Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego (cholecystitis) jest stanem wymagającym hospitalizacji, najczęściej wywołanym przez kamicę żółciową. Profilaktyka opiera się na zapobieganiu tworzeniu się kamieni poprzez utrzymanie prawidłowej masy ciała, regularną aktywność fizyczną (minimum 30 minut dziennie, 5 dni w tygodniu) oraz dietę bogatą w błonnik i ubogą w tłuszcze nasycone i cholesterol. Zaleca się stopniową utratę masy ciała (0,5-1 kg/tydzień) i unikanie diet niskokalorycznych, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko kamicy. W wybranych przypadkach stosuje się farmakologiczną profilaktykę kwasem ursodeoksycholowym (UDCA), zwłaszcza u pacjentów z szybką utratą masy ciała lub przewlekłym zapaleniem pęcherzyka żółciowego. Elektywna cholecystektomia jest wskazana u pacjentów z objawową kamicą, aby zapobiec nawrotom i powikłaniom. Profilaktyka antybiotykowa powinna być stosowana selektywnie, zgodnie z klasyfikacją ciężkości choroby i ryzykiem zakażeń pooperacyjnych.

  1. Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego – Zapobieganie i profilaktyka
    1. Modyfikacje stylu życia jako podstawa profilaktyki
    2. Zalecenia dietetyczne w profilaktyce zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego
    3. Kontrola masy ciała i odpowiednie tempo odchudzania
    4. Farmakologiczna profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego
    5. Chirurgiczna profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego
  2. Profilaktyka antybiotykowa w zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego
    1. Wytyczne dotyczące stosowania antybiotyków
    2. Dowody naukowe dotyczące skuteczności profilaktyki antybiotykowej
    3. Zalecenia dotyczące praktyki klinicznej w zakresie profilaktyki antybiotykowej
  3. Szczególne sytuacje kliniczne w profilaktyce zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego
    1. Zapobieganie zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego w ciąży
    2. Profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego u pacjentów z całkowitym żylnym żywieniem pozajelitowym
    3. Profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego po ERCP z powodu niedrożności dróg żółciowych
    4. Zachowawcze postępowanie vs. cholecystektomia w profilaktyce objawowej kamicy żółciowej
  4. Kompleksowe podejście do profilaktyki zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego – Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego (cholecystitis) to poważny stan zapalny wymagający leczenia szpitalnego, który może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań. Chociaż nie zawsze można całkowicie zapobiec temu schorzeniu, istnieje szereg działań profilaktycznych, które mogą znacząco zmniejszyć ryzyko jego wystąpienia. Profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego koncentruje się głównie na zapobieganiu powstawania kamieni żółciowych, będących najczęstszą przyczyną tego schorzenia, oraz na odpowiednim postępowaniu w przypadku już zdiagnozowanej kamicy.12

Modyfikacje stylu życia jako podstawa profilaktyki

Modyfikacja stylu życia stanowi podstawę zapobiegania zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego poprzez zmniejszenie ryzyka powstawania kamieni żółciowych. Do najważniejszych zaleceń w tym zakresie należą:12

  • Utrzymywanie prawidłowej masy ciała – otyłość znacząco zwiększa ryzyko kamicy żółciowej poprzez zwiększenie stężenia cholesterolu w żółci12
  • Regularna aktywność fizyczna – zaleca się co najmniej 30 minut aktywności fizycznej 5 dni w tygodniu12
  • Zdrowa, zbilansowana dieta bogata w błonnik i niska w tłuszcze nasycone12
  • Regularne spożywanie posiłków o stałych porach – unikanie długich przerw między posiłkami1

Zalecenia dietetyczne w profilaktyce zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego

Odpowiednia dieta odgrywa kluczową rolę w profilaktyce zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego. Wykazano, że określone wzorce żywieniowe mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko tworzenia się kamieni żółciowych:12

  • Dieta bogata w błonnik – regularne spożywanie owoców, warzyw i pełnoziarnistych produktów zbożowych12
  • Ograniczenie spożycia pokarmów bogatych w cholesterol i tłuszcze nasycone12
  • Regularny umiarkowany spożycie kawy może zmniejszyć ryzyko objawowej kamicy żółciowej1
  • Umiarkowane spożycie alkoholu może również obniżyć ryzyko kamieni żółciowych12
  • Regularne spożywanie orzechów (np. orzeszków ziemnych lub nerkowców) może pomóc w zmniejszeniu ryzyka rozwoju kamieni żółciowych1
  • Spożywanie jaj, soi i orzeszków ziemnych jako źródeł zdrowych tłuszczów1

Kontrola masy ciała i odpowiednie tempo odchudzania

Utrzymywanie prawidłowej masy ciała jest kluczowym elementem profilaktyki kamicy żółciowej, jednak sposób odchudzania ma również istotne znaczenie:12

  • Zalecane jest stopniowe, powolne tempo utraty masy ciała – około 0,5-1 kg tygodniowo12
  • Należy unikać diet niskokalorycznych i gwałtownej utraty masy ciała, ponieważ mogą one zwiększać ryzyko tworzenia się kamieni żółciowych poprzez zaburzenie składu żółci12
  • W przypadku planowanej szybkiej utraty masy ciała (np. po operacji bariatrycznej) należy pozostawać pod kontrolą lekarza, który może zalecić profilaktyczne stosowanie kwasu ursodeoksycholowego (UDCA)12

Farmakologiczna profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego

W niektórych sytuacjach klinicznych stosuje się profilaktykę farmakologiczną, aby zmniejszyć ryzyko zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego:1

  • Kwas ursodeoksycholowy (UDCA) – obniża nasycenie cholesterolem w żółci, zmniejszając ryzyko tworzenia się kamieni u osób z otyłością poddawanych szybkiej utracie masy ciała poprzez ograniczenie kaloryczne lub chirurgię bariatryczną12
  • Kwas ursodeoksycholowy może być również stosowany w profilaktyce progresji przewlekłego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego u pacjentów z akromegalią leczonych analogami somatostatyny1
  • Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) – stosowanie diklofenaku (Voltaren) w kolce żółciowej może zapobiegać progresji do ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego12

Chirurgiczna profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego

W określonych przypadkach zaleca się profilaktyczne usunięcie pęcherzyka żółciowego (cholecystektomię), aby zapobiec rozwojowi zapalenia:12

  • Pacjentom z objawową kamicą żółciową należy zaproponować elektywną cholecystektomię w celu zapobieżenia rozwojowi ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego12
  • Profilaktyczne leczenie, zwykle laparoskopową cholecystektomią, powinno być zalecane pacjentom z objawami typu żółciowego lub powikłaniami kamicy żółciowej, ponieważ u tych pacjentów prawdopodobne jest wystąpienie nawracających i cięższych objawów1
  • Usunięcie pęcherzyka żółciowego i kamieni żółciowych zapobiega kolejnym atakom zapalenia123

Profilaktyka antybiotykowa w zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego

Kwestia profilaktyki antybiotykowej w zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego jest przedmiotem wielu badań i dyskusji w środowisku medycznym:12

Wytyczne dotyczące stosowania antybiotyków

Aktualne wytyczne i zalecenia dotyczące profilaktycznego stosowania antybiotyków w zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego są niejednoznaczne:12

  • Towarzystwo Infekcji Chirurgicznych i Towarzystwo Chorób Zakaźnych Ameryki, jak również wytyczne tokijskie, zalecają profilaktykę antybiotykową u pacjentów poddawanych cholecystektomii z powodu ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego1
  • Zgodnie z wytycznymi, profilaktyka antybiotykowa jest zalecana w przypadku zabiegów chirurgicznych o umiarkowanym lub wysokim ryzyku pooperacyjnych zakażeń, w tym operacji dróg żółciowych1
  • Profilaktyka antybiotykowa nie jest wymagana u pacjentów z niskim ryzykiem poddawanych planowej laparoskopowej cholecystektomii, ale może zmniejszyć częstość zakażeń ran u pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka (np. pacjenci powyżej 60 roku życia, z cukrzycą, ostrą kolką w ciągu 30 dni przed operacją, żółtaczką, ostrym zapaleniem pęcherzyka żółciowego lub zapaleniem dróg żółciowych)1

Dowody naukowe dotyczące skuteczności profilaktyki antybiotykowej

Najnowsze badania naukowe dostarczają istotnych informacji na temat skuteczności profilaktyki antybiotykowej w zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego:12

  • Aktualne badania wskazują, że przedoperacyjna pojedyncza dawka antybiotyku profilaktycznego u pacjentów poddawanych pilnej cholecystektomii z powodu łagodnego do umiarkowanego ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego nie zapewnia dodatkowych korzyści w zmniejszeniu częstości powikłań infekcyjnych12
  • Metaanalizy nie wykazały istotnych różnic w zakresie całkowitych powikłań infekcyjnych, zakażeń miejsca operowanego, zakażeń odległych, powikłań nieinfekcyjnych, śmiertelności i ponownych przyjęć do szpitala między grupami otrzymującymi antybiotyki i placebo1
  • Badania wykazały, że pooperacyjna profilaktyka antybiotykowa (oprócz pojedynczej dawki profilaktycznej przed operacją) u pacjentów z łagodnym i umiarkowanym ostrym zapaleniem pęcherzyka żółciowego nie zmniejsza ryzyka powikłań infekcyjnych1
  • W przypadkach łagodnego i umiarkowanego ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego, stosowanie antybiotyków w celu zapobiegania pooperacyjnym powikłaniom infekcyjnym nie ma dowodów na skuteczność12

Zalecenia dotyczące praktyki klinicznej w zakresie profilaktyki antybiotykowej

Na podstawie aktualnych badań i dowodów naukowych formułowane są następujące zalecenia dotyczące praktyki klinicznej:123

  • Nie zaleca się stosowania antybiotyków pooperacyjnych po planowej laparoskopowej cholecystektomii, a także w przypadku łagodnego lub umiarkowanego ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego1
  • Potrzebne są dalsze badania z dobrze zdefiniowanymi populacjami pacjentów i porównywalnymi wynikami, aby lepiej ocenić najbardziej odpowiedni czas i czas trwania stosowania antybiotyków u pacjentów poddawanych laparoskopowej cholecystektomii1
  • Stosowanie antybiotyków perioperacyjnych w ostrym zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego powinno być zgodne z klasyfikacją ciężkości schorzenia1
  • Zmniejszenie stosowania antybiotyków może przyczynić się do znacznego zmniejszenia oporności bakteryjnej, która stanowi coraz poważniejsze zagrożenie dla globalnego zdrowia publicznego1

Szczególne sytuacje kliniczne w profilaktyce zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego

Zapobieganie zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego w ciąży

Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego w ciąży wymaga szczególnego podejścia ze względu na możliwe powikłania dla matki i dziecka:1

  • Jeśli zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego wystąpi w czasie ciąży, może być konieczna operacja usunięcia pęcherzyka żółciowego, aby uniknąć powikłań
  • Zwykle przyjmuje formę laparoskopowej cholecystektomii i jest ogólnie uważana za bezpieczną na każdym etapie ciąży
  • Niektórzy lekarze mogą preferować początkowo leczenie ciężarnej pacjentki środkami przeciwbólowymi, uzupełnianiem płynów i antybiotykami, zalecając operację pęcherzyka żółciowego po urodzeniu dziecka
  • Jednak przy opóźnionej operacji ryzyko powikłań może być zwiększone zarówno dla matki, jak i dziecka1

Profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego u pacjentów z całkowitym żylnym żywieniem pozajelitowym

Pacjenci otrzymujący długotrwałe całkowite żywienie pozajelitowe (TPN) są narażeni na zwiększone ryzyko tworzenia się kamieni żółciowych i bezkamieniowego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego:1

  • Badania wskazują, że długotrwałe całkowite żywienie pozajelitowe (TPN) wywołuje tworzenie kamieni żółciowych i bezkamieniowe zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego u ludzi
  • Codzienne infuzje cholecystokininy (CCK-OP) zapobiegają zastojowi pęcherzyka żółciowego wywołanemu przez TPN
  • Dane wskazują, że 1) TPN wywołuje zastój pęcherzyka żółciowego, ale nie zwiększa indeksu litogennego żółci; oraz 2) codzienne wstrzyknięcia CCK-OP zapobiegają zastojowi pęcherzyka żółciowego wywołanemu przez TPN1

Profilaktyka zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego po ERCP z powodu niedrożności dróg żółciowych

U pacjentów poddawanych ERCP z powodu złośliwej niedrożności dróg żółciowych (MBO) z zajęciem ujścia przewodu pęcherzykowego istnieje zwiększone ryzyko zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego. W takich przypadkach stosowane są specjalne techniki profilaktyczne:12

  • Zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego po drenażu dróg żółciowych samorozprężalnym stentem metalowym (SEMS) u pacjentów z dystalną złośliwą niedrożnością dróg żółciowych (MBO) i zajęciem ujścia przewodu pęcherzykowego jest znaczące
  • Interwencje takie jak umieszczenie stentu w przewodzie pęcherzykowym podczas ERCP mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko1
  • Profilaktyczne endoskopowe przezpapillarne stentowanie pęcherzyka żółciowego (GBS) może zapobiegać ostremu zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego po założeniu SEMS
  • Badania wykazały, że u żadnego pacjenta nie rozwinęło się ostre zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego, gdy umieszczenie GBS było udane, podczas gdy u 19,5% pacjentów bez profilaktycznego GBS rozwinęło się ostre zapalenie pęcherzyka żółciowego1
  • Endoskopowa ultrasonografia z drenażem pęcherzyka żółciowego (EUS-GBD) wydaje się obniżać ryzyko ostrego zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego u pacjentów z nieresekcyjnym MBO i niedrożnością ujścia przewodu pęcherzykowego12

Zachowawcze postępowanie vs. cholecystektomia w profilaktyce objawowej kamicy żółciowej

Niedawne badania porównujące skuteczność leczenia zachowawczego i laparoskopowej cholecystektomii w zapobieganiu nawrotom objawów u pacjentów z niepowikłaną objawową kamicą żółciową dostarczają nowych informacji:12

  • W krótkim okresie (18 miesięcy) laparoskopowa operacja nie jest bardziej skuteczna niż leczenie zachowawcze u dorosłych z niepowikłaną objawową kamicą żółciową
  • Leczenie zachowawcze powinno być rozważane jako alternatywa dla operacji
  • Z perspektywy NHS, leczenie zachowawcze może być kosztowo efektywne w przypadku niepowikłanej objawowej kamicy żółciowej
  • Badanie wykazało, że bezpieczne jest zachowawcze leczenie pacjentów przez co najmniej 18 miesięcy
  • Potrzebne są jednak dalsze badania skupiające się na długoterminowych danych obserwacyjnych, aby ustalić kosztową efektywność w całym okresie życia i pomóc w identyfikacji kohorty pacjentów, którzy odniosą korzyści z operacji1

Kompleksowe podejście do profilaktyki zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego

Zapobieganie zapaleniu pęcherzyka żółciowego wymaga kompleksowego podejścia, które obejmuje modyfikacje stylu życia, odpowiednią dietę, kontrolę masy ciała oraz w określonych przypadkach interwencje medyczne i chirurgiczne. Kluczowe elementy skutecznej profilaktyki to:123

  • Zdrowa, zbilansowana dieta bogata w błonnik i niska w tłuszcze nasycone i cholesterol
  • Regularna aktywność fizyczna (minimum 30 minut dziennie, 5 dni w tygodniu)
  • Utrzymywanie prawidłowej masy ciała i unikanie gwałtownej utraty wagi
  • Odpowiednie nawodnienie dla utrzymania prawidłowej konsystencji żółci
  • Regularne, małe posiłki zamiast obfitych, wysoko tłuszczowych
  • Unikanie używek (tytoń, nadmiar alkoholu)
  • W przypadku predyspozycji genetycznych lub innych czynników ryzyka – regularne konsultacje lekarskie
  • U pacjentów z objawową kamicą żółciową – rozważenie elektywnej cholecystektomii
  • Stosowanie selektywnej profilaktyki antybiotykowej zgodnie z aktualnym stanem wiedzy medycznej

Należy pamiętać, że mimo stosowania wszystkich zaleceń profilaktycznych, ryzyko rozwoju zapalenia pęcherzyka żółciowego nadal istnieje. Dlatego ważne jest, aby nie ignorować niepokojących objawów pojawiających się po posiłkach i w przypadku ich wystąpienia skonsultować się z lekarzem.12

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 16.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Acute cholecystitis
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/
    It’s not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis. You can reduce your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] You may be able to help prevent gallstones by: changing your diet, losing weight – if you’re overweight.
  • #1 Acute cholecystitis – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/prevention
    Primary prevention starts with preventing gallstones, which entails lifestyle modification: a diet high in fibre and low in saturated fat, and maintenance of a normal body weight, coupled with moderate physical activity. […] Preventative medical therapy employs ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to lower cholesterol saturation in bile and so lessen the short-term risk of stone formation in obese individuals undergoing rapid weight loss through dietary caloric restriction or bariatric surgery. […] Patients with symptomatic gallstones should be offered elective cholecystectomy to prevent development of acute cholecystitis.
  • #1 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867
    You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones: […] Lose weight slowly. Fast weight loss can raise the risk of gallstones. […] Be at a healthy weight. Being overweight makes you more likely to get gallstones. To get to a healthy weight, cut calories and increase your physical activity. Stay at a healthy weight through healthy eating and exercise. […] Choose a healthy-eating plan. Eating foods high in fat and low in fiber may raise the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
  • #1 Patient education: Gallstones (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-beyond-the-basics
    Gallstone prevention — To try to prevent gallstones from coming back, it is recommended that you try to stay at a healthy body weight by eating an appropriate number of calories and exercising for at least 30 minutes five days per week. If you are planning a rapid weight-loss program, such as weight loss surgery, your doctor or nurse should monitor you. Bile acid pills may be recommended to prevent gallstones from developing as you lose weight.
  • #1 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/
    Its not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can reduce your risk of developing the condition by cutting your risk of gallstones. […] One of the main steps you can take to help lower your chances of developing gallstones is adopting a healthy, balanced diet and reducing the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, also increases your risk of developing gallstones. You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] However, low-calorie, rapid weight loss diets should be avoided, because there is evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. A more gradual weight loss plan is best.
  • #1 Gallbladder Diet: Foods to Eat and Foods to Avoid
    https://www.healthline.com/health/gallbladder-diet
    A diet rich in nutrient-dense foods like vegetables and fruit may help prevent gallstones. […] Eating a nutritious diet can help you maintain good health and prevent disease, including gallbladder disease. […] Eating a health-promoting diet may help reduce your risk of gallstones and gallbladder disease, in addition to providing other benefits and supporting your overall health. […] Eating a more plant-based diet may also help prevent gallbladder conditions. […] Regular coffee consumption may protect against symptomatic gallstones, according to a 2019 study. […] Alcohol intake may decrease the risk of gallstones, according to 2019 research. […] Eat meals on a regular schedule as much as possible and avoid long gaps between meals. […] Eating a meal causes your gallbladder to empty, and when this happens regularly, you may be less likely to develop gallstones.
  • #1 Cholecystitis – what is it, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow
    https://www.k31.ru/en/service/gastroenterologiya/cholecystitis.html
    Preventive measures are related to the maintenance of general health and the emphasis on a healthy lifestyle. These include: […] Balanced nutrition. It is recommended to exclude from the diet fatty and fried foods, as well as dishes that contain large amounts of cholesterol. At the same time, it is important to provide the body with a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals, fiber, and natural dietary fiber. […] Maintaining normal weight. The presence of extra pounds increases the likelihood of developing diseases of the gallbladder. You need to monitor your weight and adjust it. […] Regular exercise. Physical activity supports overall health and improves gallbladder function. In addition, it normalizes metabolism and prevents the development of gallstone disease. […] Rejection of bad habits. Smoking and drinking alcohol impair fat metabolism, which causes an increase in the level of bile acids and increases the viscosity of bile. All this threatens the formation of stones in the gallbladder. […] It is important to remember that even if all of the above recommendations are followed, the risk of developing the disease still exists.
  • #1 Understanding Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Patient Guide | Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic
    https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/understanding-cholecystitis-a-comprehensive-patient-guide-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-explained/
    Several lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing cholecystitis. These include obesity, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, and low in fiber, sedentary behavior, and rapid weight loss. Obesity, in particular, is linked to the development of gallstones, a major cause of cholecystitis. […] Certain medical conditions and treatments also increase the risk of cholecystitis. These include diabetes, pregnancy, certain blood disorders, and conditions causing rapid weight loss such as bariatric surgery. Prolonged fasting and parenteral nutrition, which provide nutrients intravenously, can also contribute to gallstone formation and subsequent cholecystitis. […] While medical attention is crucial for managing cholecystitis, certain lifestyle modifications can help improve symptoms and prevent complications. Here are some home remedies that you can incorporate: Low-fat diet: A diet low in fat can reduce the workload of the gallbladder, helping to alleviate symptoms. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains in your meals.
  • #1
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/prevention/
    From the limited evidence available, changes to your diet and losing weight (if you’re overweight) may help prevent gallstones. […] A healthy, balanced diet is recommended. This includes plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (at least 5 portions a day) and wholegrains. […] There’s also evidence that regularly eating nuts, such as peanuts or cashews, can help reduce your risk of developing gallstones. […] Drinking small amounts of alcohol may also help reduce your risk of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, increases the amount of cholesterol in your bile, which increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should control your weight by eating a healthy diet and taking plenty of regular exercise. […] But you should avoid low-calorie, rapid weight loss diets. There’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is recommended.
  • #1 Cholecystitis (Gall Bladder Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-cholecystitis
    You can take steps to lower your chances of getting gallstone and cholecystitis. They include: […] Lower your cholesterol. […] Exercise regularly. […] Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. Eggs, soybeans, and peanuts are great choices. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for getting gallstones. Losing weight can reduce your chances, but be sure you do it in a healthy way. If you’re planning a rapid weight loss program, such as weight loss surgery, your doctor or nurse should monitor you. They may recommend bile acid pills to prevent gallstones as you lose weight.
  • #1 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067
    Some measures can reduce the risk of developing gallstones, which can decrease the likelihood of cholecystitis. These measures include: avoiding saturated and trans fats […] keeping to regular breakfast, lunch, and dinner times and not skipping meals […] getting regular physical exercise […] losing excess body weight, as obesity increases the risk of gallstones […] avoiding rapid weight loss, as this increases the risk of developing gallstones. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend aiming to lose about 12 pounds of body weight per week, which equates to about 0.5 kilograms (kg) to 1 kg. The closer a person is to their ideal body weight, the lower their risk of developing gallstones.
  • #1 Ursodeoxycholic acid role in chronic cholecystitis progression prevention in acromegaly patients receiving somatostatin analogues | ECE2013 | 15th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts
    https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0032/ea0032p872
    Ursodeoxycholic acid role in chronic cholecystitis progression prevention in acromegaly patients receiving somatostatin analogues […] Permanent treatment with UA effectively prevent cholecystitis progression in acromegaly patients with SA treatment. […] Prevention of surgical treatment increase quality of life.
  • #1 Acute cholecystitis primary prevention – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_primary_prevention
    Administration of NSAIDs in the patients with biliary colic prevents the progression to acute cholecystitis. […] Administration of diclofenac (75 mg; intramuscular injection) in patients with biliary colic attack relieved the pain and prevented the progression of the disease to acute cholecystitis.
  • #1 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html
    Prophylactic treatment, usually with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be recommended for patients with biliary-type symptoms or those with complications of gallstones, because these patients are likely to have recurrent and more severe symptoms. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not required in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it may reduce the incidence of wound infection in high-risk patients (i.e., those older than 60 years; patients with diabetes mellitus, acute colic within 30 days of surgery, jaundice, acute cholecystitis, or cholangitis).
  • #1 HIE Multimedia – Acute cholecystitis
    https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264
    Removing the gallbladder and gallstones will prevent further attacks.
  • #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy revisited: results of a double-blind randomised controlled trial
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7686002/
    Evidence supporting the value of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) in surgery for acute cholecystitis is lacking. […] This study aimed to shed light on whether PAP in acute cholecystectomy for cholecystitis reduces the postoperative infectious complication (PIC) rate. […] PAP does not affect the risk for PIC in patients with acute cholecystitis. […] The major risk factors determining PIC in these patients need defining, in particular, the impact of bacteriobilia. […] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PAP with piperacillin/ tazobactam on PIC following acute cholecystectomy for mild to moderate cholecystitis (grades I and II according to TG18). […] In the present study, we were unable to detect any benefit of administrating PAP to reduce the risk for PIC after emergency cholecystectomy for grades I and II acute cholecystitis. […] The present study did not have sufficient statistical power to reveal minor reductions in PIC rate. […] PAP may also be motivated in subgroups with high risk for PIC. […] Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of PAP in patients undergoing surgery for acute cholecystitis.
  • #1 Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (PEANUTS II trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial | Trials | Full Text
    https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-2142-x
    The additional value of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is a much-debated subject in the surgical community. […] Recently, high-level evidence became available demonstrating that postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with acute cholecystitis does not reduce the risk of infectious complications. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in relation to the risk of infectious complications, however, has never been studied. […] The PEANUTS II trial will provide evidence-based advice concerning the utility of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing emergency cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis. […] According to these guidelines, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for surgical procedures with a moderate or high risk of postoperative infections, including biliary surgery.
  • #1 Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (PEANUTS II trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial | Trials | Full Text
    https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-2142-x
    The Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America, as well as the Tokyo Guidelines, also recommend antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients undergoing cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. […] This study demonstrated that postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (in addition to a single prophylactic dose prior to surgery) in patients with mild and moderate acute cholecystitis did not reduce the risk of infectious complications. […] The remaining question is whether a single preoperative dose of antibiotic prophylaxis is beneficial in patients undergoing emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. […] If this study demonstrates that omitting antibiotic prophylaxis does not increase the postoperative infection rate in patients with acute cholecystitis, the role of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the entire upper gastrointestinal tract will become questionable. […] A decrease in the use of antibiotics may result in a large reduction of bacterial resistance, the latter being an increasingly serious threat to global public health.
  • #1 Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10643220/
    Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients admitted with acute cholecystitis is considered the preferred, feasible and safe mode of managing gallstone disease. […] The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of single-dose pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing emergency LC for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis. […] A preoperative single dose of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing acute LC for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefits to reduce infective complications. […] Preoperative prophylactic antibiotics for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefit to reduce infective complications during acute cholecystectomy. […] This systematic review has shown that there is no benefit of using preoperative antibiotics in grades 1 and 2 of acute cholecystitis.
  • #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text
    https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4
    Emergency cholecystectomy is the mainstay in treating acute cholecystitis (AC). In actual practice, perioperative prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent postoperative infectious complications (PIC), but their effectiveness lacks evidence. We aim to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in emergency cholecystectomy. […] Our analysis showed no significant differences regarding total PIC (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.63, 1.12), P=0.23), surgical site infection (RR=0.79 with 95% CI (0.56, 1.12), P=0.19), distant infections (RR=1.01 with 95% CI (0.55, 1.88), P=0.97), non-infectious complications (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.64, 1.11), P=0.22), mortality (RR=0.34 with 95% CI (0.04, 3.23), P=0.35), and readmission (RR=0.69 with 95% CI (0.43, 1.11), P=0.13). […] Perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy.
  • #1
    https://emergency.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/1668
    Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with cholecystitis is considered the best, appropriate and safe method of treatment for gallstone disease. […] However, the role of antibiotic administration before or after cholecystectomy to reduce infectious complications, particularly surgical site infections, or mortality is less clear. […] Some guidelines suggest the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for all cholecystectomies, although current evidence does not indicate any benefit to this practice in the absence of risk factors. […] Most studies argue against the need to use prophylactic antibiotics during elective surgery in low-risk patients. […] In cases of mild and moderate acute cholecystitis, the use of antibiotics to prevent postoperative infectious complications has no evidence of effectiveness, although these recommendations are also ambiguous.
  • #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text
    https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4
    Although the Surgical Infection Society and the Tokyo Guidelines recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy, these recommendations are not supported with sufficient evidence. […] The current evidence on the administration of prophylactic perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy. This meta-analysis recommends revising the current guidelines on the use of antibiotics in acute cholecystitis, especially with the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance.
  • #1
    https://emergency.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/1668
    It is not recommended to use postoperative antibiotics after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as for mild or moderate acute cholecystitis. […] However, additional studies with well-defined patient populations and comparable outcomes are needed to better assess the most appropriate timing and duration of antibiotic use in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  • #1 POST-SURGICAL ANTIBIOTICS IN ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS COMPLICATED BY MIRRIZI SYNDROME – SHM Abstracts | Society of Hospital Medicine
    https://shmabstracts.mystagingwebsite.com/abstract/post-surgical-antibiotics-in-acute-cholecystitis-complicated-by-mirrizi-syndrome/
    Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical site infection has been shown to decrease complications, cost, and length of stay. […] Further antibiotic administration should be guided by this classification of severity. […] Antibiotic use in the postoperative period for acute calculous cholecystitis should be guided by its severity. Most cases are either mild or moderate, and evidence suggests no benefit from continuing antibiotics after surgical site infection prophylaxis is completed.
  • #1 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation) Signs & Treatment | Ada
    https://ada.com/conditions/cholecystitis/
    While it may not be possible to prevent gallbladder inflammation, taking steps to reduce the risk of developing gallstones, the major cause of gallbladder inflammation, may be helpful. […] If cholecystitis occurs in pregnancy, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary to avoid complications. This usually takes the form of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and is generally considered to be safe at any stage of pregnancy. […] Some doctors may prefer to treat a pregnant person with pain-relief measures, fluid replacement and antibiotics initially, recommending gallbladder surgery after the baby has been delivered. However, with delayed surgery, the risk of complications may be increased for both the mother and baby.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/abstract/1985/01000/cholecystokinin_prophylaxis_of_parenteral.11.aspx
    Recent studies indicate that long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces gallstone formation and acalculous cholecystitis in humans. […] The present study was designed to develop a method to prevent TPN-induced gallbladder disease. […] Daily CCK-OP infusions resulted in a Rsa of 0.92 0.10 (p 0.05 vs. TPN without CCK-OP), indicating that TPN-induced gallbladder stasis is prevented by daily CCK-OP. […] These data indicate that 1) TPN induces gallbladder stasis but does not increase bile lithogenic index; and 2) daily injections of CCK-OP prevent TPN-induced gallbladder stasis.
  • #1 Prevention of Cholecystitis in Patients Undergoing ERCP for Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction Involving the Cystic Duct: A Novel Technique – Endoscopy Campus
    https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/ec-news/prevention-of-cholecystitis-in-patients-undergoing-ercp-for-malignant-distal-biliary-obstruction-involving-the-cystic-duct-a-novel-technique/
    Cholecystitis following biliary drainage with a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) and cystic duct orifice involvement is significant. Interventions such as placing a cystic duct stent during ERCP can decrease the risk. […] EUS-GBD appears to lower the risk of acute cholecystitis in patients with unresectable MBO and cystic duct orifice obstruction. The number needed to treat based on this small study (N=44) was 4.4. […] Future large randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.
  • #1 Prophylactic endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting to prevent acute cholecystitis induced after metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures: a retrospective study in Japan
    https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5946/ce.2023.284
    Prophylactic endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting to prevent acute cholecystitis induced after metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures: a retrospective study in Japan […] This study evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic gallbladder stents (GBS) during SEMS placement. […] No patients developed AC when the GBS placement was successful, whereas 25 of the 128 patients (19.5%) without a prophylactic GBS developed AC during the median follow-up period of 357 days (p=0.043). […] GBS may contribute to the prevention of AC after SEMS placement for malignant biliary strictures. […] Prophylactic GBS placement was found to be a preventative factor for AC after SEMS placement (HR, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.370.99; p=0.045). […] Prophylactic GBS placement helps prevent AC after SEMS placement.
  • #1 Effectiveness of conservative management versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the prevention of recurrent symptoms and complications in adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease (C-GALL trial): pragmatic, multicentre randomised controlled…
    https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-075383
    Objective To assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of conservative management compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the prevention of symptoms and complications in adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease. […] Conclusions In the short term (18 months), laparoscopic surgery is no more effective than conservative management for adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease, and as such conservative management should be considered as an alternative to surgery. From an NHS perspective, conservative management may be cost effective for uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease. […] The C-GALL trial is a multicentre, pragmatic trial to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of conservative management compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent recurrent symptoms and complications in adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease in a secondary care setting.
  • #1 Effectiveness of conservative management versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the prevention of recurrent symptoms and complications in adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease (C-GALL trial): pragmatic, multicentre randomised controlled…
    https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-075383
    The C-GALL trial found that in adults presenting with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease to secondary care, conservative management may be effective and cost effective than surgery. The study found it is safe to manage patients conservatively for at least 18 months. […] In the short term (18 months), conservative management, as an alternative to surgery, may be effective and cost effective for patients with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease. […] We conclude that the costs and benefits will continue to be incurred in both groups beyond 24 months, so future research should focus on long term follow-up data to establish lifetime cost effectiveness and aid identification of the cohort of patients who will benefit from surgery.
  • #1 Cholecystitis – causes, triggers, symptoms and treatment options for cholecystitis
    https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/cholecystitis
    To prevent cholecystitis, attention should be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Lifestyle changes including physical activity and an appropriate diet can prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstones. […] Knowing the mechanisms of occurrence and risk factors of cholecystitis, its development can in many cases be prevented. To keep the disease from entering an acute stage, and avoid unexpected attacks, one should not ignore troublesome symptoms occurring after meals.
  • #2 Acute cholecystitis | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis
    It isn’t always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis. You can lower your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] One of the main things you can do to lower your chances of getting gallstones is to adopt a healthy, balanced diet. Also reducing the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, also increases your risk of developing gallstones. Having a healthy diet and exercise regularly is important to help maintain good health. […] Low-calorie rapid weight loss diets should be avoided. A more gradual weight loss plan is best.
  • #2 Acute cholecystitis
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/
    It’s not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can lower your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] One of the main things you can do to lower your chances of getting gallstones is to adopt a healthy, balanced diet and reduce the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Living with overweight or obesity also increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] But low-calorie rapid weight loss diets should be avoided because there’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is best.
  • #2 Understanding Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Patient Guide | Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic
    https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/understanding-cholecystitis-a-comprehensive-patient-guide-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-explained/
    Several lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing cholecystitis. These include obesity, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, and low in fiber, sedentary behavior, and rapid weight loss. Obesity, in particular, is linked to the development of gallstones, a major cause of cholecystitis. […] Certain medical conditions and treatments also increase the risk of cholecystitis. These include diabetes, pregnancy, certain blood disorders, and conditions causing rapid weight loss such as bariatric surgery. Prolonged fasting and parenteral nutrition, which provide nutrients intravenously, can also contribute to gallstone formation and subsequent cholecystitis. […] While medical attention is crucial for managing cholecystitis, certain lifestyle modifications can help improve symptoms and prevent complications. Here are some home remedies that you can incorporate: Low-fat diet: A diet low in fat can reduce the workload of the gallbladder, helping to alleviate symptoms. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains in your meals.
  • #2 What to do about gallstones – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/what-to-do-about-gallstones
    There’s no proven way to prevent gallstones, but eating a well-balanced diet, maintaining a normal weight, and exercising regularly (at least 30 minutes a day most days of the week). […] Avoiding fatty foods won’t prevent or get rid of gallstones, but it may reduce the frequency of attacks.
  • #2
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/prevention/
    From the limited evidence available, changes to your diet and losing weight (if you’re overweight) may help prevent gallstones. […] A healthy, balanced diet is recommended. This includes plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (at least 5 portions a day) and wholegrains. […] There’s also evidence that regularly eating nuts, such as peanuts or cashews, can help reduce your risk of developing gallstones. […] Drinking small amounts of alcohol may also help reduce your risk of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, increases the amount of cholesterol in your bile, which increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should control your weight by eating a healthy diet and taking plenty of regular exercise. […] But you should avoid low-calorie, rapid weight loss diets. There’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is recommended.
  • #2 What is cholecystitis? Symptoms, causes, and prevention strategies for gallbladder inflammation
    https://www.moneycontrol.com/health-and-fitness/what-is-cholecystitis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention-strategies-for-gallbladder-inflammation-article-12766734.html
    Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by gallstones that block the ducts leading to the small intestine. This condition can lead to severe pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, and vomiting, and may often require medical intervention. […] Here are 7 preventative tips to prevent cholecystitis: […] Maintain a healthy diet: A diet low in fat and cholesterol can help prevent the formation of gallstones. Include plenty of fibre-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. […] Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps keep bile diluted and flowing smoothly, reducing the risk of gallstone formation. […] Manage weight: Obesity is a significant risk factor for gallstones. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can lower your risk.
  • #2 Cholecystitis (Gall Bladder Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-cholecystitis
    You can take steps to lower your chances of getting gallstone and cholecystitis. They include: […] Lower your cholesterol. […] Exercise regularly. […] Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. Eggs, soybeans, and peanuts are great choices. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for getting gallstones. Losing weight can reduce your chances, but be sure you do it in a healthy way. If you’re planning a rapid weight loss program, such as weight loss surgery, your doctor or nurse should monitor you. They may recommend bile acid pills to prevent gallstones as you lose weight.
  • #2 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067
    Some measures can reduce the risk of developing gallstones, which can decrease the likelihood of cholecystitis. These measures include: avoiding saturated and trans fats […] keeping to regular breakfast, lunch, and dinner times and not skipping meals […] getting regular physical exercise […] losing excess body weight, as obesity increases the risk of gallstones […] avoiding rapid weight loss, as this increases the risk of developing gallstones. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend aiming to lose about 12 pounds of body weight per week, which equates to about 0.5 kilograms (kg) to 1 kg. The closer a person is to their ideal body weight, the lower their risk of developing gallstones.
  • #2 Gallbladder Diet: Foods to Eat and Foods to Avoid
    https://www.healthline.com/health/gallbladder-diet
    A diet rich in nutrient-dense foods like vegetables and fruit may help prevent gallstones. […] Eating a nutritious diet can help you maintain good health and prevent disease, including gallbladder disease. […] Eating a health-promoting diet may help reduce your risk of gallstones and gallbladder disease, in addition to providing other benefits and supporting your overall health. […] Eating a more plant-based diet may also help prevent gallbladder conditions. […] Regular coffee consumption may protect against symptomatic gallstones, according to a 2019 study. […] Alcohol intake may decrease the risk of gallstones, according to 2019 research. […] Eat meals on a regular schedule as much as possible and avoid long gaps between meals. […] Eating a meal causes your gallbladder to empty, and when this happens regularly, you may be less likely to develop gallstones.
  • #2 Chronic Cholecystitis: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-cholecystitis
    If you’ve had one or more bouts of cholecystitis, speak to your doctor to learn about changes you can make to avoid chronic cholecystitis. Ask about dietary guidelines that may include reducing how much fat you eat. Regular exercise is often helpful. […] Gallstones are the main cause of cholecystitis. You can lower your risk of developing more gallstones by maintaining a healthy weight. If you need to lose weight, try to do it slowly because rapid weight loss can increase your risk of developing gallstones.
  • #2 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms, Signs, Treatment, Diet
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cholecystitis/article_em.htm
    How Can I Prevent Cholecystitis? You can reduce the risk of getting cholecystitis by slow weight loss, as rapid weight loss increases the risk of developing gallstones. Avoid obesity and a diet high in fat, as a diet high in fiber and low in fat helps to inhibit bile cholesterol from forming gallstones.
  • #2 Patient education: Gallstones (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-beyond-the-basics
    Gallstone prevention — To try to prevent gallstones from coming back, it is recommended that you try to stay at a healthy body weight by eating an appropriate number of calories and exercising for at least 30 minutes five days per week. If you are planning a rapid weight-loss program, such as weight loss surgery, your doctor or nurse should monitor you. Bile acid pills may be recommended to prevent gallstones from developing as you lose weight.
  • #2 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones
    How can I prevent gallstones from forming? […] Theres no sure way to prevent gallstones from forming, but you can take certain steps to reduce your overall risk. For example, you can reduce your risk of cholesterol stones, which are by far the most common type, by reducing cholesterol in your diet. However, this wont prevent pigment stones. […] If you have overweight or have obesity, losing some weight can reduce your risk of cholesterol stones. But losing weight fast can raise your risk. If youre expecting rapid weight loss from a procedure or other treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend taking gallstone medications preventatively.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01540262
    Sixty patients were treated in the emergency ward for biliary colic. […] In comparison, nine patients of the other two groups progressed to acute cholecystitis and needed surgical intervention. […] The possible anticolic and anti-biliary inflammation properties and the indications for use of Voltaren are discussed.
  • #2 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html
    Prophylactic treatment, usually with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be recommended for patients with biliary-type symptoms or those with complications of gallstones, because these patients are likely to have recurrent and more severe symptoms. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not required in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it may reduce the incidence of wound infection in high-risk patients (i.e., those older than 60 years; patients with diabetes mellitus, acute colic within 30 days of surgery, jaundice, acute cholecystitis, or cholangitis).
  • #2 Cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation) | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cholecystitis-gallbladder-inflammation
    Cholecystitis can be very painful and needs hospital treatment. It is a serious condition and can lead to complications. […] Can cholecystitis be prevented? […] There are things you can do that may lower your risk of having gallstones. These include: eating a diet that’s high in fibre and low in saturated fat, maintaining a healthy body weight, getting regular physical activity. […] If you’ve had symptoms related to gallstones, your doctor may recommend having your gallbladder removed to prevent cholecystitis.
  • #2 HIE Multimedia – Acute cholecystitis
    https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264
    Removing the gallbladder and gallstones will prevent further attacks.
  • #2 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text
    https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4
    Emergency cholecystectomy is the mainstay in treating acute cholecystitis (AC). In actual practice, perioperative prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent postoperative infectious complications (PIC), but their effectiveness lacks evidence. We aim to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in emergency cholecystectomy. […] Our analysis showed no significant differences regarding total PIC (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.63, 1.12), P=0.23), surgical site infection (RR=0.79 with 95% CI (0.56, 1.12), P=0.19), distant infections (RR=1.01 with 95% CI (0.55, 1.88), P=0.97), non-infectious complications (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.64, 1.11), P=0.22), mortality (RR=0.34 with 95% CI (0.04, 3.23), P=0.35), and readmission (RR=0.69 with 95% CI (0.43, 1.11), P=0.13). […] Perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy.
  • #2 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text
    https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4
    Although the Surgical Infection Society and the Tokyo Guidelines recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy, these recommendations are not supported with sufficient evidence. […] The current evidence on the administration of prophylactic perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy. This meta-analysis recommends revising the current guidelines on the use of antibiotics in acute cholecystitis, especially with the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00423-020-01977-x
    Evidence supporting the value of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) in surgery for acute cholecystitis is lacking. […] PAP does not affect the risk for PIC in patients with acute cholecystitis. […] The major risk factors determining PIC in these patients need defining, in particular, the impact of bacteriobilia. […] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PAP with piperacillin/ tazobactam on PIC following acute cholecystectomy for mild to moderate cholecystitis (grades I and II according to TG18). […] In the present study, we were unable to detect any benefit of administrating PAP to reduce the risk for PIC after emergency cholecystectomy for grades I and II acute cholecystitis. […] The use of PAP in planned cholecystectomy varies between units and regions. […] There is still a lack of evidence supporting the use of PAP in cases of acute cholecystectomy, but even so it is obviously a generally held view that PAP reduces PIC; otherwise, the use of PAP should not be practised to such a great extent.
  • #2 Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials – Singh – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology
    https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8281/html
    A preoperative single dose of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing acute LC for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefits to reduce infective complications. […] Preoperative prophylactic antibiotics for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefit to reduce infective complications during acute cholecystectomy. […] This systematic review has shown that there is no benefit of using preoperative antibiotics in grades 1 and 2 of acute cholecystitis.
  • #2
    https://emergency.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/1668
    It is not recommended to use postoperative antibiotics after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as for mild or moderate acute cholecystitis. […] However, additional studies with well-defined patient populations and comparable outcomes are needed to better assess the most appropriate timing and duration of antibiotic use in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  • #2 Prophylactic endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting to prevent acute cholecystitis induced after metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures: a retrospective study in Japan
    https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5946/ce.2023.284
    Prophylactic endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting to prevent acute cholecystitis induced after metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures: a retrospective study in Japan […] This study evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic gallbladder stents (GBS) during SEMS placement. […] No patients developed AC when the GBS placement was successful, whereas 25 of the 128 patients (19.5%) without a prophylactic GBS developed AC during the median follow-up period of 357 days (p=0.043). […] GBS may contribute to the prevention of AC after SEMS placement for malignant biliary strictures. […] Prophylactic GBS placement was found to be a preventative factor for AC after SEMS placement (HR, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.370.99; p=0.045). […] Prophylactic GBS placement helps prevent AC after SEMS placement.
  • #2 Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Gallbladder Drainage and Cholecystitis – Mass General Advances in Motion
    https://advances.massgeneral.org/digestive-health/journal.aspx?id=2179
    100% technical success when EUS-GBD was used for non-cholecystitis gallbladder and biliary disease […] 0 late complications when EUS-GBD was used for non-cholecystitis gallbladder and biliary disease.
  • #2 Effectiveness of conservative management versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the prevention of recurrent symptoms and complications in adults with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease (C-GALL trial): pragmatic, multicentre randomised controlled…
    https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2023-075383
    The C-GALL trial found that in adults presenting with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease to secondary care, conservative management may be effective and cost effective than surgery. The study found it is safe to manage patients conservatively for at least 18 months. […] In the short term (18 months), conservative management, as an alternative to surgery, may be effective and cost effective for patients with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease. […] We conclude that the costs and benefits will continue to be incurred in both groups beyond 24 months, so future research should focus on long term follow-up data to establish lifetime cost effectiveness and aid identification of the cohort of patients who will benefit from surgery.
  • #2 Cholecystitis – causes, triggers, symptoms and treatment options for cholecystitis
    https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/cholecystitis
    To prevent cholecystitis, attention should be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Lifestyle changes including physical activity and an appropriate diet can prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstones. […] Knowing the mechanisms of occurrence and risk factors of cholecystitis, its development can in many cases be prevented. To keep the disease from entering an acute stage, and avoid unexpected attacks, one should not ignore troublesome symptoms occurring after meals.
  • #3 HIE Multimedia – Acute cholecystitis
    https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264
    Removing the gallbladder and gallstones will prevent further attacks.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00423-020-01977-x
    Guidelines on antibiotic use are important for all clinicians, not only to ensure proper use of antibiotics but also to minimise its overuse. […] The present study did not have sufficient statistical power to reveal minor reductions in PIC rate. […] PAP may also be motivated in subgroups with high risk for PIC. […] Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of PAP in patients undergoing surgery for acute cholecystitis.
  • #3 What is cholecystitis? Symptoms, causes, and prevention strategies for gallbladder inflammation
    https://www.moneycontrol.com/health-and-fitness/what-is-cholecystitis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention-strategies-for-gallbladder-inflammation-article-12766734.html
    Eat small, frequent meals: Large meals, especially high in fat, can trigger gallbladder attacks. Opt for smaller meals throughout the day to reduce stress on your gallbladder. […] Limit alcohol intake: Excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to gallstone formation. Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Avoid crash diets: Rapid weight loss and low-calorie diets can increase the risk of gallstones. Aim for gradual weight loss to minimise this risk. […] Consult your doctor: If you have a family history of gallstones or are at risk due to other conditions, talk to your doctor about preventive measures or medications that may help reduce your risk.

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