Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview

  UTIs in women are very common; approximately 25-40% of women in the United States aged 20-40 years have had a UTI. UTIs account for over 6 million patient visits to physicians per year in the United States; approximately 20% of those visits are to EDs. […] Cystitis occurs in 0.3%-1.3% of pregnancies but does not appear to be related to asymptomatic bacteriuria. Acute pyelonephritis occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies. UTIs occur in 3-50% of renal transplant patients and frequently are silent. […] In 2007, approximately 3.9% of office visits were related to symptoms involving the genitourinary tract. Estimates based on office and ED visits suggest per annum about 7 million episodes of acute cystitis. Some studies estimate that UTIs (cystitis plus pyelonephritis) cost at least $1 billion per year.

• #2 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #3 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #4 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  More than 7 million uncomplicated UTIs occur in the US per year. […] Sexually active women are known to have a higher incidence of UTIs than women of other categories. […] The incidence of cystitis in women is 5-7 per year per 100,000 while that in same age men is 50-80 per 100000. […] The incidence of UTI is higher in sexually active women than postmenopausal women. […] There is a higher incidence of urinary tract infection in immunocompromised, elderly, diabetic, and individuals with indwelling catheters. […] Almost 30% of the women will experience at least one episode of cystitis during their life span. Of these 30%, 20% of these women will have recurrent cystitis. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] There is no racial predilection to cystitis. […] Cystitis is a common disease that affect everyone, mostly women, worldwide.

• #5 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview

  UTIs in women are very common; approximately 25-40% of women in the United States aged 20-40 years have had a UTI. UTIs account for over 6 million patient visits to physicians per year in the United States; approximately 20% of those visits are to EDs. […] Cystitis occurs in 0.3%-1.3% of pregnancies but does not appear to be related to asymptomatic bacteriuria. Acute pyelonephritis occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies. UTIs occur in 3-50% of renal transplant patients and frequently are silent. […] In 2007, approximately 3.9% of office visits were related to symptoms involving the genitourinary tract. Estimates based on office and ED visits suggest per annum about 7 million episodes of acute cystitis. Some studies estimate that UTIs (cystitis plus pyelonephritis) cost at least $1 billion per year.

• #6 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1001/p771.html

  Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections in women. Most urinary tract infections are acute uncomplicated cystitis. Identifiers of acute uncomplicated cystitis are frequency and dysuria in an immunocompetent woman of childbearing age who has no comorbidities or urologic abnormalities. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections in women, with one-half of all women experiencing at least one UTI in their lifetime. Most UTIs in women are acute uncomplicated cystitis caused by Escherichia coli (86 percent), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4 percent), Klebsiella species (3 percent), Proteus species (3 percent), Enterobacter species (1.4 percent), Citrobacter species (0.8 percent), or Enterococcus species (0.5 percent). Acute uncomplicated cystitis results in an estimated six days of discomfort leading to approximately 7 million office visits per year with associated costs of $1.6 billion. The combination of new-onset frequency and dysuria, with the absence of vaginal discharge, is diagnostic for a urinary tract infection. A urine culture is recommended for women with suspected acute pyelonephritis, women with symptoms that do not resolve or that recur within two to four weeks after the completion of treatment, and women who present with atypical symptoms. In 2010, a panel of international experts updated the 1999 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines on the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women. The IDSA collaborated with the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and invited representation from diverse geographic areas and a wide variety of specialties, including urology, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, and infectious diseases.

• #7 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cystitis epidemiology and demographics On the Web […] It is estimated that more than 30% of women will experience at least one episode of cystitis. Of these 30%, 20% women will have recurrent cystitis. […] The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of uncomplicated cystitis is approximately zero. […] Females are more commonly affected with cystitis than males. The female to male ratio is 4 to 1. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] It is estimated that one third of the women population has at least one episode of cystitis in their lifetime. Of these many will have recurrent cystitis. […] 81% of the total UTIs in the world occur in women. […] 27% of women with an episode of UTI have another episode within the next 6 months while 48% within the next 12 months.

• #8 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cystitis epidemiology and demographics On the Web […] It is estimated that more than 30% of women will experience at least one episode of cystitis. Of these 30%, 20% women will have recurrent cystitis. […] The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of uncomplicated cystitis is approximately zero. […] Females are more commonly affected with cystitis than males. The female to male ratio is 4 to 1. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] It is estimated that one third of the women population has at least one episode of cystitis in their lifetime. Of these many will have recurrent cystitis. […] 81% of the total UTIs in the world occur in women. […] 27% of women with an episode of UTI have another episode within the next 6 months while 48% within the next 12 months.

• #9 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  More than 7 million uncomplicated UTIs occur in the US per year. […] Sexually active women are known to have a higher incidence of UTIs than women of other categories. […] The incidence of cystitis in women is 5-7 per year per 100,000 while that in same age men is 50-80 per 100000. […] The incidence of UTI is higher in sexually active women than postmenopausal women. […] There is a higher incidence of urinary tract infection in immunocompromised, elderly, diabetic, and individuals with indwelling catheters. […] Almost 30% of the women will experience at least one episode of cystitis during their life span. Of these 30%, 20% of these women will have recurrent cystitis. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] There is no racial predilection to cystitis. […] Cystitis is a common disease that affect everyone, mostly women, worldwide.

• #10 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  The incidence of simple cystitis in men is relatively low. It is estimated to be fewer than 10 cases per year per 10,000 men under age 65. Symptoms of a simple UTI in men are the same as in women; dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain. Recurrent symptoms or reinfections after treatment, fever and pelvic or perineal pain suggest prostatitis. Fever, chills, flank pain, or any signs of a systemic illness suggest a complicated urinary tract infection.

• #11 Acute Cystitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17151

  Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infections in women. About 40% to 60% of women experience a UTI at some point in their lives; half by 32 years of age. The abundance of this disease results in eight million emergency or clinic visits, 100,000 hospital admissions, and $3.5 billion annually in healthcare costs in the US. Within a year of an acute urinary infection, 27 to 46% of women will have another UTI. An estimated 30% to 44% of women will have a second UTI within six months of their initial infection. […] The incidence in men is far lower, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men below age 65 yearly. Male symptoms are the same as in women, but recurrent or intractable symptoms suggest possible prostatitis. […] Traditionally, all UTIs in men were considered complicated, but now it is believed that some may be treated as uncomplicated infections if they are between 15 and 50 years of age and do not have any risk factors such as bladder outlet obstruction, urological anatomical abnormalities, compromised immunity, complicating medical comorbidities (such as renal failure, uncontrolled diabetes or renal transplant), or urolithiasis.

• #12 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  The incidence of simple cystitis in men is relatively low. It is estimated to be fewer than 10 cases per year per 10,000 men under age 65. Symptoms of a simple UTI in men are the same as in women; dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain. Recurrent symptoms or reinfections after treatment, fever and pelvic or perineal pain suggest prostatitis. Fever, chills, flank pain, or any signs of a systemic illness suggest a complicated urinary tract infection.

• #13 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #14 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  More than 7 million uncomplicated UTIs occur in the US per year. […] Sexually active women are known to have a higher incidence of UTIs than women of other categories. […] The incidence of cystitis in women is 5-7 per year per 100,000 while that in same age men is 50-80 per 100000. […] The incidence of UTI is higher in sexually active women than postmenopausal women. […] There is a higher incidence of urinary tract infection in immunocompromised, elderly, diabetic, and individuals with indwelling catheters. […] Almost 30% of the women will experience at least one episode of cystitis during their life span. Of these 30%, 20% of these women will have recurrent cystitis. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] There is no racial predilection to cystitis. […] Cystitis is a common disease that affect everyone, mostly women, worldwide.

• #15 Epidemiological study on the prevalence of cystitis in women in the Voronezh region of Russia

  https://www.oatext.com/epidemiological-study-on-the-prevalence-of-cystitis-in-women-in-the-voronezh-region-of-russia.php

  Introduction: The article presents the results of an epidemiological study on the prevalence of cystitis and risk factors for cystitis in women in the Bobrovsky district of the Voronezh region of Russia. […] In Russia, there are 2636 million cases of cystitis per year. During their life, 20-25% of women suffer acute cystitis, while every third woman has a recurrence within a year, and in 10% it turns into a chronic recurrent form. […] The need for accurate diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract, in particular, cystitis, is of great importance for both patients and the community as a whole. […] Risk factors for recurrence of uncomplicated cystitis in adult women also include those who had UTI in childhood and genetic factors such as Toll-like receptor polymorphism and the presence of UTI in the mother.

• #16 Cystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Cystitis epidemiology and demographics On the Web […] It is estimated that more than 30% of women will experience at least one episode of cystitis. Of these 30%, 20% women will have recurrent cystitis. […] The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of uncomplicated cystitis is approximately zero. […] Females are more commonly affected with cystitis than males. The female to male ratio is 4 to 1. […] Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years. […] It is estimated that one third of the women population has at least one episode of cystitis in their lifetime. Of these many will have recurrent cystitis. […] 81% of the total UTIs in the world occur in women. […] 27% of women with an episode of UTI have another episode within the next 6 months while 48% within the next 12 months.

• #17 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #18 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #19 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #20 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview

  UTIs in women are very common; approximately 25-40% of women in the United States aged 20-40 years have had a UTI. UTIs account for over 6 million patient visits to physicians per year in the United States; approximately 20% of those visits are to EDs. […] Cystitis occurs in 0.3%-1.3% of pregnancies but does not appear to be related to asymptomatic bacteriuria. Acute pyelonephritis occurs in 1-2% of pregnancies. UTIs occur in 3-50% of renal transplant patients and frequently are silent. […] In 2007, approximately 3.9% of office visits were related to symptoms involving the genitourinary tract. Estimates based on office and ED visits suggest per annum about 7 million episodes of acute cystitis. Some studies estimate that UTIs (cystitis plus pyelonephritis) cost at least $1 billion per year.

• #21 Cystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/

  Approximately one-third of women will have had a UTI by age 24 and one-half by age 32. The incidence of UTI is 12% in women based on self-reported annual incidence. A university cohort study estimates the annual incidence of UTI at 0.5 to 0.7 UTIs per person-year in sexually active women. Factors that increase the risk for uncomplicated cystitis include sexual intercourse, spermicide use, new sex partner within the past year, previous UTI, strong family history of UTI in a first-degree female relative, and post-menopausal state. Acute cystitis is much more common than pyelonephritis, with an estimated ratio of 18 to 28 cystitis episodes for every episode of pyelonephritis. […] Depending on the underlying condition, there is wide variation in the incidence of complicated UTIs. The estimated prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes is 26% compared to 6% in non-diabetic females. Patients with diabetes are also at increased risk of developing both acute cystitis and pyelonephritis. UTIs are common in patients who had renal transplantation, with retrospective cohort studies showing an incidence between 47% and 75%. The risk is highest in the first year post-transplantation. Approximately 2.3% of pregnant women develop a symptomatic UTI. Other risk factors for developing a complicated UTI include nephrolithiasis, immunocompromised status, the presence of foreign bodies such as a urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation, renal insufficiency, functional or anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract, urinary stents, strictures, and obstructive uropathy.

• #22 Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: the influence of modern diagnostic criteria on epidemiology and on Internet search activity by the public – Davis – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/6804/html

  Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic debilitating condition that is characterised by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia and urinary frequency. The prevalence of the condition is increasing due to more inclusive diagnostic criteria. […] Prevalence rates for IC/PBS vary according to diagnostic criteria and range from 2% to 17.3% among the general population. Increased prevalence is associated with female gender and females with one first-degree relative affected. […] There has been an increase in global mean search activity for IC/PBS on an annual basis since 2005. The greatest increase in search activity was in USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and India respectively. […] As diagnostic criteria for IC/PBS continues to become more inclusive it is likely that the prevalence will continue to increase. This is particularly true for the USA and Canada as these regions have demonstrated the greatest increase in Internet search activity for IC/PBS.

• #23 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports on the prevalence of interstitial cystitis conflict, depending on the country of origin and the criteria used for diagnosis. In addition, there is significant overlap with conditions such as urinary tract infection, pelvic pain syndromes, and overactive bladder. Current studies estimate that 2.7% to 6.5% of women in the United States have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). The broad range in prevalence depends on whether a high-sensitivity definition (6.53%) is used versus a highly specific definition (2.7%). Roughly translated, these numbers indicate that 3.3-7.9 million US women older than 18 years have symptoms of IC/BPS. Of those women, however, only 9.7% report being assigned a diagnosis of IC/BPS. […] In the United States, Curhan et al showed a prevalence of 60-70 cases per 100,000 women. The 2004 United States Nurses Health Study indicated a prevalence of 2.3%. The estimated annual incidence rate of interstitial cystitis in the US is 2.6 cases per 100,000 women.

• #24 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports on the prevalence of interstitial cystitis conflict, depending on the country of origin and the criteria used for diagnosis. In addition, there is significant overlap with conditions such as urinary tract infection, pelvic pain syndromes, and overactive bladder. Current studies estimate that 2.7% to 6.5% of women in the United States have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). The broad range in prevalence depends on whether a high-sensitivity definition (6.53%) is used versus a highly specific definition (2.7%). Roughly translated, these numbers indicate that 3.3-7.9 million US women older than 18 years have symptoms of IC/BPS. Of those women, however, only 9.7% report being assigned a diagnosis of IC/BPS. […] In the United States, Curhan et al showed a prevalence of 60-70 cases per 100,000 women. The 2004 United States Nurses Health Study indicated a prevalence of 2.3%. The estimated annual incidence rate of interstitial cystitis in the US is 2.6 cases per 100,000 women.

• #25 Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: the influence of modern diagnostic criteria on epidemiology and on Internet search activity by the public – Davis – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/6804/html

  Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic debilitating condition that is characterised by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia and urinary frequency. The prevalence of the condition is increasing due to more inclusive diagnostic criteria. […] Prevalence rates for IC/PBS vary according to diagnostic criteria and range from 2% to 17.3% among the general population. Increased prevalence is associated with female gender and females with one first-degree relative affected. […] There has been an increase in global mean search activity for IC/PBS on an annual basis since 2005. The greatest increase in search activity was in USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and India respectively. […] As diagnostic criteria for IC/PBS continues to become more inclusive it is likely that the prevalence will continue to increase. This is particularly true for the USA and Canada as these regions have demonstrated the greatest increase in Internet search activity for IC/PBS.

• #26 Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: the influence of modern diagnostic criteria on epidemiology and on Internet search activity by the public – Davis – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/6804/html

  Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic debilitating condition that is characterised by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia and urinary frequency. The prevalence of the condition is increasing due to more inclusive diagnostic criteria. […] Prevalence rates for IC/PBS vary according to diagnostic criteria and range from 2% to 17.3% among the general population. Increased prevalence is associated with female gender and females with one first-degree relative affected. […] There has been an increase in global mean search activity for IC/PBS on an annual basis since 2005. The greatest increase in search activity was in USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and India respectively. […] As diagnostic criteria for IC/PBS continues to become more inclusive it is likely that the prevalence will continue to increase. This is particularly true for the USA and Canada as these regions have demonstrated the greatest increase in Internet search activity for IC/PBS.

• #27 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports on the prevalence of interstitial cystitis conflict, depending on the country of origin and the criteria used for diagnosis. In addition, there is significant overlap with conditions such as urinary tract infection, pelvic pain syndromes, and overactive bladder. Current studies estimate that 2.7% to 6.5% of women in the United States have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). The broad range in prevalence depends on whether a high-sensitivity definition (6.53%) is used versus a highly specific definition (2.7%). Roughly translated, these numbers indicate that 3.3-7.9 million US women older than 18 years have symptoms of IC/BPS. Of those women, however, only 9.7% report being assigned a diagnosis of IC/BPS. […] In the United States, Curhan et al showed a prevalence of 60-70 cases per 100,000 women. The 2004 United States Nurses Health Study indicated a prevalence of 2.3%. The estimated annual incidence rate of interstitial cystitis in the US is 2.6 cases per 100,000 women.

• #28 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports on the prevalence of interstitial cystitis conflict, depending on the country of origin and the criteria used for diagnosis. In addition, there is significant overlap with conditions such as urinary tract infection, pelvic pain syndromes, and overactive bladder. Current studies estimate that 2.7% to 6.5% of women in the United States have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). The broad range in prevalence depends on whether a high-sensitivity definition (6.53%) is used versus a highly specific definition (2.7%). Roughly translated, these numbers indicate that 3.3-7.9 million US women older than 18 years have symptoms of IC/BPS. Of those women, however, only 9.7% report being assigned a diagnosis of IC/BPS. […] In the United States, Curhan et al showed a prevalence of 60-70 cases per 100,000 women. The 2004 United States Nurses Health Study indicated a prevalence of 2.3%. The estimated annual incidence rate of interstitial cystitis in the US is 2.6 cases per 100,000 women.

• #29 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports from Europe indicate a prevalence of 18 cases per 100,000 women, whereas only 3-4 cases per 100,000 women are reported in Japan. The marked differences between these countries and the United States are likely due to differences in diagnostic criteria, varying from all-encompassing clinical criteria (eg, those from the National Institute of Diabetes Digestive Kidney Diseases [NIDDK] of the US National Institutes of Health) to very strict criteria based on a pathologic diagnosis. Epidemiologic studies are difficult, given the wide variability in which patients are identified as research subjects. Some studies ask individuals to self-identify, while others survey physicians who may be unfamiliar with IC/BPS. […] Using a validated IC/BPS case definition, Berry et al discovered that only 50% of women who met criteria for IC/BPS had been evaluated by a urologist and only 10% carried the diagnosis, which strengthens the argument that this disease is largely underreported.

• #30 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports from Europe indicate a prevalence of 18 cases per 100,000 women, whereas only 3-4 cases per 100,000 women are reported in Japan. The marked differences between these countries and the United States are likely due to differences in diagnostic criteria, varying from all-encompassing clinical criteria (eg, those from the National Institute of Diabetes Digestive Kidney Diseases [NIDDK] of the US National Institutes of Health) to very strict criteria based on a pathologic diagnosis. Epidemiologic studies are difficult, given the wide variability in which patients are identified as research subjects. Some studies ask individuals to self-identify, while others survey physicians who may be unfamiliar with IC/BPS. […] Using a validated IC/BPS case definition, Berry et al discovered that only 50% of women who met criteria for IC/BPS had been evaluated by a urologist and only 10% carried the diagnosis, which strengthens the argument that this disease is largely underreported.

• #31 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Of patients with interstitial cystitis, 94% are White and approximately 90% are female. Interstitial cystitis appears to be slightly more common in Jewish women. The condition is also dramatically under-reported in men. There is significant overlap of symptoms of IC/BPS and symptoms of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In fact, 17% of men were reported to have symptoms of both complexes. This supports the hypothesis that IC/BPS and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome share a common pathophysiology in men. However, many of these studies rely on the patient’s self-reported symptoms, so estimates of incidence in men are likely higher than previously reported. […] Median age at presentation is 40 years. However, Close et al have shown that interstitial cystitis may occur in children. In their series, the median age of onset was 4.5 years, with a mean age of diagnosis of 8.2 years. The children had diffuse glomerulations and terminal hematuria. Of the 16 children in the study, 15 improved after bladder hydrodistention.

• #32 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Of patients with interstitial cystitis, 94% are White and approximately 90% are female. Interstitial cystitis appears to be slightly more common in Jewish women. The condition is also dramatically under-reported in men. There is significant overlap of symptoms of IC/BPS and symptoms of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In fact, 17% of men were reported to have symptoms of both complexes. This supports the hypothesis that IC/BPS and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome share a common pathophysiology in men. However, many of these studies rely on the patient’s self-reported symptoms, so estimates of incidence in men are likely higher than previously reported. […] Median age at presentation is 40 years. However, Close et al have shown that interstitial cystitis may occur in children. In their series, the median age of onset was 4.5 years, with a mean age of diagnosis of 8.2 years. The children had diffuse glomerulations and terminal hematuria. Of the 16 children in the study, 15 improved after bladder hydrodistention.

• #33  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.ic-network.com/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. Two RAND prevalence studies found that: 3.2 to 7.9 million women (2.7 to 6.5% of all women) […] 1 to 4 million men have symptoms of IC. Researchers suspect that many more men may have IC but have been incorrectly diagnosed with chronic prostatitis. Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: An estimated 79% of IC patients may struggle with IBS. The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. Up to 50% of patients experience spontaneous remissions probably unrelated to treatment, with a duration ranging from 1 to 80 months. Patients with IC are 10 to 12 times more likely to report childhood bladder problems. Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #34  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.icnetwork.org/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. […] Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: […] The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. […] Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. […] IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. […] The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #35  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.icnetwork.org/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. […] Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: […] The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. […] Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. […] IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. […] The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #36 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Of patients with interstitial cystitis, 94% are White and approximately 90% are female. Interstitial cystitis appears to be slightly more common in Jewish women. The condition is also dramatically under-reported in men. There is significant overlap of symptoms of IC/BPS and symptoms of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In fact, 17% of men were reported to have symptoms of both complexes. This supports the hypothesis that IC/BPS and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome share a common pathophysiology in men. However, many of these studies rely on the patient’s self-reported symptoms, so estimates of incidence in men are likely higher than previously reported. […] Median age at presentation is 40 years. However, Close et al have shown that interstitial cystitis may occur in children. In their series, the median age of onset was 4.5 years, with a mean age of diagnosis of 8.2 years. The children had diffuse glomerulations and terminal hematuria. Of the 16 children in the study, 15 improved after bladder hydrodistention.

• #37 The Interstitial Cystitis Association of America: lessons learned over the past 30 years – Ratner – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/8043/html

  Since that time, several epidemiological studies have been published. The Rand Corporation Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology study (RICE study) by Sandra Berry et al., published in 2011, estimated that 3.3-7.9 million women in the U.S. have IC/PBS. […] The authors believe, however, that this is a substantial underestimation. […] However, only 9.7% of the women reported being assigned a BPS/IC diagnosis. […] Konkle et al. concluded that (The Rand study) strengthen(s) the existing body of evidence which suggests that this condition is substantially burdensome, and likely underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. […] Clemens et al. evaluated data from the BACH study (Boston Area Community Health Survey) published in 2007, and concluded that between one and four million men have IC in the U.S. […] There is now no way to dispute that IC/BPS exists, with so much data to back up the numbers. […] These epidemiological studies confirm that there are many more men and women who have IC/BPS in the U.S. than previously thought.

• #38 The Interstitial Cystitis Association of America: lessons learned over the past 30 years – Ratner – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/8043/html

  Epidemiology was the answer. […] The very first Epidemiology Study conducted on IC in the United States was published in 1988 by Dr. Philip Held and his team at the Urban Institute. NIDDK also provided some support. […] Critical to legitimizing the disease, Dr. Held and his team found that: For every one patient diagnosed with IC in the urologists office, five went undiagnosed; It took an average of 4.5 years and five doctors to achieve a correct diagnosis; IC patients scored worse than patients undergoing renal dialysis on Quality of Life questionnaires; A total of 60% of patients reported pain with sexual intercourse, many so severe that they abstained altogether; By combining medical expenses incurred by an IC patient with lost wages because of disability, Helds study calculated the economic impact of the disease to be as high as $1.7 billion per year.

• #39  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.icnetwork.org/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. […] Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: […] The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. […] Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. […] IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. […] The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #40  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.ic-network.com/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. Two RAND prevalence studies found that: 3.2 to 7.9 million women (2.7 to 6.5% of all women) […] 1 to 4 million men have symptoms of IC. Researchers suspect that many more men may have IC but have been incorrectly diagnosed with chronic prostatitis. Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: An estimated 79% of IC patients may struggle with IBS. The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. Up to 50% of patients experience spontaneous remissions probably unrelated to treatment, with a duration ranging from 1 to 80 months. Patients with IC are 10 to 12 times more likely to report childhood bladder problems. Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #41  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.icnetwork.org/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. […] Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: […] The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. […] Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. […] IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. […] The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #42 The Interstitial Cystitis Association of America: lessons learned over the past 30 years – Ratner – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/8043/html

  Epidemiology was the answer. […] The very first Epidemiology Study conducted on IC in the United States was published in 1988 by Dr. Philip Held and his team at the Urban Institute. NIDDK also provided some support. […] Critical to legitimizing the disease, Dr. Held and his team found that: For every one patient diagnosed with IC in the urologists office, five went undiagnosed; It took an average of 4.5 years and five doctors to achieve a correct diagnosis; IC patients scored worse than patients undergoing renal dialysis on Quality of Life questionnaires; A total of 60% of patients reported pain with sexual intercourse, many so severe that they abstained altogether; By combining medical expenses incurred by an IC patient with lost wages because of disability, Helds study calculated the economic impact of the disease to be as high as $1.7 billion per year.

• #43  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.ic-network.com/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. Two RAND prevalence studies found that: 3.2 to 7.9 million women (2.7 to 6.5% of all women) […] 1 to 4 million men have symptoms of IC. Researchers suspect that many more men may have IC but have been incorrectly diagnosed with chronic prostatitis. Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: An estimated 79% of IC patients may struggle with IBS. The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. Up to 50% of patients experience spontaneous remissions probably unrelated to treatment, with a duration ranging from 1 to 80 months. Patients with IC are 10 to 12 times more likely to report childhood bladder problems. Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #44  Interstitial Cystitis Network  – Interstitial Cystitis Prevalence and Epidemiology

  https://www.ic-network.com/interstitial-cystitis-prevalence-epidemiology/

  IC/BPS affects millions of men and women around the world. In the USA alone, the impact of IC is profound. Two RAND prevalence studies found that: 3.2 to 7.9 million women (2.7 to 6.5% of all women) […] 1 to 4 million men have symptoms of IC. Researchers suspect that many more men may have IC but have been incorrectly diagnosed with chronic prostatitis. Quite a few epidemiological studies have been done over the years. They have found that: An estimated 79% of IC patients may struggle with IBS. The average age of onset for IC is 40 years, with 25% of patients under the age of 30. A late deterioration of symptoms is unusual. Up to 50% of patients experience spontaneous remissions probably unrelated to treatment, with a duration ranging from 1 to 80 months. Patients with IC are 10 to 12 times more likely to report childhood bladder problems. Patients with IC are twice as likely report a history of urinary tract infection; however, over half of all IC patients report fewer than one such infection per year before the onset of IC. IC patients have suicidal thoughts 3-4 times above the national average. The quality of life of IC patients is worse than patients experiencing chronic renal failure and undergoing dialysis.

• #45 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance for uncomplicated cystitis in 2023: Conducted by the Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation […] This study aimed to report the results of Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (KARMS) for uncomplicated cystitis (UC) in 2023. […] KARMS was established for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections with the cooperation of Korean nationwide medical centers. […] A total of 885 patients’ data were collected in KARMS database. […] The number of postmenopausal and recurrent cystitis were 530 (61.1%) and 102 (11.5%), respectively. […] Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified uropathogen (654/871, 75.1%). […] Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, 94.9% were susceptible to fosfomycin, 90.5% to nitrofurantoin, 58.4% to ciprofloxacin, 83.6% to cefotaxime, and 100.0% to ertapenem.

• #46 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  KARMS is the nationwide internet-based monitoring system for the surveillance of AMR in UTIs and has advantage that can be conducted continuously in less time and cost. […] In fact, many of major urological centers all around the country are participating in KARMS, through which can be obtained microbiological characteristics and distribution of the community, and the corresponding antibiotic susceptibility information. […] The cornerstone of treatment for UTI is the use of antimicrobial agent. […] However, nonjudicious use of antimicrobials and failure to develop new antimicrobial agents caused the emergence of AMR. […] Considering this situation, numerous organizations such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America, World Economic Forum, and the World Health Organization have warned that AMR is a global public health problem and a more urgent threat than global warming.

• #47 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance for uncomplicated cystitis in 2023: Conducted by the Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation […] This study aimed to report the results of Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (KARMS) for uncomplicated cystitis (UC) in 2023. […] KARMS was established for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections with the cooperation of Korean nationwide medical centers. […] A total of 885 patients’ data were collected in KARMS database. […] The number of postmenopausal and recurrent cystitis were 530 (61.1%) and 102 (11.5%), respectively. […] Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified uropathogen (654/871, 75.1%). […] Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, 94.9% were susceptible to fosfomycin, 90.5% to nitrofurantoin, 58.4% to ciprofloxacin, 83.6% to cefotaxime, and 100.0% to ertapenem.

• #48 Nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis in 2018: Conducted by the Japanese Research Group for Urinary Tract Infections (JRGU) | GHDx

  https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/nationwide-surveillance-bacterial-pathogens-isolated-patients-acute-uncomplicated-cystitis

  Nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis in 2018: Conducted by the Japanese Research Group for Urinary Tract Infections (JRGU) […] Coverage type Country […] Time period covered 01/2018 – 12/2018 […] Journal J Infect Chemother Volume 27 Issue 8 Pages 1169-1180 Publication year 2021 […] Nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis in 2018: Conducted by the Japanese Research Group for Urinary Tract Infections (JRGU).

• #49 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance for uncomplicated cystitis in 2023: Conducted by the Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation […] This study aimed to report the results of Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (KARMS) for uncomplicated cystitis (UC) in 2023. […] KARMS was established for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections with the cooperation of Korean nationwide medical centers. […] A total of 885 patients’ data were collected in KARMS database. […] The number of postmenopausal and recurrent cystitis were 530 (61.1%) and 102 (11.5%), respectively. […] Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified uropathogen (654/871, 75.1%). […] Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, 94.9% were susceptible to fosfomycin, 90.5% to nitrofurantoin, 58.4% to ciprofloxacin, 83.6% to cefotaxime, and 100.0% to ertapenem.

• #50 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  ESBL positivity was 13.7% (96/702), and significantly higher in tertiary hospital (23.1%, p0.001), postmenopausal (15.9%, p=0.044), and recurrent cystitis (24.7%, p=0.001). […] Fluoroquinolone resistance was significantly higher in tertiary hospital (47.4%, p=0.001), postmenopausal (44.9%, p0.001), and recurrent cystitis (59.8%, p0.001). […] In addition, postmenopausal (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.382.77, p0.001) and recurrent cystitis (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.443.92, p=0.001) were associated with increased fluoroquinolone resistance. […] These data provide information on the distribution of uropathogen and the status of antimicrobial resistance in UC of South Korea. […] KARMS will be a useful reference in the future through the continuous surveillance system construction over the years.

• #51 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  ESBL positivity was 13.7% (96/702), and significantly higher in tertiary hospital (23.1%, p0.001), postmenopausal (15.9%, p=0.044), and recurrent cystitis (24.7%, p=0.001). […] Fluoroquinolone resistance was significantly higher in tertiary hospital (47.4%, p=0.001), postmenopausal (44.9%, p0.001), and recurrent cystitis (59.8%, p0.001). […] In addition, postmenopausal (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.382.77, p0.001) and recurrent cystitis (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.443.92, p=0.001) were associated with increased fluoroquinolone resistance. […] These data provide information on the distribution of uropathogen and the status of antimicrobial resistance in UC of South Korea. […] KARMS will be a useful reference in the future through the continuous surveillance system construction over the years.

• #52 Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli for Uncomplicated Cystitis: Korean Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/11/1075

  Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli in patients with uncomplicated cystitis in the Republic of Korea has reached a serious level, especially in fluoroquinolone resistance. […] The present study aimed to report AMR focusing on the UC patients with microbiologically proven E. coli, the most common causative bacterium for UC worldwide, in the KARMS database in 2023. […] The investigation and monitoring of AMR is imperative to obtain the correct information on the distribution, microbiologic characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens in the community. […] The results of the present study indicate that the AMR of E. coli in patients with UC in the Republic of Korea has reached a serious level, especially regarding fluoroquinolone resistance. […] Therefore, major efforts should be made to establish antimicrobial stewardship along with AMR surveillance in the Republic of Korea.

• #53 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #54 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #55 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #56 Epidemiology of urinary tract infections in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2021 | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-025-00692-x

  In 2019, the MENA region recorded an incidence rate of 4,033.4 per 100,000 (95% UIs: 3,553.74,548.7) and 7,687 deaths (95% UIs: 6,6638,969). […] Despite a substantial increase in the total number of UTI cases and DALYs in the region from 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised rates remained stable. […] In 2021, the estimated incidence of UTIs in the North Africa and Middle East (MENA) region was 25,815,054 cases (95% UI: 22,626,814 to 29,210,790), corresponding to an age-standardised rate of 4,033.4 per 100,000 (95% UI: 3,553.7 to 4,548.7). […] In 2021, there were 7,687 deaths (95% UI: 6,663 to 8,969) linked to these conditions, yielding an age-standardised rate of 2.3 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 1.9 to 2.7). […] In 2021, the MENA region lost 179,393 (95% UI: 155,583 to 203,058) DALYs due to UTIs, resulting in an age-standardised rate of 41.3 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 36.1 to 47.2).

• #57 Epidemiology of urinary tract infections in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2021 | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-025-00692-x

  In 2019, the MENA region recorded an incidence rate of 4,033.4 per 100,000 (95% UIs: 3,553.74,548.7) and 7,687 deaths (95% UIs: 6,6638,969). […] Despite a substantial increase in the total number of UTI cases and DALYs in the region from 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised rates remained stable. […] In 2021, the estimated incidence of UTIs in the North Africa and Middle East (MENA) region was 25,815,054 cases (95% UI: 22,626,814 to 29,210,790), corresponding to an age-standardised rate of 4,033.4 per 100,000 (95% UI: 3,553.7 to 4,548.7). […] In 2021, there were 7,687 deaths (95% UI: 6,663 to 8,969) linked to these conditions, yielding an age-standardised rate of 2.3 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 1.9 to 2.7). […] In 2021, the MENA region lost 179,393 (95% UI: 155,583 to 203,058) DALYs due to UTIs, resulting in an age-standardised rate of 41.3 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 36.1 to 47.2).

• #58 Epidemiology of urinary tract infections in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2021 | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-025-00692-x

  The incidence of UTIs in the region saw a substantial increase between 1990 and 2021. […] The total number of deaths attributed to UTIs in MENA rose from 2,969 in 1990 to 7,687 in 2021. […] The total number of DALYs rose from 98,757 in 1990 to 179,393 in 2021, while ASRs showed no significant changes. […] The association between UTIs and SDI revealed a non-linear correlation. In lower SDI countries like Syria and Lebanon, the burden was higher than expected.

• #59 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Thus far, detailed information regarding the global burden of UTIs remains limited. A systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing 38 studies and 981,221 individuals worldwide, found that the incidence of UTIs varied from 1.1 to 3.7% across different regions. However, these studies primarily focused on developing countries, and differences in study design and sample size may have led to biased estimates of incidence rates, limiting their generalisability. […] To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the correlation between economic development and UTIs, identify factors influencing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and predict disease burden trends up to 2050 utilising data from the GBD 2021. […] The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021, the middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] The global incidence rate is projected to continue increasing until 2050, with an expected growth rate of 17.04%. These findings provide valuable information and data for addressing the global health challenges posed by UTIs.

• #60 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #61 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Thus far, detailed information regarding the global burden of UTIs remains limited. A systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing 38 studies and 981,221 individuals worldwide, found that the incidence of UTIs varied from 1.1 to 3.7% across different regions. However, these studies primarily focused on developing countries, and differences in study design and sample size may have led to biased estimates of incidence rates, limiting their generalisability. […] To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the correlation between economic development and UTIs, identify factors influencing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and predict disease burden trends up to 2050 utilising data from the GBD 2021. […] The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021, the middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] The global incidence rate is projected to continue increasing until 2050, with an expected growth rate of 17.04%. These findings provide valuable information and data for addressing the global health challenges posed by UTIs.

• #62 Local epidemiology and resistance profiles in acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in women: a prospective cohort study in an urban urological ambulatory setting | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-017-2789-7

  In this prospective observational study we were able to raise real-world data on causative pathogens of AUC and their corresponding resistance profiles to antibiotics in an urological practice. Treatment is usually based on empirical data collected from multi-centre studies. It is known that the resistance profiles of causative bacteria changes over the course of time. Not only are these changes time-related, they also differ considerably across regions and nations. The question therefore arises whether guideline recommendations for the use of specific antibiotics in AUC are directly applicable to an urological practice in a major German city, or whether such guideline recommendations require regional and national modification. […] Despite the evidence for international and national differences in the resistance profile of E. coli to antibiotics, the guidelines can still be applied to empirical treatment of AUC. As significant changes may still occur in regional susceptibility to recommended alternative antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, aminopenicillins and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, a urine culture with subsequent susceptibility test should be performed before use. Ongoing regular monitoring of the resistance profile at international, national and regional levels could increase the understanding of and reduce reaction times to the development of resistances.

• #63 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options | Nature Reviews Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro3432

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. […] In this Review, we discuss how basic science studies are elucidating the molecular details of the crosstalk that occurs at the host-pathogen interface, as well as the consequences of these interactions for the pathophysiology of UTIs. […] We also describe current efforts to translate this knowledge into new clinical treatments for UTIs.

• #64 Recurrent UTI in Women: Risk Factors Identified Among Those With Cystitis

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/news/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection-risk-factors-in-women-with-cystitis/

  Recurrent urinary tract infection in women with cystitis was associated with immunocompromised status, diabetes, frequent antibiotic use and medical encounters within the previous year, older age, and antibiotic-resistant infection. […] Although UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections, epidemiologic information about recurrent UTIs among women with cystitis is limited. […] Current assessment of the epidemiology of rUTI provided by this report may help guide development and use of preventive therapies, including potential vaccines against common uropathogens. […] According to the researchers, Current assessment of the epidemiology of rUTI [recurrent UTI] provided by this report may help guide development and use of preventive therapies, including potential vaccines against common uropathogens.

• #65 The Interstitial Cystitis Association of America: lessons learned over the past 30 years – Ratner – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/8043/html

  Since that time, several epidemiological studies have been published. The Rand Corporation Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology study (RICE study) by Sandra Berry et al., published in 2011, estimated that 3.3-7.9 million women in the U.S. have IC/PBS. […] The authors believe, however, that this is a substantial underestimation. […] However, only 9.7% of the women reported being assigned a BPS/IC diagnosis. […] Konkle et al. concluded that (The Rand study) strengthen(s) the existing body of evidence which suggests that this condition is substantially burdensome, and likely underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. […] Clemens et al. evaluated data from the BACH study (Boston Area Community Health Survey) published in 2007, and concluded that between one and four million men have IC in the U.S. […] There is now no way to dispute that IC/BPS exists, with so much data to back up the numbers. […] These epidemiological studies confirm that there are many more men and women who have IC/BPS in the U.S. than previously thought.

• #66 Acute uncomplicated cystitis: from surveillance data to a rationale for empirical treatment – Archive ouverte HAL

  https://hal.science/hal-00556364v1

  The objectives of this study were to explore the epidemiological features and resistance rates in uropathogens isolated from cases of acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in Greece, and subsequently to guide empirical treatment. […] From January 2005 to March 2006 a total of 1936 non-duplicate positive urinary cultures were collected and 889 AUC cases were evaluated. […] In conclusion, increased co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility rates undermine its use as a first-line agent in empirical treatment, especially in cases of recent use of co-trimoxazole and/or amoxicillin.

• #67 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  ESBL positivity was 13.7% (96/702), and significantly higher in tertiary hospital (23.1%, p0.001), postmenopausal (15.9%, p=0.044), and recurrent cystitis (24.7%, p=0.001). […] Fluoroquinolone resistance was significantly higher in tertiary hospital (47.4%, p=0.001), postmenopausal (44.9%, p0.001), and recurrent cystitis (59.8%, p0.001). […] In addition, postmenopausal (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.382.77, p0.001) and recurrent cystitis (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.443.92, p=0.001) were associated with increased fluoroquinolone resistance. […] These data provide information on the distribution of uropathogen and the status of antimicrobial resistance in UC of South Korea. […] KARMS will be a useful reference in the future through the continuous surveillance system construction over the years.

• #68 :: ICU :: Investigative and Clinical Urology

  https://www.icurology.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4111/icu.20240302

  The result of present study showed that AMR of UC in South Korea has already reached a serious level. […] Among the contributing factors for increasing AMR, the most important factor is probably the nonjudicious use of antimicrobials. […] Hence, antimicrobial stewardship is indispensable to reduce AMR. […] The present study provides information of domestic antimicrobial resistance status for UTIs and will be a useful reference in the future through the continuous surveillance system construction over the years.

• #69 Development, Validation and Testing of an Epidemiological Case Definition of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20100091.html

  PURPOSE: No standard case definition exists for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome for patient screening or epidemiological studies. […] We compared this definition with others used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome epidemiological studies. […] No single epidemiological definition had high sensitivity and high specificity. […] These values were comparable or superior to those of other epidemiological definitions used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome prevalence studies. […] For prevalence studies of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome the best approach may be to use 2 definitions that would yield a prevalence range. […] The RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome case definitions, developed through structured consensus and validation, can be used for this purpose.

• #70 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports from Europe indicate a prevalence of 18 cases per 100,000 women, whereas only 3-4 cases per 100,000 women are reported in Japan. The marked differences between these countries and the United States are likely due to differences in diagnostic criteria, varying from all-encompassing clinical criteria (eg, those from the National Institute of Diabetes Digestive Kidney Diseases [NIDDK] of the US National Institutes of Health) to very strict criteria based on a pathologic diagnosis. Epidemiologic studies are difficult, given the wide variability in which patients are identified as research subjects. Some studies ask individuals to self-identify, while others survey physicians who may be unfamiliar with IC/BPS. […] Using a validated IC/BPS case definition, Berry et al discovered that only 50% of women who met criteria for IC/BPS had been evaluated by a urologist and only 10% carried the diagnosis, which strengthens the argument that this disease is largely underreported.

• #71 Interstitial Cystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2055505-overview

  Reports from Europe indicate a prevalence of 18 cases per 100,000 women, whereas only 3-4 cases per 100,000 women are reported in Japan. The marked differences between these countries and the United States are likely due to differences in diagnostic criteria, varying from all-encompassing clinical criteria (eg, those from the National Institute of Diabetes Digestive Kidney Diseases [NIDDK] of the US National Institutes of Health) to very strict criteria based on a pathologic diagnosis. Epidemiologic studies are difficult, given the wide variability in which patients are identified as research subjects. Some studies ask individuals to self-identify, while others survey physicians who may be unfamiliar with IC/BPS. […] Using a validated IC/BPS case definition, Berry et al discovered that only 50% of women who met criteria for IC/BPS had been evaluated by a urologist and only 10% carried the diagnosis, which strengthens the argument that this disease is largely underreported.

• #72 Development, Validation and Testing of an Epidemiological Case Definition of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20100091.html

  PURPOSE: No standard case definition exists for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome for patient screening or epidemiological studies. […] We compared this definition with others used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome epidemiological studies. […] No single epidemiological definition had high sensitivity and high specificity. […] These values were comparable or superior to those of other epidemiological definitions used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome prevalence studies. […] For prevalence studies of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome the best approach may be to use 2 definitions that would yield a prevalence range. […] The RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome case definitions, developed through structured consensus and validation, can be used for this purpose.

• #73 Development, Validation and Testing of an Epidemiological Case Definition of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome | RAND

  https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20100091.html

  PURPOSE: No standard case definition exists for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome for patient screening or epidemiological studies. […] We compared this definition with others used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome epidemiological studies. […] No single epidemiological definition had high sensitivity and high specificity. […] These values were comparable or superior to those of other epidemiological definitions used in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome prevalence studies. […] For prevalence studies of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome the best approach may be to use 2 definitions that would yield a prevalence range. […] The RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome case definitions, developed through structured consensus and validation, can be used for this purpose.

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