Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis should be considered in adults presenting with acute monoarticular arthritis. […] In patients with joint replacements, prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended to prevent joint infection for routine outpatient dental, urologic, or gastrointestinal procedures.

• #2 Native Joint Septic Arthritis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/7/596

  Preventing NJSA involves addressing modifiable risk factors and implementing prophylactic measures in high-risk populations. Patients with joint prostheses or those undergoing joint surgery should receive perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the risk of infection. Preoperative antibiotics are justified in cases where the patient has a history of septic arthritis or an inflammatory disorder. However, it is important to be mindful of preoperative antibiotic use as it increases the risk of antibiotic resistance. Following strict aseptic techniques during joint injections and surgeries is crucial in preventing iatrogenic infections. […] For individuals with recurrent NJSA or underlying conditions predisposing them to joint infections, long-term antibiotic prophylaxis may be considered. Vaccination against pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza can reduce the risk of hematogenous spread of these organisms to the joints.

• #3 Infectious (septic) arthritis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323049

  Infectious arthritis usually affects just one joint, but it can spread. As a result, it is essential to diagnose and treat it quickly to prevent severe joint damage and the spread of infection. […] Undergoing joint replacement surgery or having animal bites, cuts, or puncture wounds on the joints can increase a persons risk of developing an infection, which could cause septic arthritis. […] In addition, anyone who is at risk of contracting bacteria into the joint is at a higher risk of getting the condition. This includes people who have animal bites in the joint, people who have artificial joints, or people undergoing surgery on the joints. […] Early and aggressive treatment, including IV antibiotics, can significantly improve a persons septic arthritis outlook. If treatment begins in time, a person may make a full recovery without any lasting damage.

• #4 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  What are the risk factors for developing septic arthritis? The risk factors for developing septic arthritis are different for children and adults. Risk factors for children include: Age: Newborn children are at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis because their immune systems arent as strong. Having hemophilia: Children who have hemophilia, an inherited bleeding disorder in which their blood does not clot properly, are at a higher risk of developing septic arthritis. Having a weakened immune system: Children who are immunocompromised (have a weak immune system) from conditions like sickle cell anemia and HIV have a higher risk of getting septic arthritis. Being on chemotherapy: Chemotherapy weakens your immune system, which makes it more likely that people undergoing it will develop septic arthritis.

• #5 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Risk factors for adults include: Age: Adults over the age of 80 are at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis. Having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis: People who have damaged joints from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis are more susceptible to septic arthritis. Cases of septic arthritis in people who have rheumatoid arthritis are up to 70 per 100,000 people per year. Having HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): HIV weakens your immune system, which makes it more likely that youll get an infection, which could lead to septic arthritis. Having diabetes: Having high blood sugar can weaken your immune system. People who have diabetes and have persistent high blood sugar are at a greater risk of getting an infection and septic arthritis. Having skin infections: Since septic arthritis is usually caused by an infection elsewhere on or in your body, having a skin infection could lead to septic arthritis. Having a recent joint surgery: Having a recent joint surgery puts you at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis because the wound from the surgery could become infected. Having an artificial (prosthetic) joint: Infections are more common in prosthetic (artificial) joints than in natural joints. Having a prosthetic joint increases your risk of getting septic arthritis. Injection drug use: Injection drug use puts you at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis because the needle can introduce harmful bacteria and other organisms into your body when it breaks the skin. Sexual activity: Sexual activity, especially unprotected sex, can put you at a higher risk of developing septic arthritis from the bacteria that causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). The bacterium is called Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

• #6 Septic Arthritis 2 – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/septic-arthritis-2/

  Risks for septic arthritis include age >80 years old, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressed states, immunosuppressive medications, underlying arthritis but especially rheumatoid arthritis, recent exposure of the joint from trauma or surgery, and other infections, either nearby (e.g., cellulitis and osteomyelitis) or distal. […] Thus the true role of prevention is to prevent complications of septic arthritis by timely diagnosis and treatment.

• #7 Septic Arthritis (Infectious Arthritis) in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/septic-arthritis-infectious-arthritis-in-children.html

  Septic arthritis may occur without any known risk factors. But children who have an open skin wound and a weakened immune system may be at greater risk. A weakened immune system can be caused by diabetes, kidney disease, HIV infection, cancer, immune deficiencies, or immunosuppressive medicines. […] Quick treatment with antibiotics if bacteria are the source of infection is needed to stop the risk for joint damage. […] Other treatments include medicines for pain and fever, draining the joint, physical therapy, and splints.

• #8 Septic Arthritis Prevention: A Comprehensive Guide for Everyone

  https://usa.inquirer.net/128786/prevent-septic-arthritis-infections-a-comprehensive-guide

  Septic arthritis is preventable. Taking proactive measures can reduce your risk of developing this paralyzing infection and ensure your joints remain healthy. […] Preventing septic arthritis involves taking specific measures to reduce the risk of joint infections. Here are some strategies that can help prevent septic arthritis: Maintain good hygiene, Treat infections promptly, Take precautions with wounds, Manage underlying medical conditions, Be cautious with joint injuries, Maintain a healthy lifestyle. […] Implementing the preventive measures outlined in this comprehensive guide can significantly reduce the risk of developing this debilitating condition. […] Regularly engaging in exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, practicing good hygiene, and seeking prompt medical attention for any signs of infection are vital steps in preventing septic arthritis.

• #9 Native Joint Septic Arthritis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/7/596

  Preventing native joint septic arthritis involves several key strategies. The prompt treatment of skin and respiratory infections, especially in patients with chronic conditions like diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, can prevent the spread of bacteria to the joints. Ensuring strict aseptic techniques during medical procedures and the proper management of intravenous catheters minimize the risk of introducing bacteria into the joint space. Strict glucose control in diabetic patients and the careful management of rheumatoid arthritis with disease-modifying drugs can reduce the overall risk of infections. Vaccination against common pathogens and promoting good personal hygiene practices also play crucial roles in prevention. Educating patients on the symptoms of septic arthritis and the importance of early medical consultation can lead to quicker diagnosis and treatment, preventing severe joint damage. Lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy diet and avoiding high-risk behaviors, strengthen the immune system and reduce the risk of infections. By implementing these strategies, the incidence of native joint septic arthritis can be reduced, leading to better health outcomes and the preservation of joint function.

• #10 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  How can I prevent septic arthritis? While not all cases of septic arthritis are preventable, there are a few things you can do to try to prevent getting it, including: Make sure cuts and wounds dont get infected: If you have a cut or wound on your skin, keep it clean to prevent infection. If you are experiencing signs of an infection such as redness, warmth and/or pus in or around your wound contact your healthcare provider immediately. Try to manage your chronic health condition(s) well: If you have a chronic health condition such as diabetes or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), try to manage your condition as well as you can in order to stay healthy. Practice safe sex: Always follow safe sex practices, such as always using a condom or dental dam and talking with your sexual partner about past partners and STI (sexually transmitted infection) history. Dont abuse drugs: Injection drug use can cause infections. Only take medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider.

• #11 Osteomyelitis Vs. Septic Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/arthritis/osteomyelitis-vs-septic-arthritis

  Ways you might be able to prevent osteomyelitis and septic arthritis include: avoiding situations that put you at risk of puncture wounds […] avoiding sharing injection equipment […] using barrier methods when having sex to avoid gonorrhea infection […] treating risk factors such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes […] supporting your immune system by eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and practicing appropriate hygiene habits.

• #12 Septic Arthritis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.septic-arthritis-care-instructions.ut3248

  Early treatment can prevent permanent damage to the joint. […] Do not smoke. Smoking can make it harder for your body to fight the infection. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good.

• #13 Septic Arthritis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/arthritis/septic-arthritis

  How do I prevent septic arthritis? […] While some risk factors cannot be controlled, there are steps you can take to reduce the chances of developing septic arthritis: […] Promptly treat infections […] If you have an infection, particularly in the skin or bones, make sure to follow the treatment plan to prevent it spreading. […] Good hygiene […] Regularly wash your hands and clean any cuts, wounds, or surgical sites to reduce the risk of infection. […] Manage chronic conditions […] Conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or immunosuppression require careful management to minimize the risk of infections.

• #14 Septic Arthritis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/septic-arthritis

  Preventive (prophylactic) antibiotics may be helpful for people at high risk.

• #15 Approach to Septic Arthritis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0915/p653.html

  Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious arthritis can help prevent significant morbidity and mortality. […] The use of prophylactic antibiotics for invasive dental, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and other invasive procedures within the first two years after prosthetic joint implantation is controversial. […] The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommends that physicians strongly consider antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with one or more risk factors (i.e., comorbidities, immunosuppression, and previous infection). […] However, a more recent prospective case-control study does not support this recommendation, showing no change in the incidence of prosthetic joint infections with antibiotic prophylaxis. […] The decision to use prophylactic antibiotics should be made on a case-by-case basis with input from the orthopedic surgeon and with consideration of underlying comorbidities.

• #16 Septic arthritis primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Septic_arthritis_primary_prevention

  Incidence of septic arthritis can prevent through prophylactic antibiotics for at risk population. […] Prevention of septic arthritis is possible by intensive treatment of risk factors such as old age patients having rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, joint prostheses or joint surgery and skin infection.

• #17 Septic arthritis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/septic-arthritis/

  In order to avoid infection, strict aseptic precautions should be ensured in any procedure that involves penetration of the joint space. […] Do not delay joint aspiration in suspected septic arthritis as early detection and treatment are imperative to prevent cartilage destruction. […] Empiric antibiotic therapy is not routinely recommended for PJIs. […] Empiric antibiotic therapy for septic arthritis is not routinely recommended for PJIs unless the patient is critically ill.

• #18 Outbreak of Septic Arthritis Associated with Intra-Articular Injections at an Outpatient Practice — New Jersey, 2017 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6629a3.htm

  In March 2017, an outbreak of 41 cases of septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections administered at an outpatient practice occurred in New Jersey. […] No additional septic arthritis cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented within the practice. The findings from this investigation highlight the need for better adherence to and oversight of basic infection prevention recommendations and sterile compounding standards in outpatient settings. […] Multiple breaches in infection prevention recommendations were identified. […] Practice A was advised to immediately stop batch preparation of syringes and use of PBP products for multiple patients and to hire an infection preventionist to assess staff competency and ensure that hand hygiene, standard precautions, and safe injection practices were followed. No additional cases occurred after these measures were implemented. […] The findings from this investigation highlight the need for better adherence to and oversight of basic infection prevention recommendations and sterile compounding standards in outpatient settings.

• #19 Septic Arthritis Outbreak Linked to Infection Prevention Violations — Infection Control Consulting Services (ICCS)

  https://www.iccs-home.com/news/2019/7/23/septic-arthritis-outbreak-linked-to-infection-prevention-violations

  An investigation into an outbreak of septic arthritis at an outpatient facility in New Jersey identified multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices. […] An infection prevention assessment of the facility’s practices found 41 patients with septic arthritis associated with intra-articular injections and identified „multiple breaches of recommended infection prevention practices, including inadequate hand hygiene, unsafe injection practices and poor cleaning and disinfection practices.” […] The outpatient facility, which voluntarily stopped performing procedures following the initial septic arthritis reports as well as complaints, was advised by state officials to follow recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions 2016 Guide to Infection Prevention for Outpatient Settings: Minimum Expectations for Safe Care. It was also recommended that the facility work with an infection prevention consultant on improvements. No additional cases were identified after infection prevention recommendations were implemented.

• #20 Septic Arthritis Outbreak Highlights Need for Better Infection Prevention in Outpatient Settings – MPR

  https://www.empr.com/home/news/septic-arthritis-outbreak-highlights-need-for-better-infection-prevention-in-outpatient-settings/

  A recent investigation centering around an outbreak of septic arthritis at an outpatient practice highlights the need for better adherence to basic infection prevention recommendations, as well as sterile compounding standards. […] An investigation of the practice revealed several breaches of recommended infection prevention practices, including inadequate hand hygiene with no access to a handwashing sink. […] The practice was advised to immediately stop batch preparation of syringes and use of pharmacy bulk packaged products for multiple patients and to hire an infection preventionist to assess staff competency and ensure that hand hygiene, standard precautions, and safe injection practices were followed. […] Upon implementation of infection prevention recommendations, no new cases of septic arthritis were reported.

• #21 Septic Arthritis outbreak in Monmouth County, NJ linked to Intra-Articular Injections

  https://www.mcgowanhood.com/2017/08/16/outbreak-septic-arthritis-nj-linked-intra-articular-injections/

  The CDC identified multiple breaches in infection prevention recommendations. […] Those breaches in protocol included: […] Breach of proper protocol is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections.

• #22 JBJI – Guideline for management of septic arthritis in native joints (SANJO)

  https://jbji.copernicus.org/articles/8/29/2023/

  This guideline also includes specific considerations for SANJO: (1) after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, (2) in tuberculous arthritis, and (3) in pediatric population. […] A high suspicion of SANJO should be kept in mind in any patient with a painful and/or inflamed joint (redness, hot, swelling, synovial effusion, and/or purulent drainage) with or without a fever (B1). […] We recommend aspiration of synovial fluid should be performed as quickly as possible when SANJO is suspected (B1). […] A strict aseptic joint aspiration technique is important to avoid contamination of the joint and the sample material. […] We suggest the antibiotic treatment for suspected SANJO should be started after aspiration of synovial fluid for laboratory analysis and obtaining blood cultures (D1): In cases with sepsis or septic shock, empirical antibiotic treatment must be started as soon as possible according to institutional sepsis guidelines (B1). […] We suggest mobilization to be started as soon as possible once infection is under control and after drains have been removed and surgical wounds closed (D2).

• #23 8 long-term effects of infectious arthritis, prevention and management tips | Health – Hindustan Times

  https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/8-long-term-effects-of-infectious-arthritis-prevention-and-management-tips-101694149135213.html

  Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, is a health condition that arises when a joint becomes infected by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or fungi. […] Preventing and managing the long-term effects of infectious arthritis requires a comprehensive approach. Timely and appropriate treatment of the initial infection is crucial to minimize joint damage. […] Early and comprehensive treatment, along with ongoing management and support, is essential to mitigate the impact of infectious arthritis on joint health and overall quality of life.

• #24 What Is Septic Arthritis And How To Manage It. — Best Bainbridge Island Physical Therapy Clinic For Pain Relief, Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation

  https://fiziologix.com/blog-fiziologix-physical-therapy-tips-and-self-healing/1/10/2023/what-is-septic-arthritis-and-how-to-manage-it-with-physical-therapy

  Septic arthritis is a serious condition that requires 1st and foremost a prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics. Physical therapy can be helpful in managing the symptoms of septic arthritis and restoring function to the affected joint, especially post surgery. […] It is important to work closely with a medical provider who has experience in treating septic arthritis to ensure that treatment is safe and effective. The therapist will design a personalized treatment plan based on the individual’s specific needs and goals.

• #25 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p01730

  Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint fluid (synovial fluid) and joint tissues. It occurs more often in children than in adults. […] If bacteria are the source of infection, quick treatment with antibiotics is needed to stop the risk for joint damage. […] Other treatments include medicines for pain and fever, draining the joint, physical therapy, and splints.

• #26 Septic Arthritis | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint (synovial) fluid and joint tissues. […] Quick treatment with antibiotics for bacterial septic arthritis is needed to halt the risk of joint damage. […] Other treatments include medicines for pain and fever, drainage of the joint, physical therapy, and a splint.

• #27

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/bone2.htm

  There are two major classes of septic arthritis: gonococcal and nongonococcal arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis. S aureus is also the most common cause of nongonococcal arthritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of septic arthritis in young sexually active adults. […] Treatment of gonococcal septic arthritis requires complete drainage and washing of the purulent synovial fluid from the joint and antibiotic therapy with intravenous ceftriaxone for 24-48 hours after clinical improvement. Then switch to oral cefixime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or levofloxacin to complete a total of 7-10 days of therapy. Residual joint damage is unusual. […] Prevention of nongonococcal arthritis involves avoiding joint trauma, and appropriate and timely treatment of infections (e.g., urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections, pneumonia). Prevention of gonococcal arthritis involves avoiding sexual partners that have gonorrhea, identifying and treating those with gonorrhea, and the use of safe sexual practices.

• #28 Septic Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/arthritis/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis, also called infectious arthritis, is a joint infection that tends to occur in joints affected by other forms of arthritis. Prompt treatment for skin infections or other body infections can help prevent septic arthritis from developing. […] Keeping yourself safe from other infections or managing existing infections is crucial to preventing septic arthritis. […] This report highlights the importance of preventing infectious spread, which in turn helps prevent septic arthritis. […] Good hygiene practices and prompt treatment for any infections are beneficial.

• #29 Septic Arthritis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/septic-arthritis-7570269

  It might be possible to prevent septic arthritis. This starts by avoiding or treating cuts, wounds, or other damage to the skin. If you or your children experience a cut or a burn, the skin area should be washed quickly and thoroughly. Medical attention should be sought for cuts or burns that are deep or especially severe. […] If you have an autoimmune disease or diabetes, you want to keep your condition well-managed to decrease infection risk. Reach out to your healthcare provider at the first signs of an infection, especially fever and severe joint pain.

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