Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. […] Septic arthritis is joint inflammation secondary to an infectious etiology, usually bacterial, but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen overall. […] In adults, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. […] Polymicrobial joint infections occur in about 5% of patients as a result of trauma or abdominal infection. […] The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). […] Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.

• #2 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis (also known as infectious arthritis) happens when an infection spreads to one or more of your joints and causes inflammation. […] Bacteria, a virus or fungus may cause the infection, which usually comes from another part of your body and spreads to your joint through your blood. […] Staphylococcal infections are the most common cause of septic arthritis, and most cases only involve one joint. Septic arthritis caused by Neisseria bacteria usually involves multiple joints. […] Septic arthritis is caused by an infection. It can be from bacteria, fungus, mycobacteria, a virus or other pathogens. In most cases, the infection begins somewhere else on or in your body and then spreads through your blood to your joint. More specifically, the following organisms can cause septic arthritis:

• #3 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  The term Septic Arthritis (SA) represents an invasion of a joint space by a variety of microorganisms, most commonly bacteria. Various types of viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi also may be involved. This discussion will focus primarily on the bacterial pathogens. Despite timely institution of appropriate treatment, SA continues to produce significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Reactive arthritis represents a sterile inflammatory process that may be triggered by an extra-articular infection. […] Bacterial SA is commonly described as either gonococcal or nongonococcal. Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains the most common pathogen (75% of cases) among younger sexually active individuals. The increased incidence of S aureus parallels the rise of prosthetic joint implantation, intravenous drug abuse (IVDA), and the use of immunosuppressive agents. This pathogen causes 80% of infected joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

• #4 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. […] Septic arthritis is joint inflammation secondary to an infectious etiology, usually bacterial, but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen overall. […] In adults, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. […] Polymicrobial joint infections occur in about 5% of patients as a result of trauma or abdominal infection. […] The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). […] Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.

• #5 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Staphylococcus aureus: This bacteria (also known as staph) is the most common cause of septic arthritis in both children and adults. […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): MRSA is a type of staph infection that is resistant to some antibiotics. […] Groups A and B streptococci: Streptococci are a kind of bacteria. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae: This bacterium causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): This bacterium causes meningitis, which is a condition that involves inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering your brain and spinal cord. […] Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacteria, is the most common cause of septic arthritis in both children and adults. […] Septic arthritis is not contagious. However, the bacteria that cause septic arthritis, such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, can spread from person-to-person contact.

• #6 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. […] Septic arthritis is joint inflammation secondary to an infectious etiology, usually bacterial, but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen overall. […] In adults, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. […] Polymicrobial joint infections occur in about 5% of patients as a result of trauma or abdominal infection. […] The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). […] Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.

• #7 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  The term Septic Arthritis (SA) represents an invasion of a joint space by a variety of microorganisms, most commonly bacteria. Various types of viruses, mycobacteria, and fungi also may be involved. This discussion will focus primarily on the bacterial pathogens. Despite timely institution of appropriate treatment, SA continues to produce significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Reactive arthritis represents a sterile inflammatory process that may be triggered by an extra-articular infection. […] Bacterial SA is commonly described as either gonococcal or nongonococcal. Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains the most common pathogen (75% of cases) among younger sexually active individuals. The increased incidence of S aureus parallels the rise of prosthetic joint implantation, intravenous drug abuse (IVDA), and the use of immunosuppressive agents. This pathogen causes 80% of infected joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

• #8

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  Septic Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology, most commonly affecting the knee, hip, and shoulder. […] 3 etiologies of bacterial seeding of joint: bacteremia, direct inoculation from trauma or surgery, contiguous spread from adjacent osteomyelitis. […] septic arthritis causes irreversible cartilage destruction in an involved joint; cartilage injury can occur by 8 hours. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] Delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #9 Infectious (septic) arthritis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323049

  Infectious arthritis, also called septic arthritis, involves a sudden, severe infection of a joint. […] Infectious arthritis occurs when bacteria, fungi, or a virus infects a joint, causing inflammation. […] The most common cause of septic arthritis or infectious arthritis is bacteria, fungi, or viral bodies that enter the space around a joint. […] Bacterial infection is the most common cause of septic arthritis. A 2019 review found that bacteria from the Staphylococci family cause more than half of septic arthritis cases. […] Other causes of septic arthritis include strains of Streptococci bacteria, which also lead to strep infections, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, which can cause gonorrhea. […] The bacteria typically reach the joint through the bloodstream. […] Undergoing joint replacement surgery or having animal bites, cuts, or puncture wounds on the joints can increase a persons risk of developing an infection, which could cause septic arthritis.

• #10 Septic Arthritis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/septic-arthritis-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Septic arthritis is also known as infectious arthritis, and is usually caused by bacteria. It can also be caused by a virus or fungus. The condition is an inflammation of a joint that’s caused by infection. Typically, septic arthritis affects one large joint in the body, such as the knee or hip. Less frequently, septic arthritis can affect multiple joints. […] Septic arthritis usually is caused by bacteria that spread through the bloodstream from another area of the body. It can also be caused by a bacterial infection from an open wound or an opening from a surgical procedure, such as knee surgery. […] In adults and children, common bacteria that cause acute septic arthritis include staphylococcus and streptococcus. Among young, sexually active adults, neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common pathogen for the condition. These foreign invaders enter the bloodstream and infect the joint, causing inflammation and pain. […] Other infections, such as those caused by viruses and fungi, can also cause arthritis. […] Fungi that can cause arthritis include histoplasma, coccidioides, and blastomyces. These infections are usually slower to develop than bacterial infections.

• #11 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated in septic arthritis; however, other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and mycobacterium can cause the disease. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] A joint is most commonly infected hematogenously from bacteremia. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species are the most common causes.

• #12 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  In adults, S. aureus is the most common cause of native joint septic arthritis, followed by Streptococcus species. Native joint septic arthritis can be associated with some viral infections, including chikungunya, rubella, and parvovirus B19. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus infection is a common cause of oligoarticular arthritis, and group B streptococci are more common in oligoarticular arthritis than in monoarticular septic arthritis. […] In older people, gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, cause about 23% to 30% of septic arthritis cases. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk. […] People who smoke tobacco also have an increased risk of septic arthritis. […] Risk factors for fungal arthritis include diabetes, HIV infection, immunosuppression from disease or medication use, organ transplantation, parenteral hyperalimentation, indwelling catheter, substance abuse, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

• #13 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/septic_arthritis/article.htm

  Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The most common causes of septic arthritis are bacterial, including Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Haemophilus influenzae. In certain „high-risk” individuals, other bacteria may cause septic arthritis, such as E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. in intravenous drug abusers and the elderly, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually active young adults, and Salmonella spp. in young children or in people with sickle cell disease. Other bacteria that can cause septic arthritis include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease. […] Viruses that can cause septic arthritis include hepatitis A, B, and C, parvovirus B19, herpes viruses, HIV (AIDS virus), HTLV-1, adenovirus, Coxsackieviruses, mumps, and Ebola. Fungi that can cause septic arthritis include Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces.

• #14 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/septic_arthritis/article.htm

  Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The most common causes of septic arthritis are bacterial, including Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Haemophilus influenzae. In certain „high-risk” individuals, other bacteria may cause septic arthritis, such as E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. in intravenous drug abusers and the elderly, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually active young adults, and Salmonella spp. in young children or in people with sickle cell disease. Other bacteria that can cause septic arthritis include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease. […] Viruses that can cause septic arthritis include hepatitis A, B, and C, parvovirus B19, herpes viruses, HIV (AIDS virus), HTLV-1, adenovirus, Coxsackieviruses, mumps, and Ebola. Fungi that can cause septic arthritis include Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces.

• #15 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/septic-arthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop4a0sIli_uxwB0_arEYLSmxGkbnGRKWNnw4EPUmRgfP2O9D9et

  Septic arthritis, also known as infectious arthritis is a type of arthritis which is characterized by painful inflammation of the joints occurring due to an infection caused by bacteria, virus or fungus. […] Septic arthritis usually occurs due to infectious microbes, specially Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria that can start as a skin infection or urinary tract infection, spreading speedily through the bloodstream to a nearby joint. […] In adults and children, septic arthritis is generally caused due to the Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria, whereas in sexually active adults, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common pathogen for this painful condition. […] Common viruses that lead to septic arthritis include; Parvovirus B19, Hepatitis A, B and C, Adenovirus, HIV, HTLV-1, Mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, Alpha virus and Flavi virus.

• #16 Septic Arthritis: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.healthline.com/health/arthritis/septic-arthritis-causes

  Septic arthritis is an infection that affects one or more joints. Bacteria most often cause it, although fungi and viruses may cause it in rare situations. […] Septic arthritis happens when an infection reaches your joints. This can occur when: an infection elsewhere in your body reaches one of your joints via your bloodstream; you sustain an injury that introduces germs into the area around your joint; you develop an infection as a complication of surgery, including joint surgery, or joint injection. […] Bacteria are the most common cause of septic arthritis. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common. S. aureus can be either methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant (MRSA). […] In rare situations, fungi or viruses may cause septic arthritis. A couple of examples of fungal causes are Candida species and Coccidioides species. Examples of viral causes include: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, rubella, parvovirus B19 (which can mimic rheumatoid arthritis), chikungunya.

• #17 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/septic_arthritis/article.htm

  Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections may cause septic arthritis. […] Septic arthritis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The most common causes of septic arthritis are bacterial, including Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Haemophilus influenzae. In certain „high-risk” individuals, other bacteria may cause septic arthritis, such as E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. in intravenous drug abusers and the elderly, Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually active young adults, and Salmonella spp. in young children or in people with sickle cell disease. Other bacteria that can cause septic arthritis include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease. […] Viruses that can cause septic arthritis include hepatitis A, B, and C, parvovirus B19, herpes viruses, HIV (AIDS virus), HTLV-1, adenovirus, Coxsackieviruses, mumps, and Ebola. Fungi that can cause septic arthritis include Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces.

• #18 Septic arthritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis develops when bacteria or other tiny disease-causing organisms (microorganisms) spread through the blood to a joint. […] Most cases of acute septic arthritis are caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria. […] Chronic septic arthritis (which is less common) is caused by organisms including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. […] The following conditions increase your risk for septic arthritis: Artificial joint implants, Bacterial infection somewhere else in your body, Presence of bacteria in your blood, Chronic illness or disease (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease), Intravenous (IV) or injection drug use, Medicines that suppress your immune system, Recent joint injury, Recent joint arthroscopy or other joint surgery. […] Most cases are caused by the bacteria group B streptococcus. Another common cause is Haemophilus influenza, especially if the child has not been vaccinated for this bacterium.

• #19 Septic arthritis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis develops when bacteria or other tiny disease-causing organisms (microorganisms) spread through the blood to a joint. […] Most cases of acute septic arthritis are caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria. […] Chronic septic arthritis (which is less common) is caused by organisms including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans. […] The following conditions increase your risk for septic arthritis: Artificial joint implants, Bacterial infection somewhere else in your body, Presence of bacteria in your blood, Chronic illness or disease (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease), Intravenous (IV) or injection drug use, Medicines that suppress your immune system, Recent joint injury, Recent joint arthroscopy or other joint surgery. […] Most cases are caused by the bacteria group B streptococcus. Another common cause is Haemophilus influenza, especially if the child has not been vaccinated for this bacterium.

• #20 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  Acute septic arthritis may develop as a result of hematogenous seeding, direct introduction, or extension from a contiguous focus of infection. […] The pathogenesis of acute septic arthritis is multifactorial and depends on the interaction of the host immune response and the adherence factors, toxins, and immunoavoidance strategies of the invading pathogen. […] Most septic joints develop as a result of hematogenous seeding of the vascular synovial membrane due to a bacteremic episode. […] Although a rare cause, acute septic arthritis may also occur as a result of joint aspiration or local corticosteroid joint injection. […] In addition, bacterial arthritis may arise secondary to penetrating trauma (such as human or animal bite or nail puncture) or after trauma to a joint without an obvious break in the skin.

• #21 Septic arthritis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/septic-arthritis/

  Septic (infectious) arthritis is an infection of the joint space, which can occur in a native joint or a prosthetic joint. Patients with underlying joint diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) are at an increased risk of septic arthritis. […] Routes of infection include hematogenous spread (most common), direct inoculation (e.g., iatrogenic, penetrating trauma), and contiguous spread. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include prosthetic implant, interventions (e.g., intra-articular injections), underlying joint disease, especially rheumatoid arthritis, immunosuppressed state, diabetes mellitus, age 80 years, chronic skin infections, IV drug use, and endocarditis (polyarticular septic arthritis). […] Causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, K. kingae, Streptococci, N. gonorrheae, Gram-negative rods esp. E. coli and P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, H. influenzae, M. tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, and B. burgdorferi (Lyme disease).

• #22 Septic arthritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. Staph commonly lives on even healthy skin. […] Septic arthritis can develop when an infection, such as a skin infection or urinary tract infection, spreads through your bloodstream to a joint. Less commonly, a puncture wound, drug injection, or surgery in or near a joint including joint replacement surgery can give the germs entry into the joint space. […] The lining of your joints has little ability to protect itself from infection. Your body’s reaction to the infection including inflammation that can increase pressure and reduce blood flow within the joint contributes to the damage.

• #23 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  Acute septic arthritis may develop as a result of hematogenous seeding, direct introduction, or extension from a contiguous focus of infection. […] The pathogenesis of acute septic arthritis is multifactorial and depends on the interaction of the host immune response and the adherence factors, toxins, and immunoavoidance strategies of the invading pathogen. […] Most septic joints develop as a result of hematogenous seeding of the vascular synovial membrane due to a bacteremic episode. […] Although a rare cause, acute septic arthritis may also occur as a result of joint aspiration or local corticosteroid joint injection. […] In addition, bacterial arthritis may arise secondary to penetrating trauma (such as human or animal bite or nail puncture) or after trauma to a joint without an obvious break in the skin.

• #24 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis (also known as infectious arthritis) happens when an infection spreads to one or more of your joints and causes inflammation. […] Bacteria, a virus or fungus may cause the infection, which usually comes from another part of your body and spreads to your joint through your blood. […] Staphylococcal infections are the most common cause of septic arthritis, and most cases only involve one joint. Septic arthritis caused by Neisseria bacteria usually involves multiple joints. […] Septic arthritis is caused by an infection. It can be from bacteria, fungus, mycobacteria, a virus or other pathogens. In most cases, the infection begins somewhere else on or in your body and then spreads through your blood to your joint. More specifically, the following organisms can cause septic arthritis:

• #25 Septic arthritis | Symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis is extremely painful and can develop quickly. Its most commonly caused by bacteria, from an infected cut or wound. The bacteria travels through the blood supply to a joint, which then becomes infected. […] It can also be caused by a virus, skin infection or bacteria getting into your body through the site of an injection or surgery. […] Your chances of developing septic arthritis are increased if you have an injury, such as a wound that becomes infected or a joint injury. […] Such as joint surgery, for example a hip or knee replacement, an injection into or near a joint, such as a steroid injection, or injecting non-prescription drugs. […] Such as the sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoeae, as it can infect your joints, abscesses, a urine infection, food poisoning, sinus or skin infections, an infected sore throat, tuberculosis, or an infection in your bones close to a joint.

• #26 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  The highly vascularized joint synovium lacks a limiting basement membrane so is prone to infection via hematogenous seeding from systemic infection. […] Septic arthritis occurs when there is a bacterial invasion of the synovium and joint space followed by an inflammatory process. […] Most early prosthetic joint infections are caused by staphylococcus, whereas delayed cases are due to gram negatives and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. […] Despite antibiotic use, there is a 7% to 15% mortality rate for in-hospital septic arthritis. […] Infection with Neisseria is rarely associated with death, whereas infection caused by staphylococcus can carry a mortality rate in excess of 50%.

• #27 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Organisms may invade the joint by direct inoculation, by contiguous spread from infected periarticular tissue, or most commonly, via the bloodstream. […] Previously damaged joints, especially those damaged by rheumatoid arthritis, are the most susceptible to infection. […] The major consequence of bacterial invasion is damage to articular cartilage. […] Infection with N gonorrhoeae induces a relatively mild influx of white blood cells (WBCs) into the joint, explaining, in part, the minimal joint destruction observed in cases of infection with this organism relative to destruction associated with S aureus infection. […] Reactive, or postexposure, arthritis is observed more commonly in patients with human lymphocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) histocompatibility antigens. Although various infections can cause reactive arthritis, gastrointestinal processes are by far the most common.

• #28 Septic arthritis | Symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis is extremely painful and can develop quickly. Its most commonly caused by bacteria, from an infected cut or wound. The bacteria travels through the blood supply to a joint, which then becomes infected. […] It can also be caused by a virus, skin infection or bacteria getting into your body through the site of an injection or surgery. […] Your chances of developing septic arthritis are increased if you have an injury, such as a wound that becomes infected or a joint injury. […] Such as joint surgery, for example a hip or knee replacement, an injection into or near a joint, such as a steroid injection, or injecting non-prescription drugs. […] Such as the sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoeae, as it can infect your joints, abscesses, a urine infection, food poisoning, sinus or skin infections, an infected sore throat, tuberculosis, or an infection in your bones close to a joint.

• #29 Septic arthritis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is the most common cause. Staph commonly lives on even healthy skin. […] Septic arthritis can develop when an infection, such as a skin infection or urinary tract infection, spreads through your bloodstream to a joint. Less commonly, a puncture wound, drug injection, or surgery in or near a joint including joint replacement surgery can give the germs entry into the joint space. […] The lining of your joints has little ability to protect itself from infection. Your body’s reaction to the infection including inflammation that can increase pressure and reduce blood flow within the joint contributes to the damage.

• #30 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  Acute septic arthritis may develop as a result of hematogenous seeding, direct introduction, or extension from a contiguous focus of infection. […] The pathogenesis of acute septic arthritis is multifactorial and depends on the interaction of the host immune response and the adherence factors, toxins, and immunoavoidance strategies of the invading pathogen. […] Most septic joints develop as a result of hematogenous seeding of the vascular synovial membrane due to a bacteremic episode. […] Although a rare cause, acute septic arthritis may also occur as a result of joint aspiration or local corticosteroid joint injection. […] In addition, bacterial arthritis may arise secondary to penetrating trauma (such as human or animal bite or nail puncture) or after trauma to a joint without an obvious break in the skin.

• #31 Septic arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_arthritis

  Septic arthritis is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection. Bacteria can enter the joint by: […] Microorganisms in the blood may come from infections elsewhere in the body such as wound infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis or endocarditis. […] Joints with preexisting arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are especially prone to bacterial arthritis spread through the blood. […] In addition, some treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can also increase a person’s risk by causing an immunocompromised state. […] Intravenous drug use can cause endocarditis that spreads bacteria in the bloodstream and subsequently causes septic arthritis. […] Most cases of septic arthritis involve only one organism; however, polymicrobial infections can occur, especially after large open injuries to the joint.

• #32 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  Acute septic arthritis may develop as a result of hematogenous seeding, direct introduction, or extension from a contiguous focus of infection. […] The pathogenesis of acute septic arthritis is multifactorial and depends on the interaction of the host immune response and the adherence factors, toxins, and immunoavoidance strategies of the invading pathogen. […] Most septic joints develop as a result of hematogenous seeding of the vascular synovial membrane due to a bacteremic episode. […] Although a rare cause, acute septic arthritis may also occur as a result of joint aspiration or local corticosteroid joint injection. […] In addition, bacterial arthritis may arise secondary to penetrating trauma (such as human or animal bite or nail puncture) or after trauma to a joint without an obvious break in the skin.

• #33 Acute Infectious Arthritis – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/infections-of-joints-and-bones/acute-infectious-arthritis

  Infectious organisms reach joints by (1) Direct penetration (eg, trauma, surgery, arthrocentesis, bites) […] (2) Extension from an adjacent infection (eg, osteomyelitis, a soft-tissue abscess, an infected wound) […] (3) Hematogenous spread from a remote site of infection. […] Common organisms are listed in table Organisms That Commonly Cause Acute Infectious Arthritis. […] In adults, most acute joint infections result from bacteria and are classified as gonococcal or nongonococcal. This distinction is important because gonococcal infections are far less destructive to the joint. In adults overall, Staphylococcus aureus tends to be the most frequent cause of infectious arthritis. Methicillin resistance is common among community isolates of S. aureus. S. aureus is associated with the largest risk of long-term complications.

• #34

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120520/septic-arthritis

  Clinical definition: infection of a joint leading to arthritis that can be caused by bacteria […] fungi […] mycobacteria. […] Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause. […] Streptococci is the second most common cause of nongonococcal arthritis. […] Neisseria gonorrhoeae is suspected in healthy and sexually active patients. […] Pseudomonas aeruginosa is typically seen in healthcare-associated infections. […] Borrelia burgdorferi is typically seen in patients in endemic areas. […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Staphylococcus epidermidis is typically seen in prosthetic joint infections. […] Pathogenesis: infectious agent can be spread to the joint by hematogenously, direct inoculation, or contiguously from the adjacent skin (e.g., cellulitis and cutaneous ulcers). […] once the infectious agent arrives to the synovial membrane an inflammatory response ensues.

• #35 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  The direct introduction of bacteria during joint surgery has increasingly been a source of bacterial arthritis, particularly in association with knee and hip arthroplasties. […] Virtually every bacterial organism has been reported to cause septic arthritis. […] The most common etiological agent of all septic arthritis cases in Europe and all nongonococcal cases in the United States is Staphylococcus aureus. […] After S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. are the next most commonly isolated bacteria from adult patients with septic arthritis. […] While relatively rare in Western Europe, the diplococcus gram-negative bacterial species Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of septic arthritis in the United States. […] The pathogenesis of acute septic arthritis is multifactorial and depends on the interaction of the host immune response and the invading pathogen.

• #36 Septic arthritis: immunopathogenesis, experimental models and therapy | Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases | Full Text

  https://jvat.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1678-9199-20-19

  It has been estimated that no causative agent is identified in around half of the patients because the severity of this pathology requires a prompt therapy, even before the isolation of the infectious agent. […] The immunopathogenetic characteristics described below are all related to this etiological agent. […] It is well established that, in addition to bacterial virulence factors, the host immune response plays an important role in the joint-damaging process. […] The direct contribution of bacterial products to the recruitment of PMNs was demonstrated by Gjertsson et al. […] Cytokines released from macrophages such as TNF-, IL-1 and IL-6 have been classically indicated as the major players of the severe inflammation that precedes cartilage and bone destruction during SA. […] The contribution of SAg to SA has been clearly observed in experimental arthritis.

• #37 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  Since S. aureus has been extensively studied with regard to its role in septic arthritis and causes the majority of cases in most nations, we will use this bacterial species as the typical pathogen in the discussion of acute nongonococcal septic arthritis. […] The virulence and tropism of the microorganisms, combined with the resistance or susceptibility of the synovium to microbial invasion, are major determinants of joint infection. […] The infection spreads laterally, where it breaks through the cortex and lifts the loose periosteum to form a subperiosteal abscess. […] The joint is further damaged by the release of lysosomal enzymes and bacterial toxins. […] The infectious process induces a joint effusion that increases intra-articular pressure, mechanically impeding blood and nutrient supply to the joint.

• #38

• #39 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  The pathogenic properties of alpha-hemolysin were recently found to only occur when another staphylococcal toxin, the leukocyte-specific gamma-toxin, was also present in the infecting strain. […] The interaction of the bacteria and host is of utmost importance in the initiation and prolongation of infection and cartilage damage.

• #40 Acute Septic Arthritis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC126863/

  The pathogenic properties of alpha-hemolysin were recently found to only occur when another staphylococcal toxin, the leukocyte-specific gamma-toxin, was also present in the infecting strain. […] The interaction of the bacteria and host is of utmost importance in the initiation and prolongation of infection and cartilage damage.

• #41 Septic arthritis: immunopathogenesis, experimental models and therapy | Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases | Full Text

  https://jvat.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1678-9199-20-19

  It has been estimated that no causative agent is identified in around half of the patients because the severity of this pathology requires a prompt therapy, even before the isolation of the infectious agent. […] The immunopathogenetic characteristics described below are all related to this etiological agent. […] It is well established that, in addition to bacterial virulence factors, the host immune response plays an important role in the joint-damaging process. […] The direct contribution of bacterial products to the recruitment of PMNs was demonstrated by Gjertsson et al. […] Cytokines released from macrophages such as TNF-, IL-1 and IL-6 have been classically indicated as the major players of the severe inflammation that precedes cartilage and bone destruction during SA. […] The contribution of SAg to SA has been clearly observed in experimental arthritis.

• #42 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  Organisms may invade the joint by direct inoculation, by contiguous spread from infected periarticular tissue, or most commonly, via the bloodstream. […] Previously damaged joints, especially those damaged by rheumatoid arthritis, are the most susceptible to infection. […] The major consequence of bacterial invasion is damage to articular cartilage. […] Infection with N gonorrhoeae induces a relatively mild influx of white blood cells (WBCs) into the joint, explaining, in part, the minimal joint destruction observed in cases of infection with this organism relative to destruction associated with S aureus infection. […] Reactive, or postexposure, arthritis is observed more commonly in patients with human lymphocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) histocompatibility antigens. Although various infections can cause reactive arthritis, gastrointestinal processes are by far the most common.

• #43

  https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1058/septic-arthritis–adult

  Septic Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology, most commonly affecting the knee, hip, and shoulder. […] 3 etiologies of bacterial seeding of joint: bacteremia, direct inoculation from trauma or surgery, contiguous spread from adjacent osteomyelitis. […] septic arthritis causes irreversible cartilage destruction in an involved joint; cartilage injury can occur by 8 hours. […] most common pathogens is staphylococcus aureus (accounts for 50% of cases). […] Delayed diagnosis can lead to profound, extensive cartilage damage within 8 hours.

• #44 Differentiating Between Septic Arthritis and Lyme Arthritis in the Pediatric Population

  https://jposna.org/index.php/jposna/article/view/706/857

  Most cases of septic arthritis are due to joint infection because of hematogenous inoculation through the transphyseal vessels, which cross the growth plate (physis) and provide a connection between the metaphysis and the epiphysis and subsequently into the joint lumen. […] The inflammatory response to the bacterial infection in the joint produces high local cytokine concentrations, which then increase the release of matrix metalloproteinases and other collagen degrading enzymes that deteriorate the tissue in the joint space. […] Joint destruction can begin as soon as 8 hours following inoculation. […] A synovial fluid WCC greater than 50 109 cells/L with a neutrophil (PMN) dominance of 90% is often used to differentiate identify septic arthritis. […] Antibiotics are often withheld in medically stable children until a synovial fluid sample is obtained.

• #45 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  Septic arthritis must be considered and promptly diagnosed in any patient presenting with acute atraumatic joint pain, swelling, and fever. Risk factors for septic arthritis include age older than 80 years, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, hip or knee prosthesis, skin infection, and immunosuppressive medication use. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated in septic arthritis; however, other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and mycobacterium can cause the disease. […] The reported incidence of septic arthritis is four to 29 cases per 100,000 person-years, and risk increases with age, use of immunosuppressive medications, and lower socioeconomic status. […] A joint is most commonly infected hematogenously from bacteremia. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species are the most common causes.

• #46 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  The risk factors for developing septic arthritis are different for children and adults. […] Risk factors for adults include: […] Having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis: People who have damaged joints from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis are more susceptible to septic arthritis. […] Having HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): HIV weakens your immune system, which makes it more likely that you’ll get an infection, which could lead to septic arthritis. […] Having diabetes: Having high blood sugar can weaken your immune system. […] Having skin infections: Since septic arthritis is usually caused by an infection elsewhere on or in your body, having a skin infection could lead to septic arthritis. […] Having a recent joint surgery: Having a recent joint surgery puts you at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis because the wound from the surgery could become infected.

• #47 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. […] Septic arthritis is joint inflammation secondary to an infectious etiology, usually bacterial, but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen overall. […] In adults, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. […] Polymicrobial joint infections occur in about 5% of patients as a result of trauma or abdominal infection. […] The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). […] Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.

• #48 Differentiating Between Septic Arthritis and Lyme Arthritis in the Pediatric Population

  https://jposna.org/index.php/jposna/article/view/706/857

  Septic arthritis is more common in boys than girls with a ratio of 2:1, with an incidence in developed countries ranging from 4 to 5 cases per 100,000 children per year. […] Methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus are the most common cause of septic arthritis and community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) as an isolate in 26%-63% of cases of septic arthritis. […] Other common causes of septic arthritis include Kingella kingae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobacter, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. […] Patients with sickle cell disease are at risk for developing septic arthritis caused by encapsulated organisms such as Salmonella spp. and Neisseria Meningitidis. […] Sexually active adolescents are at risk for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae as the causative agent.

• #49 Septic arthritis | Symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/septic-arthritis/

  Such as rheumatoid arthritis or another inflammatory condition, which makes your joints more vulnerable to infection. […] If you feel your symptoms are worse than usual and you’re feeling unwell, see your doctor. […] Conditions treated with drugs that reduce the activity of your immune system, for example immuno-suppressants used for arthritis or chemotherapy to treat cancer, a poor or weakened immune system, caused by cancer, HIV or Aids, or another condition or serious illness that reduces your immune system’s ability to fight infection.

• #50 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  The risk factors for developing septic arthritis are different for children and adults. […] Risk factors for adults include: […] Having rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis: People who have damaged joints from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis are more susceptible to septic arthritis. […] Having HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): HIV weakens your immune system, which makes it more likely that you’ll get an infection, which could lead to septic arthritis. […] Having diabetes: Having high blood sugar can weaken your immune system. […] Having skin infections: Since septic arthritis is usually caused by an infection elsewhere on or in your body, having a skin infection could lead to septic arthritis. […] Having a recent joint surgery: Having a recent joint surgery puts you at a higher risk of getting septic arthritis because the wound from the surgery could become infected.

• #51 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Having an artificial (prosthetic) joint: Infections are more common in prosthetic (artificial) joints than in natural joints. […] Septic arthritis cannot go away on its own since it’s an infection. Bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotics. […] Despite the use of antibiotics for treatment, there’s a 7% to 15% mortality (death) rate for septic arthritis. […] Complications of septic arthritis can include: […] Sepsis (widespread inflammation in the body).

• #52 Septic arthritis | Symptoms, causes, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis is extremely painful and can develop quickly. Its most commonly caused by bacteria, from an infected cut or wound. The bacteria travels through the blood supply to a joint, which then becomes infected. […] It can also be caused by a virus, skin infection or bacteria getting into your body through the site of an injection or surgery. […] Your chances of developing septic arthritis are increased if you have an injury, such as a wound that becomes infected or a joint injury. […] Such as joint surgery, for example a hip or knee replacement, an injection into or near a joint, such as a steroid injection, or injecting non-prescription drugs. […] Such as the sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoeae, as it can infect your joints, abscesses, a urine infection, food poisoning, sinus or skin infections, an infected sore throat, tuberculosis, or an infection in your bones close to a joint.

• #53 Septic Arthritis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1200/p589.html

  In adults, S. aureus is the most common cause of native joint septic arthritis, followed by Streptococcus species. Native joint septic arthritis can be associated with some viral infections, including chikungunya, rubella, and parvovirus B19. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus infection is a common cause of oligoarticular arthritis, and group B streptococci are more common in oligoarticular arthritis than in monoarticular septic arthritis. […] In older people, gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, cause about 23% to 30% of septic arthritis cases. […] Risk factors for septic arthritis are listed in Table 3. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a flare-up in one or multiple joints are at particularly high risk. […] People who smoke tobacco also have an increased risk of septic arthritis. […] Risk factors for fungal arthritis include diabetes, HIV infection, immunosuppression from disease or medication use, organ transplantation, parenteral hyperalimentation, indwelling catheter, substance abuse, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

• #54 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/septic-arthritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop4a0sIli_uxwB0_arEYLSmxGkbnGRKWNnw4EPUmRgfP2O9D9et

  Fungi that can cause septic arthritis include Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasma, and Blastomyces. […] Some causative factors that include the risk of septic arthritis include: […] Although, it can happen to anyone, young children and older adults are more at risk of septic arthritis. […] People having fragile skin that breaks or cuts easily like in the case of psoriasis or eczema are more at risk of septic arthritis. […] People having a weak immunity or falling sick often or taking medications that suppress the immune system are more prone to septic arthritis. […] A sudden trauma due to puncture wounds, animal bites or a cut can increase your chances of getting septic arthritis. […] Pre-existing chronic conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, cancer, diabetes, immuno-deficiency disorders or having a history of joint surgery can increase your risk of septic arthritis. […] Lifestyle habits like smoking or alcohol abuse can increase the risk of septic arthritis.

• #55 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  Septic arthritis is inflammation of the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. […] Septic arthritis is joint inflammation secondary to an infectious etiology, usually bacterial, but occasionally fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other uncommon pathogens. […] Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen overall. […] In adults, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infecting organism. […] Polymicrobial joint infections occur in about 5% of patients as a result of trauma or abdominal infection. […] The incidence of septic arthritis peaks between ages 2 and 3 years and has a male predominance (2:1). […] Risk factors in adults include age older than 80, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, recent joint surgery, joint prosthesis, previous intra-articular injection, skin infections and cutaneous ulcers, Human immunodeficiency virus, osteoarthritis, sexual activity (especially in cases of suspected gonococcal septic arthritis), other causes of sepsis.

• #56 Septic Arthritis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/septic_arthritis/article.htm

  While joint infection occasionally affects people with no known predisposing risk factors, it more commonly occurs when certain risk situations are present. Risks for the development of septic arthritis include taking medications that suppress the immune system, intravenous drug abuse, past joint disease, injury, or surgery, and underlying medical conditions and diseases including diabetes, alcoholism, sickle cell disease, rheumatic diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), and immune deficiency disorders.

• #57 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%. S aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis in all age groups.

• #58 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%. S aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis in all age groups.

• #59 Septic arthritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_arthritis

  Septic arthritis is usually caused by bacteria, but may be caused by viral, mycobacterial, and fungal pathogens as well. […] Non-gonococcal arthritis: These bacteria account for over 80% of septic arthritis cases and are usually staphylococci or streptococci. […] Gonococcal arthritis: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common cause of septic arthritis in people who are sexually active and under 40 years old. […] Fungal and mycobacterial infections are rare causes of septic arthritis and usually have a slow onset of joint symptoms. […] Artificial joint infection are usually caused by coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram negative bacilli.

• #60 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%. S aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis in all age groups.

• #61 Septic Arthritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538176/

  The highly vascularized joint synovium lacks a limiting basement membrane so is prone to infection via hematogenous seeding from systemic infection. […] Septic arthritis occurs when there is a bacterial invasion of the synovium and joint space followed by an inflammatory process. […] Most early prosthetic joint infections are caused by staphylococcus, whereas delayed cases are due to gram negatives and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. […] Despite antibiotic use, there is a 7% to 15% mortality rate for in-hospital septic arthritis. […] Infection with Neisseria is rarely associated with death, whereas infection caused by staphylococcus can carry a mortality rate in excess of 50%.

• #62 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Having an artificial (prosthetic) joint: Infections are more common in prosthetic (artificial) joints than in natural joints. […] Septic arthritis cannot go away on its own since it’s an infection. Bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotics. […] Despite the use of antibiotics for treatment, there’s a 7% to 15% mortality (death) rate for septic arthritis. […] Complications of septic arthritis can include: […] Sepsis (widespread inflammation in the body).

• #63 Septic Arthritis: Background, Etiology and Pathophysiology, Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/236299-overview

  PJIs may be a consequence of local infection, such as superficial surgical site infections/delayed wound healing (60-80% of cases). […] Overall, the most common organisms of prosthetic joint infections are CoNS (22% of cases) and S aureus (22% of cases). Enteric gram-negative organisms account for 25% of isolates. […] The mortality rate primarily depends on the causative organism. N gonorrhoeae septic arthritis carries an extremely low mortality rate, whereas that of S aureus can approach 50%. S aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis in all age groups.

• #64 Pulsenotes | Septic arthritis notes

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/orthopaedics/notes/septic-arthritis

  Gram-negative rods including E.coli and Klebsiella may be isolated. […] Septic arthritis arises when bacteria (or other pathogens) enter the synovium. […] Haematogenous spread is the most common mechanism by which bacteria infect the joint. […] The presence of foreign material enhances certain bacteria’s ability to form a biofilm. […] The timing of infection can give an indication to the causative pathogen and mechanism of infection. […] Septic arthritis is more frequently seen in elderly diabetic patients. […] Gram-negative bacteria are more common in the elderly and those suffering with recurrent UTIs. […] The mortality from septic arthritis is estimated to be around 11%. […] Joint destruction is thought to result in loss of function in around 40% of patients – this is dependent on the pathogen and the period between onset and treatment.

• #65 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Having an artificial (prosthetic) joint: Infections are more common in prosthetic (artificial) joints than in natural joints. […] Septic arthritis cannot go away on its own since it’s an infection. Bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotics. […] Despite the use of antibiotics for treatment, there’s a 7% to 15% mortality (death) rate for septic arthritis. […] Complications of septic arthritis can include: […] Sepsis (widespread inflammation in the body).

• #66 Septic Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/arthritis/septic-arthritis

  Septic arthritis occurs due to an infection. According to researchers, septic arthritis is most often the result of a bacterial infection. However, fungi, viruses, and other less common infectious organisms can also contribute to the condition. […] Infectious organisms travel through the bloodstream from the site of another infection to the joints. The Arthritis Foundation notes that joints damaged by arthritis are more susceptible to infections. […] The most common cause of septic arthritis is a bacterial infection. When bacteria enter the bloodstream through other body sites, they can travel to the joints and cause pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms such as fever. […] Septic arthritis can cause a variety of complications, including: osteomyelitis, or a bone infection; osteonecrosis, or bone death due to blood flow disruption; chronic pain; sepsis; death.

• #67 Septic Arthritis – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/septic-arthritis/

  Staphylococcus species of bacteria are responsible for most cases of acute septic arthritis. Certain sites (foot puncture wounds = Pseudomonas) and certain patients (those with sickle cell disease = Salmonella) are susceptible to other characteristic organisms. […] When left untreated, septic arthritis can lead to destruction of the joint, as the enzymes released to kill the bacteria are highly toxic to the cartilage as well.

• #68 Septic Arthritis – Clinical Features – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/orthopaedic/principles/septic-arthritis/

  Septic arthritis refers to the infection of a joint. It requires a high index of suspicion and can affect both native and prosthetic joints. The main causative organisms that lead to septic arthritis are S. aureus (most common in adults), Streptococcus spp., Gonorrhoea (more common in sexually active patients), and Salmonella (especially in those with sickle cell disease). Bacteria will seed to the joint from a bacteraemia (e.g. recent cellulitis, UTI, chest infection), a direct inoculation, or spreading from adjacent osteomyelitis. Septic arthritis can cause irreversible articular cartilage damage leading to severe osteoarthritis. […] The main risk factors for developing septic arthritis are increasing age, any pre-existing joint disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes mellitus or immunosuppression, chronic kidney disease, hip or knee joint prosthesis, or intravenous drug use. […] The main complications of septic arthritis are osteoarthritis and osteomyelitis. Early intervention will reduce the risk of developing these complications. […] Patients are at increased risk of developing osteoarthritis and osteomyelitis.

• #69 Septic Arthritis: What Is It, Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22418-septic-arthritis

  Having an artificial (prosthetic) joint: Infections are more common in prosthetic (artificial) joints than in natural joints. […] Septic arthritis cannot go away on its own since it’s an infection. Bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotics. […] Despite the use of antibiotics for treatment, there’s a 7% to 15% mortality (death) rate for septic arthritis. […] Complications of septic arthritis can include: […] Sepsis (widespread inflammation in the body).

• #70 Septic Arthritis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Conditions/Orthopedics/Arthritis/Types/85,P00055

  Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint (synovial) fluid and joint tissues. It occurs more often in children than in adults. The infection usually reaches the joints through the bloodstream. In some cases, joints may become infected due to an injection, surgery, or injury. […] Different types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi can infect a joint. The types that can cause septic arthritis include: […] The most common type of bacteria that causes septic arthritis is Staphylococcus aureus. It’s also known as S. aureus. The bacteria can enter the body in a number of ways, such as: […] Risk factors for septic arthritis include: […] Other factors that may increase the risk for septic arthritis include: […] Symptoms include fever, joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth. […] Quick treatment with antibiotics for bacterial septic arthritis is needed to halt the risk of joint damage. […] Different types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi can infect a joint.

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