Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cystitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371311

  Cystitis caused by bacterial infection is generally treated with antibiotics. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on what’s causing it. […] Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for cystitis caused by bacteria. Which drugs are used and for how long depends on your overall health and the bacteria found in the urine. […] Symptoms often improve a lot within the first few days of taking antibiotics. But you’ll likely need to take antibiotics for three days to a week, depending on how severe your infection is. […] If you have recurrent UTIs, your provider may have you take antibiotics for a longer period of time. […] Hospital-acquired bladder infections can be a challenge to treat. […] Women who have gone through menopause may be particularly at risk of cystitis. As a part of treatment, your provider may give you a vaginal estrogen cream.

• #2 Interstitial cystitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354362

  No simple treatment eliminates the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis, and no one treatment works for everyone. You may need to try various treatments or combinations of treatments before you find an approach that relieves your symptoms. […] Working with a physical therapist may relieve pelvic pain associated with muscle tenderness, restrictive connective tissue or muscle abnormalities in your pelvic floor. […] Certain medicines that you take by mouth (oral medications) may improve signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), to relieve pain. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline or imipramine (Tofranil), to help relax your bladder and block pain. Antihistamines, such as loratadine (Claritin, others), which may reduce urinary urgency and frequency and relieve other symptoms. Pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration specifically for treating interstitial cystitis.

• #3 Bladder Inflammation (Cystitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21203-bladder-inflammation-cystitis

  Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder thats generally caused by a bacterial infection. […] A bladder infection is typically treated with antibiotics. Your healthcare provider will prescribe an antibiotic based on the type of bacteria found during your urine tests. In order to adequately treat the infection, its important to take all of the antibiotics your provider prescribes. […] You can often prevent a bladder infection by adopting some good lifestyle practices. […] Your bladder inflammation should improve as your body responds to a short course of antibiotics. It’s important to complete your prescription even if your symptoms get better. Stopping your medication early could lead to the infection coming back. […] If you experience the symptoms of a bladder infection or urinary tract infection, call your healthcare provider to discuss a treatment plan.

• #4 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Cystitis refers to infection of the lower urinary tract, or more specifically, the urinary bladder. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of cystitis and describes the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Summarize the treatment of cystitis. […] Acute cystitis is treated with antibiotic therapy. The selection of an antimicrobial agent depends on a patients risk factors for infection with multiple drug-resistant organisms. Patients who are at low risk for resistant etiologic organisms are treated with one of the first-line or preferred antimicrobial agents, which include: Nitrofurantoin 100 mg twice a day for 5 to 7 days, Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) double-strength twice a day for three days (if local antibiotic resistance is 20%), Fosfomycin 3 gm as a single oral dose, Pivmecillinam 400 mg twice a day for 5 to 7 days (not approved in the US).

• #5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1001/p771.html

  Patient information: See related handout on treating a bladder infection (cystitis), written by the authors of this article. […] Guidelines recommend three options for first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis: fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (in regions where the prevalence of Escherichia coli resistance does not exceed 20 percent). […] First-line treatment options for acute uncomplicated cystitis include nitrofurantoin (macrocrystals; 100 mg twice per day for five days), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra; 160/800 mg twice per day for three days in regions where the uropathogen resistance is less than 20 percent), and fosfomycin (Monurol; a single 3-g dose). […] No single agent is considered best for treating acute uncomplicated cystitis according to the 2010 guidelines, and the choice between recommended agents should be individualized.

• #6 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Uncomplicated Cystitis in Nonpregnant Patients, Complicated Cystitis in Nonpregnant Women

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-treatment

  Appropriate antibiotic treatment leads to significantly higher symptomatic and bacteriologic cure rates and better prevention of reinfection in women with uncomplicated cystitis. […] Consequently, evolving practice seeks to achieve good symptom control for uncomplicated acute cystitis while reducing antibiotic use. […] The first-choice agents for treatment of uncomplicated acute cystitis in women include nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or fosfomycin. […] Empiric antibiotic selection should be based on local resistance patterns. […] Without treatment, 25-42% of uncomplicated acute cystitis cases in women will resolve spontaneously. […] German investigators reported that symptomatic treatment with ibuprofen (400 mg 3 times daily) did not prove to be inferior to antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin.

• #7 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Nitrofurantoin is generally the first choice antibiotic for simple cystitis. It does not promote resistance or yeast overgrowth, has a high clinical cure rate of 79% to 92%, and can be safely used even in older patients as long as their glomerular filtration rate is 60 ml/min. […] Complicated infections are generally treated with 10 to 14 days of antibiotics. […] Antimicrobial selection should be individualized based on patient factors, including allergies, adverse effects, tolerability, local bacterial resistance patterns, potential drug interactions, cost and insurance coverage, renal function, compliance history, and recent use of a specific antimicrobial agent within the preceding three months. […] Patients who do not respond to an appropriate antimicrobial regimen after 48 to 72 hours or who have a recurrence of symptoms within a few weeks will require further evaluation, including consideration of other potential causes or infection with resistant organisms.

• #8 Treating Uncomplicated Cystitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/treating-uncomplicated-cystitis-42379

  Cystitis is an infection of the bladder that can be managed with prescription medications as well as nonprescription strategies. The current guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend several short- and long-term antibiotic regimens to treat uncomplicated cystitis. Preventive strategies to manage patients with recurring cystitis are also available. […] Cystitis very rarely develops into a more severe form even when untreated. The main goal of treatment is to ameliorate the symptoms that the patient is experiencing. […] A number of antibiotic regimens, both conventional (7-14 days) and short term (1-3 days) are presently available to treat the bacterial infection. […] Nitrofurantoin is listed as an appropriate choice of therapy since it has similar efficacy to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), minimal resistance, and minimal collateral damage.

• #9 Acute Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24450-acute-cystitis

  Acute cystitis is an infection of your bladder. Treatment includes antibiotics. […] Antibiotics are the fastest way to get rid of acute cystitis. Your healthcare provider will prescribe specific antibiotics after evaluating your overall health and determining what type of bacteria is present in your pee. […] For a mild bladder infection, females usually need to take antibiotics for three days. Males typically need to take antibiotics for seven to 14 days. […] It’s important to finish your full course of antibiotics, even if you start to feel better. If you don’t finish your full course of medicine, your acute cystitis may come back and be more challenging to treat. […] You must treat acute cystitis to get rid of the infection. Antibiotics are medicines that kill the bacteria responsible for acute cystitis.

• #10 Acute Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459322/

  Prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for patients with complicated or recurrent cystitis but are not routinely recommended for acute, simple cystitis. […] In pregnancy, it is recommended that asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated as well as overt cystitis. […] Acute cystitis is usually recognized as complicated in men. […] Symptoms typically resolve within about three days of initiating antibiotic therapy. Most simple urinary tract infections will resolve spontaneously in about 20% of women, particularly if increased hydration is utilized. […] Recurrent cystitis will develop in about 25% of women within six months of their simple urinary tract infection. […] Complications from simple acute cystitis are relatively rare other than UTI recurrence. […] Patient education about urinary tract infections and personal hygiene may be of some help. […] First-line therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis should not include beta-lactam antibiotics. […] Treatment should be individualized based on local resistance patterns.

• #11 Treating Uncomplicated Cystitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/treating-uncomplicated-cystitis-42379

  TMP-SMX is considered first-line therapy, as it is effective despite increasing resistance and has fewer ecologic adverse effects than seen with fluoroquinolones. […] Fluoroquinolones should only be used as first-line therapy in communities with high rates of TMP-SMX resistance (10%) to E coli since these agents have other important indications. […] Beta-lactams are generally not recommended because of limited efficacy in treating UTIs, as many strains of E coli have become resistant to ampicillin. […] While fosfomycin has lower resistance and a lower propensity for ecologic damage, it also has inferior efficacy when compared to TMP-SMX or fluoroquinolones. […] In cases of recurrent cystitis, the long-term goal is to minimize antimicrobial use and improve the patients quality of life.

• #12 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1001/p771.html

  On average, patients will begin noting symptom relief within 36 hours of beginning treatment. […] There are several first-line agents recommended by the IDSA for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis. […] New evidence supports the use of nitrofurantoin (macrocrystals) and fosfomycin (Monurol) as first-line therapy. […] The following antimicrobials represent the first tier: (1) nitrofurantoin at a dosage of 100 mg twice per day for five days; (2) trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) at a dosage of one double-strength tablet (160/800 mg) twice per day for three days in regions where the prevalence of resistance of community uropathogens does not exceed 20 percent; and (3) fosfomycin at a single dose of 3 g. […] Fluoroquinolones (i.e., ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin [Cipro], and levofloxacin [Levaquin]) are considered second-tier antimicrobials, and are appropriate in some settings, such as in patients with allergy to the recommended agents. […] Despite wide use of cranberry products for treating UTIs, there is no evidence to support their use in symptomatic patients. […] Beta-lactam antibiotics are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis because of widespread E. coli resistance rates above 20 percent.

• #13 Cystitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cystitis

  Treatment includes medications, surgery. […] A course of antibiotics is often all that’s needed to cure cystitis. However, if cystitis is painful or uncomfortable, additional treatments may be prescribed to ease symptoms. […] Antibiotics are the main treatment for bacterial cystitis. Usually, a 3- to 7-day course is necessary, but in some cases, a single dose of an antibiotic called fosfomycin is sufficient. […] Other treatments may be offered, along with antibiotics, if symptoms cause discomfort. Possibilities include: Phenazopyridine, which helps relieve pain in the urinary tract; Warm/hot sitz baths, which may relieve discomfort; Vaginal estrogen cream, which may improve symptoms for menopausal women; Anticholinergic drugs, which may help to relax the bladder, improving symptoms. […] If the cause of chronic cystitis turns out to be a physical obstruction to the urethra or bladder, which is only rarely the case, surgery may be needed to improve urine flow. […] Most people who receive treatment for cystitis are cured quickly, in just a few days. Minor cases may even go away on their own without treatment.

• #14 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Uncomplicated Cystitis in Nonpregnant Patients, Complicated Cystitis in Nonpregnant Women

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-treatment

  For women with acute bacterial cystitis who are otherwise healthy and not pregnant, 3 days of therapy with most antimicrobial agents generally is more effective than single-dose therapy and as effective as the same drug administered for a longer duration. […] IDSA guidelines recommend TMP-SMX (160 mg/800 mg [1 double-strength tablet] orally given twice daily for 3 days) as an appropriate choice for treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis if local resistance rates of uropathogens do not exceed 20% or if the infecting strain is known to be susceptible. […] Fosfomycin (a single dose of 3 g with 3-4 oz of water) also is an appropriate choice for therapy, where available, because of minimal resistance and propensity for collateral damage. […] Patients with intense dysuria may obtain symptomatic relief from a bladder analgesic, such as phenazopyridine, to be used for 1-2 days.

• #15 Cystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystitis/

  Cystitis is a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder. It’s common, particularly in women. It often gets better by itself, but may sometimes be treated with antibiotics. […] Some people get cystitis frequently and may need regular or long-term treatment. […] If you have cystitis, a GP may: offer self-care advice and recommend taking a painkiller; do a urine test, although this is not always needed; give you a prescription for a 3-day course of antibiotics; give you a prescription for antibiotics but suggest you wait for 48 hours before taking them, in case your symptoms go away on their own. […] If you keep getting cystitis, a GP may prescribe: a single-dose antibiotic to take within 2 hours of having sex, if you’ve noticed sex triggers cystitis; a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months; a vaginal oestrogen cream, if you have gone through the menopause.

• #16 Recurrent Cystitis in Women: Treatment and Prevention

  https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/recurrent-cystitis-in-women

  Some women have recurring bouts of cystitis, sometimes defined as two proven infections within six months, or three infections in a year. […] There are a number of treatment options to consider. This might be treating each episode promptly with a short course of antibiotics, a regular low dose of antibiotics taken long-term, or taking a single dose of antibiotic after having sex (if having sex seems to trigger episodes of cystitis). […] Antibiotic medication is usually needed for the treatment of bouts of recurrent cystitis. […] A three-day course of antibiotics is the usual treatment for each bout of cystitis. Antibiotics commonly used include trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin. […] This means taking a low dose of an antibiotic regularly. One dose each night will usually reduce the number of bouts of cystitis. A six-month course of antibiotics is usually given. […] Vaginal oestrogen has been shown to reduce the number of bouts of cystitis in postmenopausal women who get recurrent cystitis and has a low risk profile compared to antibiotics.

• #17 Cystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/cystitis/

  Cystitis often gets better by itself but may sometimes be treated with antibiotics. […] If you experience frequent episodes of cystitis, you may need regular or long-term treatment. […] Mild cystitis will usually clear up on its own within a few days, although sometimes you may need to take antibiotics. […] Women who have had cystitis before dont necessarily need to see their GP if the condition returns. Mild cases often get better without antibiotics. You can try the self-help measures or ask your pharmacist for advice. […] If you keep getting cystitis (known as recurrent cystitis) your doctor may prescribe stand-by antibiotics or continuous antibiotics. […] Continuous antibiotics are taken for several months to prevent further episodes of cystitis. These may be prescribed if cystitis usually occurs after having sex you may be given a prescription for antibiotics to take within 2 hours of having sex.

• #18 Cystitis | Treatments For Female UTIs | The Urology Partnership

  https://theurologypartnership.co.uk/conditions/cystitis/

  Seventy percent of patients with recurrent infections respond well to intra-vesical treatments with both an increase in bladder comfort and a reduction in infection rates. […] Recently we have conducted a one-year study using laser vaginal rejuvenation to reverse these menopausal symptoms and seen improvements in vaginal health and patients becoming much more comfortable, a reduction in urinary tract infections and improvements in sexual health. […] After menopause an oestrogen vaginal cream may help increase resistance to bladder infections.

• #19 Patient education: Treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS/BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME OVERVIEW Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a disorder with symptoms of mild to severe bladder pain and an urgent and/or frequent need to urinate. Treatment of IC/BPS often depends on a clinician’s preferences and experience in treating the disorder rather than on scientific studies because the cause of this condition is not clear. A number of treatments are available for IC/BPS, many of which are effective for at least some patients. Most patients with IC/BPS need to try more than one treatment, sometimes in combination, to find the one(s) that provides the greatest relief. […] BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR BLADDER PAIN Behavioral therapies are treatments that can improve bothersome symptoms through changes in behavior. For people with IC/BPS, one of the more bothersome symptoms is the need to frequently urinate. Behavioral therapies for urinary frequency work to slowly increase the time interval between voids, which increases the amount of urine the bladder can comfortably hold; this is called timed voiding.

• #20

  https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/interstitial-cystitis-treatment

  Treatments are directed toward a patient’s primary symptoms (pain, urinary urgency, urinary frequency) with minimally invasive options recommended before more complex, invasive therapies. Treatment is escalated until the patient gets relief from symptoms. […] Though interstitial cystitis isn’t curable, changes in behavior can help minimize and manage some symptoms. Dietary changes, stress management and behavioral modification (like bladder training techniques) can be used to help. […] Pelvic floor rehabilitation with physical therapists that are specifically trained to manage pelvic floor spasm can be very beneficial in managing the muscle spasm often associated with interstitial cystitis symptoms. […] Bladder retraining programs are also excellent treatment options aimed at helping lessen symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and painful intercourse.

• #21 Patient education: Treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR PAINFUL BLADDER Pelvic floor physical therapy (PT) may be recommended to decrease tightness in these muscles. PT can decrease bladder or pelvic pain as well as urinary urgency and frequency. […] ORAL MEDICATIONS FOR BLADDER PAIN Amitriptyline (Elavil) is an antidepressant that is commonly used to treat people with chronic pain. […] Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS; Elmiron) is an oral medication that was developed to repair the lining of the bladder in people with IC/BPS. Studies have shown that this medication is effective in reducing symptoms in some patients with IC/BPS, although it rarely causes the symptoms to go away completely. […] CYSTOSCOPY Your clinician may perform cystoscopy (examination of the bladder with a thin telescope that goes into the bladder through the urethra). This can identify possible causes for the bladder symptoms.

• #22 Interstitial Cystitis Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/urogynecology/interstitial-cystitis

  Pain medications may be taken for a short time to help ease discomfort. […] Antispasmodic medications may help relax the bladder muscles and decrease the need to urinate. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antihistamines may help reduce inflammation and relieve pain. […] Antidepressants in low doses may help relieve IC symptoms, perhaps by blocking pain receptors. […] Medications to restore the bladder lining such as pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron). […] Bladder instillation may help relieve inflammation or repair the bladders protective lining. […] Hydrodistention is a process where your bladder is filled with fluid to stretch the walls of the bladder. […] Biofeedback is a painless technique that can help you learn to control the movement of your bladder muscles.

• #23 Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0515/p1175.html

  Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome affects more than 1 million persons in the United States, but the cause remains unknown. […] Treatment options include oral medications, intravesical instillations, and dietary changes and supplements. Oral medications include pentosan polysulfate sodium, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and immune modulators. […] Pentosan polysulfate sodium is the only oral therapy and dimethyl sulfoxide is the only intravesical therapy with U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. […] Multimodal therapy that includes pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), a tricyclic antidepressant, and an antihistamine is proposed to relieve symptoms of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome via complementary pathophysiologic mechanisms.

• #24

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=83&cat_id=&tid=1451

  Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine and loratadine, which may reduce urinary urgency and frequency and relieve other symptoms. […] Pentosan, is the only oral drug approved by the Food designed for interstitial cystitis. […] It could take two to four months before you begin to feel remedy and as much as half a year to get a decrease in urinary frequency. […] People with severe pain and people whose bladders can hold only very small volumes of urine are possible candidates for surgery, but even then surgery is usually considered only after other treatments have failed.

• #25 Interstitial cystitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354362

  Nerve stimulation techniques include: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). With TENS, mild electrical pulses relieve pelvic pain and, in some cases, reduce urinary frequency. […] Some people notice a temporary improvement in symptoms after cystoscopy with bladder distention. Bladder distention is the stretching of the bladder with water. […] In bladder instillation, your provider places the prescription medication dimethyl sulfoxide (Rimso-50) into your bladder through a thin, flexible tube (catheter) inserted through the urethra. […] Doctors rarely use surgery to treat interstitial cystitis because removing the bladder doesn’t relieve pain and can lead to other complications.

• #26 Patient education: Treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-interstitial-cystitis-bladder-pain-syndrome-beyond-the-basics

  BLADDER INSTILLATIONS Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is a liquid medication that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat IC/BPS. […] Other bladder instillations Some health care providers recommend a combination of medications, which are instilled into the bladder with a catheter, to reduce symptoms of pain. […] BLADDER TREATMENT WITH BOTULINUM TOXIN Botulinum toxin can be injected into the bladder wall using a cystoscope. […] ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR PAINFUL BLADDER If other treatments for IC/BPS fail to improve pain or cannot be tolerated, some clinicians will consider performing a surgical treatment called sacral nerve stimulation.

• #27 Interstitial Cystitis – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/voiding-disorders/interstitial-cystitis

  The most commonly used oral drug is pentosan polysulfate sodium; doses of 100 mg orally 3 times a day may help restore the bladder’s protective surface lining. […] Intravesical instillation of 15 mL of a solution containing 100 mg of pentosan or 40,000 units of heparin plus 80 mg of lidocaine and 3 mL of sodium bicarbonate may benefit patients who are unresponsive to oral drugs. […] Dimethyl sulfoxide instilled into the bladder through a catheter and retained for 15 minutes may deplete substance P and trigger mast cell granulation; 50 mL every 1 to 2 weeks for 6 to 8 weeks, repeated as needed, relieves symptoms in up to one half of patients. […] Surgery (eg, partial cystectomy, bladder augmentation, neobladder reconstruction, and urinary diversion) is a last resort for patients with intolerable pain refractory to all other treatments.

• #28 Interstitial Cystitis Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/urogynecology/interstitial-cystitis

  Stimulation of the area around your bladder with electrical signals may help relieve symptoms by blocking the nerve sensations to and from the bladder, by improving blood flow, or by strengthening the pelvic muscles. […] Certain other types of treatments may be tried to help relieve your IC symptoms. […] Very rarely, surgery may be recommended for severe cases of IC that are not relieved by any other types of treatment.

• #29 Treating interstitial cystitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/treating-interstitial-cystitis

  Interstitial cystitis is a chronic inflammation of the bladder that causes people to urinate — sometimes painfully — as often as 40, 50, or 60 times a day. […] There’s no cure for interstitial cystitis, but many treatments offer some relief, either on their own or in combination. […] Treatment is aimed at relieving pain and reducing inflammation. The two main approaches are oral medications and bladder instillations — drugs that are introduced into the bladder by catheter and held for 15 minutes. […] No single treatment alleviates all symptoms, and some may stop working over time, so finding what works is often a matter of trial and error. […] Surgery is usually a last resort and undertaken only when the pain is crippling. The surgical procedure typically involves removal of the bladder and the creation of a new one (a neobladder) using intestinal tissue. […] Scientists seeking a diagnostic test have begun to identify substances unique to the urine of interstitial cystitis patients. They’ve also found that certain factors required for healthy cell growth appear to be missing from the urine, a discovery that could lead to a new therapy.

• #30

  https://www.beaumont.org/treatments/interstitial-cystitis-treatment

  Radical surgery should only be considered in select patients with interstitial cystitis. […] You should know about the chronic nature of your condition and have a clear understanding of your diagnosis. […] An early study showed that significantly more patients treated with lidocaine injected directly into the bladder through a catheter had noticeable improvement in symptom relief and reported continued relief from long-term symptoms.

• #31 Interstitial Cystitis Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/urogynecology/interstitial-cystitis

  Many different types of treatment are available to help manage IC symptoms and relieve pain. Some may work well for one person and not for another, so several types of treatment may be tried before you and your doctor determine the plan thats best for you. […] Avoid certain foods that may worsen your symptoms. These include alcohol, spicy food, chocolate, caffeine, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, and carbonated drinks. […] Retrain your bladder if recommended by your doctor. Many women with IC have become accustomed to urinating very frequently to try and avoid discomfort. […] Manage stress in your life. Stress doesnt cause IC, but it can make your symptoms worse. […] Your doctor may give you one or more of the medications below. Other medications may be availabletalk to your doctor about your options.

• #32 Cystitis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cystitis

  Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. It is most common in adult females but it can also affect adult males and children. […] If you think you or your child may have cystitis, it’s important to see a doctor. Cystitis can lead to serious illness if it is not treated. […] Treatment for cystitis usually includes a prescribed course of antibiotics from your doctor. Some pharmacists can also provide treatment for UTIs. You should also rest and drink plenty of water. […] As well as treatment prescribed by your doctor or pharmacist, there are some extra things that may help relieve the symptoms of cystitis. These include: adding a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda to a glass of water and drinking it, taking a urinary alkaliser available over the counter from your pharmacy, having a warm bath, lying in a warm bed, or applying a hot water bottle or wheat bag to your back or abdomen, taking pain-relief medicines, such as paracetamol, if you are in pain. […] Its important to see your doctor or pharmacist if you think you may have cystitis. If not treated, cystitis can lead to kidney infection. This can cause fever, back pain and vomiting. […] Rarely, cystitis can lead to sepsis a life-threatening condition that needs immediate treatment.

• #33 Cystitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cystitis

  Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder and is usually caused by the bacterium E. coli. […] Treatment includes drinking plenty of water and taking urinary alkalisers and antibiotics. […] If self-help treatments arent working, seek medical advice quickly. Your GP will probably test your urine to check which micro-organism is present. Cystitis can be treated with a course (or more than one course) of antibiotics. […] Regular or severe attacks of cystitis need to be investigated by a GP, because an underlying disorder such as kidney stones or a kidney infection could be the trigger. […] Cranberries (usually as cranberry juice) have been used to prevent UTIs. Cranberries contain a substance that can prevent the E. coli bacteria from sticking to the urinary tract lining cells. However, recent research has shown that cranberry juice does not have a significant benefit in preventing UTIs, and most people are unable to continue drinking the juice on a long-term basis.

• #34 Treating Uncomplicated Cystitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/treating-uncomplicated-cystitis-42379

  A number of preventive strategies are available to patients, although the use of some is not well established. […] Cranberry juice has been used for many years in the prevention of cystitis, although a Cochrane review found no evidence to support its use for this purpose. […] Topical estrogen can be used to normalize the vaginal flora, particularly in postmenopausal women; oral estrogens are not effective in this regard. […] Methenamine hippurate 1 g taken twice daily has been shown to be effective for preventing cystitis, particularly when used for short-term prophylaxis. […] Despite the range of antimicrobials available to manage UTIs, their incidence and recurrence rates still remain high. Effective management is further complicated by the fact that the causative uropathogenic organisms continue to develop resistance to antimicrobials.

• #35 Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (2022) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/diagnosis-and-treatment-interstitial-of-cystitis/bladder-pain-syndrome-(2022)

  Diagnosis and Treatment Interstitial of Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (2022) […] The purpose of this clinical guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), including discussion of treatments that should and should not be offered. […] Treatment decisions should typically be made after shared decision-making, with the patient informed of the risks, potential benefits, and alternatives. Except for patients with Hunner lesions, initial treatment should be nonsurgical. […] Efficacy of treatment should be periodically reassessed, and ineffective treatments should be stopped. […] Multimodal pain management approaches (e.g., pharmacological, stress management, manual therapy if available) should be initiated. Pain management should be continually assessed for effectiveness because of its importance to quality of life. If pain management is inadequate, then consideration should be given to a multidisciplinary approach and the patient referred appropriately.

• #36 Interstitial Cystitis (IC): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/interstitial-cystitis

  Other things that may help when you’re living with interstitial cystitis include: […] Drinking lots of water […] Avoiding your triggers […] Using ice or heat on your belly or the space between your genitals and rectum […] Yoga poses including wide-legged squats […] Deep breathing exercises […] Meditation […] Massage […] Taking pain relievers before sex […] Takeaways […] Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome involves long-term pain that may be constant or intermittent. The causes for it aren’t known and may be varied. There’s no cure for IC/BPS, but many treatments, lifestyle changes, and alternative treatments may help.

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