis becoming extremely rare. More patients received surgical treatment and require inpatient rehabilitation before being discharged home over time. The incidence of death has remained stable.

• #33 A Case of Septic Arthritis – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/a-case-of-septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection involving the joints of the body that may stem from a local penetrating injury (bite, drug injection, prior joint replacement, trauma, etc.) or another infection in the body, such as a urinary tract infection or bacteremia, that spreads through the bloodstream to seed a joint. While uncommon (2-10 cases per 100,000 per year), the incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing, possibly due to an aging population, increased antibiotic resistance, and the use of immunosuppressive agents. […] The ankle (8.6%) is the fourth most involved joint in septic arthritis, following the knee (45.7%), hip (31.4%), and shoulder (11.4%). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include, but are not limited to age >80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, hip/knee prosthesis, joint surgery, and skin infection.

• #34 Septic Arthritis and Tuberculosis Arthritis

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/septic-arthritis-and-tuberculosis-arthritis-45637.html

  Several factors have contributed to the increase in the incidence of septic arthritis in recent years, such as increased orthopedic-related infections, an aging population and an increase in the use of immunosuppressive therapy. […] Mortality due to septic arthritis in hospitalized patients is reported to be around 2%-10% of the total mortality in general hospitals in the USA. […] Septic arthritis is more prevalent in children and the elderly, and males are more frequently affected than females. In children, the incidence ranges from 5 to 12 cases/100,000 person-years, with about one-third of cases occurring in children under 2 years of age. A lower incidence has been reported in children below the age of 3 months. Irreversible loss of joint function develops in 25%-50% of patients and the outcome varies depending on certain variables, such as type of causal agent, age, presence of significant co-morbidities, delay in treatment and the joint involved.

• #35 Frontiers | An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645/full

  An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review […] Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Children have a higher incidence of septic arthritis than adults. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #36 Frontiers | An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645/full

  An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review […] Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Children have a higher incidence of septic arthritis than adults. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #37 Frontiers | An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645/full

  An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review […] Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Children have a higher incidence of septic arthritis than adults. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #38 THU0369 Septic arthritis: Changing trends in epidemiology over two decades | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/280.2

  Septic arthritis (SA) is the most rapidly destructive joint disease. The estimated incidence of septic arthritis is 2-10 cases per 100,000 per year. The incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing. […] The incidence of SA is increasing in the general population, especially in older patients with CHF, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, OA and ESRD. The knee is most commonly involved, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common organism, and gonococcal arthritis becoming extremely rare. More patients received surgical treatment and require inpatient rehabilitation before being discharged home over time. The incidence of death has remained stable.

• #39 An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/42wjwa8l/

  Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, particularly aggressive bacterial species has highlighted the need for more research to enhance treatment approaches and develop innovative diagnosis methods and drugs that might combat better in all patients. […] This review represents the initial comprehensive update encompassing patients across all age groups. […] Geirsson, Septic arthritis in Iceland 1990–2002: increasing incidence due to iatrogenic infections, Ann. Rheum Dis., 67, 638 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.077131 […] McBride, Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults, Clin. Infect. Dis., 70, 271 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz265

• #40 Incidence and prevalence of septic arthritis in Thailand | OARRR

  https://www.dovepress.com/incidence-and-prevalence-of-septic-arthritis-in-thailand-a-database-fr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OARRR

  A better understanding of the epidemiological profile of septic arthritis or pyogenic arthritis in Thais could improve care and provide information for better infectious control. We aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of septic arthritis in Thailand between 2017 and 2020. […] The prevalence of septic arthritis in 2017 was 41.2 per 100,000 (95% CI 40.7 41.7). The incidence of septic arthritis slightly increased from 2018 to 2019 but was stable in 2020 (22.6, 23.3, and 23.1 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). […] Septic arthritis commonly presents in the elderly and is comparable between men and women. The disease was found mainly in the northeastern and southern regions. The incidence remained stable during the study period. […] The prevalence of septic arthritis in Thais in 2017 was 41.2 per 100,000, while the incidence remained stable during the study period, with the respective incidence in 2018, 2019, and 2020 being 22.6, 23.3, and 23.1 per 100,000 person-years. The epidemiologic study of septic arthritis might help assess the geographic distribution, human resource planning, and allocation of public health policy budgets for treating septic arthritis in Thailand.

• #41 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Septic arthritis (SA) is more common in children than adults, but the actual incidence is unknown. From 1979-1996, a tertiary-care children’s hospital reported just 82 children with either confirmed or suspected SA of the hip. […] Data from older studies are somewhat obsolete, because effective vaccines have virtually eliminated the most common etiologic agent, Haemophilus influenzae type B. […] With the dramatic increase in MRSA-CA, the clinical impression of pediatricians and pediatric emergency medicine physicians is that a corresponding increase in the incidence of SA has been observed. […] In fact, a study by Okubo et al reviewed the US hospital discharge records of pediatric septic arthritis patients for 2006, 2009 and 2012 and reported a decreasing trend in incidence (4.23, 3.64, and 3.28 per 100,000 children in 2006, 2009, and 2012, respectively).

• #42 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #43 Septic arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. […] Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. […] People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include existing joint problems, having an artificial joint, taking medications for rheumatoid arthritis, skin fragility, weak immune system, and joint trauma. […] If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage.

• #44 Native Joint Septic Arthritis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/7/596

  Identifying and addressing NJSA’s epidemiology and risk factors is vital for targeting at-risk populations and implementing prevention strategies. NJSA can affect individuals of all ages, but certain groups are more susceptible. Key risk factors include older age, pre-existing joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent joint surgery, intravenous drug use, and systemic infections. […] The increase in NJSA cases is partly due to an aging population and a rise in comorbid conditions. […] Improved diagnostic techniques have also led to better detection rates. Understanding these epidemiological trends helps clinicians identify high-risk groups and develop targeted interventions. […] Diagnosing NJSA in patients with underlying inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus presents significant challenges as these patients may be on biologic agents, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive therapies. These treatments can mask typical signs of infection and alter inflammatory markers, complicating the clinical picture.

• #45 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #46 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #47 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #48 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #49 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #50 Septic Arthritis and Tuberculosis Arthritis

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/septic-arthritis-and-tuberculosis-arthritis-45637.html

  Septic arthritis is an important medical emergency, with high morbidity and mortality. We review the changing epidemiology of infectious arthritis, which incidence seems to be increasing due to several factors. […] Information concerning the epidemiology of septic arthritis is limited due to several factors. Acute septic arthritis is an uncommon disease, with few reports of series containing more than 50 cases, most of which are from retrospective cohorts. […] The estimated incidence of acute septic in industrialized countries varies from 2 to 6 cases/100,000 person-years in the general population. In particular, the reported incidence of septic arthritis in Western Europe varies from 4 to 10 cases/100,000 person-years. Moreover, the incidence increases in populations with low socioeconomic status, as has been demonstrated by studies conducted in both Northern Europe and Australia.

• #51 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #52 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #53 A Case of Septic Arthritis – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/a-case-of-septic-arthritis/

  It is proposed that diabetes causes a functional immune deficiency that directly reduces immune cell function, therefore diminishing bacterial clearance and increasing infectious complications. […] Management includes early recognition and diagnosis with arthrocentesis. This allows for timely treatment with antibiotics and orthopaedic surgery consultation for surgical intervention. Due to the potential for rapid joint destruction, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be initiated early on pending cultures and sensitivities.

• #54 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #55 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #56 Native Joint Septic Arthritis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Microbiological Causes in a New Zealand Population | The Journal of Rheumatology

  https://www.jrheum.org/content/42/12/2392

  Objective. To determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, over a 5-year period in individuals with and without an underlying rheumatic disorder. […] Results. Two hundred forty-eight cases of native joint septic arthritis (mean age 60, range 16-97 yrs) were identified with an overall incidence rate of 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Yearly incidence increased with age to a maximum of 73.4/100,000 in those 90 years of age. […] The incidence of septic arthritis in Canterbury, New Zealand, is higher than in previous studies. […] The overall incidence rate of native joint septic arthritis was 12.0/100,000 over the 5 years of this study. This is higher than previously reported studies of Western European populations in which a rate of 4-10/100,000, including prosthetic joint infections, has been reported. […] Our study shows that the incidence of septic arthritis is comparatively high in our population. Elderly patients have elevated rates, and iatrogenic infections frequently occur. Underlying crystal arthropathy is very common although RA appears to be a smaller risk factor than in other studies.

• #57 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #58 THU0369 Septic arthritis: Changing trends in epidemiology over two decades | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_3/280.2

  Septic arthritis (SA) is the most rapidly destructive joint disease. The estimated incidence of septic arthritis is 2-10 cases per 100,000 per year. The incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing. […] The incidence of SA is increasing in the general population, especially in older patients with CHF, hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, OA and ESRD. The knee is most commonly involved, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common organism, and gonococcal arthritis becoming extremely rare. More patients received surgical treatment and require inpatient rehabilitation before being discharged home over time. The incidence of death has remained stable.

• #59 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #60 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #61 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #62 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #63 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #64 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #65 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #66 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #67 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #68 Native Joint Septic Arthritis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/7/596

  Identifying and addressing NJSA’s epidemiology and risk factors is vital for targeting at-risk populations and implementing prevention strategies. NJSA can affect individuals of all ages, but certain groups are more susceptible. Key risk factors include older age, pre-existing joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent joint surgery, intravenous drug use, and systemic infections. […] The increase in NJSA cases is partly due to an aging population and a rise in comorbid conditions. […] Improved diagnostic techniques have also led to better detection rates. Understanding these epidemiological trends helps clinicians identify high-risk groups and develop targeted interventions. […] Diagnosing NJSA in patients with underlying inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus presents significant challenges as these patients may be on biologic agents, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive therapies. These treatments can mask typical signs of infection and alter inflammatory markers, complicating the clinical picture.

• #69 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #70 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #71 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #72 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #73 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #74 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #75 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #76 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #77 Septic arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. […] Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. […] People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include existing joint problems, having an artificial joint, taking medications for rheumatoid arthritis, skin fragility, weak immune system, and joint trauma. […] If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage.

• #78 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #79 Outbreak of Septic Arthritis Associated with Intra-Articular Injections at an Outpatient Practice — New Jersey, 2017 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6629a3.htm

  In March 2017, an outbreak of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections administered at an outpatient practice occurred in New Jersey. […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice. […] The findings from this investigation highlight the need for better adherence to and oversight of basic infection prevention recommendations and sterile compounding standards in outpatient settings. […] An investigation of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections at an outpatient practice in New Jersey identified multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices during the preparation and administration of PBP products, which are intended for use in a pharmacy setting, using standards outlined by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice.

• #80

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4032/hip-septic-arthritis–pediatric

  Pediatric Septic Hip Arthritis is an intra-articular infection in children that peaks in the first few years of life. […] Incidence: rare, affects 4-5 per 100,000 children annually. […] Demographics: peaks in the first few years of life, 50% of cases occur in children younger than 2 years of age, male female (2:1 ratio). […] Location: hip joint involved in 35% of all cases of septic arthritis, knee joint involved in 35% of all cases of septic arthritis. […] Risk factors: prematurity (relatively immunocompromised), cesarean section, patients treated in the NICU, invasive procedures such as umbilical catheterization, venous catheterization, heel puncture may lead to transient bacteremia.

• #81 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?lang=us

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteremia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. Osteonecrosis is also an important sequela of septic arthritis due to effusion and an increase in intra-articular pressure which compromises blood circulation. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #82

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120520/septic-arthritis

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] increasing age […] diabetes mellitus […] rheumatoid arthritis […] prosthetic joints […] intravenous drug abuse […] skin infection […] alcohol use […] sexual activity […] […] […] Prognosis […] Dependent on a number of comorbid conditions (e.g., age and immunosuppresion) […] ranges 10-15%

• #83

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  advanced imaging (CT/MRI) should be obtained preoperatively to rule out retrosternal abscess or chest wall phlegmon. […] Risk factors include age 80 years, medical conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, HIV, history of crystal arthropathy, endocarditis or recent bacteremia, IV drug user, and recent joint surgery. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] neisseria gonorrhea account for ~20% of cases, most common organism in otherwise healthy sexually active adolescents and young adults. […] gram-negative bacilli account for 10-20% of cases. […] streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is the most common. […] delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #84 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #85

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  advanced imaging (CT/MRI) should be obtained preoperatively to rule out retrosternal abscess or chest wall phlegmon. […] Risk factors include age 80 years, medical conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, HIV, history of crystal arthropathy, endocarditis or recent bacteremia, IV drug user, and recent joint surgery. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] neisseria gonorrhea account for ~20% of cases, most common organism in otherwise healthy sexually active adolescents and young adults. […] gram-negative bacilli account for 10-20% of cases. […] streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is the most common. […] delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #86 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #87

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120520/septic-arthritis

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] increasing age […] diabetes mellitus […] rheumatoid arthritis […] prosthetic joints […] intravenous drug abuse […] skin infection […] alcohol use […] sexual activity […] […] […] Prognosis […] Dependent on a number of comorbid conditions (e.g., age and immunosuppresion) […] ranges 10-15%

• #88

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120520/septic-arthritis

  Epidemiology […] Risk factors […] increasing age […] diabetes mellitus […] rheumatoid arthritis […] prosthetic joints […] intravenous drug abuse […] skin infection […] alcohol use […] sexual activity […] […] […] Prognosis […] Dependent on a number of comorbid conditions (e.g., age and immunosuppresion) […] ranges 10-15%

• #89 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Approximately 20,000 cases of SA occur in the United States each year (7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years), with a similar incidence occurring in Europe. […] The incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among all prosthesis recipients ranges from 2% to 10%. Since postoperative surveillance is limited to the operative hospital, it may result in significant underestimation of the rate of PJIs. […] It is important to remember that any patients who have undergone treatment for infection of a native joint are at a lifetime risk for PJI after a total joint arthroplasty of that particular joint. […] PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Recommendations for the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for revisions of total joint arthroplasties have yet to be established.

• #90 Septic arthritis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-arthritis-in-adults

  Septic arthritis is synonymous with an infection in a joint. Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Septic arthritis due to bacterial infection is often a destructive form of acute arthritis and has a 5 to 15 percent mortality. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis of native joints due to typical bacteria are reviewed here. […] Issues related to prosthetic joint infection are discussed separately. […] Issues related to septic arthritis in children are discussed separately. […] Issues related to gonococcal arthritis, lyme arthritis, and viral causes of arthritis are discussed separately.

• #91 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Approximately 20,000 cases of SA occur in the United States each year (7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years), with a similar incidence occurring in Europe. […] The incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among all prosthesis recipients ranges from 2% to 10%. Since postoperative surveillance is limited to the operative hospital, it may result in significant underestimation of the rate of PJIs. […] It is important to remember that any patients who have undergone treatment for infection of a native joint are at a lifetime risk for PJI after a total joint arthroplasty of that particular joint. […] PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Recommendations for the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for revisions of total joint arthroplasties have yet to be established.

• #92 Septic Arthritis (Causes, Treatment, and Management)

  https://patient.info/doctor/septic-arthritis-pro

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen responsible for septic arthritis in any age group, mainly meticillin-sensitive strains. The incidence of disseminated gonococcal arthritis is 2.8 cases per 100,000 person-years. The disease is becoming increasingly common among the elderly with multiple morbidities and in the immunosuppressed. The incidence of prosthetic joint infection among all recipients ranges from 1.5-2.5% for primary interventions and up to 20% for revision procedures. […] Septic arthritis should always be considered in patients presenting with one or a few acutely inflamed joints. The most important differential diagnosis is the crystal arthropathies. Gout and pseudogout can also present with pain, inflammation and, occasionally, spiky fevers and chills. […] 85-90% of non-gonococcal suppurative arthritis affects one joint. S. aureus is the most common cause of polyarticular arthritis. Other causes include various viral infections, Lyme disease, gonococcal disease, reactive arthritis and various non-infective conditions.

• #93 Pulsenotes | Septic arthritis notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/orthopaedics/notes/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis is rare, it has an estimated incidence of 4-10 per 100,000 patient-years in Western Europe. […] It most commonly affects the extremes of age (children and the elderly). It is also more common in those with immunodeficiency or IV drug use. […] The rate of prosthetic joint infection varies depending on the joint. The two most common joint replacements in the UK are the knee and hip. Knee arthroplasty (approx 0.5-2%) is more commonly affected by septic arthritis than the hip (approx 0.5-1%). […] Septic arthritis is more frequently seen in elderly diabetic patients.

• #94 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Approximately 20,000 cases of SA occur in the United States each year (7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years), with a similar incidence occurring in Europe. […] The incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among all prosthesis recipients ranges from 2% to 10%. Since postoperative surveillance is limited to the operative hospital, it may result in significant underestimation of the rate of PJIs. […] It is important to remember that any patients who have undergone treatment for infection of a native joint are at a lifetime risk for PJI after a total joint arthroplasty of that particular joint. […] PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Recommendations for the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for revisions of total joint arthroplasties have yet to be established.

• #95 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Approximately 20,000 cases of SA occur in the United States each year (7.8 cases per 100,000 person-years), with a similar incidence occurring in Europe. […] The incidence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) among all prosthesis recipients ranges from 2% to 10%. Since postoperative surveillance is limited to the operative hospital, it may result in significant underestimation of the rate of PJIs. […] It is important to remember that any patients who have undergone treatment for infection of a native joint are at a lifetime risk for PJI after a total joint arthroplasty of that particular joint. […] PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Recommendations for the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for revisions of total joint arthroplasties have yet to be established.

• #96 Septic Arthritis (Causes, Treatment, and Management)

  https://patient.info/doctor/septic-arthritis-pro

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen responsible for septic arthritis in any age group, mainly meticillin-sensitive strains. The incidence of disseminated gonococcal arthritis is 2.8 cases per 100,000 person-years. The disease is becoming increasingly common among the elderly with multiple morbidities and in the immunosuppressed. The incidence of prosthetic joint infection among all recipients ranges from 1.5-2.5% for primary interventions and up to 20% for revision procedures. […] Septic arthritis should always be considered in patients presenting with one or a few acutely inflamed joints. The most important differential diagnosis is the crystal arthropathies. Gout and pseudogout can also present with pain, inflammation and, occasionally, spiky fevers and chills. […] 85-90% of non-gonococcal suppurative arthritis affects one joint. S. aureus is the most common cause of polyarticular arthritis. Other causes include various viral infections, Lyme disease, gonococcal disease, reactive arthritis and various non-infective conditions.

• #97

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  advanced imaging (CT/MRI) should be obtained preoperatively to rule out retrosternal abscess or chest wall phlegmon. […] Risk factors include age 80 years, medical conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, HIV, history of crystal arthropathy, endocarditis or recent bacteremia, IV drug user, and recent joint surgery. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] neisseria gonorrhea account for ~20% of cases, most common organism in otherwise healthy sexually active adolescents and young adults. […] gram-negative bacilli account for 10-20% of cases. […] streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is the most common. […] delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #98

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  Septic arthritis is an infection of surface of the cartilage that lines the joint and the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of septic arthritis in young sexually active adults. […] Septic arthritis is more commonly seen in children and in elderly adults. […] Unlike osteomyelitis, septic arthritis if not treated quickly can result in significant permanent damage to the joint and disability for the patient. […] The male to female ratio of osteomyelitis is 2:1. […] Most septic arthritis infections occur in very young and very old people and among intravenous drug users. […] Forty five percent of people with septic arthritis are over 65 years of age. […] Fifty six percent of patients with septic arthritis are male.

• #99 Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies | Clinics

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-septic-arthritis-knee-clinical-laboratory-S1807593222010262

  Septic arthritis is a relatively uncommon orthopedic/rheumatologic disease, but it is extremely important due to the severe consequences of non-optimal treatment. The age groups affected range from newborns to older adults, and the yearly incidence varies from 2 to 10 per 100,000 patients in the general population. In adults, the knee is the most affected site. […] With infectious agents resistant to multiple antibiotics increasingly reported from many centers, as well as the increased frequency of microorganisms not previously associated with septic arthritis, knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of populations in each region is fundamental for adequate therapeutic planning. Notwithstanding, Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are the most common infectious agents reported worldwide, accounting for more than 90% of cases in some series.

• #100 Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies | Clinics

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-septic-arthritis-knee-clinical-laboratory-S1807593222010262

  The aims of this study were to clinically and epidemiologically characterize the population diagnosed with knee septic arthritis and treated at our orthopedic hospital between 2006 and 2014 and to evaluate the treatment results. […] We evaluated 105 patients with a diagnosis of septic arthritis of the knee: 67 (63.8%) were male and 38 (36.2%) were female. The average age was 42.5 +/- 21.4 years (ranging from 1 to 92 years). Among the studied patients, 87 (82.9%) had hematogenous infections, 14 (13.3%) had direct inoculation infections and 4 (3.8%) were infected due to soft tissue infection around the knee (contiguity). […] The most common agent was S. aureus, similar to most previous series, and the majority of patients were infected by Gram-positive bacteria. The incidence of Gram-negative bacterial infections was approximately 20%, as previously described in the literature.

• #101 An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/an-18-year-clinical-review-of-septic-arthritis-from-tropical-australia/478E98913F948B51E6C88D3E2C20A19F

  A retrospective study of 191 cases of septic arthritis was undertaken at Royal Darwin Hospital in the tropical north of Australia. Incidence was 92 per 100000 overall and 291 per 100000 in Aboriginal Australians (RR 66; 95% CI 5089). Males were affected more than females (RR 16; 95% CI 1221). […] Significant age associations were infected hips in those under 15 years and infected knees in those over 45 years. […] Causative organisms included Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12%). […] Univariate and multivariate analysis showed the hip to be at greater risk for S. aureus than other joints.

• #102 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiology of septic arthritis of the knee at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo Epidemiology of septic arthritis of the knee at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjid/a/vYG3gQTLVdMBmnCPyfVqdzw/?lang=en

  Similar to cases of other infections of the musculoskeletal system, systemic symptoms such as fever were of little help for the diagnosis, since less than 50% of the patients presented with high temperature initially. […] The present study did not show any increase in the number of surgical procedures, or any development of systemic or joint complications through delayed indication of surgical treatment. […] The great majority of the cultures showed growth of Gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus (72.1%), which is consistent with the epidemiology found in several regions of the world. […] It is important to characterize each population epidemiologically, so that empirical treatment based on local evidence can be implemented.

• #103 Septic arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. […] Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. […] People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include existing joint problems, having an artificial joint, taking medications for rheumatoid arthritis, skin fragility, weak immune system, and joint trauma. […] If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage.

• #104

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2016/12000/epidemiology_and_management_of_acute,.2.aspx

  A total of 641 children were evaluated. […] Two hundred and ninety-nine cases (46%) were OM, 232 (36%) SA, 77 (12%) osteoarthritis and 33 (5%) spondylodiscitis. […] A microorganism was isolated in 246 patients (38%: 33% OM vs. 55% SA; P 0.001): Staphylococcus aureus was the most common (63%), followed by Kingella kingae (15%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (9%). […] This is the largest pediatric cohort of OAI in Spain. S. aureus was the most common isolate, although K. kingae was recovered in a high proportion of cases.

• #105 An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/an-18-year-clinical-review-of-septic-arthritis-from-tropical-australia/478E98913F948B51E6C88D3E2C20A19F

  A retrospective study of 191 cases of septic arthritis was undertaken at Royal Darwin Hospital in the tropical north of Australia. Incidence was 92 per 100000 overall and 291 per 100000 in Aboriginal Australians (RR 66; 95% CI 5089). Males were affected more than females (RR 16; 95% CI 1221). […] Significant age associations were infected hips in those under 15 years and infected knees in those over 45 years. […] Causative organisms included Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12%). […] Univariate and multivariate analysis showed the hip to be at greater risk for S. aureus than other joints.

• #106 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%.

• #107 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  The incidence rate of infection following ACLR is quite low, usually lower than 1%. […] We found this rate in our series, with a rate decreasing in recent years. […] Infections rate was reported from 0.32% to 1.8%. […] Regarding bacterial epidemiology, staphylococci are the main pathogens found in ACL infections. […] We reported 73.9% of staphylococci involved in 95 cases which is more than the Kursumovic et al. study (51.7%) but in accordance with Kim et al. results (75.6%). […] As shown in other studies, bacteria species most frequently involved are CoNS accounting for 49.5% of all isolates. […] C. acnes infections were also described as accounting for up to 12% of all ACL infections, which is in accordance with our results (13.5%). […] Our high cure rate (95%) could be explained by early and multidisciplinary management combining arthroscopic lavage, repeated if necessary, and an antibiotic combination including rifampicin.

• #108 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%.

• #109

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  advanced imaging (CT/MRI) should be obtained preoperatively to rule out retrosternal abscess or chest wall phlegmon. […] Risk factors include age 80 years, medical conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, HIV, history of crystal arthropathy, endocarditis or recent bacteremia, IV drug user, and recent joint surgery. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] neisseria gonorrhea account for ~20% of cases, most common organism in otherwise healthy sexually active adolescents and young adults. […] gram-negative bacilli account for 10-20% of cases. […] streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is the most common. […] delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #110 An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/an-18-year-clinical-review-of-septic-arthritis-from-tropical-australia/478E98913F948B51E6C88D3E2C20A19F

  A retrospective study of 191 cases of septic arthritis was undertaken at Royal Darwin Hospital in the tropical north of Australia. Incidence was 92 per 100000 overall and 291 per 100000 in Aboriginal Australians (RR 66; 95% CI 5089). Males were affected more than females (RR 16; 95% CI 1221). […] Significant age associations were infected hips in those under 15 years and infected knees in those over 45 years. […] Causative organisms included Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Streptococcus pyogenes (16%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12%). […] Univariate and multivariate analysis showed the hip to be at greater risk for S. aureus than other joints.

• #111

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2016/12000/epidemiology_and_management_of_acute,.2.aspx

  A total of 641 children were evaluated. […] Two hundred and ninety-nine cases (46%) were OM, 232 (36%) SA, 77 (12%) osteoarthritis and 33 (5%) spondylodiscitis. […] A microorganism was isolated in 246 patients (38%: 33% OM vs. 55% SA; P 0.001): Staphylococcus aureus was the most common (63%), followed by Kingella kingae (15%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (9%). […] This is the largest pediatric cohort of OAI in Spain. S. aureus was the most common isolate, although K. kingae was recovered in a high proportion of cases.

• #112 Paediatric septic arthritis in a tertiary setting: a retrospective analysis

  https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1681-150X2010000200014

  Acute haematogenous septic arthritis is a relatively common condition in the paediatric population, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10 000, among children younger than 12 years of age. […] The increased incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicates the selection of an antibiotic for early empiric therapy and also influences the clinical course of the disease. […] There are regular reports in the literature describing the spectrum of bacteria involved in septic arthritis. […] The incidence of septic arthritis in the HIV-1 positive people is however, reportedly similar to that of HIV-1 negative people, but infection is usually associated with atypical organisms. […] A major concern is the increasing incidence of resistant bacteria in septic arthritis.

• #113 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Septic Arthritis in the Maltese Islands: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  http://mjrheum.org/current-issue/showreferences792/1/showfulltext792/1/newsid792/243

  A substantial proportion of cases, including those from the community, were methicillin resistant, implying that empirical antibiotic should provide cover for potential MRSA until the offending bacterium is isolated. […] Elderly patients with clinical comorbidities have the highest mortality risk.

• #114 An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10214960/

  Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] The annual incidence of ASA varies from 1 to 35 cases per 100,000 individuals in different countries, with the United States having a rate of 4 to 10 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence of the large joint is higher than small joints for septic arthritis and raised with age; the most commonly involved large joint was the knee and hand interphalangeal in the small joints. […] Septic arthritis is on the rise, associated with an aging population, an increase in the number of invasive procedures performed, and an increase in the number of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. […] More research is needed on the topic to reach a consensus on the epidemiology of ASA.

• #115

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  Septic Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology, most commonly affecting the knee, hip, and shoulder. […] Diagnosis is made with an aspiration of joint fluid with a WBC count 50,000 being considered diagnostic for septic arthritis. Lower counts may still indicate infection in the presence of positive gram stains or cultures results. […] Treatment is usually urgent surgical irrigation and debridement followed by culture directed IV antibiotics. […] Anatomic location most commonly affected joints in descending order knee (~ 50% of cases), hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle, sternoclavicular joint found in IV drug users. […] pseudomonas aeruginosa was most common pathogen in 1980’s. […] staphylococcus aureus is now the most common pathogen in all patients, including IV drug users.

• #116 Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies | Clinics

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-septic-arthritis-knee-clinical-laboratory-S1807593222010262

  The aims of this study were to clinically and epidemiologically characterize the population diagnosed with knee septic arthritis and treated at our orthopedic hospital between 2006 and 2014 and to evaluate the treatment results. […] We evaluated 105 patients with a diagnosis of septic arthritis of the knee: 67 (63.8%) were male and 38 (36.2%) were female. The average age was 42.5 +/- 21.4 years (ranging from 1 to 92 years). Among the studied patients, 87 (82.9%) had hematogenous infections, 14 (13.3%) had direct inoculation infections and 4 (3.8%) were infected due to soft tissue infection around the knee (contiguity). […] The most common agent was S. aureus, similar to most previous series, and the majority of patients were infected by Gram-positive bacteria. The incidence of Gram-negative bacterial infections was approximately 20%, as previously described in the literature.

• #117

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  About 20,000 cases of septic arthritis occur each year in the United States. […] Even with proper treatment about 1/3 of patients will have significant joint damage. […] In adults the knee is the most commonly infected joint followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle, and wrists. […] Nearly all cases of nongonococcal arthritis are monoarticular. […] Gonococcal septic arthritis is more likely to occur following an asymptomatic infection of the pharynx by N gonorrhoeae and it is more common in females. […] The most common route of infection is following a bacteremia. […] Damage of joint cartilage is the major debilitating result of septic arthritis. […] A critical diagnostic test used in septic arthritis is the analysis of the synovial fluid. […] Even with appropriate treatment one third of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis will suffer significant joint damage.

• #118 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OUTCOME OF ACUTE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS: A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY

  https://jwacs-jcoac.org/epidemi.htm

  Septic arthritis is an acute bacterial infection affecting synovial joints. It is an orthopaedic emergency with potential high morbidity and mortality. This study determined the epidemiological pattern and outcome of acute septic arthritis and analyzed factors affecting morbidity and mortality. A total of 30 patients with 35 septic joints were studied. Eighteen (60%) were males and 12(40%) were female with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The knee was the commonest 16(45.7 %) joint involved followed by the hip joint 11(31.4%). Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism cultured in joint aspirate in 19 (54.3%) patients. Early accurate diagnosis and prompt intervention are crucial for a successful outcome. There is a need to maintain a high index of suspicion and to educate patients about early presentation, early referral, avoidance of improper use of antibiotics and regular follow-up after the acute pathology. […] Appropriate drainage of septic joints and antibiotic treatment can result in prompt recovery with minimum or no long term morbidity.

• #119 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OUTCOME OF ACUTE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS: A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY

  https://jwacs-jcoac.org/epidemi.htm

  Septic arthritis is an acute bacterial infection affecting synovial joints. It is an orthopaedic emergency with potential high morbidity and mortality. This study determined the epidemiological pattern and outcome of acute septic arthritis and analyzed factors affecting morbidity and mortality. A total of 30 patients with 35 septic joints were studied. Eighteen (60%) were males and 12(40%) were female with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The knee was the commonest 16(45.7 %) joint involved followed by the hip joint 11(31.4%). Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism cultured in joint aspirate in 19 (54.3%) patients. Early accurate diagnosis and prompt intervention are crucial for a successful outcome. There is a need to maintain a high index of suspicion and to educate patients about early presentation, early referral, avoidance of improper use of antibiotics and regular follow-up after the acute pathology. […] Appropriate drainage of septic joints and antibiotic treatment can result in prompt recovery with minimum or no long term morbidity.

• #120

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002266

  Of 684 patients with septic arthritis (SA), 68 (10%) patients had UESA. […] Septic arthritis was most common in the elbow (53%), followed by the shoulder (41%) and wrist (4%). […] UESA comprises 10% of cases of septic arthritis in children. The elbow is the most common location. Shoulder septic arthritis affects younger children. MSSA is the most common causative organism in UESA, but Streptococcus is common in shoulder septic arthritis. Irrigation and debridement result in excellent short-term outcomes with a low complication rate. Re-admissions and repeat surgical interventions are rare.

• #121 A Case of Septic Arthritis – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/a-case-of-septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection involving the joints of the body that may stem from a local penetrating injury (bite, drug injection, prior joint replacement, trauma, etc.) or another infection in the body, such as a urinary tract infection or bacteremia, that spreads through the bloodstream to seed a joint. While uncommon (2-10 cases per 100,000 per year), the incidence of septic arthritis appears to be increasing, possibly due to an aging population, increased antibiotic resistance, and the use of immunosuppressive agents. […] The ankle (8.6%) is the fourth most involved joint in septic arthritis, following the knee (45.7%), hip (31.4%), and shoulder (11.4%). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include, but are not limited to age >80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, hip/knee prosthesis, joint surgery, and skin infection.

• #122

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  About 20,000 cases of septic arthritis occur each year in the United States. […] Even with proper treatment about 1/3 of patients will have significant joint damage. […] In adults the knee is the most commonly infected joint followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle, and wrists. […] Nearly all cases of nongonococcal arthritis are monoarticular. […] Gonococcal septic arthritis is more likely to occur following an asymptomatic infection of the pharynx by N gonorrhoeae and it is more common in females. […] The most common route of infection is following a bacteremia. […] Damage of joint cartilage is the major debilitating result of septic arthritis. […] A critical diagnostic test used in septic arthritis is the analysis of the synovial fluid. […] Even with appropriate treatment one third of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis will suffer significant joint damage.

• #123

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  Septic Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology, most commonly affecting the knee, hip, and shoulder. […] Diagnosis is made with an aspiration of joint fluid with a WBC count 50,000 being considered diagnostic for septic arthritis. Lower counts may still indicate infection in the presence of positive gram stains or cultures results. […] Treatment is usually urgent surgical irrigation and debridement followed by culture directed IV antibiotics. […] Anatomic location most commonly affected joints in descending order knee (~ 50% of cases), hip, shoulder, elbow, ankle, sternoclavicular joint found in IV drug users. […] pseudomonas aeruginosa was most common pathogen in 1980’s. […] staphylococcus aureus is now the most common pathogen in all patients, including IV drug users.

• #124

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4032/hip-septic-arthritis–pediatric

  Pediatric Septic Hip Arthritis is an intra-articular infection in children that peaks in the first few years of life. […] Incidence: rare, affects 4-5 per 100,000 children annually. […] Demographics: peaks in the first few years of life, 50% of cases occur in children younger than 2 years of age, male female (2:1 ratio). […] Location: hip joint involved in 35% of all cases of septic arthritis, knee joint involved in 35% of all cases of septic arthritis. […] Risk factors: prematurity (relatively immunocompromised), cesarean section, patients treated in the NICU, invasive procedures such as umbilical catheterization, venous catheterization, heel puncture may lead to transient bacteremia.

• #125

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002266

  Of 684 patients with septic arthritis (SA), 68 (10%) patients had UESA. […] Septic arthritis was most common in the elbow (53%), followed by the shoulder (41%) and wrist (4%). […] UESA comprises 10% of cases of septic arthritis in children. The elbow is the most common location. Shoulder septic arthritis affects younger children. MSSA is the most common causative organism in UESA, but Streptococcus is common in shoulder septic arthritis. Irrigation and debridement result in excellent short-term outcomes with a low complication rate. Re-admissions and repeat surgical interventions are rare.

• #126

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002266

  Of 684 patients with septic arthritis (SA), 68 (10%) patients had UESA. […] Septic arthritis was most common in the elbow (53%), followed by the shoulder (41%) and wrist (4%). […] UESA comprises 10% of cases of septic arthritis in children. The elbow is the most common location. Shoulder septic arthritis affects younger children. MSSA is the most common causative organism in UESA, but Streptococcus is common in shoulder septic arthritis. Irrigation and debridement result in excellent short-term outcomes with a low complication rate. Re-admissions and repeat surgical interventions are rare.

• #127

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002266

  Of 684 patients with septic arthritis (SA), 68 (10%) patients had UESA. […] Septic arthritis was most common in the elbow (53%), followed by the shoulder (41%) and wrist (4%). […] UESA comprises 10% of cases of septic arthritis in children. The elbow is the most common location. Shoulder septic arthritis affects younger children. MSSA is the most common causative organism in UESA, but Streptococcus is common in shoulder septic arthritis. Irrigation and debridement result in excellent short-term outcomes with a low complication rate. Re-admissions and repeat surgical interventions are rare.

• #128 Septic Arthritis (Causes, Treatment, and Management)

  https://patient.info/doctor/septic-arthritis-pro

  Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent pathogen responsible for septic arthritis in any age group, mainly meticillin-sensitive strains. The incidence of disseminated gonococcal arthritis is 2.8 cases per 100,000 person-years. The disease is becoming increasingly common among the elderly with multiple morbidities and in the immunosuppressed. The incidence of prosthetic joint infection among all recipients ranges from 1.5-2.5% for primary interventions and up to 20% for revision procedures. […] Septic arthritis should always be considered in patients presenting with one or a few acutely inflamed joints. The most important differential diagnosis is the crystal arthropathies. Gout and pseudogout can also present with pain, inflammation and, occasionally, spiky fevers and chills. […] 85-90% of non-gonococcal suppurative arthritis affects one joint. S. aureus is the most common cause of polyarticular arthritis. Other causes include various viral infections, Lyme disease, gonococcal disease, reactive arthritis and various non-infective conditions.

• #129

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  About 20,000 cases of septic arthritis occur each year in the United States. […] Even with proper treatment about 1/3 of patients will have significant joint damage. […] In adults the knee is the most commonly infected joint followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle, and wrists. […] Nearly all cases of nongonococcal arthritis are monoarticular. […] Gonococcal septic arthritis is more likely to occur following an asymptomatic infection of the pharynx by N gonorrhoeae and it is more common in females. […] The most common route of infection is following a bacteremia. […] Damage of joint cartilage is the major debilitating result of septic arthritis. […] A critical diagnostic test used in septic arthritis is the analysis of the synovial fluid. […] Even with appropriate treatment one third of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis will suffer significant joint damage.

• #130 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. A delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent morbidity and mortality. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] Intra-articular infection is typically monoarticular, with up to 20% of cases occurring in multiple joints (oligoarticular [also called polyarticular]). […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk.

• #131 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #132 Septic arthritis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-arthritis-in-adults

  Septic arthritis is synonymous with an infection in a joint. Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Septic arthritis due to bacterial infection is often a destructive form of acute arthritis and has a 5 to 15 percent mortality. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis of native joints due to typical bacteria are reviewed here. […] Issues related to prosthetic joint infection are discussed separately. […] Issues related to septic arthritis in children are discussed separately. […] Issues related to gonococcal arthritis, lyme arthritis, and viral causes of arthritis are discussed separately.

• #133 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The present case series demonstrated that SA is linked with a high rate of 30-days mortality and a substantial 5-year mortality rate. […] Patients with age over 65 years, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, intraabdominal infection, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission had notably higher mortality rates. […] The mortality rate found in this study is in line with the rates reported in previous research. Mortality associated with SA has exhibited variability, ranging between 11% and 19%. […] In managing SA cases, our study employed arthroscopic or open surgical lavage in each case of SA. […] Understanding the microbial landscape of SA is crucial for tailoring effective treatment strategies, particularly in the context of emerging drug-resistant strains and the varied clinical manifestations associated with different pathogens.

• #134 Septic arthritis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/septic-arthritis-in-adults

  Septic arthritis is synonymous with an infection in a joint. Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Septic arthritis due to bacterial infection is often a destructive form of acute arthritis and has a 5 to 15 percent mortality. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of septic arthritis of native joints due to typical bacteria are reviewed here. […] Issues related to prosthetic joint infection are discussed separately. […] Issues related to septic arthritis in children are discussed separately. […] Issues related to gonococcal arthritis, lyme arthritis, and viral causes of arthritis are discussed separately.

• #135 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #136 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #137 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #138 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #139 Septic Joint

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Rheum/ID/SptcJnt.htm

  Incidence: 2-10 per 100,000 cases/year (16,000) of Monoarticular Arthritis in the Emergency Department (U.S., 2018) […] Bimodal distribution peaks 15 years old and over 55 years old […] Young children 18-24 months are more susceptible to Septic Arthritis […] Septic Arthritis has a high inpatient mortality (approaches 15%) […] Delayed diagnosis significantly increases morbidity and mortality […] Joint infection leads to rapid joint destruction […] Risk of permanent joint injury increases when appropriate Antibiotics are delayed 24-48 from onset […] Septic Arthritis occurs concurrent with gout or Pseudogout in 1.5 to 5% of cases […] Mortality at 90 days is 7% […] Mortality may be as high as 20% in elderly […] Other risk factors for increased mortality include Immunocompromised, Disseminated infection (e.g. bacteremia), Diabetes Mellitus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Decreased Creatinine Clearance, Oligoarticular Septic Arthritis (compared with monoarticular involvement).

• #140 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #141 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #142 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #143 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #144 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #145 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%.

• #146 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #147 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #148 Septic Joint

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Rheum/ID/SptcJnt.htm

  Incidence: 2-10 per 100,000 cases/year (16,000) of Monoarticular Arthritis in the Emergency Department (U.S., 2018) […] Bimodal distribution peaks 15 years old and over 55 years old […] Young children 18-24 months are more susceptible to Septic Arthritis […] Septic Arthritis has a high inpatient mortality (approaches 15%) […] Delayed diagnosis significantly increases morbidity and mortality […] Joint infection leads to rapid joint destruction […] Risk of permanent joint injury increases when appropriate Antibiotics are delayed 24-48 from onset […] Septic Arthritis occurs concurrent with gout or Pseudogout in 1.5 to 5% of cases […] Mortality at 90 days is 7% […] Mortality may be as high as 20% in elderly […] Other risk factors for increased mortality include Immunocompromised, Disseminated infection (e.g. bacteremia), Diabetes Mellitus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Decreased Creatinine Clearance, Oligoarticular Septic Arthritis (compared with monoarticular involvement).

• #149 Management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis: a nationwide survey in French rheumatology departments, 2016–2017 | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1612

  Objectives To describe current management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) in French rheumatology departments. […] For this retrospective, nationwide multicentric study, 127 French rheumatology departments were contacted to report up to 12 cases of NJSA that occurred between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. […] Overall, 362 patients were included (mean age 64.018.6 years, median Charlson comorbidity index 3.5 (014)). […] Knee was the most frequent site (n=160 (38.9%)), and Staphylococcus sp (n=185 (51.4%)), the most frequent pathogen. […] Management was heterogeneous. […] During follow-up, 91 (28.3%) patients have had serious complications and 28 (9.2%) of them died. […] Factors associated with 1-year mortality were age (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.04 to 1.13; p0.001), Charlsons index (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06 to 1.58; p=0.012), presence of bacteraemia (OR 4.02, 95%CI 1.35 to 11.99; p=0.008), antibiotic use in the previous 3 months (OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.11 to 9.87; p=0.029) and Staphylococcus aureus NJSA compared with Streptococcus sp. NJSA (OR 7.24, 95%CI 1.26 to 41.68, p=0.027).

• #150 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #151 Septic Arthritis (Causes, Treatment, and Management)

  https://patient.info/doctor/septic-arthritis-pro

  Mortality rates of bacterial arthritis range from 10-20%, depending on the presence of comorbid conditions, such as older age, co-existing renal or cardiac disease and concurrent immunosuppression. Factors associated with death include age 65 years or older, and infection in the shoulder, elbow, or at multiple sites.

• #152 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #153 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #154 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #155 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  A large cohort study showed that the 90-day mortality rate for septic arthritis is 7% and increases to 22% to 69% in patients 80 years and older. Other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, bacteremia, and low creatinine clearance are also associated with increased mortality. […] Oligoarticular septic arthritis is associated with higher mortality compared with monoarticular septic arthritis.

• #156 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #157 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #158 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #159 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #160 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The present case series demonstrated that SA is linked with a high rate of 30-days mortality and a substantial 5-year mortality rate. […] Patients with age over 65 years, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, intraabdominal infection, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission had notably higher mortality rates. […] The mortality rate found in this study is in line with the rates reported in previous research. Mortality associated with SA has exhibited variability, ranging between 11% and 19%. […] In managing SA cases, our study employed arthroscopic or open surgical lavage in each case of SA. […] Understanding the microbial landscape of SA is crucial for tailoring effective treatment strategies, particularly in the context of emerging drug-resistant strains and the varied clinical manifestations associated with different pathogens.

• #161 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The present case series demonstrated that SA is linked with a high rate of 30-days mortality and a substantial 5-year mortality rate. […] Patients with age over 65 years, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, intraabdominal infection, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission had notably higher mortality rates. […] The mortality rate found in this study is in line with the rates reported in previous research. Mortality associated with SA has exhibited variability, ranging between 11% and 19%. […] In managing SA cases, our study employed arthroscopic or open surgical lavage in each case of SA. […] Understanding the microbial landscape of SA is crucial for tailoring effective treatment strategies, particularly in the context of emerging drug-resistant strains and the varied clinical manifestations associated with different pathogens.

• #162 Management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis: a nationwide survey in French rheumatology departments, 2016–2017 | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1612

  Objectives To describe current management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) in French rheumatology departments. […] For this retrospective, nationwide multicentric study, 127 French rheumatology departments were contacted to report up to 12 cases of NJSA that occurred between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. […] Overall, 362 patients were included (mean age 64.018.6 years, median Charlson comorbidity index 3.5 (014)). […] Knee was the most frequent site (n=160 (38.9%)), and Staphylococcus sp (n=185 (51.4%)), the most frequent pathogen. […] Management was heterogeneous. […] During follow-up, 91 (28.3%) patients have had serious complications and 28 (9.2%) of them died. […] Factors associated with 1-year mortality were age (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.04 to 1.13; p0.001), Charlsons index (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06 to 1.58; p=0.012), presence of bacteraemia (OR 4.02, 95%CI 1.35 to 11.99; p=0.008), antibiotic use in the previous 3 months (OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.11 to 9.87; p=0.029) and Staphylococcus aureus NJSA compared with Streptococcus sp. NJSA (OR 7.24, 95%CI 1.26 to 41.68, p=0.027).

• #163 Management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis: a nationwide survey in French rheumatology departments, 2016–2017 | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1612

  Objectives To describe current management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) in French rheumatology departments. […] For this retrospective, nationwide multicentric study, 127 French rheumatology departments were contacted to report up to 12 cases of NJSA that occurred between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. […] Overall, 362 patients were included (mean age 64.018.6 years, median Charlson comorbidity index 3.5 (014)). […] Knee was the most frequent site (n=160 (38.9%)), and Staphylococcus sp (n=185 (51.4%)), the most frequent pathogen. […] Management was heterogeneous. […] During follow-up, 91 (28.3%) patients have had serious complications and 28 (9.2%) of them died. […] Factors associated with 1-year mortality were age (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.04 to 1.13; p0.001), Charlsons index (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06 to 1.58; p=0.012), presence of bacteraemia (OR 4.02, 95%CI 1.35 to 11.99; p=0.008), antibiotic use in the previous 3 months (OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.11 to 9.87; p=0.029) and Staphylococcus aureus NJSA compared with Streptococcus sp. NJSA (OR 7.24, 95%CI 1.26 to 41.68, p=0.027).

• #164 Management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis: a nationwide survey in French rheumatology departments, 2016–2017 | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1612

  Objectives To describe current management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis (NJSA) in French rheumatology departments. […] For this retrospective, nationwide multicentric study, 127 French rheumatology departments were contacted to report up to 12 cases of NJSA that occurred between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017. […] Overall, 362 patients were included (mean age 64.018.6 years, median Charlson comorbidity index 3.5 (014)). […] Knee was the most frequent site (n=160 (38.9%)), and Staphylococcus sp (n=185 (51.4%)), the most frequent pathogen. […] Management was heterogeneous. […] During follow-up, 91 (28.3%) patients have had serious complications and 28 (9.2%) of them died. […] Factors associated with 1-year mortality were age (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.04 to 1.13; p0.001), Charlsons index (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.06 to 1.58; p=0.012), presence of bacteraemia (OR 4.02, 95%CI 1.35 to 11.99; p=0.008), antibiotic use in the previous 3 months (OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.11 to 9.87; p=0.029) and Staphylococcus aureus NJSA compared with Streptococcus sp. NJSA (OR 7.24, 95%CI 1.26 to 41.68, p=0.027).

• #165 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #166 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The severity of septic arthritis is underscored by reported one-year mortality rates ranging from 11 to 19%. […] The overall mortality was 17.5% at one year, 19.9% at two years and 28.3% at five years. […] Patients who presented with age 65 or older, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission demonstrated a significant higher rate of mortality than patients without these conditions. […] Age 65 years or older was significantly associated with mortality. […] Chronic renal disease was identified as a risk factor, malignancy, as well as chronic heart failure. […] Sepsis, septic shock and multiorgan failure were significantly associated with higher mortality.

• #167 Survival and risk factor analysis in patients with septic arthritis: a retrospective study of 192 cases | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-024-10316-0

  The present case series demonstrated that SA is linked with a high rate of 30-days mortality and a substantial 5-year mortality rate. […] Patients with age over 65 years, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, steroid use, immunosuppression, intraabdominal infection, sepsis, septic shock and ICU admission had notably higher mortality rates. […] The mortality rate found in this study is in line with the rates reported in previous research. Mortality associated with SA has exhibited variability, ranging between 11% and 19%. […] In managing SA cases, our study employed arthroscopic or open surgical lavage in each case of SA. […] Understanding the microbial landscape of SA is crucial for tailoring effective treatment strategies, particularly in the context of emerging drug-resistant strains and the varied clinical manifestations associated with different pathogens.

• #168 Septic Arthritis and Tuberculosis Arthritis

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/septic-arthritis-and-tuberculosis-arthritis-45637.html

  Several factors have contributed to the increase in the incidence of septic arthritis in recent years, such as increased orthopedic-related infections, an aging population and an increase in the use of immunosuppressive therapy. […] Mortality due to septic arthritis in hospitalized patients is reported to be around 2%-10% of the total mortality in general hospitals in the USA. […] Septic arthritis is more prevalent in children and the elderly, and males are more frequently affected than females. In children, the incidence ranges from 5 to 12 cases/100,000 person-years, with about one-third of cases occurring in children under 2 years of age. A lower incidence has been reported in children below the age of 3 months. Irreversible loss of joint function develops in 25%-50% of patients and the outcome varies depending on certain variables, such as type of causal agent, age, presence of significant co-morbidities, delay in treatment and the joint involved.

• #169 Septic arthritis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Septic_arthritis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Septic arthritis is an orthopaedic emergency with potential high morbidity and mortality. Septic arthritis is also becoming increasingly common among people who are immunosuppressed and elderly persons. Of people with septic arthritis, 45% are older than 65 years. These groups are more likely to have various comorbidities. 56% of patients with septic arthritis are male. […] Worldwide, the incidence of septic arthritis ranges from a low of 2 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 10 per 100,000 persons/ year. […] Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with history of rheumatoid arthritis and patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 30 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 70 per 100,000 persons/ year. […] Worldwide, the Incidence of septic arthritis in patients with joint prostheses ranges from a low of 40 per 100,000 persons/ year to a high of 68 per 100,000 persons/ year.

• #170

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  About 20,000 cases of septic arthritis occur each year in the United States. […] Even with proper treatment about 1/3 of patients will have significant joint damage. […] In adults the knee is the most commonly infected joint followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle, and wrists. […] Nearly all cases of nongonococcal arthritis are monoarticular. […] Gonococcal septic arthritis is more likely to occur following an asymptomatic infection of the pharynx by N gonorrhoeae and it is more common in females. […] The most common route of infection is following a bacteremia. […] Damage of joint cartilage is the major debilitating result of septic arthritis. […] A critical diagnostic test used in septic arthritis is the analysis of the synovial fluid. […] Even with appropriate treatment one third of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis will suffer significant joint damage.

• #171 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?lang=us

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteremia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. Osteonecrosis is also an important sequela of septic arthritis due to effusion and an increase in intra-articular pressure which compromises blood circulation. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #172 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252F%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.ico&lang=gb

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteraemia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #173 Septic arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. […] Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. […] People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include existing joint problems, having an artificial joint, taking medications for rheumatoid arthritis, skin fragility, weak immune system, and joint trauma. […] If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage.

• #174 An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/42wjwa8l/

  Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. […] This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. […] In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, particularly aggressive bacterial species has highlighted the need for more research to enhance treatment approaches and develop innovative diagnosis methods and drugs that might combat better in all patients. […] This review represents the initial comprehensive update encompassing patients across all age groups. […] Geirsson, Septic arthritis in Iceland 1990–2002: increasing incidence due to iatrogenic infections, Ann. Rheum Dis., 67, 638 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.077131 […] McBride, Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults, Clin. Infect. Dis., 70, 271 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz265

• #175

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  About 20,000 cases of septic arthritis occur each year in the United States. […] Even with proper treatment about 1/3 of patients will have significant joint damage. […] In adults the knee is the most commonly infected joint followed by the hip, shoulder, ankle, and wrists. […] Nearly all cases of nongonococcal arthritis are monoarticular. […] Gonococcal septic arthritis is more likely to occur following an asymptomatic infection of the pharynx by N gonorrhoeae and it is more common in females. […] The most common route of infection is following a bacteremia. […] Damage of joint cartilage is the major debilitating result of septic arthritis. […] A critical diagnostic test used in septic arthritis is the analysis of the synovial fluid. […] Even with appropriate treatment one third of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis will suffer significant joint damage.

• #176 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?lang=us

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteremia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. Osteonecrosis is also an important sequela of septic arthritis due to effusion and an increase in intra-articular pressure which compromises blood circulation. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #177 Septic arthritis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-and-joint-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20350755

  Septic arthritis is a painful infection in a joint that can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of your body. […] Infants and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis. […] People who have artificial joints are also at risk of septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include existing joint problems, having an artificial joint, taking medications for rheumatoid arthritis, skin fragility, weak immune system, and joint trauma. […] If treatment is delayed, septic arthritis can lead to joint degeneration and permanent damage.

• #178

  https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4031

  Septic arthritis of the hip is an orthopaedic emergency which requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. […] The present review aims to discuss the published evidence related to the diagnosis of septic arthritis of the hip based on history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies and arthrocentesis, and management including antibiotic treatment and surgical joint debridement. […] With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, outcomes are generally good, with only few long-term sequelae. Delay in diagnosis and treatment may result in growth disturbances and joint destruction.

• #179 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #180 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?lang=us

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteremia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. Osteonecrosis is also an important sequela of septic arthritis due to effusion and an increase in intra-articular pressure which compromises blood circulation. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #181 Septic arthritis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/septic-arthritis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252F%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.ico&lang=gb

  Septic arthritis should be considered in any patient with acute monoarthritis. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: bacteraemia, advanced age, sexually active, immunocompromised state, rheumatoid arthritis, intra-articular injections, prosthetic joints. […] If unrecognised and left untreated, septic arthritis can result in irreversible joint damage within 48 hours of the onset of infection due to the proteolytic enzymes of the white blood cells that flood the infected synovial space. […] Conversely, approximately 90% of patients with septic arthritis will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are critical.

• #182 Management and outcome of native joint septic arthritis: a nationwide survey in French rheumatology departments, 2016–2017 | Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

  https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/11/1612

  The complete recovery with no adverse joint outcome at 1year was observed in n=125/278 patients (55.0%). […] Prognosis of NJSA remained severe with a high rate of morbimortality. […] This study highlights the importance of the new French recommendations, published after the completion of the study, in order to facilitate NJSA management.

• #183

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x

  To describe the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes in children hospitalised with septic arthritis (SA) in Western Australia (WA). […] The overall AIR (per 100,000) was 9.85 (95% CI 4.7914.41), and was higher in Indigenous Australians [34.9 vs. 5.5 (non-Indigenous), p0.001] and in males [11.9 vs. 7 (females), p0.01]; AIR showed no temporal or seasonal variation. […] The incidence of SA in children in WA did not change over the 20-year observation period. SA did not lead to excess mortality, but bone and joint complications developed in 5% of patients. […] The overall incidence of septic arthritis (SA) in children (10/100,000/year) in Western Australia did not change over a 20-year period and showed no seasonal variation. […] Indigenous Australian children had a sixfold higher incidence rate of SA than non-Indigenous children.

• #184

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x

  There was no excess risk of death following SA, but 5% of children required subsequent hospitalisation for bone/joint abnormalities. […] A high frequency of prior hospitalisation and subsequent comorbidity development, including other infections, suggest a role of comorbidity in predisposing children to SA. […] We found that the incidence of native joint SA in children did not change in WA between 1990 and 2010, was highest in Indigenous children and that while SA resulted in subsequent hospitalisation for bone and joint complications in 5% of patients, SA did not increase the risk of death. […] Septic arthritis has not become more frequent over a 20-year period. It is not seasonal, but continues to affect Indigenous children in WA disproportionally. Although SA does not increase the risk of death, it leads to long-term bone/joint complications in 5% of patients.

• #185 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #186 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #187 Pediatric Septic Arthritis – Osteomyelitis: Evaluation & Management in the ED

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal-emergencies/pediatric-septic-arthritis-osteomyelitis

  Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis often present with a subacute course of illness and vague signs and symptoms. Both diagnoses are true emergencies, and these conditions must be promptly diagnosed and treated to avoid adverse sequalae. […] Pediatric patients with septic arthritis (SA) and osteomyelitis (OM) commonly present to the emergency department (ED) with vague and nonspecific complaints, but fever and joint pain are usually present. Both diagnoses are true emergencies, and these conditions must be promptly diagnosed and treated. […] SA is a surgical emergency, and it has a reported annual incidence of 1 to 37 cases per 100,000 children per year, although there is variation in different geographic areas. […] Peak incidence in the pediatric population is between 2 and 3 years of age, and boys are more commonly affected than girls.

• #188

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x

  To describe the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes in children hospitalised with septic arthritis (SA) in Western Australia (WA). […] The overall AIR (per 100,000) was 9.85 (95% CI 4.7914.41), and was higher in Indigenous Australians [34.9 vs. 5.5 (non-Indigenous), p0.001] and in males [11.9 vs. 7 (females), p0.01]; AIR showed no temporal or seasonal variation. […] The incidence of SA in children in WA did not change over the 20-year observation period. SA did not lead to excess mortality, but bone and joint complications developed in 5% of patients. […] The overall incidence of septic arthritis (SA) in children (10/100,000/year) in Western Australia did not change over a 20-year period and showed no seasonal variation. […] Indigenous Australian children had a sixfold higher incidence rate of SA than non-Indigenous children.

• #189 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is more common in children than in adults. The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). Subgroups of children at high risk include neonates, hemophiliacs with hemarthroses, immunocompromised (e.g., sickle cell anemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection), and those treated with chemotherapy. Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.[5][6] […] The incidence of septic arthritis is between 2 to 6 cases per 100,000 people but varies based on the presence of risk factors.[4]

• #190 Pediatric Septic Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970365-overview

  Subgroups of children who are at high risk for SA include neonates, individuals with hemophilia who are subject to hemarthrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised, such as those with sickle cell anemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or those treated with chemotherapy. […] A study by Patankar et al found no clear seasonal variation in the incidence of septic arthritis in children in the United States, except in northeastern states. […] A higher incidence of SA is reported among boys than girls; some series report that boys are affected twice as frequently as are girls. […] SA occurs among all age groups but is most common in younger children, peaking in those younger than age 3 years.

• #191 Pediatric Septic Arthritis – Osteomyelitis: Evaluation & Management in the ED

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/musculoskeletal-emergencies/pediatric-septic-arthritis-osteomyelitis

  SA most often affects previously healthy children, but certain groups are at higher risk for infection; these higher-risk individuals include patients who are immunocompromised (eg, diabetic patients, HIV-positive patients, patients who are on corticosteroid therapy), patients who were premature infants, or patients who have chronic illnesses requiring frequent phlebotomy. […] Both pediatric SA and OM present in a similar fashion, and the initial symptoms may be vague and nonspecific, so it is important to maintain a high index of suspicion. […] The antibiotics are geared toward the organisms known to be the most likely cause of SA and OM. […] Both OM and SA require initial inpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy followed by oral antibiotic therapy lasting several weeks.

• #192

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x

  To describe the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes in children hospitalised with septic arthritis (SA) in Western Australia (WA). […] The overall AIR (per 100,000) was 9.85 (95% CI 4.7914.41), and was higher in Indigenous Australians [34.9 vs. 5.5 (non-Indigenous), p0.001] and in males [11.9 vs. 7 (females), p0.01]; AIR showed no temporal or seasonal variation. […] The incidence of SA in children in WA did not change over the 20-year observation period. SA did not lead to excess mortality, but bone and joint complications developed in 5% of patients. […] The overall incidence of septic arthritis (SA) in children (10/100,000/year) in Western Australia did not change over a 20-year period and showed no seasonal variation. […] Indigenous Australian children had a sixfold higher incidence rate of SA than non-Indigenous children.

• #193

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x

  There was no excess risk of death following SA, but 5% of children required subsequent hospitalisation for bone/joint abnormalities. […] A high frequency of prior hospitalisation and subsequent comorbidity development, including other infections, suggest a role of comorbidity in predisposing children to SA. […] We found that the incidence of native joint SA in children did not change in WA between 1990 and 2010, was highest in Indigenous children and that while SA resulted in subsequent hospitalisation for bone and joint complications in 5% of patients, SA did not increase the risk of death. […] Septic arthritis has not become more frequent over a 20-year period. It is not seasonal, but continues to affect Indigenous children in WA disproportionally. Although SA does not increase the risk of death, it leads to long-term bone/joint complications in 5% of patients.

• #194 Increasing Risk of Septic Arthritis with Age | RheumNow

  https://rheumnow.com/content/increasing-risk-septic-arthritis-age

  A retrospective population-based study from New Zealand examined the epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiology of adult native joint septic arthritis. […] Among the 248 cases of septic arthritis, mean age was 60 years and the incidence rate was 12.0/100,000/year (95% CI 10.6-13.6). Factors influencing the risk for septic arthritis included 1) increasing age (highest at 90 yrs – 73.4/100,000) and underlying inflammatory arthritis (in 27%), including gout (14.9%), calcium pyrophosphate disease (8.5%), and rheumatoid arthritis (4%). […] Those with underlying inflammatory arthritis and septic arthritis were significantly older (73.6 yrs vs 55.6 yrs), female (55.2% vs 26.0%), and have polyarthricular septic arthritis (16.4% vs 4.4%). […] Septic arthritis was iatrogenic in 16.9% of cases. […] The 30-day mortality was 2%, increasing to 6% at 90 days. […] Autoimmune arthritis and immunosuppression was less than expected as a contributory factor.

• #195 Outbreak of Septic Arthritis Associated with Intra-Articular Injections at an Outpatient Practice — New Jersey, 2017 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6629a3.htm

  In March 2017, an outbreak of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections administered at an outpatient practice occurred in New Jersey. […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice. […] The findings from this investigation highlight the need for better adherence to and oversight of basic infection prevention recommendations and sterile compounding standards in outpatient settings. […] An investigation of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections at an outpatient practice in New Jersey identified multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices during the preparation and administration of PBP products, which are intended for use in a pharmacy setting, using standards outlined by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice.

• #196 Outbreak of Septic Arthritis Associated with Intra-Articular Injections at an Outpatient Practice — New Jersey, 2017 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6629a3.htm

  In March 2017, an outbreak of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections administered at an outpatient practice occurred in New Jersey. […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice. […] The findings from this investigation highlight the need for better adherence to and oversight of basic infection prevention recommendations and sterile compounding standards in outpatient settings. […] An investigation of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections at an outpatient practice in New Jersey identified multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices during the preparation and administration of PBP products, which are intended for use in a pharmacy setting, using standards outlined by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice.

• #197 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  Objectives: The study aimed to describe the clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic characteristics of septic arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery (ACLR). […] Among 12,650 patients, we identified 95 cases of septic arthritis after ACLR. The mean age was 32 years, and 87 patients were male. […] Septic arthritis remains a rare early complication after ACLR. […] The incidence of this infection varies from 0.32% to almost 1.8%. […] The infection rates due to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are nearly equal. […] Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence, the causative pathogens, the management, and the outcome of septic arthritis following ACLR. […] Infections after ACLR remain rare diseases, with 95 cases on 12,650 patients reported over a period of nine years.

• #198 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  The incidence rate of infection following ACLR is quite low, usually lower than 1%. […] We found this rate in our series, with a rate decreasing in recent years. […] Infections rate was reported from 0.32% to 1.8%. […] Regarding bacterial epidemiology, staphylococci are the main pathogens found in ACL infections. […] We reported 73.9% of staphylococci involved in 95 cases which is more than the Kursumovic et al. study (51.7%) but in accordance with Kim et al. results (75.6%). […] As shown in other studies, bacteria species most frequently involved are CoNS accounting for 49.5% of all isolates. […] C. acnes infections were also described as accounting for up to 12% of all ACL infections, which is in accordance with our results (13.5%). […] Our high cure rate (95%) could be explained by early and multidisciplinary management combining arthroscopic lavage, repeated if necessary, and an antibiotic combination including rifampicin.

• #199 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  The incidence rate of infection following ACLR is quite low, usually lower than 1%. […] We found this rate in our series, with a rate decreasing in recent years. […] Infections rate was reported from 0.32% to 1.8%. […] Regarding bacterial epidemiology, staphylococci are the main pathogens found in ACL infections. […] We reported 73.9% of staphylococci involved in 95 cases which is more than the Kursumovic et al. study (51.7%) but in accordance with Kim et al. results (75.6%). […] As shown in other studies, bacteria species most frequently involved are CoNS accounting for 49.5% of all isolates. […] C. acnes infections were also described as accounting for up to 12% of all ACL infections, which is in accordance with our results (13.5%). […] Our high cure rate (95%) could be explained by early and multidisciplinary management combining arthroscopic lavage, repeated if necessary, and an antibiotic combination including rifampicin.

• #200 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  The incidence rate of infection following ACLR is quite low, usually lower than 1%. […] We found this rate in our series, with a rate decreasing in recent years. […] Infections rate was reported from 0.32% to 1.8%. […] Regarding bacterial epidemiology, staphylococci are the main pathogens found in ACL infections. […] We reported 73.9% of staphylococci involved in 95 cases which is more than the Kursumovic et al. study (51.7%) but in accordance with Kim et al. results (75.6%). […] As shown in other studies, bacteria species most frequently involved are CoNS accounting for 49.5% of all isolates. […] C. acnes infections were also described as accounting for up to 12% of all ACL infections, which is in accordance with our results (13.5%). […] Our high cure rate (95%) could be explained by early and multidisciplinary management combining arthroscopic lavage, repeated if necessary, and an antibiotic combination including rifampicin.

• #201 Septic Arthritis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Microbiological Epidemiology, Treatment, and Outcome: A 95 Case-Series among 12,650 Patients – Clinical Surgery Journal (ISSN 2767-0023)

  https://clinicalsurgeryjournal.com/article/1000212/septic-arthritis-after-anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction-microbiological-epidemiology-treatment-and-outcome-a-95-case-series-among-12-650-patients

  The incidence rate of infection following ACLR is quite low, usually lower than 1%. […] We found this rate in our series, with a rate decreasing in recent years. […] Infections rate was reported from 0.32% to 1.8%. […] Regarding bacterial epidemiology, staphylococci are the main pathogens found in ACL infections. […] We reported 73.9% of staphylococci involved in 95 cases which is more than the Kursumovic et al. study (51.7%) but in accordance with Kim et al. results (75.6%). […] As shown in other studies, bacteria species most frequently involved are CoNS accounting for 49.5% of all isolates. […] C. acnes infections were also described as accounting for up to 12% of all ACL infections, which is in accordance with our results (13.5%). […] Our high cure rate (95%) could be explained by early and multidisciplinary management combining arthroscopic lavage, repeated if necessary, and an antibiotic combination including rifampicin.

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