Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cholecystitis Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/cholecystitis/

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, a small organ near the liver that plays a part in digesting food. Normally, fluid called bile passes out of the gallbladder on its way to the small intestine. If the flow of bile is blocked, it builds up inside the gallbladder, causing swelling, pain, and possible infection. […] The most common symptom of cholecystitis is pain in your upper right abdomen that can sometimes move around to your back or right shoulder blade. Other symptoms include: Nausea or vomiting. Tenderness in the right abdomen. Fever. Pain that gets worse during a deep breath. Pain for more than 6 hours, particularly after meals. […] Older people may not have fever or pain. Their only symptom may be a tender area in the abdomen. […] Long-term (chronic) cholecystitis is another form of cholecystitis. It occurs when the gallbladder remains swollen over time, causing the walls of the gallbladder to become thick and hard.

• #2 Gallbladder Disease | Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist

  https://www.wakehealth.edu/condition/g/gallbladder-disease

  Between 1 and 3% of people with symptomatic gallstones develop inflammation in the gallbladder (acute cholecystitis), which occurs when stones or sludge block the duct. The symptoms are similar to those of biliary colic, but are more persistent and severe. They include the following: […] Pain in the upper right abdomen that is severe and constant, and may last for days. Pain frequently increases when drawing a breath. […] Pain may also radiate to the back or occur under the shoulder blades or behind the breast bone. […] About a third of patients have fever and chills, which do not occur with uncomplicated biliary colic. […] Nausea and vomiting may occur.

• #3 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder inflammation), Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis may be: […] Acute (occur suddenly) This inflammation often causes severe pain in the mid or right upper abdomen. Pain can also spread between the shoulder blades. In severe cases, the gallbladder may tear or burst and release bile into the abdomen, causing severe pain. This can be a life-threatening situation that requires immediate attention. […] Chronic (multiple episodes of inflammation) Recurrent bouts of mild swelling and irritation/inflammation will often damage the wall of the gallbladder causing it to thicken, shrink and lose proper function. […] Other symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain that gets worse when taking a deep breath, abdominal pain and cramping after meals (especially fatty foods).

• #4 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is a sudden, sharp pain in the upper right-hand side of your tummy (abdomen). This pain spreads towards your right shoulder. […] The affected part of the tummy is usually very tender, and breathing deeply can make the pain worse. […] Unlike other types of abdominal pain, the pain of acute cholecystitis is usually persistent and does not go away within a few hours. […] Some people may have additional symptoms, such as a high temperature, feeling sick, being sick, sweating, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice), and a bulge in the tummy. […] It’s important for acute cholecystitis to be diagnosed as soon as possible, as there’s a risk of serious complications developing if it’s not treated promptly.

• #5 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. […] Acute cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. The pathophysiologic mechanism of acute cholecystitis is blockage of the cystic duct. […] Cases of chronic cholecystitis present with progressing right upper quadrant abdominal pain with bloating, food intolerances (especially greasy and spicy foods), increased gas, nausea, and vomiting. Pain in the midback or shoulder may also occur. This pain could be present for years until diagnosis. Cases of acute cholecystitis have similar symptoms only more severe. […] The finding of right upper abdominal pain with deep palpation, Murphy sign, is usually classic for this disease. […] In acute cholecystitis or severe disease, white blood cell count (WBC) may be elevated.

• #6 Cholecystitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/cholecystitis.html

  Cholecystitis can be sudden (acute) or long-term (chronic). […] In most cases, an attack of cholecystitis lasts 2 to 3 days. Each persons symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: Intense, sudden pain in the upper right or center part of your belly. Pain (often worse with deep breaths) that spreads to your back or below the right shoulder blade. Nausea. Vomiting. Fever. Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Loose, light-colored (gray) bowel movements. Dark-colored urine. Belly bloating. […] Cholecystitis can happen suddenly (acute) or it can be long-term (chronic). […] If your gallbladder has not been removed and you have more attacks of cholecystitis, you may develop long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. Chronic cholecystitis may not cause any symptoms. But it can damage the walls of your gallbladder. The walls can become scarred and get thicker. Your gallbladder will start to get smaller. Over time, it will be less able to store and release bile. You will need surgery to remove your gallbladder.

• #7 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/cholecystitis-symptoms-8634420

  Cholecystitis is the inflammation and irritation of your gallbladderthe pear-shaped, digestive organ that sits beneath the liver, on the right side of your abdomen. This condition is often a complication of gallstones and occurs when bile (digestive fluid) cant exit the gallbladder into the intestines properly. The buildup of bile can cause inflammation and lead to symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating. […] This condition is often chronic (long-term) and often develops slowly. However, acute (short-term) cholecystitis symptoms can happen rapidly, which may be signs of a medical emergency. That said, its important to recognize the symptoms of this condition so you know when to get care from a healthcare provider. […] The primary sign of cholecystitis is abdominal pain. Everyone experiences pain differently, but common characteristics include pain that: Is in the upper right abdomen, Is sharp or severe, Lasts for 30 minutes to several hours, Spreads to the middle back or below the right shoulder blade, Is duller, but lasts weeks, Occurs at night or after eating a meal, Worsens with deep breaths, Develops after eating fatty, greasy, or spicy foods.

• #8 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is a sudden, sharp pain in the upper right-hand side of your tummy (abdomen). This pain spreads towards your right shoulder. […] The affected part of the tummy is usually very tender, and breathing deeply can make the pain worse. […] Unlike other types of abdominal pain, the pain of acute cholecystitis is usually persistent and does not go away within a few hours. […] Some people may have additional symptoms, such as a high temperature, feeling sick, being sick, sweating, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice), and a bulge in the tummy. […] It’s important for acute cholecystitis to be diagnosed as soon as possible, as there’s a risk of serious complications developing if it’s not treated promptly.

• #9 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is sudden, sharp pain in the upper right of your abdomen (tummy). This pain spreads towards your right shoulder. The pain can last longer than 5 hours. […] Some people may have more symptoms, such as: a fever (high temperature of 38 degrees Celsius or above), feeling or being sick, sweating, loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes), a bulge in the tummy. […] Getting treatment for acute cholecystitis as soon as possible reduces the risk of serious complications. […] Without proper treatment, acute cholecystitis can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. The main complications of acute cholecystitis are gangrenous cholecystitis and perforated gallbladder.

• #10 Acute Cholecystitis Symptoms and Nursing Management of Gall Bladder Attacks | Health And Willness

  https://healthandwillness.org/acute-cholecystitis-and-gall-bladder-attacks/

  Nausea and vomiting are common with all gallbladder disease. […] The patient may report fevers and chills. Fevers are present in 35% of cases, and chills present in 13% of cases. […] A positive Murphy’s sign is highly sensitive for acute cholecystitis, often cited as being around 65-97% sensitive, but is less specific, with specificity values often ranging from 48% to 87%. […] Patients with acute cholecystitis generally appear ill and in pain. They are often sitting still since movement exacerbates their pain due to local peritoneal irritation. […] Symptoms of acute cholecystitis including RUQ abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and sometimes fevers and chills. […] Treatment of acute cholecystitis includes IV hydration, pain management, IV antibiotics, and usually surgical removal of the gallbladder.

• #11 Diagnosing Biliary Colic and Acute Cholecystitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0915/p1386.html

  Pain in the area of the gall bladder lasting more than three hours is characteristic of acute cholecystitis. The most common cause is cystic duct obstruction by gallstone(s), and the initial symptom may be epigastric pain. A pain-free interval may occur before symptoms shift to the right upper quadrant. Older patients may have only localized tenderness. As local inflammation becomes more intense, signs and symptoms of tenderness and a local mass can be complicated by systemic toxicity manifested by fever and leukocytosis. The classic Murphy’s sign (abrupt interruption of deep inspiration) is elicited by palpation of the gallbladder area. A palpable mass caused by inflammation and adherent omentum is present in 30 to 40 percent of patients with cholecystitis. Abdominal guarding in response to deep palpation is common. Up to 15 percent of patients with acute cholecystitis are jaundiced.

• #12 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder. It is a potentially serious condition that usually needs to be treated in hospital. The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is a sudden sharp pain in the upper right side of your tummy (abdomen) that spreads towards your right shoulder. The affected part of the abdomen is usually extremely tender, and breathing deeply can make the pain worse. Unlike some others types of abdominal pain, the pain associated with acute cholecystitis is usually persistent, and doesnt go away within a few hours. Some people may additional symptoms, such as: a high temperature (fever) […] nausea and vomiting […] sweating […] loss of appetite […] yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) […] a bulge in the abdomen. Its important for acute cholecystitis to be diagnosed as soon as possible, because there is a risk that serious complications could develop if the condition is not treated promptly. If you are diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, you will probably need to be admitted to hospital for treatment. Initial treatment will usually involve: fasting (not eating or drinking) to take the strain off your gallbladder

• #13 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/cholecystitis-symptoms-8634420

  It’s worth noting that symptoms of chronic cholecystitis can come and go. Sometimes you’ll experience dull and steady pain for weeks and experience no symptoms at all at other times. However, acute cholecystitis causes sudden attacks of sharper, more severe stabs of pain. […] Cholecystitis also affects your ability to digest foods. Since bile helps your body break down fats, eating greasy or fatty foods can cause more buildup of bile and trigger inflammation. Alongside the abdominal pain, you may experience the following symptoms: Bloating, especially after eating, Nausea and vomiting, Belching (burping), Flatulence (farting), Clay-colored stools, Dark-colored urine, Food intolerances, especially to fatty, greasy, or spicy foods, Loss of appetite. […] Several other symptoms can accompany pain and digestive problems with cholecystitis. These include: Abdominal swelling, Fever, Headache, Sweating, Chills and shivering, Fatigue, Muscle weakness, pain, and stiffness, Jaundice.

• #14 Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholecystitis-gallbladder-inflammation

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of your gallbladder. […] Symptoms of cholecystitis include pain in the middle or right side of your abdomen, nausea and fever. […] Symptoms of cholecystitis include: an intense, constant pain in the middle or right side of your upper abdomen (tummy) […] nausea […] vomiting […] fever […] loss of appetite. […] Cholecystitis can be very painful and needs hospital treatment. It is a serious condition and can lead to complications. […] See your doctor if you have abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. If the pain is so bad that you cant get comfortable, go straight to your nearest hospital emergency department. […] Cholecystitis needs to be treated in hospital. […] Complications of cholecystitis can be life-threatening.

• #15 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | Cholecystitis (Gallbladder…

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/cholecystitis-gallbladder-inflammation

  In addition to pain, you may also experience nausea, vomiting, and the pain may cause shortness of breath when inhaling. A stiffening of the muscles of the abdomen may also occur, as well as bloating, chills, and fever. If you are an older individual, you may not develop pain or a fever. You will likely still experience tenderness in the upper right side of your abdomen, decreased food intake, and may even experience altered mental state.

• #16 Chronic Cholecystitis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/chronic-cholecystitis/

  This condition typically lasts for weeks or even months with symptoms slowly becoming worse over time or appearing more frequently. Fever and a fast heart rate are less common symptoms. Its crucial to note that older adults might show unclear symptoms yet they are at a risk of their condition progressing to a more complicated stage. Therefore, doctors need to rely on strong clinical judgment to correctly diagnose chronic cholecystitis. […] The signs and symptoms of Chronic Cholecystitis include: – Dull pain in the upper right abdomen – Pain that may extend to the waist, back, or right shoulder blade – Increased discomfort after consuming fatty foods – Nausea – Occasional vomiting – Increased gas and bloating – Symptoms often appear during evenings or nights – Worsening of symptoms over weeks or months It’s important to note that older adults may have unclear symptoms, but they are at a higher risk of their condition progressing to a more complicated stage. Therefore, doctors need to rely on strong clinical judgment to correctly diagnose chronic cholecystitis.

• #17 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, usually resulting from a gallstone blocking the cystic duct. […] Typically, people have abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. […] Acute cholecystitis begins suddenly, resulting in severe, steady pain in the upper abdomen. […] The pain of acute cholecystitis is similar to biliary colic (pain caused by gallstones) but is more severe and lasts longer. […] Most people feel a sharp pain when a doctor presses on the upper right part of the abdomen. […] Fever occurs in about one third of people with acute cholecystitis. […] Typically, an attack subsides in 2 to 3 days and completely resolves in a week. […] If the acute episode persists, it may signal a serious complication. […] Acalculous cholecystitis typically causes sudden, excruciating pain in the upper abdomen in people with no previous symptoms or other evidence of a gallbladder disorder.

• #18 Acute Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. Symptoms include right upper quadrant pain and tenderness, sometimes accompanied by fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Most patients have had prior attacks of biliary colic or acute cholecystitis. The pain of cholecystitis is similar in quality and location to biliary colic but lasts longer (ie, 6 hours) and is more severe. Vomiting is common, as is right subcostal tenderness. Within a few hours, the Murphy sign (deep inspiration exacerbates the pain during palpation of the right upper quadrant and halts inspiration) develops along with involuntary guarding of upper abdominal muscles on the right side. Fever, usually low grade, is common. […] In older patients, the first or only symptoms may be systemic and nonspecific (eg, anorexia, vomiting, malaise, weakness, fever). Sometimes fever does not develop.

• #19 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, usually resulting from a gallstone blocking the cystic duct. […] Typically, people have abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. […] Acute cholecystitis begins suddenly, resulting in severe, steady pain in the upper abdomen. […] The pain of acute cholecystitis is similar to biliary colic (pain caused by gallstones) but is more severe and lasts longer. […] Most people feel a sharp pain when a doctor presses on the upper right part of the abdomen. […] Fever occurs in about one third of people with acute cholecystitis. […] Typically, an attack subsides in 2 to 3 days and completely resolves in a week. […] If the acute episode persists, it may signal a serious complication. […] Acalculous cholecystitis typically causes sudden, excruciating pain in the upper abdomen in people with no previous symptoms or other evidence of a gallbladder disorder.

• #20 Chronic cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000217.htm

  Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that continues over time. […] Most of the time, chronic cholecystitis is caused by repeated attacks of acute (sudden) cholecystitis. […] Acute cholecystitis is a painful condition that may lead to chronic cholecystitis. It is not clear whether chronic cholecystitis causes any symptoms. […] Symptoms of acute cholecystitis can include: Sharp, cramping, or dull pain in upper right or upper middle of your belly. […] The gallbladder begins to shrink. Over time, the gallbladder is less able to concentrate, store, and release bile.

• #21 Chronic Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470236/

  Chronic cholecystitis is a prolonged, subacute condition caused by the mechanical or functional dysfunction of the emptying of the gallbladder. It presents with chronic symptomatology that can be accompanied by acute exacerbations of more pronounced symptoms (acute biliary colic), or it can progress to a more severe form of cholecystitis requiring urgent intervention (acute cholecystitis). […] Chronic cholecystitis is a chronic condition caused by ongoing inflammation of the gallbladder resulting in mechanical or physiological dysfunction its emptying. It presents as a smoldering course that can be accompanied by acute exacerbations of increased pain (acute biliary colic), or it can progress to a more severe form of cholecystitis requiring urgent intervention (acute cholecystitis). […] Symptomatic patients with chronic cholecystitis usually present with dull right upper abdominal pain that radiates around the waist to the mid back or right scapular tip. The pain may be exacerbated by fatty food intake but the classical post-prandial pain of acute cholecystitis is less common. Nausea and occasional vomiting also accompany complaints of increased bloating and flatulence. Often the symptoms occur in the evening or at night. Symptoms are usually present over weeks to months as opposed to the abrupt, severe presentation of acute cholecystitis. There might be a gradual worsening of symptoms or an increase in the frequency of episodes.

• #22 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  People with chronic cholecystitis have recurring attacks of pain. […] The upper abdomen above the gallbladder is tender to the touch. […] In contrast to acute cholecystitis, fever rarely occurs in people with chronic cholecystitis. […] The pain is less severe than the pain of acute cholecystitis and does not last as long.

• #23 Chronic cholecystitis: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronic-cholecystitis

  Chronic cholecystitis is long-lasting inflammation of the gallbladder. Symptoms may include recurring abdominal pain in the upper right side, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. […] Chronic cholecystitis often causes a dull, aching pain in the upper right abdomen, which may radiate to the back or shoulder blade. Fatty foods can make the pain worse, and episodes may occur without warning and persist for weeks or months. […] Other possible symptoms of chronic cholecystitis include: nausea and occasional vomiting, bloating, flatulence, fever, tachycardia, which is a fast heart rate. […] If a person does not receive treatment for it, chronic cholecystitis may result in complications such as infection, gallstone ileus, abscesses, fistulas, and potentially gallbladder cancer. […] Symptoms of chronic cholecystitis can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating.

• #24 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/cholecystitis-symptoms-8634420

  It’s worth noting that symptoms of chronic cholecystitis can come and go. Sometimes you’ll experience dull and steady pain for weeks and experience no symptoms at all at other times. However, acute cholecystitis causes sudden attacks of sharper, more severe stabs of pain. […] Cholecystitis also affects your ability to digest foods. Since bile helps your body break down fats, eating greasy or fatty foods can cause more buildup of bile and trigger inflammation. Alongside the abdominal pain, you may experience the following symptoms: Bloating, especially after eating, Nausea and vomiting, Belching (burping), Flatulence (farting), Clay-colored stools, Dark-colored urine, Food intolerances, especially to fatty, greasy, or spicy foods, Loss of appetite. […] Several other symptoms can accompany pain and digestive problems with cholecystitis. These include: Abdominal swelling, Fever, Headache, Sweating, Chills and shivering, Fatigue, Muscle weakness, pain, and stiffness, Jaundice.

• #25 Chronic Cholecystitis Surgery | Call Iswanto Sucandy MD

  https://iswantosucandyliversurgery.com/chronic-cholecystitis/

  When the gallbladder is chronically inflamed secondary to the presence of gallstones causing chronic obstruction of the gallbladder duct (cystic duct), then chronic cholecystitis symptoms appear. […] Many patients will have: Constant or intermittent right upper quadrant dull pain, Stabbing pain, Gnawing pain, Chronic nausea after eating, and to a lesser degree, chronic right sided shoulder pain. […] Those are the most common signs of chronic cholecystitis. […] To a lesser extent, patients may also complain of reflux symptoms or gassy stomach. The pain can radiate to the right upper back or between the shoulder blades. Chronic cholecystitis symptoms usually occur following a fatty meal, however it can be unrelated to any food intake.

• #26 Chronic Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/chronic-cholecystitis

  Chronic cholecystitis almost always results from gallstones and prior episodes of acute cholecystitis (even if mild). […] Gallstones intermittently obstruct the cystic duct and so cause recurrent biliary colic. Such episodes of pain are not necessarily accompanied by overt gallbladder inflammation; the extent of inflammation does not correlate with the intensity or frequency of biliary colic. Upper abdominal tenderness may be present, but usually fever is not. Fever suggests acute cholecystitis. Once episodes begin, they are likely to recur.

• #27 Chronic Cholecystitis: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-cholecystitis

  Symptoms of cholecystitis can appear suddenly or develop slowly over a period of years. Most of the time these symptoms appear after a meal that is high in fat. […] Symptoms include: severe abdominal pains that may feel sharp or dull, abdominal cramping and bloating, pain that spreads to your back or below your right shoulder blade, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, loose, light-colored stools, jaundice, which is when your skin and the whites of your eyes turn yellow, itching. […] A typical attack can last two or three days, but symptoms of cholecystitis vary widely from person to person. The symptoms appear on the right or middle upper part of your stomach. The pain will usually last for 30 minutes. […] When you experience repeated or prolonged attacks of cholecystitis, it becomes a chronic condition.

• #28

  https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/43227-what-are-the-symptoms-of-cholecystitis/?csrfmiddlewaretoken=YRaSFLMH2jah3rkgtqKURxvjI7TEOs4e

  Chronic cholecystitis can be harder to diagnose but typically presents as vague central or right sided abdominal pain which may be associated with a fatty meal. Some people may report atypical biliary symptoms. It is best in this setting to see your specialist and get an ultrasound scan and/or a HIDA scan. The HIDA scan is a fantastic test for picking up chronic cholecystitis.

• #29 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  People with chronic cholecystitis have recurring attacks of pain. […] The upper abdomen above the gallbladder is tender to the touch. […] In contrast to acute cholecystitis, fever rarely occurs in people with chronic cholecystitis. […] The pain is less severe than the pain of acute cholecystitis and does not last as long.

• #30 Cholecystitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cholecystitis.html

  Symptoms of acute cholecystitis may include: […] The major symptom of chronic cholecystitis is usually intermittent pain. However, some people do not have any symptoms. If there is pain, it is usually mild, and comes and goes. These rather nonspecific symptoms accompany many other illnesses, so you may not be diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis until you have an episode of more severe symptoms during a sudden attack. […] If you have acute cholecystitis, however, and infection and inflammation continue, your symptoms may get worse and you could develop complications, including a hole in the inflamed gallbladder wall (gallbladder perforation) and an infection that spreads to the lining of the abdomen (peritonitis). This is why people with cholecystitis usually are treated and observed in a hospital until their symptoms improve.

• #31 Cholecystitis – what is it, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/gastroenterologiya/cholecystitis.html

  Depending on the characteristics of the course, two forms of the disease are distinguished: Acute cholecystitis, the symptoms of which come on suddenly and cause great discomfort to the patient. Chronic cholecystitis with mild symptoms, undulating course of exacerbations and remissions. […] It is characterized by short exacerbations that occur 1-2 times a year and last no more than two weeks. Pain on the right under the ribs is usually mild, but sometimes colic attacks can occur. Digestive disturbances, if they occur, are of a minor nature. There are no significant changes in the work of the gallbladder. […] Exacerbations of the disease occur up to 4 times a year, and can last from two to three weeks. There is a pronounced pain syndrome, weakness, disorders of the biliary tract, intestines and pancreas. In blood tests, the doctor detects a change in general indicators, which indicates liver dysfunction.

• #32 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p00661

  Cholecystitis can be sudden (acute) or long-term (chronic). […] In most cases, an attack of cholecystitis lasts 2 to 3 days. Each persons symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: Intense, sudden pain in the upper right or center part of your belly […] The symptoms of cholecystitis may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure. […] Cholecystitis can happen suddenly (acute) or it can be long-term (chronic). […] If your gallbladder has not been removed and you have more attacks of cholecystitis, you may develop long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. […] Chronic cholecystitis may not cause any symptoms. But it can damage the walls of your gallbladder. The walls can become scarred and get thicker. Your gallbladder will start to get smaller. Over time, it will be less able to store and release bile. You will need surgery to remove your gallbladder.

• #33 Chronic cholecystitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/chronic-cholecystitis

  Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that continues over time. […] Acute cholecystitis is a painful condition that may lead to chronic cholecystitis. It is not clear whether chronic cholecystitis causes any symptoms. […] Symptoms of acute cholecystitis can include: Sharp, cramping, or dull pain in upper right or upper middle of your belly. Steady pain lasting about 30 minutes. Pain that spreads to your back or below your right shoulder blade. Clay-colored stools. Fever. Nausea and vomiting. Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice). […] The disease occurs more often in women than in men. It is more common after age 40. Birth control pills and pregnancy are factors that increase the risk for gallstones. […] These attacks cause the walls of the gallbladder to thicken. The gallbladder begins to shrink. Over time, the gallbladder is less able to concentrate, store, and release bile.

• #34 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067

  A slight fever and chills may be present with acute cholecystitis. […] People with chronic cholecystitis often experience a similar type of pain, but it tends to occur primarily in the evenings or at night. […] The symptoms usually appear gradually over the course of weeks or months, and people do not typically experience fever or chills. The pain may worsen over time, and the condition can progress to the acute version.

• #35 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067

  A slight fever and chills may be present with acute cholecystitis. […] People with chronic cholecystitis often experience a similar type of pain, but it tends to occur primarily in the evenings or at night. […] The symptoms usually appear gradually over the course of weeks or months, and people do not typically experience fever or chills. The pain may worsen over time, and the condition can progress to the acute version.

• #36 Cholecystitis (Gall Bladder Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-cholecystitis

  Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms. They often show up after you’ve eaten a big or especially fatty meal. […] It’s easy to mistake cholecystitis for other health problems, but another telltale sign is intense pain — in your belly, in your back, or under your right shoulder blade. […] You might feel a sharp, sudden pain in the upper right side of your belly. You may also feel pain in your back or below your right shoulder blade. Deep breaths may make it worse. Some other symptoms to watch out for include: Nausea, Vomiting, Fever, Bloating, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice), Bowel movements that are loose and light-colored. […] Symptoms may get worse after a high-fat meal. If you can’t get comfortable or sit still because your pain is so strong, head to an emergency room. […] Cholecystitis can come on suddenly. You may hear a doctor or nurse call it an acute case. Or it can be a long-term problem. Those cases are called chronic.

• #37 Cholecystitis (Gall Bladder Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-cholecystitis

  If you have cholecystitis, especially an acute case, you may have to spend some time in the hospital. […] If gallstones caused your problem, doctors may try medications to dissolve them and give you a prescription drug to keep them from forming again. A very low-fat diet may also keep them from coming back. […] If you don’t get treatment, your gallbladder can become infected, and some of the tissue may die. Infection can also spread to other parts of your body, including your pancreas (pancreatitis) and the lining of your belly (peritonitis). […] If the tubes that carry bile are damaged too much, cholecystitis can harm your liver, too. You could have repeated bouts of painful symptoms. Eventually, your gallbladder will shrink and not work as well. The condition would become a long-term, or chronic, problem.

• #38 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Without appropriate treatment, acute cholecystitis can sometimes lead to potentially life-threatening complications. […] The main complications of acute cholecystitis are the death of gallbladder tissue (gangrenous cholecystitis) which can cause a serious infection that could spread throughout the body, and the gallbladder splitting open (perforated gallbladder) which can spread the infection within your tummy (peritonitis) or lead to a build-up of pus (abscess).

• #39 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  the gallbladder splitting open, known as a perforated gallbladder, which can spread the infection within your abdomen (peritonitis) or lead to a build-up of pus (abscess). In about 1 in every 5 cases of acute cholecystitis, emergency surgery to remove the gallbladder is needed to treat these complications.

• #40

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=&cat_id=&tid=3537

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct. […] Acute cholecystitis, if left untreated or not managed properly, can lead to several potential complications, including: Gangrene: Severe inflammation can reduce blood flow to the gallbladder, leading to tissue death (gangrene) in the gallbladder. Perforation: Inflammation and pressure buildup can cause the gallbladder to rupture, leading to bile leakage and potentially life-threatening infections in the abdominal cavity (peritonitis). Abscess formation: Pus-filled pockets (abscesses) can develop in the gallbladder or surrounding tissues due to infection. Bile duct obstruction: Inflammation can cause the gallbladder or bile ducts to become blocked, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and potentially severe liver problems. Pancreatitis: Inflammation in the pancreas can occur due to blockage of the pancreatic duct by gallstones or inflammation spreading from the gallbladder. Chronic cholecystitis: Repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis can lead to chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, which can cause ongoing pain and digestive problems. Gallbladder cancer: Although rare, chronic inflammation and gallstones can increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer over time. Sepsis: In severe cases, untreated acute cholecystitis can lead to a systemic infection (sepsis), which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

• #41

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/cholecystitis,acute/

  The main complications of acute cholecystitis are the death of gallbladder tissue (gangrenous cholecystitis) which can cause a serious infection that could spread throughout the body, the gallbladder splitting open (perforated gallbladder) which can spread the infection within your abdomen (peritonitis) or lead to a build-up of pus (abscess).

• #42 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/cholecystitis-symptoms-8634420

  People older than 65 are less likely to experience pain and fever with this condition. This can make it difficult for healthcare providers to detect the condition early and offer treatment options. Unfortunately, older people are also at a higher risk of developing this condition, so it’s important to seek care if you or a loved one develop symptoms that they’re not normally experiencing. […] Without treatment, cholecystitis can become serious and sometimes cause fatal complications. It’s worth noting that these complications are rare. However, complications like pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation), holes in the gallbladder, peritonitis (inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdomen), and trouble digesting food. […] Symptoms of these complications include: Rapid heart rate, Fever, chills, sweating, Headache, Dry cough, Stomach pain after eating, Appetite loss, unintentional weight loss, Fatty or greasy stools, Abdominal swelling, Low blood pressure, Increased thirst, Reduced urination, blood in the urine, Difficulty concentrating.

• #43

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=&cat_id=&tid=3537

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct. […] Acute cholecystitis, if left untreated or not managed properly, can lead to several potential complications, including: Gangrene: Severe inflammation can reduce blood flow to the gallbladder, leading to tissue death (gangrene) in the gallbladder. Perforation: Inflammation and pressure buildup can cause the gallbladder to rupture, leading to bile leakage and potentially life-threatening infections in the abdominal cavity (peritonitis). Abscess formation: Pus-filled pockets (abscesses) can develop in the gallbladder or surrounding tissues due to infection. Bile duct obstruction: Inflammation can cause the gallbladder or bile ducts to become blocked, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and potentially severe liver problems. Pancreatitis: Inflammation in the pancreas can occur due to blockage of the pancreatic duct by gallstones or inflammation spreading from the gallbladder. Chronic cholecystitis: Repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis can lead to chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, which can cause ongoing pain and digestive problems. Gallbladder cancer: Although rare, chronic inflammation and gallstones can increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer over time. Sepsis: In severe cases, untreated acute cholecystitis can lead to a systemic infection (sepsis), which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

• #44 Emphysematous Cholecystitis Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/emphysematous-cholecystitis

  Symptoms of emphysematous cholecystitis are similar to acute cholecystitis. In many cases, symptoms are initially not easily obvious but they rapidly become worse without treatment. […] Symptoms include: sudden and severe pain in the upper right part of your abdomen, pain extending to your back or below the right shoulder blade, which usually gets worse when you take deep breaths, nausea and vomiting, loose and light-colored bowel movements, bloated abdomen, yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice). […] If left untreated, emphysematous cholecystitis can progress to life threatening conditions like: sepsis and shock, increased heart rate (arrhythmia), low blood pressure (hypotension), heart failure.

• #45 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Delays in making the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis result in a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. This is especially true for intensive care unit (ICU) patients who develop acalculous cholecystitis. The diagnosis should be considered and the patient evaluated promptly to prevent poor outcomes. […] Once complications such as perforation/gangrene develop, the prognosis becomes less favorable. Some 25%-30% of patients either develop some type of complication or require emergency surgery. […] Patients with acalculous cholecystitis have a mortality ranging from 10%-50%, which far exceeds the expected 4% mortality observed in patients with calculous cholecystitis. In patients who are critically ill with acalculous cholecystitis and perforation or gangrene, mortality can be as high as 50%-60%.

• #46 Understanding Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Patient Guide | Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/understanding-cholecystitis-a-comprehensive-patient-guide-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-explained/

  Cholecystitis typically develops when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct, the small tube that drains bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine, leading to inflammation and infection. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe abdominal pain, along with fever, nausea, and vomiting. If untreated, cholecystitis can cause severe complications, including gallbladder rupture or widespread infection. […] The progression of cholecystitis varies from person to person. In acute cases, symptoms appear suddenly and intensely, often requiring immediate medical attention. In contrast, chronic cholecystitis tends to develop slowly over time, with repeated episodes leading to gallbladder damage. […] Abdominal pain, particularly in the right upper quadrant, is the most common symptom of cholecystitis, experienced by nearly 95% of patients. This pain results from the gallbladder’s inflammation and distention due to obstructed bile flow. It can range from mild discomfort to severe, cramp-like pain. While this pain can occur at any stage of cholecystitis, it’s typically more severe in acute cases.

• #47 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15265-gallbladder-swelling–inflammation-cholecystitis

  Common symptoms of acute cholecystitis include: […] Chronic cholecystitis symptoms tend to be less severe, and they come and go. You might have an episode of biliary colic abdominal pain with nausea after a rich or heavy meal. […] Gallstones blocking your bile ducts are the most common cause of cholecystitis, both chronic and acute. […] A gallstone that obstructs the flow of bile from your gallbladder will cause acute cholecystitis. This type gets steadily worse as your gallbladder swells more and more. […] Chronic cholecystitis tends to be less severe, but long-term inflammation can still do serious damage. Your gallbladder may develop scar tissue inside, which may make it unable to contract effectively. This can also cause your bile flow to stall. […] Cholecystitis that goes untreated may lead to dangerous complications.

• #48 Cholecystitis – what is it, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/gastroenterologiya/cholecystitis.html

  Depending on the characteristics of the course, two forms of the disease are distinguished: Acute cholecystitis, the symptoms of which come on suddenly and cause great discomfort to the patient. Chronic cholecystitis with mild symptoms, undulating course of exacerbations and remissions. […] It is characterized by short exacerbations that occur 1-2 times a year and last no more than two weeks. Pain on the right under the ribs is usually mild, but sometimes colic attacks can occur. Digestive disturbances, if they occur, are of a minor nature. There are no significant changes in the work of the gallbladder. […] Exacerbations of the disease occur up to 4 times a year, and can last from two to three weeks. There is a pronounced pain syndrome, weakness, disorders of the biliary tract, intestines and pancreas. In blood tests, the doctor detects a change in general indicators, which indicates liver dysfunction.

• #49 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p00661

  Cholecystitis can be sudden (acute) or long-term (chronic). […] In most cases, an attack of cholecystitis lasts 2 to 3 days. Each persons symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: Intense, sudden pain in the upper right or center part of your belly […] The symptoms of cholecystitis may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider to be sure. […] Cholecystitis can happen suddenly (acute) or it can be long-term (chronic). […] If your gallbladder has not been removed and you have more attacks of cholecystitis, you may develop long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. […] Chronic cholecystitis may not cause any symptoms. But it can damage the walls of your gallbladder. The walls can become scarred and get thicker. Your gallbladder will start to get smaller. Over time, it will be less able to store and release bile. You will need surgery to remove your gallbladder.

• #50 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Patients with acalculous cholecystitis may present with fever and sepsis alone, without the history of pain. […] The physical examination may reveal the following: Fever, tachycardia, and signs of peritoneal irritation (eg, tenderness in the RUQ or epigastric region, often with guarding or rebound). Palpable, tender gallbladder or fullness of the RUQ (30%-40% of patients). Jaundice (~15% of patients). […] Elderly (especially diabetics) may present with vague symptoms and without many key historical and physical findings (eg, pain and fever), with localized tenderness being the only presenting sign; may progress to complicated cholecystitis rapidly and without warning. […] Acute cholecystitis may present differently in special populations, as follows: Children may present without many of the classic findings; those at higher risk for cholecystitis include patients with sickle cell disease, serious illness, a requirement for prolonged total parenteral nutrition (TPN) hemolytic conditions, or congenital biliary anomalies.

• #51 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Delays in making the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis result in a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. This is especially true for intensive care unit (ICU) patients who develop acalculous cholecystitis. The diagnosis should be considered and the patient evaluated promptly to prevent poor outcomes. […] Once complications such as perforation/gangrene develop, the prognosis becomes less favorable. Some 25%-30% of patients either develop some type of complication or require emergency surgery. […] Patients with acalculous cholecystitis have a mortality ranging from 10%-50%, which far exceeds the expected 4% mortality observed in patients with calculous cholecystitis. In patients who are critically ill with acalculous cholecystitis and perforation or gangrene, mortality can be as high as 50%-60%.

• #52 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Patients with acalculous cholecystitis may present with fever and sepsis alone, without the history of pain. […] The physical examination may reveal the following: Fever, tachycardia, and signs of peritoneal irritation (eg, tenderness in the RUQ or epigastric region, often with guarding or rebound). Palpable, tender gallbladder or fullness of the RUQ (30%-40% of patients). Jaundice (~15% of patients). […] Elderly (especially diabetics) may present with vague symptoms and without many key historical and physical findings (eg, pain and fever), with localized tenderness being the only presenting sign; may progress to complicated cholecystitis rapidly and without warning. […] Acute cholecystitis may present differently in special populations, as follows: Children may present without many of the classic findings; those at higher risk for cholecystitis include patients with sickle cell disease, serious illness, a requirement for prolonged total parenteral nutrition (TPN) hemolytic conditions, or congenital biliary anomalies.

• #53 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.health.com/cholecystitis-symptoms-8634420

  Acute cholecystitis warrants prompt medical attention and can be a medical emergency. Get immediate help if you experience any characteristic signs of a cholecystitis attack: Sudden, sharp pain in the abdomen, Cramping that persists for several hours or more, Bloating, Nausea and vomiting, Persistent fever, Loss of consciousness or fainting. […] Cholecystitis occurs when your gallbladder becomes inflamed, causing attacks of severe pain in the upper right abdomen. In addition to pain, this condition leads to digestive symptoms, such as bloating, nausea, and gas. It can cause serious complications without treatment, so it’s important to seek medical care if you develop symptoms.

• #54 Cholecystitis 101: Symptoms & Treatments – Southlake General Surgery

  https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/cholecystitis-101-symptoms-and-treatments/

  As the problem grows worse, you could feel constant pain, feel sick to your stomach, vomit, and have a low fever. It is very important to notice this early. You need to get medical care quickly to treat any possible complications. […] Cholecystitis often leads to sudden pain in the upper right side of your belly. This pain can sometimes spread to your right shoulder blade. There are signs that show you may need immediate medical care. If you feel severe pain that lasts a long time and also has a high fever, chills, or yellowing of your skin or eyes (jaundice), you should go to the emergency room. […] Cholecystitis happens when the cystic duct gets blocked. This blockage prevents bile from leaving the gallbladder, leading to an inflamed gallbladder. Often, gallstones cause this problem.

• #55

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/digestive-system/gallbladder/gallbladder-disease-stages-symptoms

  Acute gallbladder disease is one of the most frequent causes for emergency hospital admissions. This includes obstructive jaundice due to obstructed bile ducts, acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) and acute pancreatitis. […] Patients with acute cholecystitis will have a persistent right or upper abdominal pain, and fever. This pain can be made worse by movement or coughing. Nausea and vomiting are also common. […] Should you have any of these symptoms, consult a doctor immediately: Prolonged abdominal pain lasting more than four hours, Nausea and vomiting, Fever and chills (or shivering), Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, Pale-coloured stools. […] Any of the above symptoms may signal complicated gallbladder disease, which warrants immediate attention.

• #56 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is sudden, sharp pain in the upper right of your abdomen (tummy). This pain spreads towards your right shoulder. The pain can last longer than 5 hours. […] Some people may have more symptoms, such as: a fever (high temperature of 38 degrees Celsius or above), feeling or being sick, sweating, loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes), a bulge in the tummy. […] Getting treatment for acute cholecystitis as soon as possible reduces the risk of serious complications. […] Without proper treatment, acute cholecystitis can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. The main complications of acute cholecystitis are gangrenous cholecystitis and perforated gallbladder.

• #57 Cholecystitis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/gallstones-and-bile/cholecystitis

  The main treatments for cholecystitis are: Pain relief. Intravenous fluids (through a drip). Antibiotics; usually intravenously at first, and later switched to tablets. Surgery to remove the gallbladder. This is called a cholecystectomy. […] Surgery is usually recommended for people with cholecystitis. Treatment with antibiotics, fluids, and pain relief can settle down the inflammation from cholecystitis, but there’s a high chance of it coming back without surgery. In one study, about 1 in 3 people who had cholecystitis and didn’t have surgery developed further problems from gallstones later on.

• #58 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  The most appropriate management of cholecystitis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. […] For patients with uncomplicated acute cholecystitis, the prognosis is excellent. The mortality rates are very low. Perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder may occur in delayed cases. Patients with acalculous cholecystitis have high mortality varying from 20-50%. […] In severe cases of acute cholecystitis, the intense inflammation can make surgery difficult, resulting in injury to the bile duct, which has substantial morbidity.

• #59 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder. It is a potentially serious condition that usually needs to be treated in hospital. The main symptom of acute cholecystitis is a sudden sharp pain in the upper right side of your tummy (abdomen) that spreads towards your right shoulder. The affected part of the abdomen is usually extremely tender, and breathing deeply can make the pain worse. Unlike some others types of abdominal pain, the pain associated with acute cholecystitis is usually persistent, and doesnt go away within a few hours. Some people may additional symptoms, such as: a high temperature (fever) […] nausea and vomiting […] sweating […] loss of appetite […] yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) […] a bulge in the abdomen. Its important for acute cholecystitis to be diagnosed as soon as possible, because there is a risk that serious complications could develop if the condition is not treated promptly. If you are diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, you will probably need to be admitted to hospital for treatment. Initial treatment will usually involve: fasting (not eating or drinking) to take the strain off your gallbladder

• #60 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  receiving fluids through a drip directly into a vein (intravenously) to prevent dehydration […] taking medication to relieve your pain. If you have a suspected infection, you will also be given antibiotics. These often need to be continued for up to a week, during which time you may need to stay in hospital or you may be able to go home. With this initial treatment, any gallstones that may have caused the condition usually fall back into the gallbladder and the inflammation often settles down. Without appropriate treatment, acute cholecystitis can sometimes lead to potentially life-threatening complications. The main complications of acute cholecystitis are: the death of the tissue of the gallbladder, called gangrenous cholecystitis, which can cause a serious infection that could spread throughout the body

• #61 Acute cholecystitis ➤ causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/acute-cholecystitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Acute cholecystitis, being an inflammatory and infectious process, should be considered as a septic disease, i.e. potentially life-threatening if adequate treatment is not achieved within the first few days of its onset. […] A gallbladder affected by acute cholecystitis is at risk of oedematisation (swelling of the gallbladder due to the accumulation of fluid in its tissue) and thus causing difficulties for the vascularisation or blood supply that nourishes it, which can lead to necrosis (tissue death) of the gallbladder walls over time and without treatment, over time and without treatment, necrosis (tissue death) of the walls of the gallbladder and probable abdominal peritonitis (inflammation of the abdomen due to infection) if the contents of the gallbladder manage to leak into the abdomen as a result of acute cholecystitis. […] The treatment of acute cholecystitis is eminently surgical. As mentioned above, when a patient diagnosed with gallbladder lithiasis or cholelithiasis develops a complication, such as acute cholecystitis, he or she must undergo surgery to remove the gallbladder.

• #62 Treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-acute-calculous-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis is a syndrome of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis associated with gallbladder inflammation. It typically occurs in patients with gallstones (ie, acute calculous cholecystitis [ACC]), while acalculous cholecystitis accounts for a minority (5 to 10 percent) of cases. Complications of acute cholecystitis include gallbladder gangrene or perforation, which can be life-threatening. […] Patients with ACC usually present with severe and steady abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant or epigastrium, fever, and leukocytosis. A positive Murphy’s sign on physical examination supports the diagnosis. In most cases, the diagnosis can be established with an abdominal ultrasound or a cholescintigraphy if the ultrasound is equivocal. […] Cholecystectomy is the mainstay of treatment for ACC. Poor surgical candidates may benefit from initial nonoperative management with antibiotics and a gallbladder drainage procedure; those whose surgical risk improves after resolution of the acute inflammation should undergo elective gallbladder surgery to prevent recurrent symptoms.

• #63 Cholecystitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cholecystitis.html

  Symptoms of chronic cholecystitis may be present for years before a diagnosis is made. Surgery to remove the gallbladder will prevent symptoms from coming back. […] Most people recover from episodes of acute cholecystitis within a few days to a few weeks. Rarely, a person can become critically ill from a complication, such as gallbladder perforation, cholangitis or pancreatitis and in rare cases the condition can be fatal.

• #64 Chronic Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470236/

  The majority of uncomplicated cases of cholecystitis have an excellent outcome. In many cases, supportive treatments can help with symptoms. Most cases are treated with elective cholecystectomy to prevent future complications. While surgery is safe, bile duct injuries can happen and need to be monitored in the post-operative period.

• #65 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  The most appropriate management of cholecystitis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. […] For patients with uncomplicated acute cholecystitis, the prognosis is excellent. The mortality rates are very low. Perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder may occur in delayed cases. Patients with acalculous cholecystitis have high mortality varying from 20-50%. […] In severe cases of acute cholecystitis, the intense inflammation can make surgery difficult, resulting in injury to the bile duct, which has substantial morbidity.

• #66 Cholecystitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cholecystitis-a-to-z

  The major symptom of chronic cholecystitis is usually intermittent pain. However, some people do not have any symptoms. If there is pain, it is usually mild, and comes and goes. These rather nonspecific symptoms accompany many other illnesses, so you may not be diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis until you have an episode of more severe symptoms during a sudden attack. […] If you have acute cholecystitis, however, and infection and inflammation continue, your symptoms may get worse and you could develop complications, including a hole in the inflamed gallbladder wall (gallbladder perforation) and an infection that spreads to the lining of the abdomen (peritonitis). This is why people with cholecystitis usually are treated and observed in a hospital until their symptoms improve. […] Symptoms of chronic cholecystitis may be present for years before a diagnosis is made. Surgery to remove the gallbladder will prevent symptoms from coming back. […] Most people recover from episodes of acute cholecystitis within a few days to a few weeks. Rarely, a person can become critically ill from a complication, such as gallbladder perforation, cholangitis or pancreatitis and in rare cases the condition can be fatal.

• #67 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones

  If a gallstone blocks the flow of bile through your biliary system, it can affect any or all of the organs in that system. Bile that cant flow backs up into your bile ducts and organs, causing acute inflammation and encouraging bacterial infections. When severe, these conditions can become life-threatening. […] Complications include: Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation). […] After surgery, most people will never need treatment for gallstones again. Complications are uncommon, but some people develop chronic diarrhea. This is because bile now flows continuously to your intestines, instead of on demand. You can treat it with medications called bile acid binders.

• #68 Acute cholecystitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/78

  Acute cholecystitis is a major complication of cholelithiasis (i.e., gallstones); symptomatic gallstones are common before developing cholecystitis. […] Patients typically present with pain and localised tenderness, with or without guarding, in the upper right quadrant. […] There may be evidence of a systemic inflammatory response with fever, elevated white cell count, and raised C-reactive protein. […] In most cases (90%), it is caused by complete cystic duct obstruction usually due to an impacted gallstone in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, which leads to inflammation within the gallbladder wall. […] In 5% of cases, bile inspissation (due to dehydration) or bile stasis (due to trauma or severe systemic illness) can block the cystic duct, causing an acalculous cholecystitis. […] Key diagnostic factors include pain in the upper right quadrant, tenderness in the right upper quadrant, signs and symptoms of inflammation, palpable mass, and presence of risk factors. […] Other diagnostic factors include fever/chills, nausea, right shoulder pain, anorexia, vomiting, and jaundice. […] Treatment is with antibiotics, analgesia, and fluid resuscitation as required, likely to be followed by an early cholecystectomy.

• #69 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  Symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, pain in the right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally fever. […] The pain becomes severe and constant in cholecystitis. Nausea is common and vomiting occurs in 75% of people with cholecystitis. […] Complications of acute cholecystitis include gallstone pancreatitis, common bile duct stones, or inflammation of the common bile duct. […] Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to gallstones. Chronic cholecystitis may be asymptomatic, may present as a more severe case of acute cholecystitis, or may lead to a number of complications such as gangrene, perforation, or fistula formation.

• #70

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ug5392

  Cholecystitis (say „koh-lih-sis-TY-tus”) is inflammation of the gallbladder. […] The most common symptom of acute cholecystitis is steady and severe pain in the upper right part of the belly. The pain can move to the back or the right shoulder blade. You may also have nausea, vomiting, or a fever. […] Cholecystitis has to be treated right away and likely in the hospital. Surgery is the usual treatment.

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