Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. […] The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] The risk of gallbladder disease increases in women, obese patients, pregnant women, and patients in their 40s. […] Occlusion of the cystic duct or malfunction of the mechanics of gallbladder emptying is the pathophysiology of this disease.

• #1 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15265-gallbladder-swelling–inflammation-cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is inflammation in your gallbladder, an organ in your upper right abdomen. […] An infection or obstruction in your gallbladder or the bile ducts connected to it can cause inflammation, pain and swelling inside it. […] Gallstones are usually the cause of both chronic and acute cholecystitis. So, most cases are calculous. […] About 15% of the worlds population has gallstones, and about 20% of these will have complications from gallstones, which include cholecystitis. Gallstones cause 95% of all cholecystitis cases. […] Gallstones blocking your bile ducts are the most common cause of cholecystitis, both chronic and acute. […] A gallstone that obstructs the flow of bile from your gallbladder will cause acute cholecystitis. […] While a gallstone causing an obstruction is the most common reason why bile flow may slow and back up into your gallbladder, there are other ways this might happen. […] These conditions develop slowly, so theyre more likely to cause chronic cholecystitis. […] Acute cholecystitis is usually caused by something blocking the flow of bile. […] Chronic cholecystitis tends to be less severe, but long-term inflammation can still do serious damage.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation without gallstones. It’s less common, but usually more serious, than calculous cholecystitis. […] The exact cause of acalculous cholecystitis is not known, but it’s usually a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] A combination of risk factors may lead to acalculous cholecystitis, including accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, sepsis, severe malnutrition or dehydration.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder. It is the primary complication of cholelithiasis and the most common cause of acute pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ). […] Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for approximately 3-10% of all patients with abdominal pain. Cholelithiasis is the major risk factor and causes up to 95% of cases. Other risk factors include AIDS, fibrate (hypolipidemic agent) and ascariasis. […] 90-95% of cases are due to gallstones (i.e. acute calculous cholecystitis) with the remainder being acute acalculous cholecystitis. […] The development of acute calculous cholecystitis follows a sequence of events: gallstone obstruction of the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, inflammation from chemical injury of the mucosa by bile salts, reactive production of mucus, leading to increased intraluminal pressure and distention, increased luminal distention restricting blood flow to the gallbladder wall (gallbladder hydrops), increasing wall thickness from edema and inflammatory changes, secondary bacterial infection in ~66% of patients.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Gallstones form from various materials such as bilirubinate or cholesterol. […] These materials increase the likelihood of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in conditions such as sickle cell disease where red blood cells are broken down forming excess bilirubin and forming pigmented stones. […] Patients with excessive cholesterol can form cholesterol stones. […] Occlusion of the common bile duct such as in neoplasms or strictures can also lead to stasis of the bile flow causing gallstone formation.

• #1 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones

  Excess bilirubin. Bilirubin is a byproduct of broken-down old red blood cells. You might have an excess of bilirubin if you have a blood disorder that destroys too many red blood cells, or if your liver is impaired in some way and struggling to process its normal load of bilirubin into bile. […] Not enough bile acids (bile salts). Certain diseases can cause bile acid malabsorption, which means that you lose bile acids in your poop. If you lose too many, your liver won’t have enough left to make bile with. The lack of bile acids creates an excess of lipids (cholesterol) in your bile. […] Cholestasis or gallbladder stasis. Stasis means inactivity. If your bile ducts or gallbladder aren’t moving bile effectively through your biliary tract, the bile is more likely to form sediment. This might be an issue with the muscles or with the chemical signaling that tells them to move.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, called the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or by a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is a less common, but usually more serious, type of acute cholecystitis. It usually develops as a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is often associated with problems such as accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, blood poisoning (sepsis), severe malnutrition or AIDS.

• #1 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis, occurring in the absence of gallstones. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute cholecystitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. […] The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is multifactorial and likely results from ischemia and cholestasis. The cystic artery, which supplies blood to the gallbladder, is a terminal artery and susceptible to ischemia. Ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall can occur with hypoperfusion in cases of hypotension, vasoactive drug use, or major surgery and trauma. Cholestasis may be seen in prolonged fasting states, usage of total parental nutrition, and ileus or bowel obstruction. Cholestasis results in increased pressure within the gallbladder and distension, further decreasing perfusion to the gallbladder wall. Pathologically, ischemia and cholestasis result in local inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall, epithelial injury, and eventually necrosis of the gallbladder tissue.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Cholecystitis is defined as an inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly because of the presence of stones in the gallbladder or an obstruction of the cystic duct from cholelithiasis. Ninety percent of cases involve stones in the gallbladder (ie, calculous cholecystitis), with the other 10% of cases representing acalculous cholecystitis. […] Risk factors for cholecystitis mirror those for cholelithiasis and include increasing age, female sex, certain ethnic groups, obesity or rapid weight loss, drugs, and pregnancy. Although bile cultures are positive for bacteria in 50%-75% of cases, bacterial proliferation may be a result of cholecystitis and not the precipitating factor for it. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is related to conditions associated with biliary stasis, including debilitation, major surgery, severe trauma, sepsis, long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and prolonged fasting. Other causes of acalculous cholecystitis include cardiac events; sickle cell disease; Salmonella infections; diabetes mellitus; and cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, or microsporidiosis infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). […] Patients who are immunocompromised are at an increased risk of developing cholecystitis from a number of different infectious sources. Idiopathic cases also exist.

• #1 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone. […] Cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. […] Gallstones are the most common cause of gallbladder inflammation but it can also occur due to blockage from a tumor or scarring of the bile duct. […] The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. […] Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity (Native North American), rapid weight loss. […] Gallstones blocking the flow of bile account for 90% of cases of cholecystitis (acute calculous cholecystitis). […] In acalculous cholecystitis, no stone is in the biliary ducts. […] Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to gallstones.

• #1 Cholecystitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cholecystitis.html

  Cholecystitis usually develops when a person has gallstones, which are rock-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. […] Chemicals in the trapped bile or a bacterial infection can then lead to inflammation of the gallbladder. […] Women are more likely than men to get gallstones. The risk of gallstones also is higher in: anyone older than age 60, women who are pregnant or have had several pregnancies, women who take estrogen replacement therapy or birth control pills, obese people, people who have lost weight rapidly, people who eat a high-fat diet. […] Because gallstones cause cholecystitis, you may be able to avoid cholecystitis by controlling the risk factors that can lead to the formation of gallstones. These include watching your weight and avoiding a high-fat diet.

• #1 Cholecystitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/cholecystitis.html

  Cholecystitis is a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder. It happens when a digestive juice called bile gets trapped in your gallbladder. […] Cholecystitis happens when bile gets trapped in your gallbladder. […] In most cases, this happens because gallstones are blocking a tube that drains bile from the gallbladder. This causes bile to build up in your gallbladder, causing irritation and pressure. It can cause swelling and infection. […] Other causes of cholecystitis include: Bacterial infection in the bile duct system. The bile duct system is the drainage system that carries bile from your liver and gallbladder into the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum). Tumors of the pancreas or liver. A tumor can stop bile from draining out of your gallbladder. Reduced blood supply to the gallbladder. This may happen if you have diabetes or, occasionally, if you are very sick from other causes and staying in the hospital ICU. Gallbladder sludge. This is a thick material that cant be absorbed by bile in your gallbladder. The sludge builds up in your gallbladder. It happens mainly to pregnant women or to people who have had a very fast weight loss. […] Cholecystitis can happen suddenly (acute) or it can be long-term (chronic).

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120163/acute-cholecystitis

  acute inflammation of the gallbladder, often in the setting of gallstones or biliary sludge […] acalculous cholecystitis etiology gallbladder stasis […] hypoperfusion […] infection […] calculous cholecystitis etiology gallstone impaction resulting in inflammation […] EEEK bugs E. coli […] Enterobacter […] Enterococcus […] Klebsiella […] blockage of cystic duct by gallstones can lead to distention of gallbladder, inflammation, and infection.

• #1 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  The majority of patients with acalculous cholecystitis have multiple risk factors. In some cases, specific primary infections with non-enteric organisms predispose to acalculous cholecystitis. As an example, acalculous cholecystitis occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other immunosuppressed patients may be due to opportunistic infections such as microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, or cytomegalovirus. More often, however, these infections cause a cholangiopathy without cholecystitis. There is also association of acalculous cholecystitis with COVID-19, though it is unclear whether disease results from primary infection of the biliary system or critical illness.

• #1 Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to infectious causes

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i23/6674.htm

  A large number of pathogens have been shown to directly invade the gallbladder epithelium. […] Direct invasion was also proved by Mourani et al. […] A heterogeneous group of infectious causes leads to acute or chronic acalculous cholecystitis in immunocompromised patients: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Sarcocystis spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Histoplasma capsulatum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] EBV is documented as the most prevalent infectious cause of AAC in many reviews. […] AAC has been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and it is usually associated with critical illness, mechanical ventilation and prolonged TPN.

• #1 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it. […] The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare.

• #1 Chronic Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470236/

  Chronic cholecystitis mostly occurs in the setting of cholelithiasis. The proposed etiology is recurrent episodes of acute cholecystitis or chronic irritation from gallstones invoking an inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall. […] Chronic cholecystitis is a chronic condition caused by ongoing inflammation of the gallbladder resulting in mechanical or physiological dysfunction its emptying. […] Risk factors for cholelithiasis include: Female gender, Obesity, Rapid weight loss, Pregnancy, Advanced age, Hispanic or Pima Indians.

• #1 Chronic Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/chronic-cholecystitis

  Chronic cholecystitis is long-standing gallbladder inflammation almost always due to gallstones. […] Chronic cholecystitis almost always results from gallstones and prior episodes of acute cholecystitis (even if mild). […] Damage ranges from a modest infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells to a fibrotic, shrunken gallbladder. Extensive calcification due to fibrosis is called porcelain gallbladder.

• #2 Chronic Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470236/

  Chronic cholecystitis mostly occurs in the setting of cholelithiasis. The proposed etiology is recurrent episodes of acute cholecystitis or chronic irritation from gallstones invoking an inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall. […] Chronic cholecystitis is a chronic condition caused by ongoing inflammation of the gallbladder resulting in mechanical or physiological dysfunction its emptying. […] Risk factors for cholelithiasis include: Female gender, Obesity, Rapid weight loss, Pregnancy, Advanced age, Hispanic or Pima Indians.

• #2 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone. […] Cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. […] Gallstones are the most common cause of gallbladder inflammation but it can also occur due to blockage from a tumor or scarring of the bile duct. […] The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. […] Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity (Native North American), rapid weight loss. […] Gallstones blocking the flow of bile account for 90% of cases of cholecystitis (acute calculous cholecystitis). […] In acalculous cholecystitis, no stone is in the biliary ducts. […] Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to gallstones.

• #2 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones

  Gallstones form when bile sediment collects and crystallizes. Often, the sediment is an excess of one of the main ingredients in bile. […] Gallstones form when there’s an excess of one of the main ingredients in bile. The excess ingredient turns to sediment at the bottom of your gallbladder or bile ducts, and the sediment gradually hardens into stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type. Pigment (bilirubin) stones are the other. […] A variety of factors may be involved in this process, including: Excess cholesterol. Your liver extracts cholesterol from your blood to make bile. If there’s too much cholesterol in your blood, the proportions in your bile will be off. Bile needs a balance of lipids and acids to hold all the ingredients together. Any excess will fall by the wayside.

• #2 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Cholecystitis is defined as an inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs most commonly because of the presence of stones in the gallbladder or an obstruction of the cystic duct from cholelithiasis. Ninety percent of cases involve stones in the gallbladder (ie, calculous cholecystitis), with the other 10% of cases representing acalculous cholecystitis. […] Risk factors for cholecystitis mirror those for cholelithiasis and include increasing age, female sex, certain ethnic groups, obesity or rapid weight loss, drugs, and pregnancy. Although bile cultures are positive for bacteria in 50%-75% of cases, bacterial proliferation may be a result of cholecystitis and not the precipitating factor for it. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is related to conditions associated with biliary stasis, including debilitation, major surgery, severe trauma, sepsis, long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and prolonged fasting. Other causes of acalculous cholecystitis include cardiac events; sickle cell disease; Salmonella infections; diabetes mellitus; and cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, or microsporidiosis infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). […] Patients who are immunocompromised are at an increased risk of developing cholecystitis from a number of different infectious sources. Idiopathic cases also exist.

• #2 Understanding Acalculous Cholecystitis Causes

  https://drniveditapandey.com/cholangitis/understanding-acalculous-cholecystitis-causes/

  Acalculous cholecystitis is a disorder characterized by impaired gallbladder emptying, leading to inflammation and potential complications. […] Instead, it is often triggered by other factors and underlying conditions. […] Some of the risk factors for acalculous cholecystitis include long periods of fasting, total parenteral nutrition, drastic weight loss, and serious underlying conditions such as sepsis, trauma, burns, and major surgeries. […] Its important to note that chronic acalculous cholecystitis often has an unknown cause. […] The pathophysiology of this condition involves multiple factors, including increased intraluminal pressure, ischemia, inflammation, and the potential development of gangrene and perforation. […] Gallbladder stasis, which refers to the impaired emptying of the gallbladder, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis.

• #2 Acute cholecystitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis.

• #2 Cholecystitis | Kettering Health

  https://ketteringhealth.org/conditions/cholecystitis/

  Cholecystitis happens when bile gets trapped in your gallbladder. […] In most cases, this happens because gallstones are blocking a tube that drains bile from the gallbladder. This causes bile to build up in your gallbladder, causing irritation and pressure. It can cause swelling and infection. […] Other causes of cholecystitis include: Bacterial infection in the bile duct system. The bile duct system is the drainage system that carries bile from your liver and gallbladder into the first part of your small intestine (the duodenum). Tumors of the pancreas or liver. A tumor can stop bile from draining out of your gallbladder. Reduced blood supply to the gallbladder. This may happen if you have diabetes or, occasionally, if you are very sick from other causes and staying in the hospital ICU. Gallbladder sludge. This is a thick material that can’t be absorbed by bile in your gallbladder. The sludge builds up in your gallbladder. It happens mainly to pregnant women or to people who have had a very fast weight loss.

• #2 Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to infectious causes

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i23/6674.htm

  A large number of pathogens have been shown to directly invade the gallbladder epithelium. […] Direct invasion was also proved by Mourani et al. […] A heterogeneous group of infectious causes leads to acute or chronic acalculous cholecystitis in immunocompromised patients: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Sarcocystis spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Histoplasma capsulatum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] EBV is documented as the most prevalent infectious cause of AAC in many reviews. […] AAC has been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and it is usually associated with critical illness, mechanical ventilation and prolonged TPN.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/complications/

  If a bile duct becomes permanently blocked, it can lead to a build-up of bile inside the gallbladder. This can cause the gallbladder to become infected and inflamed. […] The medical term for inflammation of the gallbladder is acute cholecystitis. […] Having a history of gallstones increases your risk of developing gallbladder cancer. Most people who have cancer of the gallbladder also have a history of gallstones. […] Gallbladder cancer is a rare but serious complication of gallstones.

• #2 Acalculous Cholecystitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/187645-overview

  The main cause of acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder stasis with resulting stagnant bile. This is observed most commonly in patients with sepsis, patients in intensive care units, patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), those with cardiovascular disease, […] patients with diabetes (occasionally), or other patients with gallbladder dysmotility. The condition has been reported during pregnancy, as a complication of hepatitis A. […] It has been rarely reported in children, also as a complication of hepatitis A, […] with a favorable course with conservative treatment. This disease has also been reported as associated with aortic dissection.

• #2 Chronic cholecystitis: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronic-cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. […] While gallstones blocking the bile duct are the most common cause of cholecystitis, other factors, such as infections and thickened gallbladder walls, can also trigger this condition. […] One possible cause of chronic cholecystitis is biliary sludge, which is a buildup of substances that happens when bile stays in the gallbladder for too long. Another possible cause is a gallbladder infection. […] Calculous cholecystitis is the more common form and occurs when gallstones block the bile duct, leading to gallbladder inflammation. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is a less common but potentially life threatening form of chronic cholecystitis. It typically occurs in people who are critically ill, often due to factors such as the critical health condition itself, infections, or medications.

• #2 Acute acalculous cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-acalculous-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis refers to the development of cholecystitis in the gallbladder either without gallstones or with gallstones where they are not the contributory factor. It is thought to occur most often due to biliary stasis and/or gallbladder ischemia. […] Risk factors and preceding contributory insults associated with the development of acute acalculous cholecystitis include severe tissue injury, including major trauma and burns, postoperative, especially following major surgery e.g. valvular replacement, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, vasculitis, congestive heart failure, shock, cardiac arrest, advanced age, concomitant opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and viral infections such as dengue, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis (A-C), cytomegalovirus, disseminated varicella-zoster, Zika, and HIV.

• #2 What Is Cholecystitis?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/gallbladder/guide/cholecystitis/

  When a gallstone forms, it can wedge itself in the ducts that release bile causing bile buildup and a painful condition called cholecystitis. […] Some of the most common causes of cholecystitis include: Gallstones becoming lodged in the ducts of the gallbladder, preventing bile from emptying […] A bacterial or viral infection that strikes the bile duct system, which empties bile from the gallbladder (this may be a complication of AIDS) […] A rare form of acute cholecystitis that isnt due to gallstones called acalculous cholecystitis tends to occur after the following events and conditions: Major surgery […] Serious illness, infection, or injury […] Long-term intravenous (IV) feeding […] Extended fasting […] Immune system deficiency.

• #2 FloridaHealthFinder | Chronic cholecystitis | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000217

  Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that continues over time. […] Most of the time, chronic cholecystitis is caused by repeated attacks of acute (sudden) cholecystitis. Most of these attacks are caused by gallstones in the gallbladder. […] The disease occurs more often in women than in men. It is more common after age 40. Birth control pills and pregnancy are factors that increase the risk for gallstones.

• #2 Risks and causes of gallbladder cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/gallbladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Gallstones and inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) are the most common risk factors for gallbladder cancer. […] The risk of gallbladder cancer is around 5 times higher in people with a history of gallbladder conditions (mainly gallstones), compared to those who don’t. […] People with a family history of gallbladder cancer are 5 times more likely to develop gallbladder cancer than those with no relatives with it. […] The risk of developing gallbladder cancer varies around the world and for different ethnicities. This is likely to be due to factors such as infection, gallstones, inflammation or diet. […] Porcelain gallbladder is a result of chronic inflammation and means that calcium deposits build up on the inside wall of your gallbladder. People with this condition have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer, but it’s rare.

• #2 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15265-gallbladder-swelling–inflammation-cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is inflammation in your gallbladder, an organ in your upper right abdomen. […] An infection or obstruction in your gallbladder or the bile ducts connected to it can cause inflammation, pain and swelling inside it. […] Gallstones are usually the cause of both chronic and acute cholecystitis. So, most cases are calculous. […] About 15% of the worlds population has gallstones, and about 20% of these will have complications from gallstones, which include cholecystitis. Gallstones cause 95% of all cholecystitis cases. […] Gallstones blocking your bile ducts are the most common cause of cholecystitis, both chronic and acute. […] A gallstone that obstructs the flow of bile from your gallbladder will cause acute cholecystitis. […] While a gallstone causing an obstruction is the most common reason why bile flow may slow and back up into your gallbladder, there are other ways this might happen. […] These conditions develop slowly, so theyre more likely to cause chronic cholecystitis. […] Acute cholecystitis is usually caused by something blocking the flow of bile. […] Chronic cholecystitis tends to be less severe, but long-term inflammation can still do serious damage.

• #2 Cholecystitis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/cholecystitis.html

  Cholecystitis usually develops when a person has gallstones, which are rock-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. […] Chemicals in the trapped bile or a bacterial infection can then lead to inflammation of the gallbladder. […] Women are more likely than men to get gallstones. The risk of gallstones also is higher in: anyone older than age 60, women who are pregnant or have had several pregnancies, women who take estrogen replacement therapy or birth control pills, obese people, people who have lost weight rapidly, people who eat a high-fat diet. […] Because gallstones cause cholecystitis, you may be able to avoid cholecystitis by controlling the risk factors that can lead to the formation of gallstones. These include watching your weight and avoiding a high-fat diet.

• #3 FloridaHealthFinder | Chronic cholecystitis | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000217

  Chronic cholecystitis is swelling and irritation of the gallbladder that continues over time. […] Most of the time, chronic cholecystitis is caused by repeated attacks of acute (sudden) cholecystitis. Most of these attacks are caused by gallstones in the gallbladder. […] The disease occurs more often in women than in men. It is more common after age 40. Birth control pills and pregnancy are factors that increase the risk for gallstones.

• #3 Mnemonic Video on the 6 F’s of Gallbladder Disease

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/biliary-disorders-1423/cholecystitis-causes_2198

  Cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation caused by biliary obstruction with or without bacteria entering the gallbladder. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis, or gallbladder inflammation not related to an obstruction, is more frequently seen in patients who are older, critically ill, diabetic, or experiencing prolonged immobility or fasting. […] Acute calculous cholecystitis is often caused by a gallstone obstructing the common bile duct and causes gallbladder distention filling it with bile or pus. […] The incidence of cholecystitis is higher in females. Since fat tissue promotes cholesterol secretion in the bile, and women tend to accumulate more fatty tissue than men, females have an increased risk of biliary obstruction leading to cholecystitis. […] Those with fair complexion (Caucasians) are more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones, which can later develop into cholecystitis.

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