Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784509/

  This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis mostly originate from stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder. […] The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. […] Acute cholecystitis cases account for 3%10% of all patients with abdominal pain. […] Cholecystolithiasis accounts for 90%95% of all causes of acute cholecystitis, while acalculous cholecystitis accounts for the remaining 5%10%.

• #2 Acute cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for approximately 3-10% of all patients with abdominal pain. Cholelithiasis is the major risk factor and causes up to 95% of cases. Other risk factors include AIDS, fibrate (hypolipidemic agent) and ascariasis. […] Definitions, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines.

• #3 Cholecystitis – WikiProjectMed

  http://mdwiki.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis accounts for 310% of cases of abdominal pain worldwide. Cholecystitis caused an estimated 651,829 emergency department visits and 389,180 hospital admissions in the US in 2012. The 2012 US mortality rate was 0.7 per 100,000 people. The frequency of cholecystitis is highest in people age 5069 years old.

• #4 Acute cholecystitis – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/epidemiology

  The distribution and incidence of acute cholecystitis follow that of cholelithiasis because of the close relationship between the two. […] In the US, 20 to 25 million people are estimated to have gallstones, and approximately 750,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually. […] The prevalence rates are relatively low in Africa and Asia. […] Acute cholecystitis occurs in about 10% of symptomatic patients. […] It is 3 times more common in women than in men up to the age of 50 years, and is about 1.5 times more common in women than in men thereafter. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis accounts for 5% to 14% of cases of acute cholecystitis. […] The incidence is higher in the intensive-care population, particularly in patients in burn and trauma units.

• #5 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927340-overview

  An estimated 10%-20% of Americans have gallstones, and as many as one third of these people develop acute cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy for either recurrent biliary colic or acute cholecystitis is the most common major surgical procedure performed by general surgeons, resulting in approximately 500,000 operations annually. […] The incidence of cholecystitis increases with age. The physiologic explanation for the increasing incidence of gallstone disease in the elderly population is unclear. The increased incidence in elderly men has been linked to age-related changes in the androgen-to-estrogen ratios. […] Gallstones are 2-3 times more frequent in females than in males, resulting in a higher incidence of calculous cholecystitis in females. Elevated progesterone levels during pregnancy may cause biliary stasis, resulting in higher rates of gallbladder disease in pregnant females. Acalculous cholecystitis, however, is observed more often in elderly men.

• #6 Acute cholecystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute cholecystitis is approximately 6,300 per 100,000 in individuals under 50 years age and 20,900 per 100,000 in individuals over 50 years age worldwide. […] The prevalence of acute cholecystitis is approximately 369 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. It is estimated from the population-based statistics, based on a comprehensive survey in the U.S. […] The mortality rate of acute cholecystitis is approximately 0.6%. […] Acute cholecystitis usually affects individuals of the North American Indian race. […] Females are more commonly affected by acute cholecystitis than males. […] Acute cholecystitis cases are reported worldwide. […] Acute cholecystitis accounts for 700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of $6.5 billion annually only in the United States.

• #7 Epidemiology of Acute Cholecystitis in Colombia: An Analysis of Official Records from the Ministry of Health

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572024000300267

  Epidemiology of Acute Cholecystitis in Colombia: An Analysis of Official Records from the Ministry of Health […] Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common complications of cholelithiasis. In Colombia, there are no studies on its prevalence or the sociodemographic characteristics of the affected population. […] To establish the prevalence of acute cholecystitis in Colombia and describe the associated sociodemographic characteristics. […] A total of 343,254 cases of acute cholecystitis were identified in Colombia, with a prevalence of 681 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and a female-to-male ratio of 2.3:1. The highest number of reported cases was in the 34 to 39-year age group. The departments with the most cases are located in the southeast of the country, including Nariño, Valle del Cauca, Caquetá, and Tolima. […] This study presents epidemiological and sociodemographic information on acute cholecystitis in Colombia. There are few epidemiological studies on this disease in Latin America; however, the prevalence found is similar to that reported in countries like the United States. […] The prevalence of acute cholecystitis by sex was 942 per 100,000 inhabitants for women and 414 per 100,000 inhabitants for men. The female sex showed a higher number of cases in all departments and age groups for each of the years analyzed. […] The departments with the highest prevalence of acute cholecystitis were Nariño with 1,035 per 100,000 inhabitants, Valle del Cauca (1,027 per 100,000), followed by Caquetá (917 per 100,000) and Tolima (844 per 100,000), all located in the southwestern region of the country. […] According to official records from the Ministry of Health, nearly 600,000 people were diagnosed with cholelithiasis in Colombia over the five-year period from 2018 to 2022, with 70% of them being women. […] This study provides epidemiological information on acute cholecystitis in Colombia, drawn from the Ministry of Health’s database. The sociodemographic data align with the sex and age distribution reported in global literature, with the exception of the proportion of cholecystectomies performed, which is lower than the average in other countries. The higher prevalence observed in the southwestern part of the country warrants further studies and opens the door to population-based interventions targeting these regions.

• #8 Acute cholecystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Gallstone disease accounts for 700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of $6.5 billion annually only in the United States. […] Gallstone disease is prevalent in North America with a racial predisposition to the American Indians. […] South American countries have slightly more prevalence than North America. […] In Europe, Scandinavian countries have the highest prevalence of acute cholecystitis. […] Italy, Austria, England, Germany, and Poland have a higher prevalence among the rest of Europe. […] Gallstone diseases are comparatively less prevalent in the developing countries. […] India and Taiwan have a higher prevalence of acute cholecystitis in the developing countries.

• #9 Chronic Cholecystitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19521

  The epidemiology of chronic cholecystitis mostly parallels with that of cholelithiasis. Specific data on this disease entity is limited. […] Gallstone disease is very common. About 10-20% of the world population will develop gallstones at some point in their life and about 80% of them are asymptomatic. There are approximately 500,000 cholecystectomies done yearly in the United States for gallbladder disease. The incidence of gallstone formation increases yearly with age. Over one-quarter of women older than the age of 60 will have gallstones. In the United States, approximately 14 million women and 6 million men with an age range of 20 to 74 have gallstones. Obesity increases the likelihood of gallstones, especially in women due to increases in the biliary secretion of cholesterol. On the other hand, patients with drastic weight loss or fasting have a higher chance of gallstones secondary to biliary stasis. Furthermore, there is also a hormonal association with gallstones. Estrogen has been shown to result in an increase in bile cholesterol as well as a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Women of reproductive age or on estrogen-containing contraceptives have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared to males. People with chronic illnesses such as diabetes also have an increase in gallstone formation as well as reduced gallbladder wall contractility due to neuropathy.

• #10 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review for a Practical Approach

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/9/2695

  AC is generally associated with the presence of gallstones, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases, with the remaining 10% being represented by acalculous AC. […] AC represents a common diagnosis at hospital admission, occurring in approximately 3–10% of all patients presenting with abdominal pain at the emergency room. […] AC mainly affects the elderly adult population, with an increasing incidence in people over the age of 50, and presents a high morbidity rate. The overall AC-related mortality is about 3% and increases in the elderly, particularly in cases of comorbidities. […] Differently, a higher rate of mortality occurs in acalculous AC, where it can be as high as 15–40%.

• #11 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Gallbladder disease occurs in men and women, with certain populations being more prone to it. The risk of gallbladder disease increases in women, obese patients, pregnant women, and patients in their 40s. Drastic weight loss or acute illnesses may also increase the risk. The formation of gallstones and this condition can run in families. Other conditions that cause the breakdown of blood cells, for example, sickle cell disease, also increase the incidence of gallstones. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. However that does not mean incidental findings of gallstone should be treated, as it is estimated that only 20% of patients with asymptomatic stones will develop symptoms within 20 years, and because approximately 1% of patients with asymptomatic stones develop complications of their stones before the onset of symptoms, prophylactic cholecystectomy is not warranted in asymptomatic patients.

• #12 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, is one of the most common and costly of all the gastrointestinal diseases. The incidence of gallstones increases with age. At-risk populations include persons with diabetes mellitus, persons who are obese, women, rapid weight cyclers, and patients on hormone therapy or taking oral contraceptives. […] Over the past two decades, much has been learned about the epidemiology of this condition and its risk factors. Gallstones are associated with high-calorie diets, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Choledocholithiasis is found in 6% to 12% of patients with gallstones; it increases the risk of recurrent symptoms, pancreatitis, and cholangitis.

• #13 Cholecystitis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cholecystitis/

  Cholecystitis is one of the most common complications of cholelithiasis. […] Epidemiology: Women men. […] Peak incidence is 40-50 years. […] Develops in 6%-11% of patients with symptomatic gallstones. […] Risk factors: Pregnancy or hormone therapy, older age, Native American or Hispanic, obesity; rapid weight gain/loss, diabetes.

• #14 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Gallstone disease affects 12 percent of the population in the United States. […] In a multivariate analysis of more than 900 patients, researchers identified a family history of cholecystectomy in a first-degree relative and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 kg per m2) as strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone disease with a relative risk of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3), respectively. […] According to a 1992 National Institutes of Health consensus conference on gallstones, 10 percent of patients with gallstones will develop symptoms in the first five years after diagnosis. […] In 1995, the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis reported that initially asymptomatic patients with gallstones had a 25.8 percent probability of developing symptoms within 10 years.

• #15 A Review of Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis for Pharmacists

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/a-review-of-cholelithiasis-and-cholecystitis-for-pharmacists

  In the United States, an estimated 20 million people have gallstones, termed cholelithiasis, with women being two to three times more likely to have them compared with men. […] Patients with chronic gallstones may develop progressive fibrosis and loss of motor function of the gallbladder, resulting in cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder. […] Cholelithiasis is linked with 90% to 95% of chronic cholecystitis cases. […] The incidence of cholesterol gallstones is increasing, concurrent with an increase in several metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, expansion of visceral adiposity due to overweight and obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Risk factors for cholelithiasis can be classified as genetic or environmental, and further classified as modifiable and nonmodifiable.

• #16 Acalculous cholecystitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/acalculous-cholecystitis/

  Acalculous cholecystitis is seen mostly in the intensive care unit as a complication of pre-existing critical illness. This may account for ~5% of cholecystitis. However, the precise incidence is murky given lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. […] Acalculous cholecystitis should be considered in any critically ill patient with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, persistent fever, sepsis, or jaundice which is otherwise unexplained. […] Acalculous cholecystitis could potentially be avoided by using generally advisable practices in critical care: avoidance of excessive opioid use, early enteral nutrition, avoidance of unnecessary parenteral nutrition, defending perfusion, early liberation from mechanical ventilation and expedited discharge from intensive care (?).

• #17 Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784509/

  According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, the number of those with acute cholecystitis has increased, from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis is 010%7581, whereas the mortality in patients with postoperative cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis is as high as 23%40%. […] Many reports of the mortality and morbidity of acute cholecystitis are difficult to compare, because there are significant variations in the diagnostic criteria, timing and type of operation, presence of comorbidities, and hospital support systems for critically ill patients, as well as variations in available surgical expertise.

• #18 Acute Cholecystitis Market – Global Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-acute-cholecystitis-market?srsltid=AfmBOooAS_lA6wmBaTxR3Hn7ZS94ht_UWtbWrYKTUSoToeMOEWlUA62B

  Global acute cholecystitis market is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. Data Bridge Market Research analyses the market to account to grow at a CAGR of 7% in the above-mentioned forecast period. […] Rise in the prevalence of chronic medical conditions such as kidney failure, coronary heart disease, or cancer will increase the risk of cholecystitis. […] Global acute cholecystitis market also provides you with detailed market analysis for patient analysis, prognosis, and cures. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, adherence rates are some of the data variables that are available in the report. Direct or indirect impact analysis of epidemiology to market growth are analysed to create a more robust and cohort multivariate statistical model for forecasting the market in the growth period.

• #19 Seasonality of Acute Cholecystitis: A Review of Global Patterns

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-9-146.php?jid=ijsrp

  Background: Acute Cholecystitis occurs throughout the year, but some months are associated with higher incidences. The aim of this study is to review prior research, summarise the current knowledge and controversies related to seasonal variability of acute cholecystitis and to examine whether acute cholecystitis has a seasonal pattern. […] Acute cholecystitis predominantly peaks during summer season in the revised literature from the studied countries apart from Germany. […] Conclusion: Acute cholecystitis is more common in the summer months. Resource allocation towards the summer months to target seasonal peaks in acute cholecystitis should be considered. […] As with many communicable and noncommunicable diseases the incidence of acute cholecystitis rises and falls in an annual seasonal pattern.

• #20 Seasonality of Acute Cholecystitis: A Review of Global Patterns

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-9-146.php?jid=ijsrp

  The primary aim of this study is to review the literature on seasonal variation in acute cholecystitis in a global setting. We hypothesised that a seasonal variation in incidence does exist. […] A total of 124 studies were identified from the initial Pubmed and Google Scholar search. […] Results from 11 studies using patient’s data ranging from 1990 to 2021 from 7 countries around the world, showed that the incidence of acute cholecystitis acquired from number of hospital admissions and discharge diagnoses is highest during Summer season. […] A summer peak in the seasonal variation of acute cholecystitis has been identified in 6 countries. […] Seasonal patterns of acute cholecystitis are quite clearly demonstrated by the epidemiological data; showing a peak during the summer months in all countries included in the study except Germany.

• #21 Mortality risk estimation in acute calculous cholecystitis: beyond the Tokyo Guidelines | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-021-00368-x

  Acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is the second most frequent surgical condition in emergency departments. […] The overall mortality was 3.6%. […] Mortality was associated with older age (68 +IQR 27 vs.83 +IQR 5.5; P= 0.001) and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (3.5 +5.3 vs. 0 +2; P= 0.001). […] The mortality rate of patients with severe cholecystitis (grade III of the TG18) was nine times greater than that of patients with mild cholecystitis. […] Patients with an initial NST experienced a mortality six times higher than those with initial ST. […] The Tokyo Guidelines classification would probably be as effective using only 2 groups: mild (mild and moderate) and severe ACC. […] Not all the factors of Charlson Comorbidity Index carry the same risk of mortality in ACC. […] A new simplified, highly predictive model of mortality (ACME) included a different set of variables that included age > 80 years, COPD, dementia, and administration of amines in the preoperative period. […] In line with the principal aim of the study, the mortality risk score ACME could promptly identify the high-risk patient with ACC in our population.

• #22 Acalculous Cholecystitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688222/all/Acalculous_Cholecystitis?q=Acute+cholecystitis

  AAC accounts 10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis (1,2,3,4). AAC most frequently presents in critically ill patients (statuspostsurgical intervention; extensive burn injuries) and the elderly. […] Complications occur in about 40% of cases (gangrene, perforation, peritonitis, sepsis, shock). […] Mortality depends on underlying comorbidities reaching as high as 90% in critically ill patients (1).

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

  The mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis is 010%7581, whereas the mortality in patients with postoperative cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis is as high as 23%40%. […] Many reports of the mortality and morbidity of acute cholecystitis are difficult to compare, because there are significant variations in the diagnostic criteria, timing and type of operation, presence of comorbidities, and hospital support systems for critically ill patients, as well as variations in available surgical expertise.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  While referring to the evidence adopted in the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 (TG07) as well as subsequently obtained evidence, further discussion took place on terminology, etiology, and epidemiological data. […] In particular, new findings have accumulated on the occurrence of symptoms in patients with gallstones, frequency of severe cholecystitis and cholangitis, onset of cholecystitis and cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and medications, mortality rate, and recurrence rate. […] After 2000, the mortality rate of acute cholangitis has been about 10 %, while that of acute cholecystitis has generally been less than 1 %. […] The definition, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis are presented in the Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis 2007 (TG07)

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  The proportion of cases diagnosed as severe (grade III) according to the TG07 severity assessment criteria was 12.3 % or 23 of the 187 cases of acute cholangitis due to bile duct stones. […] The mortality rate of acute cholangitis was higher than 50 % before 1980, 10-30 % in 1981-1990s, and 2.7-10 % after 2000. […] The mortality rate in patients with acute cholecystitis has been reported to be 0-10 %.

• #26 Emphysematous Cholecystitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19630

  Emphysematous cholecystitis occurs in about 1% of all cases of acute cholecystitis but carries significantly higher morbidity and mortality. […] The prevalence of emphysematous cholecystitis is three times higher in men compared to women. […] Ischemia of the gallbladder is considered the key etiological factor in the development of this uncommon, life-threatening condition. This situation develops predominantly in an age group older than 50 years. There is an increased incidence, especially among male diabetics. […] In patients who develop emphysematous cholecystitis, gallstones are often detected; however, the proportion of acalculous cholecystitis is three-fold compared to the acute cholecystitis group.

• #27 Epidemiology of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

  https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=4440

  Epidemiology of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis […] we analyzed their demographics, epidemiology and clinical data. […] Of a total of 1425 cholecystectomies performed between January 1991 and December 1996, we found 35 cases of XGC (2.4%). […] The incidence in our study (2.4%) is higher than reports in industrialized countries (0.71.8%), with a female predominance.

• #28 Epidemiology of acute cholecystitis and its treatment in Bergamo District, Northern Italy. | Scilit

  https://www.scilit.com/publications/ffa038694d72998b8c939d0228c33ea2

  Epidemiology of acute cholecystitis and its treatment in Bergamo District, Northern Italy. […] Acute calcolous cholecystitis (ACC) is a very common pathology in western countries. The aim of our work was to assess the epidemiology of ACC and its treatment in Bergamo, a northern Italy province, during the last seventeen years. A restrospective analysis, covering 1997 to 2013, was performed based on the administrative register of the province Health System. Only patients admitted for ACC were selected. From 1997 to 2013 were collected 8959 cases of ACC, mean age was 61.28, 51.5% were male. The incidence of ACC was 48/100.000 per year; the operation rate was 66%. Overall mortality was 0.7%, mean hospitalization time was 9.7 days. The treatment of ACC in Bergamo Province seemed to be acceptable and comparable to literature results. […] This study outlined some criticisms on the selection’s methodology sourcing data from administrative registers, raising questions about truthfulness of results and usefulness for health policy issues.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  while the updated Tokyo Guidelines (TG13) present more subjective data acquired throughout the revision of TG07. […] As for the data of current clinical trials in particular, the data concerning frequency of severe cases, mortality rate, and recurrence rate are introduced along with epidemiological data. […] Acute cholecystitis is the most frequent complication occurring in patients with cholelithiasis. […] According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare (conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare), the number of cases with acute cholecystitis has increased from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The risk of such complications was high during the first few years after gallstones had been detected and it decreased subsequently.

• #30

  https://step1.medbullets.com/evidence/17252293

  This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. […] Factors associated with the onset of cholelithiasis include obesity, age, and drugs such as oral contraceptives. […] The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. Even reports published in and after the 1980s indicate high mortality, ranging from 10% to 30% in the patients, with multiorgan failure as a major cause of death. […] Variations in treatment and risk factors influencing the mortality rates indicate the necessity for standardized diagnostic, treatment, and severity assessment criteria.

• #31 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x

  Acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) has a high incidence in the general population. […] The estimated overall prevalence of gallstones is 10-15% in the general population, with some differences across countries. Between 20 and 40% of patients with gallstones will develop gallstone-related complications, with an incidence of 13% annually; acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) is the first clinical presentation in 10-15% of the cases. […] The WSES committee for guidelines development is responsible for the continuous evaluation of evidence available about acute cholecystitis. The present guidelines will be updated in case of significant changes based on new evidence. […] The pivotal role of surgery is confirmed, including in high-risk patients. […] The value of surgical treatment for high-risk patients should lead to a distinction between high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery. […] The development of local policies for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended.

• #32 Acute Cholecystitis Market – Global Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028 | Data Bridge Market Research

  https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-acute-cholecystitis-market?srsltid=AfmBOooAS_lA6wmBaTxR3Hn7ZS94ht_UWtbWrYKTUSoToeMOEWlUA62B

  North America dominates the acute cholecystitis market due to the presence of major key players, continuous technological development, well-developed healthcare sector, increasing prevalence of disease, and increasing awareness towards health in this region. Global acute cholecystitis market in the Asia-Pacific and Europe is expected to grow during the forecast period due to the increasing research and development activities, improvement of the healthcare infrastructure, increasing demand for the treatment, and growing geriatric population.

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