Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Interstitial cystitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354357

  Interstitial cystitis (in-tur-STISH-ul sis-TIE-tis) is a chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pelvic pain. The pain ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain. The condition is a part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome. […] The signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis vary from person to person. If you have interstitial cystitis, your symptoms may also vary over time, periodically flaring in response to common triggers, such as menstruation, sitting for a long time, stress, exercise and sexual activity. […] Interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms include: Pain in your pelvis or between the vagina and anus in women, Pain between the scrotum and anus (perineum) in men, Chronic pelvic pain, A persistent, urgent need to urinate, Frequent urination, often of small amounts, throughout the day and night (up to 60 times a day), Pain or discomfort while the bladder fills and relief after urinating, Pain during sex.

• #2 Cystitis vs. UTI: How To Tell The Difference – Alliance Urology

  https://allianceurology.com/cystitis-vs-uti-how-to-tell-the-difference/

  Cystitis does seem to be less known than a UTI. This is the inflammation of specifically the bladder caused by infectious or non-infectious reasons. […] The symptoms of cystitis include: Persistent urge to urinate, Burning sensation when urinating, Blood in the urine, Small amounts of urine frequently, Strong-smelling urine, Fever, Pressure in the abdomen area. […] Understanding cystitis vs. UTI can make diagnosing and treating a patient much more straightforward. While they do have many similarities, they are not entirely the same.

• #3 Cystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306

  Cystitis signs and symptoms may include: A strong, persistent urge to urinate […] Pain or a burning feeling when urinating […] Passing frequent, small amounts of urine […] Blood in the urine (hematuria) […] Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine […] Pelvic discomfort […] A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen) […] Low-grade fever. In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn’t likely to happen because of a UTI. […] If you develop urgent, frequent or painful urination that lasts for several hours or longer or if you notice blood in your urine, call your health care provider. If you’ve been diagnosed with a UTI in the past and you develop symptoms that mimic a previous UTI, call your provider.

• #4

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, most commonly caused caused by a bladder infection. […] The main symptoms of cystitis include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee, needing to pee more often and urgently than normal, pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling, pain low down in your tummy, feeling unwell, achy, sick and tired. […] Symptoms in children include a high temperature, weakness, irritability, less appetite and vomiting. […] If you keep getting cystitis, your GP may give you a prescription to use whenever you get symptoms. […] If you have frequent pelvic pain and problems peeing, you may have interstitial cystitis.

• #5 Cystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/cystitis/

  Cystitis can cause problems with peeing and make you feel unwell. […] Symptoms of cystitis in adults include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee, needing to pee more often and urgently than normal, feeling like you need to pee again soon after going to the toilet, pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling, pain low down in your tummy, feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired, blood in your urine. […] In adults, cystitis doesn’t usually cause a high temperature (fever). If you have a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above and pain in your lower back or sides, it may be a sign of a kidney infection. […] Symptoms of cystitis in children include: a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, weakness and tiredness, irritability, reduced appetite, vomiting. […] Children with cystitis can sometimes also have symptoms usually found in adults. This can include things like pain when peeing, peeing more often than normal, and pain in their tummy.

• #6 Cystitis (Urine Infection) in Women: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/cystitis-in-women

  Cystitis can cause various symptoms. The main ones are: […] The urgent feeling to pass urine can be very severe but may not disappear after having passed urine. This is called strangury. […] Often only small amounts may be passed. […] Women sometimes describe this as feeling like they are 'peeing broken glass’. […] Blood in your urine. […] Discomfort in your lower tummy (abdomen) or pelvic area. […] Feeling generally unwell and tired. […] The vast majority of women improve within a few days of developing cystitis. However, if your symptoms still do not improve after you have been taking antibiotics then you may need an alternative antibiotic. Some germs (bacteria) causing cystitis can be resistant to some types of antibiotics. Also if blood has been found in your urine you may be asked to provide another sample for testing. […] If you develop long-term, recurrent bouts of cystitis you should see your doctor.

• #7 Bladder Infection – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bladder-infection

  Cystitis usually causes a frequent, urgent need to urinate and a burning or painful sensation while urinating. These symptoms usually develop over several hours or a day. The urgent need to urinate may cause an uncontrollable loss of urine (urge incontinence), especially in older adults. Fever is rarely present. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and often in the lower back as well. Frequent urination during the night (nocturia) may be another symptom. The urine may be cloudy in severe infection. Uncommonly, when infection results from an abnormal connection between the bladder and the intestine or the vagina (fistula), air can be passed in the urine (pneumaturia). […] Sometimes cystitis causes no symptoms, particularly in older adults, and is discovered when urine tests are done for other reasons. Among older adults, cystitis may also cause no symptoms related to urinating and may cause symptoms such as fever or confusion. A person whose bladder is malfunctioning because of nerve damage (neurogenic bladder) or a person who has a catheter may have cystitis with no symptoms until a kidney infection or fever develops.

• #8 Cystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306

  When treated right away with the proper medicine, bladder infections rarely lead to complications. But if they aren’t treated, they can become something more serious. Complications may include: Kidney infection. An untreated bladder infection can lead to a kidney infection. This is also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis). Kidney infections may permanently damage the kidneys. […] Blood in the urine. With cystitis, you may have blood cells in the urine. Often, they can be seen only with a microscope. This condition is called microscopic hematuria. It usually goes away after treatment. If blood cells still appear in the urine after treatment, you may need to see a specialist to find out the cause.

• #9 Cystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/cystitis/

  Cystitis can cause problems with peeing and make you feel unwell. […] Symptoms of cystitis in adults include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee, needing to pee more often and urgently than normal, feeling like you need to pee again soon after going to the toilet, pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling, pain low down in your tummy, feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired, blood in your urine. […] In adults, cystitis doesn’t usually cause a high temperature (fever). If you have a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above and pain in your lower back or sides, it may be a sign of a kidney infection. […] Symptoms of cystitis in children include: a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, weakness and tiredness, irritability, reduced appetite, vomiting. […] Children with cystitis can sometimes also have symptoms usually found in adults. This can include things like pain when peeing, peeing more often than normal, and pain in their tummy.

• #10 Interstitial Cystitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/voiding-disorders/interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis is noninfectious bladder inflammation that causes pain (suprapubic, pelvic, and abdominal), urinary frequency, and urgency with incontinence. […] Interstitial cystitis is initially asymptomatic, but symptoms appear and worsen over years as the bladder wall is damaged. Suprapubic and pelvic pressure or pain occurs, usually with urinary frequency (up to 60 times/day) or urgency. These symptoms worsen as the bladder fills and diminish when patients void; in some people, symptoms worsen during ovulation, menstruation, seasonal allergies, physical or emotional stress, or sexual intercourse. […] If the bladder wall becomes scarred, bladder compliance and capacity decrease, causing or worsening urinary urgency and frequency. […] Up to 90% of patients improve with treatment, but cure is rare. […] Surgery is a last resort for patients with intolerable pain refractory to all other treatments.

• #11 What is Cystitis? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.canesten.co.uk/intimate-health/learning-zone/what-is-cystitis

  Cystitis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). Read on to learn about what it is, how you know you have it and how to treat it. […] If you notice that you need to pee more often or experience pain during urination, you might be suffering from cystitis, an inflammation of your bladder. […] The feeling that you need to urinate more often or having an uncomfortable or painful urination are two of the main symptoms that let you know that you may be suffering from cystitis. […] The most common symptoms of cystitis are pain, burning or stinging when you are urinating, and needing to pee more often and urgently than normal. […] However, you can also experience other symptoms that may help you recognise if you have cystitis. These are: Pain, burning or stinging when you are urinating […] Needing to pee more often and urgently than normal […] Feeling that you can’t fully empty your bladder […] Urine that is dark, cloudy or strong-smelling […] Abdominal pain or backache […] Feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired […] Blood in your urine.

• #12 Cystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder. It’s common, particularly in women. It often gets better by itself, but may sometimes be treated with antibiotics. […] Symptoms of cystitis include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee; needing to pee more often and urgently than usual; pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong smelling; pain low down in your tummy. […] In older, frail people with cognitive impairment (such as dementia) and people with a urinary catheter, symptoms may also include: changes in behaviour, such as acting confused or agitated (delirium); wetting themselves more than usual; shivering or shaking (rigors). […] If you keep getting cystitis, a GP may prescribe: a single-dose antibiotic to take within 2 hours of having sex, if you’ve noticed sex triggers cystitis; a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months; a vaginal oestrogen cream, if you have gone through the menopause. […] In some women, antibiotics do not work or urine tests do not pick up an infection even though you have cystitis symptoms. […] Long-term infections are linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people aged 60 and over.

• #13 Cystitis – acute Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/cystitis-acute

  Acute cystitis is an infection of the bladder or lower urinary tract. Acute means that the infection begins suddenly. […] The symptoms of a bladder infection include: Cloudy or bloody urine, Strong or foul-smelling urine, Low fever (most people will not have a fever), Pain or burning with urination, Pressure or cramping in the lower middle abdomen or back, Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied. […] Often in an older person, mental changes or confusion are the only signs of a possible infection. […] Most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable, but go away without complications after treatment.

• #14 Bladder Infection – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bladder-infection

  Cystitis usually causes a frequent, urgent need to urinate and a burning or painful sensation while urinating. These symptoms usually develop over several hours or a day. The urgent need to urinate may cause an uncontrollable loss of urine (urge incontinence), especially in older adults. Fever is rarely present. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and often in the lower back as well. Frequent urination during the night (nocturia) may be another symptom. The urine may be cloudy in severe infection. Uncommonly, when infection results from an abnormal connection between the bladder and the intestine or the vagina (fistula), air can be passed in the urine (pneumaturia). […] Sometimes cystitis causes no symptoms, particularly in older adults, and is discovered when urine tests are done for other reasons. Among older adults, cystitis may also cause no symptoms related to urinating and may cause symptoms such as fever or confusion. A person whose bladder is malfunctioning because of nerve damage (neurogenic bladder) or a person who has a catheter may have cystitis with no symptoms until a kidney infection or fever develops.

• #15 Cystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/cystitis/

  Cystitis can cause problems with peeing and make you feel unwell. […] Symptoms of cystitis in adults include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee, needing to pee more often and urgently than normal, feeling like you need to pee again soon after going to the toilet, pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling, pain low down in your tummy, feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired, blood in your urine. […] In adults, cystitis doesn’t usually cause a high temperature (fever). If you have a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above and pain in your lower back or sides, it may be a sign of a kidney infection. […] Symptoms of cystitis in children include: a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, weakness and tiredness, irritability, reduced appetite, vomiting. […] Children with cystitis can sometimes also have symptoms usually found in adults. This can include things like pain when peeing, peeing more often than normal, and pain in their tummy.

• #16

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, most commonly caused caused by a bladder infection. […] The main symptoms of cystitis include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee, needing to pee more often and urgently than normal, pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong-smelling, pain low down in your tummy, feeling unwell, achy, sick and tired. […] Symptoms in children include a high temperature, weakness, irritability, less appetite and vomiting. […] If you keep getting cystitis, your GP may give you a prescription to use whenever you get symptoms. […] If you have frequent pelvic pain and problems peeing, you may have interstitial cystitis.

• #17 Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/urinary.html

  Most UTIs happen in the lower part of the urinary tract the urethra and bladder. This type of UTI is called cystitis. A child with cystitis may have: pain, burning, or a stinging sensation when peeing […] an increased urge or more frequent need to pee (though only a very small amount of pee may be passed) […] fever […] waking up at night a lot to go to the bathroom […] wetting problems, even though the child is potty trained […] belly pain in the area of the bladder (generally below the belly button) […] foul-smelling pee that may look cloudy or contain blood.

• #18 Cystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306

  Cystitis signs and symptoms may include: A strong, persistent urge to urinate […] Pain or a burning feeling when urinating […] Passing frequent, small amounts of urine […] Blood in the urine (hematuria) […] Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine […] Pelvic discomfort […] A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen) […] Low-grade fever. In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn’t likely to happen because of a UTI. […] If you develop urgent, frequent or painful urination that lasts for several hours or longer or if you notice blood in your urine, call your health care provider. If you’ve been diagnosed with a UTI in the past and you develop symptoms that mimic a previous UTI, call your provider.

• #19 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Cystitis refers to infection of the lower urinary tract, or more specifically, the urinary bladder. It may be broadly categorized as either uncomplicated or complicated. Uncomplicated cystitis refers to lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in either men or non-pregnant women who are otherwise healthy. Acute cystitis is typically caused by a bacterial infection of the urinary bladder. Complicated cystitis, on the other hand, is associated with risk factors that increase the virulence of the infection or the potential of failing antibiotic therapy. […] Acute cystitis is typically caused by a bacterial infection of the urinary bladder. Women are particularly susceptible due to the proximity of the rectum to the urethral meatus as well as the relatively short urethral length in females. […] Acute cystitis often presents urinary symptoms, including dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain or tenderness, and occasionally hematuria.

• #20 Bladder Infection – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bladder-infection

  Cystitis usually causes a frequent, urgent need to urinate and a burning or painful sensation while urinating. These symptoms usually develop over several hours or a day. The urgent need to urinate may cause an uncontrollable loss of urine (urge incontinence), especially in older adults. Fever is rarely present. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and often in the lower back as well. Frequent urination during the night (nocturia) may be another symptom. The urine may be cloudy in severe infection. Uncommonly, when infection results from an abnormal connection between the bladder and the intestine or the vagina (fistula), air can be passed in the urine (pneumaturia). […] Sometimes cystitis causes no symptoms, particularly in older adults, and is discovered when urine tests are done for other reasons. Among older adults, cystitis may also cause no symptoms related to urinating and may cause symptoms such as fever or confusion. A person whose bladder is malfunctioning because of nerve damage (neurogenic bladder) or a person who has a catheter may have cystitis with no symptoms until a kidney infection or fever develops.

• #21 Cystitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cystitis

  Symptoms include painful urination, burning sensation while urinating, cramps in lower back or abdomen. […] People who have cystitis may experience uncomfortable symptoms, such as: Painful urination, A burning sensation while urinating, Cramps or pressure in the lower back or abdomen, A strong urge to urinate often, Frequent bathroom visits, including after bedtime, Urinary incontinence, Cloudy or dark-colored urine, Blood in the urine, Foul-smelling urine, Pain during sexual intercourse, Genital pain, A low-grade fever in some people, Fatigue. […] Sometimes older adults have cystitis without any of the symptoms listed above. However, they may have: Fever, Confusion, Delirium. […] Most people who receive treatment for cystitis are cured quickly, in just a few days. Minor cases may even go away on their own without treatment. […] If cystitis isn’t identified and treated, it may spread to the kidneys, causing an upper urinary tract infection that is more difficult to treat. Fever, chills, and flank pain (pain on the lower back or sides) are symptoms that often accompany upper urinary tract infections.

• #22 Overview: Acute cystitis – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279403/

  If the symptoms stay in the lower urinary tract (the bladder and the urethra) and there are no risk factors for severe cystitis or complications, then the cystitis is referred to as „uncomplicated.” This is easy to treat and usually goes away without any trouble. […] You should urgently seek a doctor or go to a hospital if you have cystitis and the following symptoms develop: Pain near the kidneys (flank pain), Fever, Nausea and vomiting. […] Antibiotics usually help to relieve acute cystitis quite fast and shorten the duration of the disease. But you don’t always need to take antibiotics. Uncomplicated cystitis clears up in 30 to 50 out of 100 women within one week even if they don’t use antibiotics and not using antibiotics generally isn’t expected to result in complications.

• #23 Acute Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24450-acute-cystitis

  If you don’t treat acute cystitis, you run the risk of developing other complications, including: Sepsis. Acute kidney injury. Abscess formation. Gas in your bladder wall (emphysematous cystitis). […] With diagnosis and treatment, the outlook for people with acute cystitis is good. Most people feel better after just a few days.

• #24 Bladder infection (cystitis) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bladder-infection-cystitis.html

  A bladder infection causes inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the bladder and urethra. This causes the sudden development of a predictable group of symptoms. Many women who have had a bladder infection in the past can identify the symptoms easily when they develop another infection. These symptoms usually include one or more of the following: […] People with complicated bladder infections usually have symptoms similar to those with simple infections. However, patients may also develop additional symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, flank pain, back pain, or confusion if the bacteria spread from the urinary system to the blood stream or kidney. […] Women with simple bladder infections often improve within hours of taking the first dose of antibiotic, and all symptoms should go away within three days. However, people with complicated infections, such as men with enlarged prostate glands, may have prolonged symptoms. If patients have indwelling catheters in place, it is difficult to clear the urinary system of bacteria unless the catheter is removed.

• #25 Overview: Acute cystitis – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279403/

  If the symptoms stay in the lower urinary tract (the bladder and the urethra) and there are no risk factors for severe cystitis or complications, then the cystitis is referred to as „uncomplicated.” This is easy to treat and usually goes away without any trouble. […] You should urgently seek a doctor or go to a hospital if you have cystitis and the following symptoms develop: Pain near the kidneys (flank pain), Fever, Nausea and vomiting. […] Antibiotics usually help to relieve acute cystitis quite fast and shorten the duration of the disease. But you don’t always need to take antibiotics. Uncomplicated cystitis clears up in 30 to 50 out of 100 women within one week even if they don’t use antibiotics and not using antibiotics generally isn’t expected to result in complications.

• #26 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Patients with complicated acute cystitis will often present similarly to uncomplicated cystitis. Specific patient populations with complicated cystitis may have atypical symptoms. […] Cystitis may be differentiated from pyelonephritis by the absence of systemic findings such as fever, chills, or sepsis. […] Patients with uncomplicated cystitis typically have an improvement in symptoms within three days after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Recurrent cystitis occurs in 25% of women within six months after their first UTI, and the rate increases in women with more than one prior UTI. Complications are rare, especially in patients who are appropriately treated. Bacteremia and sepsis from uncomplicated cystitis are uncommon.

• #27 Recurrent Cystitis in Women: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/recurrent-cystitis-in-women

  Cystitis means inflammation of the bladder. It is usually caused by a urine infection. Some women have repeated bouts of cystitis. Doctors define a recurrent infection as either three proven separate infections in a year, or as two in six months. In many cases there is no apparent reason for a woman to get frequent attacks of cystitis. […] In most cases, there is no apparent reason why cystitis returns. There is usually no problem with your bladder or defence (immune) system that can be identified. […] It is possible there may be a slight alteration in the ability of your body to resist bacteria getting into the bladder and causing infection. A slight variation in the body’s defence may tip the balance in favour of bacteria to cause infection. […] For some women, one of the following may contribute: Bladder or kidney problems may lead to infections being more likely. For example, kidney stones, or conditions that cause urine to pool and not drain properly. Your doctor may arrange some tests if a problem is suspected.

• #28 Recurrent Cystitis in Women: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/recurrent-cystitis-in-women

  Having sex increases the chance of cystitis in some women. […] Hormones: your vagina, bladder and urethra respond to the chemical (hormone) called oestrogen. After the menopause, when the levels of oestrogen in the body reduce, the tissues of these organs become thinner, weaker and dry. These changes can increase the risk of recurrent cystitis. Cystitis is also more common during pregnancy because of changes in the urinary tract. […] Antibiotic medication is usually needed for the treatment of bouts of recurrent cystitis. If your symptoms are mild then it is usually advisable to wait for the results of your urine test to see which antibiotics you should be treated with. However, if your symptoms are bad or worsening then you should start antibiotics without any delay. […] Some women find that they are prone to cystitis within a day or so after having sex. This may be partly due to the movements during sex which may push germs (bacteria) up into the bladder.

• #29 Acute Cystitis: Blow-by-Blow Guide

  https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/health/symptoms-and-diseases/acute-cystitis

  Acute cystitis is a condition during which acute inflammation affects your bladder. Acute cystitis is usually the result of a urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria. Acute cystitis is the most common type of UTI, and it most frequently affects females. […] This condition is so common that it has been estimated to affect 40 percent of all women, at some point in their lives. Acute cystitis is also a relatively common UTI during pregnancy, affecting anywhere between 0.3 and 1.3 percent of all pregnancies. […] For many women, acute cystitis can become a recurrent problem. Approximately 2746 percent of women who suffer from acute cystitis will develop another UTI within a year of the initial infection. […] Many women will recognize the tell-tale symptoms of acute cystitis immediately. Some of the most common acute cystitis symptoms include: Dysuria (painful urination), Increased urinary frequency, Feeling the urge to urinate, even after you’ve emptied your bladder, Urine with a foul or strong smell, Passing small amounts of urine frequently, Lower abdominal discomfort or cramping, Feeling like your bladder is always full, Cloudy urine, Hematuria or bloody urine (although it’s important to note that most cases of acute cystitis occur without hematuria).

• #30 Cystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder. It’s common, particularly in women. It often gets better by itself, but may sometimes be treated with antibiotics. […] Symptoms of cystitis include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee; needing to pee more often and urgently than usual; pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong smelling; pain low down in your tummy. […] In older, frail people with cognitive impairment (such as dementia) and people with a urinary catheter, symptoms may also include: changes in behaviour, such as acting confused or agitated (delirium); wetting themselves more than usual; shivering or shaking (rigors). […] If you keep getting cystitis, a GP may prescribe: a single-dose antibiotic to take within 2 hours of having sex, if you’ve noticed sex triggers cystitis; a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months; a vaginal oestrogen cream, if you have gone through the menopause. […] In some women, antibiotics do not work or urine tests do not pick up an infection even though you have cystitis symptoms. […] Long-term infections are linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people aged 60 and over.

• #31 Cystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/cystitis/

  Mild cystitis will usually clear up on its own within a few days, although sometimes you may need to take antibiotics. […] If you keep getting cystitis (known as recurrent cystitis) your doctor may prescribe stand-by antibiotics or continuous antibiotics. […] Continuous antibiotics are taken for several months to prevent further episodes of cystitis.

• #32 Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/adult-urology/interstitial-cystitisic-bladder-pain-syndrome

  Interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic bladder health issue. It is a feeling of pain and pressure in the bladder area. Along with this pain are lower urinary tract symptoms which have lasted for more than 6 weeks, without having an infection or other clear causes. […] The symptoms of IC/BPS vary for each patient, but the most common sign is pain (often with pressure). Patients with IC/BPS may have bladder pain that gets worse as the bladder fills. Some patients feel pain in other areas in addition to the bladder, such as the urethra, lower abdomen, lower back, or the pelvic or perineal area (in women, behind the vagina and in men, behind the scrotum). […] IC/BPS sometimes starts with urinary frequency. Frequency is the need to pass urine more often than normal.

• #33 Chronic Cystitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-cystitis

  Chronic cystitis (also referred to as interstitial cystitis) originates in the bladder. It causes a painful pressure or burning in the pelvic region, and a frequent need to urinate. The condition affects women more often than men. […] Symptoms of chronic or interstitial cystitis may come and go. The intensity varies depending on the severity of your flare-ups. […] Symptoms of chronic cystitis include: pressure in the bladder, urge to use the restroom often, burning pain in urethra, pain during intercourse, slight fever, bloody or cloudy urine. […] If you often experience pain or discomfort in your bladder, you may have chronic cystitis. While there’s no cure, your doctor will work with you to help manage your symptoms. […] Be sure to keep track of when your symptoms flare up in order to identify irritants or triggers that you may be able to avoid.

• #34 Interstitial Cystitis (IC): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis causes urgent, often painful bathroom trips. You may have to pee dozens of times a day in severe cases. It can even keep you up at night. But it can also be much milder, with symptoms that go away at times. […] IC/BPS symptoms vary from person to person. They can change every day or week or persist for months or years. They might even go away without any treatment. […] The bladder pain people feel with IC can range from a dull ache to piercing pain. Peeing may feel like just a little sting, or it can feel like serious burning. […] For about half the cases, interstitial cystitis goes away by itself. Most of those who need treatment find relief and get their lives back to normal. […] Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome involves long-term pain that may be constant or intermittent. The causes for it aren’t known and may be varied. There’s no cure for IC/BPS, but many treatments, lifestyle changes, and alternative treatments may help.

• #35 Patient education: Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most people describe symptoms that begin gradually, with worsening discomfort, urgency, and frequency over a period of months. A smaller subset of patients describes symptoms that are severe from the beginning. When symptoms of IC/BPS begin suddenly, some patients are able to name the exact date on which symptoms began. […] A person with severe disease may have to urinate several times per hour, which can seriously disrupt daily activities and sleep. As a result of these symptoms, home and work life are often disrupted, interest in sex may be minimal, and the person may have difficulty coping with chronic pain and fatigue. In surveys, 50 percent of patients reported being unable to work full time, 75 percent described pain with intercourse, 70 percent reported sleep disturbance, and 90 percent reported that IC/BPS affected their daily activities.

• #36 Interstitial Cystitis – Symptoms, causes, treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis (IC) causes bladder pain and frequent urination. The major symptoms are: pain in the pelvic area and urgent need to urinate often (up to 60 times a day). The symptoms may range from just needing to urinate more often to severe pain and urgency. The symptoms of IC may stay the same over time or get worse. Some patients may go into remission for extended periods. […] IC is a chronic disease. Patients may find some comfort in the fact that it is not life-threatening and it does not lead to cancer. However, because the symptoms are always present, patients need to develop coping skills to deal with them.

• #37 Cystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306

  When treated right away with the proper medicine, bladder infections rarely lead to complications. But if they aren’t treated, they can become something more serious. Complications may include: Kidney infection. An untreated bladder infection can lead to a kidney infection. This is also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis). Kidney infections may permanently damage the kidneys. […] Blood in the urine. With cystitis, you may have blood cells in the urine. Often, they can be seen only with a microscope. This condition is called microscopic hematuria. It usually goes away after treatment. If blood cells still appear in the urine after treatment, you may need to see a specialist to find out the cause.

• #38 Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/kidneys-and-the-urinary-system/cystitis

  Bacterial cystitis can lead to potentially serious and even life threatening complications in some people, especially without treatment. These complications include kidney infection (pyelonephritis), kidney failure, and sepsis. […] It is important to seek prompt treatment for cystitis symptoms that persist or become worse in order to avoid complications such as a kidney infection or sepsis.

• #39

• #40 Cystitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystitis

  Cystitis can be mild to severe. The symptoms include: frequent urge to urinate, if only to pass a few drops […] burning pain or a scalding sensation on urination […] strong-smelling urine […] cloudy or bloody urine […] pain in your lower abdomen […] blood in your urine. […] If left untreated, the infection can backtrack deeper into the urinary system from the bladder and reach the kidneys. A kidney infection is serious and needs prompt medical attention as it can cause kidney damage or even kidney failure. […] The earliest symptom of cystitis is usually a faint prickling feeling on passing urine. It is possible to get rid of mild cystitis if you take action immediately. Regular or severe attacks of cystitis need to be investigated by a GP, because an underlying disorder such as kidney stones or a kidney infection could be the trigger.

• #41 Acute Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | LifeMD

  https://lifemd.com/learn/acute-cystitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  One of the most serious complications of untreated acute cystitis is an increased risk of developing a kidney infection also known as pyelonephritis. Symptoms of a kidney infection include: High fever, Chills, Severe back or side pain, Nausea and vomiting. […] If you fall into any of these groups, its recommended to speak to your doctor about potential complications and preventative measures you can implement during and after treatment.

• #42 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Cystitis refers to a urinary tract infection that involves the lower urinary tract (bladder). An upper urinary tract infection which involves the kidney is called pyelonephritis. About 10-20% of pyelonephritis will go on and develop scarring of the affected kidney. Then, 10-20% of those develop scarring will have increased risk of hypertension in later life.

• #43 Acute Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24450-acute-cystitis

  If you don’t treat acute cystitis, you run the risk of developing other complications, including: Sepsis. Acute kidney injury. Abscess formation. Gas in your bladder wall (emphysematous cystitis). […] With diagnosis and treatment, the outlook for people with acute cystitis is good. Most people feel better after just a few days.

• #44 Cystitis – Types, Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number

  https://www.pacehospital.com/cystitis-types-symptoms-causes-prevention-and-treatment

  When a person has cystitis, they may feel uncomfortable and have symptoms like: Dysuria (painful urination), Burning sensation while urinating, Pressure in the lower back or abdomen, Strong urge to urinate often, Frequent bathroom visits, including after bedtime, Urinary incontinence or enuresis (involuntary urine leakage), Cloudy or dark-coloured urine, Haematuria (blood in the urine), Foul-smelling urine, Dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse), Genital pain, Low-grade fever, Fatigue (feeling of constant exhaustion). […] Untreated cystitis can lead to complications such as: Pyelonephritis (inflammation of kidney due to bacteria or virus), Renal or perinephric abscess formation (accumulation of pus in the kidney), Renal vein thrombosis (blood clot in the vein that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava), Sepsis (When an infection triggers an excessive immune response in the body, organ malfunction results in sepsis, a potentially fatal condition), Acute renal failure (sudden decline in kidney function), Emphysematous pyelonephritis (necrotizing infection of the kidney and surrounding tissues that causes gas to accumulate in the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric tissue), Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland).

• #45 Interstitial cystitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354357

  Symptoms severity is different for everyone, and some people may experience symptom-free periods. […] Although signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis may resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection, there’s usually no infection. However, symptoms may worsen if a person with interstitial cystitis gets a urinary tract infection. […] Interstitial cystitis can result in a number of complications, including: Reduced bladder capacity. Interstitial cystitis can cause stiffening of the bladder wall, which allows your bladder to hold less urine. Lower quality of life. Frequent urination and pain may interfere with social activities, work and other activities of daily life. Sexual intimacy problems. Frequent urination and pain may strain your personal relationships, and sexual intimacy may suffer. Emotional troubles. The chronic pain and interrupted sleep associated with interstitial cystitis may cause emotional stress and can lead to depression.

• #46 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Chronic-Cystitis.aspx

  The course of chronic cystitis is often characterized by symptom fluctuation, with periods of exacerbation lasting several weeks, followed by periods of relative remission. […] Due to its symptomatology, chronic cystitis can significantly impair daily life. This condition can adversely affect various aspects of a patient’s well-being, including work, relationships, and mental health. […] While chronic cystitis can persist for many years and significantly impact the quality of life, it is not a life-threatening condition and does not progress to bladder cancer. […] Without proper diagnosis and treatment, chronic cystitis can cause significant and unnecessary pain, negatively impacting work, relationships, and sexual activity. Consequently, normal social functioning may become difficult.

• #47 Cystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder. It’s common, particularly in women. It often gets better by itself, but may sometimes be treated with antibiotics. […] Symptoms of cystitis include: pain, burning or stinging when you pee; needing to pee more often and urgently than usual; pee that’s dark, cloudy or strong smelling; pain low down in your tummy. […] In older, frail people with cognitive impairment (such as dementia) and people with a urinary catheter, symptoms may also include: changes in behaviour, such as acting confused or agitated (delirium); wetting themselves more than usual; shivering or shaking (rigors). […] If you keep getting cystitis, a GP may prescribe: a single-dose antibiotic to take within 2 hours of having sex, if you’ve noticed sex triggers cystitis; a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months; a vaginal oestrogen cream, if you have gone through the menopause. […] In some women, antibiotics do not work or urine tests do not pick up an infection even though you have cystitis symptoms. […] Long-term infections are linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people aged 60 and over.

• #48 Cystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306

  Cystitis signs and symptoms may include: A strong, persistent urge to urinate […] Pain or a burning feeling when urinating […] Passing frequent, small amounts of urine […] Blood in the urine (hematuria) […] Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine […] Pelvic discomfort […] A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen) […] Low-grade fever. In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn’t likely to happen because of a UTI. […] If you develop urgent, frequent or painful urination that lasts for several hours or longer or if you notice blood in your urine, call your health care provider. If you’ve been diagnosed with a UTI in the past and you develop symptoms that mimic a previous UTI, call your provider.

• #49 Cystitis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cystitis

  Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. It is most common in adult females but it can also affect adult males and children. […] If you think you or your child may have cystitis, it’s important to see a doctor. Cystitis can lead to serious illness if it is not treated. […] The main symptoms of cystitis are: a strong, persistent urge to urinate (wee), feeling pain or burning when urinating, needing to urinate often, passing only small amounts of urine each time, a dull ache or pain in your lower abdomen (belly), urine that smells, or looks cloudy or bloody, pain above your pubic bone, fever. […] Signs that your child may have cystitis include: having a high temperature, being irritable, wetting themselves when they were previously toilet trained, reduced appetite, being sick. […] You should see your doctor if: you think you have cystitis and the symptoms have not gone away after 3 days, you get cystitis symptoms frequently, you have symptoms of cystitis and you are pregnant, your child has symptoms of cystitis. […] Its important to see your doctor or pharmacist if you think you may have cystitis. If not treated, cystitis can lead to kidney infection. This can cause fever, back pain and vomiting. […] Rarely, cystitis can lead to sepsis a life-threatening condition that needs immediate treatment.

• #50 What is Cystitis? Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.canesten.co.uk/intimate-health/learning-zone/what-is-cystitis

  Women don’t necessarily need to see a doctor if they have cystitis, as mild cases often get better without treatment. However, you should consider seeing a doctor if: You are experiencing cystitis symptoms for the first time […] Your symptoms do not start to improve within three days […] You suffer from cystitis frequently (more than three times a year) […] You have severe symptoms such as blood in your urine, fever or pain in your side […] You are pregnant. […] Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome or bladder pain syndrome, is a bladder condition that causes long-term pelvic pain and problems peeing. It is mostly common in women rather than men. […] The symptoms of interstitial cystitis are: Intense pelvic pain […] Sudden, strong urges to pee […] Needing to pee more often than normal […] Waking up several times at night to go to the toilet.

• #51 Cystitis Symptoms | Common Symptoms of Cystitis

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/cystitis/symptoms/

  It can be difficult to gauge how long symptoms will last, as much of this comes down to the severity of the infection and if you are using treatments to alleviate the symptoms. In general, the symptoms should begin to improve after a few days, and a bout of cystitis is unlikely to last for longer than a week to ten days. […] Additionally, any red flag symptoms should be investigated as soon as possible, including: Blood in the urine; An accompanying fever; Pain in the lower back. […] These symptoms tend to suggest a more serious infection, or that the infection has spread to the kidneys.

• #52 Patient education: Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome-beyond-the-basics/print

  Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a group of symptoms including mild to severe bladder pain and an urgent and/or frequent need to urinate. The disorder can affect women and men but is more common in women. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat because the underlying cause is not well understood. […] The symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) can vary from one person to another and from one episode to another. All patients with IC/BPS have bladder pain that is relieved at least partially by urinating. Symptoms usually include a frequent and urgent need to urinate during the day and/or night. Most, although not all, people with IC/BPS do not have urinary leakage (incontinence). Most people describe pain in the suprapubic area (in the lower abdomen, above the pubic bone) or urethral area. The severity of pain ranges from mild burning to severe and debilitating pelvic pain.

• #53 Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/interstitial-cystitis/

  Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a poorly understood condition where you have pelvic pain and problems peeing. […] The main symptoms of BPS (interstitial cystitis) include: intense pelvic pain (felt over your lower tummy), sudden strong urges to pee, needing to pee more often than usual, pain in your lower tummy when your bladder is filling up, which is relieved when you pee, waking up several times during the night to pee. […] Other symptoms can include finding it difficult to pee, urinary incontinence and blood in your urine (haematuria). […] The symptoms will often come and go over time. There may be times lasting days, weeks or months where your symptoms improve, followed by flare-ups when they’re worse. […] You might also find the pain is worse during your period or after having certain foods or drinks. […] When you have been diagnosed by a specialist as having BPS (interstitial cystitis), there are several treatments that may help. […] No single treatment works for everyone, and there is no conclusive evidence they work. You may need to try several treatments to find one that works for you.

• #54 Cystitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystitis

  Cystitis can be mild to severe. The symptoms include: frequent urge to urinate, if only to pass a few drops […] burning pain or a scalding sensation on urination […] strong-smelling urine […] cloudy or bloody urine […] pain in your lower abdomen […] blood in your urine. […] If left untreated, the infection can backtrack deeper into the urinary system from the bladder and reach the kidneys. A kidney infection is serious and needs prompt medical attention as it can cause kidney damage or even kidney failure. […] The earliest symptom of cystitis is usually a faint prickling feeling on passing urine. It is possible to get rid of mild cystitis if you take action immediately. Regular or severe attacks of cystitis need to be investigated by a GP, because an underlying disorder such as kidney stones or a kidney infection could be the trigger.

• #55 Cystitis Symptoms | Common Symptoms of Cystitis

  https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/cystitis/symptoms/

  It can be difficult to gauge how long symptoms will last, as much of this comes down to the severity of the infection and if you are using treatments to alleviate the symptoms. In general, the symptoms should begin to improve after a few days, and a bout of cystitis is unlikely to last for longer than a week to ten days. […] Additionally, any red flag symptoms should be investigated as soon as possible, including: Blood in the urine; An accompanying fever; Pain in the lower back. […] These symptoms tend to suggest a more serious infection, or that the infection has spread to the kidneys.

• #56 Cystitis (Urine Infection) in Women: Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/cystitis-in-women

  Cystitis can cause various symptoms. The main ones are: […] The urgent feeling to pass urine can be very severe but may not disappear after having passed urine. This is called strangury. […] Often only small amounts may be passed. […] Women sometimes describe this as feeling like they are 'peeing broken glass’. […] Blood in your urine. […] Discomfort in your lower tummy (abdomen) or pelvic area. […] Feeling generally unwell and tired. […] The vast majority of women improve within a few days of developing cystitis. However, if your symptoms still do not improve after you have been taking antibiotics then you may need an alternative antibiotic. Some germs (bacteria) causing cystitis can be resistant to some types of antibiotics. Also if blood has been found in your urine you may be asked to provide another sample for testing. […] If you develop long-term, recurrent bouts of cystitis you should see your doctor.

• #57 Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/interstitial-cystitis/

  Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a poorly understood condition where you have pelvic pain and problems peeing. […] The main symptoms of BPS (interstitial cystitis) include: intense pelvic pain (felt over your lower tummy), sudden strong urges to pee, needing to pee more often than usual, pain in your lower tummy when your bladder is filling up, which is relieved when you pee, waking up several times during the night to pee. […] Other symptoms can include finding it difficult to pee, urinary incontinence and blood in your urine (haematuria). […] The symptoms will often come and go over time. There may be times lasting days, weeks or months where your symptoms improve, followed by flare-ups when they’re worse. […] You might also find the pain is worse during your period or after having certain foods or drinks. […] When you have been diagnosed by a specialist as having BPS (interstitial cystitis), there are several treatments that may help. […] No single treatment works for everyone, and there is no conclusive evidence they work. You may need to try several treatments to find one that works for you.

• #58 Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/adult-urology/interstitial-cystitisic-bladder-pain-syndrome

  Urgency to urinate is a common IC/BPS symptom. Some patients feel an urge that never goes away, even right after voiding. […] Many patients with IC/BPS can point to certain things that make their symptoms worse. […] IC/BPS can get in the way of your social life, exercise and sleep, and can cause a great deal of distress. Without treatment, IC/BPS symptoms make it hard to get through your day or even be able to work. […] At this time, there is no medical test that can say a person has IC/BPS. […] No single treatment works for all people with IC/BPS. Treatment must be chosen for each patient based on symptoms. […] Most patients need to continue treatment indefinitely or the symptoms return. Some patients have flare-ups of symptoms even while on treatment. […] It is possible for IC/BPS symptoms to come back even if the disease has been in remission for a long time.

• #59 Interstitial Cystitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/interstitial-cystitis-a-to-z

  Interstitial cystitis may cause: […] Frequent urination […] An intense urge to urinate […] Awakening from sleep to pass urine […] A burning sensation during urination […] Pain, pressure or tenderness in the area of the bladder midline, below the navel or in some other portion of the pelvis […] Increasing discomfort as the bladder fills […] Pain during sexual intercourse […] In men, pain or discomfort in the penis and scrotum […] In women, worsening symptoms during menstrual periods. […] There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and the prognosis is variable. Many patients find that their symptoms come and go. In some patients, symptoms continue to get worse.

• #60 Interstitial Cystitis (IC): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis causes urgent, often painful bathroom trips. You may have to pee dozens of times a day in severe cases. It can even keep you up at night. But it can also be much milder, with symptoms that go away at times. […] IC/BPS symptoms vary from person to person. They can change every day or week or persist for months or years. They might even go away without any treatment. […] The bladder pain people feel with IC can range from a dull ache to piercing pain. Peeing may feel like just a little sting, or it can feel like serious burning. […] For about half the cases, interstitial cystitis goes away by itself. Most of those who need treatment find relief and get their lives back to normal. […] Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome involves long-term pain that may be constant or intermittent. The causes for it aren’t known and may be varied. There’s no cure for IC/BPS, but many treatments, lifestyle changes, and alternative treatments may help.

• #61 Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/adult-urology/interstitial-cystitisic-bladder-pain-syndrome

  Urgency to urinate is a common IC/BPS symptom. Some patients feel an urge that never goes away, even right after voiding. […] Many patients with IC/BPS can point to certain things that make their symptoms worse. […] IC/BPS can get in the way of your social life, exercise and sleep, and can cause a great deal of distress. Without treatment, IC/BPS symptoms make it hard to get through your day or even be able to work. […] At this time, there is no medical test that can say a person has IC/BPS. […] No single treatment works for all people with IC/BPS. Treatment must be chosen for each patient based on symptoms. […] Most patients need to continue treatment indefinitely or the symptoms return. Some patients have flare-ups of symptoms even while on treatment. […] It is possible for IC/BPS symptoms to come back even if the disease has been in remission for a long time.

• #62 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Patients with complicated acute cystitis will often present similarly to uncomplicated cystitis. Specific patient populations with complicated cystitis may have atypical symptoms. […] Cystitis may be differentiated from pyelonephritis by the absence of systemic findings such as fever, chills, or sepsis. […] Patients with uncomplicated cystitis typically have an improvement in symptoms within three days after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Recurrent cystitis occurs in 25% of women within six months after their first UTI, and the rate increases in women with more than one prior UTI. Complications are rare, especially in patients who are appropriately treated. Bacteremia and sepsis from uncomplicated cystitis are uncommon.

• #63 Cystitis vs. UTI: Compare causes, symptoms, treatments & more

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/cystitis-vs-uti/

  Cystitis can cause problems urinating and cause you to feel unwell overall. Many cases are mild and improve on their own over a few days, but be sure to see your provider if your symptoms are severe or they’re not improving. […] Symptoms of complicated UTIs not seen with cystitis include fever or back and side pain, both indicative of a kidney infection (pyelonephritis). […] There is some overlap between urinary symptoms of cystitis and UTIs, including blood in urine, frequent or painful urination (dysuria), persistent urge to urinate but with little output, pelvic pressure, and pain in the lower abdomen. […] Acute cystitis is most likely due to an infection. If the infection is not managed with the appropriate treatment, the infection can progress into a serious and life-threatening condition known as sepsis. With interstitial cystitis, which is the longer-term form of cystitis, other complications are possible. It can cause stiffening of the bladder wall over time, reducing bladder capacity. This can result in the need to urinate frequently, which can impact quality of life as it may interfere with social activities and work. The associated chronic pain may interfere with sleep and cause emotional and mental stress, which could lead to depression. Finally, all of these complications can contribute to sexual intimacy challenges.

• #64 Interstitial Cystitis – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/disorders-of-urination/interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis causes pain over the bladder, in the pelvis, or in the lower abdomen, and the frequent and urgent need to urinate, sometimes with incontinence. […] Initially, people with interstitial cystitis may have no symptoms. Symptoms usually appear gradually and worsen over years as the bladder wall is damaged. People have pain or pressure over the bladder or in the pelvis or lower abdomen. People also feel the need to urinate frequently and urgently, often many times per hour. Symptoms worsen as the bladder fills and diminish when people urinate. In very severe cases, people may sit on the toilet for hours, letting urine dribble out continuously. […] Symptoms may worsen during ovulation or menstruation, seasonal allergies, physical or emotional stress, or sexual intercourse. Foods with high potassium content (for example, citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeinated drinks, and tomatoes), spicy foods, tobacco, and alcohol may cause symptoms to worsen.

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