Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180234-overview

  Peritoneal infections are classified as primary (ie, from hematogenous dissemination, usually in the setting of an immunocompromised state), secondary (ie, related to a pathologic process in a visceral organ, such as perforation or trauma, including iatrogenic trauma), or tertiary (ie, persistent or recurrent infection after adequate initial therapy). […] Secondary peritonitis is by far the most common form of peritonitis encountered in clinical practice. […] Infections of the peritoneum are further divided into generalized (peritonitis) and localized (intra-abdominal abscess). […] The etiology of disease depends on the type, as well as location, of peritonitis, as follows: Primary peritonitis, Secondary peritonitis, Tertiary peritonitis, Chemical peritonitis, Peritoneal abscess. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an acute bacterial infection of ascitic fluid.

• #1 Peritonitis-an Overview – Bezmialem Science

  https://bezmialemscience.org/articles/peritonitis-an-overview/doi/bas.galenos.94695

  Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneal cavity caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, chemical irritants, and foreign substances. […] Bacterial peritonitis results from prolonged contamination or contact with highly virulent bacterial strains. Foreign bodies greatly reduce the resistance of the peritoneum to infections. […] According to the source and nature of microbial contamination, peritonitis can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary peritonitis is a frequent monomicrobial infection of the peritoneal fluid without visceral perforation. Secondary peritonitis occurs after loss of integrity of a hollow internal organ and is the most common form of peritonitis encountered. Tertiary peritonitis develops due to the failure of the host inflammatory response or superinfection following treatment of secondary peritonitis.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Peritonitis.aspx

  Peritonitis indicates inflammation of the peritoneal layer in the abdominal cavity that arises when local mediator cascades are activated by different factors. Depending on the pathogenesis, it can be classified into three types that include primary, secondary, or tertiary peritonitis. Each of these types is considered a separate clinical entity. […] There is a principal, surgically pertinent causal problem in most forms of peritonitis that is related to abdominal sepsis. Nevertheless, peritonitis is inhomogeneous in regards to its cause, pathophysiology, and severity; therefore, every single case necessitates a meticulous approach. […] The pathogenesis of primary or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is related to altered host defenses observed in end-stage liver disease, deficient ascitic fluid antibacterial activity, overgrowth of microorganisms, as well as bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes.

• #1 Peritonitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritonitis?lang=us

  Peritonitis can be be localized or generalized, and may be infective or non-infective in etiology: […] infective peritonitis […] primary: from diffuse bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity occurring without loss of integrity of the digestive tract. […] secondary […] acute infection of the peritoneal cavity, usually resulting from perforation or anastomotic disruption of the digestive tract (e.g. fecal peritonitis) […] sometimes arise from acute abdominal inflammatory conditions, peritoneal dialysis, and systemic infections […] non-infective peritonitis […] may result from sterile involvement of the peritoneum such as in eosinophilic peritonitis or encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis […] may also be due to chemical peritoneal irritation (e.g. barium peritonitis) of with situations such as biliary or vernix caseosa peritonitis.

• #1 Peritonitis

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/gastro-health/peritonitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Peritonitis can be caused due to different factors, and depending on those, it is classified into the following types. […] The primary reason for the disease is the bacterial or fungal invasion in the peritoneum, which causes inflammation. […] Peritoneal dialysis in cases of kidney failure is the most common predisposing condition of peritonitis. […] A tear or rupture in the lining of the peritoneum is the main cause of peritonitis. When the lining becomes inflamed, the condition is called peritonitis. It can also be due to a bacterial or fungal infection. […] Causes of secondary peritonitis are: […] Any perforation or penetration in the stomach lining, intestine, appendix, or gallbladder can cause peritonitis. […] Peritonitis can also be classified as local or diffuse depending on clinical characteristics. Local peritonitis is specific to its location, whereas diffuse peritonitis infects the entire body. All types of peritonitis are lethal. The death rates are higher (as high as almost 40 %) in cirrhosis patients.

• #1 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/789105-overview

  Traditionally, three fourths of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis infections have been caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms (50% of these being Escherichia coli). The remainder has been due to aerobic gram-positive organisms (19% streptococcal species). […] Some data, however, suggest that the percentage of gram-positive infections may be increasing. One study cites a 34.2% incidence of streptococci, ranking in second position after Enterobacteriaceae. […] Patients with cirrhosis who are in a decompensated state are at the highest risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacterial translocation (viable microorganism passage from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes) is a key factor in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Low complement levels are associated with the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Patients at greatest risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis have decreased hepatic synthetic function with associated low total protein level or prolonged prothrombin time (PT). […] Patients with low protein levels in ascitic fluid ( 1 g/dL) have a 10-fold higher risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis than those with a protein level greater than 1 g/dL.

• #1 Peritonitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/peritonitis

  Peritonitis is caused by a collection of blood, body fluids, or pus in the belly (abdomen). […] One type is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). It occurs in people with ascites. Ascites is the buildup of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and the organs. This problem is found in people with long-term liver damage, certain cancers, and heart failure. […] Peritonitis may be a result of other problems. This is known as secondary peritonitis. Problems that may lead to this type of peritonitis include: Trauma or wounds to the belly, Ruptured appendix, Ruptured diverticula, Infection after any surgery in the belly.

• #1 Peritonitis – spontaneous bacterial – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/peritonitis-spontaneous-bacterial

  The peritoneum is the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen. Peritonitis is present when this tissue becomes inflamed or infected. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is present when this tissue becomes infected and there is no clear cause. […] SBP is most often caused by infection in fluid that collects in the peritoneal cavity (ascites). The fluid buildup often occurs with advanced liver or kidney disease. […] SBP also occurs in people who are on peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure. […] Peritonitis may have other causes. These include infection from other organs or leakage of enzymes or other toxins into the abdomen.

• #1 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-peritonitis-in-peritoneal-dialysis

  Peritonitis is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis is associated with significant morbidity, catheter loss, transfer to hemodialysis, transient loss of ultrafiltration, possible permanent membrane damage, and occasionally death. […] Among peritoneal dialysis patients, peritonitis may be directly related to peritoneal dialysis or secondary to a nondialysis-related intra-abdominal or systemic process. Most cases are peritoneal dialysis-related. In one review, nondialysis-related causes were responsible for less than 6 percent of cases of peritonitis in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. […] Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis is either due to contamination with pathogenic skin bacteria during exchanges (ie, touch contamination), or to an exit-site or tunnel infection. […] Secondary peritonitis is caused by underlying pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and occasionally (albeit rarely) due to hematogenous spread (ie, following dental procedures).

• #1 Peritonitis Related to Peritoneal Dialysis | What are the Causes? azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/peritonitis-related-to-peritoneal-dialysis/

  Peritonitis is one of the few complications associated with peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneum is the thin membrane that lines your abdominal cavity and covers the organs contained within it. Peritonitis is the inflammation of this membrane. […] Although peritonitis can result from other causes, such as an abdominal injury or appendicitis, this article will strictly focus on peritonitis as it relates to the peritoneal dialysis patient. […] Peritonitis is a peritoneal dialysis-related infection caused by bacteria entering the abdomen from outside the body and infecting the peritoneum. Bacteria may enter the body through the open ends of the PD catheter during exchanges. If you touch your PD catheter cap, bacteria from your fingers may transfer onto the catheter and enter the peritoneum. Peritonitis can also occur if there is PD catheter exit site infection or tunnel infection. […] Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis is most often caused by bacteria around the catheter.

• #1 Peritonitis: symptoms, causes, treatments, diagnosis and stages

  https://www.kidneyresearchuk.org/conditions-symptoms/peritonitis/

  Peritonitis is an infection of the peritoneum – this is a sheet of smooth tissue, called a membrane, that covers internal organs in the abdomen. Peritonitis is an infrequent but potentially serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). It can have other causes (for example, as a complication of appendicitis), which is rare in people on PD. […] Peritonitis can occur if bacteria enter the abdomen from outside the body through the tubing that allows this procedure to work (known as the dialysis catheter). Peritonitis can occur if: […] There is an infection of the large intestine (bowel) such as diverticulitis. […] Two common types of bacteria are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (known as Staph infections), but many other bacteria can cause peritonitis, and occasionally infection can be caused by a fungus (usually Candida).

• #1 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17831-peritonitis

  Infectious peritonitis can be either primary or secondary. Primary infectious peritonitis is caused by an infection that originates in your peritoneum itself. Secondary bacterial peritonitis spreads to your peritoneum from somewhere else in your body. […] Secondary infection is the most common cause of peritonitis. It can be caused by a burst appendix (appendicitis), a perforated stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer disease), a perforated intestinal ulcer from diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease, infectious pancreatitis, a ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess from pelvic inflammatory disease, a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, trauma or injury to your abdomen, and abdominal surgery.

• #1 29.13A: Peritonitis – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/29%3A_APPENDIX_A%3A_Diseases_Injuries_and_Disorders_of_the_Organ_Systems/29.13%3A_Diseases_and_Disorders_of_the_Digestive_System/29.13A%3A_Peritonitis

  Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, usually caused by an infectious organism that is introduced into the abdominal cavity. […] Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of peritonitis. […] Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of peritonitis. Examples include perforation of the distal esophagus, of the stomach by a peptic ulcer or gastric carcinoma, of the duodenum, of the remaining intestine by appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal infarction, intestinal strangulation, colorectal carcinoma, or of the gallbladder. Other possible reasons for perforation include abdominal trauma, ingestion of a sharp foreign body (such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an endoscope or catheter, and internal leakage of a colostomy site. In most cases of perforation of a hollow viscus, mixed bacteria are isolated from the infection; the most common agents include Gram-negative bacilli like E. coli and anaerobic bacteria. Fecal peritonitis results from the presence of feces in the peritoneal cavity. It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the large bowel is perforated during surgery.

• #1 Peritonitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peritonitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376247

  Peritonitis usually happens due to an infection from bacteria or fungi. […] Peritonitis can happen due to a hole, also called a rupture, inside an organ in the abdomen. Or it can be caused by other health conditions. […] A common cause of peritonitis is a treatment for kidney failure called peritoneal dialysis. […] Peritoneum infection is usually caused by a hole in an organ in the abdomen, such as the stomach and colon. The hole is also called a rupture. […] Common causes of a hole that leads to peritonitis include: Medical procedures […] A ruptured appendix, stomach ulcer or hole in the colon. Any of these conditions can allow bacteria to get into the peritoneum through a hole in your digestive tract. […] Pancreatitis. This is inflammation of a gland in the abdomen called the pancreas. If you have pancreatitis and you get an infection, bacteria could spread outside the pancreas. That may lead to peritonitis.

• #1 Causes of Acute Peritonitis and Its Complication

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8237913/

  Peritonitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical settings. […] This study aimed to analyze various etiologies that cause peritonitis and shed light on the factors responsible for unsatisfactory results. […] Our results showed that the most common cause of acute peritonitis was duodenal perforation (26.2%), followed by typhoid ileal perforation (24.2%) and ruptured appendix (16.8%). […] Acute peritonitis is a serious surgical emergency caused by a number of diseases. […] Existing literature shows that etiologies of peritonitis vary by geographic locations and local environmental factors with genetic predisposition. […] Appendicitis and typhoid ileal perforation are the common causes of peritonitis with an estimated prevalence of about 43.1% and 35.1%, respectively.

• #1 Peritonitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peritonitis

  Peritonitis is the inflammation of abdominal membranes, most commonly due to bacterial infection. […] Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum caused by bacterial infection. […] The main cause of secondary peritonitis is the escape of pus from an infected abdominal organ, including: […] Perforated ulcer a severe, untreated ulcer can sometimes burn through the wall of the stomach or duodenum, allowing digestive juices and food to leak into the abdominal cavity. […] Perforated bowel the intestines can be damaged and perforated by a range of conditions, including diverticulitis and inflammatory diseases such as Crohns disease. […] Burst appendix the appendix is a thin tail growing out of the large intestine. Food or faecal matter can sometimes lodge inside the appendix and become infected with bacteria.

• #1 Peritonitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peritonitis

  Perforated gall bladder this small sac stores bile from the liver. A severe infection (cholecystitis) can cause the gall bladder to burst. […] Pancreatitis an inflamed pancreas can directly cause inflammation in the abdomen, which may be very severe. […] Ectopic pregnancy the fertilised egg lodges and grows inside the slim fallopian tube instead of the uterus. […] Salpingitis inflammation of the fallopian tube. […] Abdominal surgery infection is a risk of any type of major surgery. […] Blood infection can be caused by a range of conditions, including cirrhosis of the liver, some forms of kidney disease and appendicitis. […] Dialysis bacteria on peritoneal dialysis equipment can enter the abdominal cavity. […] Stab wound bacteria from a knife or other sharp object enters the abdominal cavity.

• #1 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments.

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/peritonitis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi. […] The most common causes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) include: Liver disease with cirrhosis (scarring), and a buildup of abdominal fluid, called ascites. The fluid can get infected. Other conditions that cause fluid buildup, such as kidney disease, heart failure, and certain cancers, also can lead to peritonitis. […] Causes of secondary peritonitis can include: A ruptured appendix, Stomach ulcers, Digestive diseases such as Crohn’s disease and diverticulitis, An inflamed pancreas, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Holes in your stomach, intestines, or gallbladder, Surgery, Injuries from knife wounds, gunshots or accidents, Punctures from endoscopy or colonoscopy (medical tests in which viewing tubes enter the throat or rectum), although these are rare events. […] Causes that don’t involve infection can include: Bile leaking from an inflamed gallbladder, Acid leaking from your stomach after an ulcer causes a hole, Enzymes leaking from an inflamed pancreas, A ruptured tumor or cyst.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Peritonitis.aspx

  Secondary peritonitis arises as a result of an inflammatory process in the peritoneal cavity secondary to inflammation, perforation, or gangrene of an intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal structure. Some of the more common causes include appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, acute cholecystitis, and perforated peptic ulcer. […] Other nonbacterial causes of peritonitis include leakage of the blood into the peritoneal cavity due to a rupture of a tubal pregnancy, ovarian cyst, or aneurysmal vessel. […] Tertiary peritonitis is defined as the persistence or recurrence of intra-abdominal infection following ostensibly adequate therapy of primary or secondary peritonitis. This type of inflammation of the peritoneum is associated with higher mortality rates as compared to secondary peritonitis. […] The age of the patient, malnutrition, underlying etiology of peritonitis, and presence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms are some of the risk factors that predispose to the development of tertiary peritonitis.

• #1 Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180234-overview

  More than 90% of cases of SBP are caused by a monomicrobial infection. […] Common etiologic entities of secondary peritonitis (SP) include perforated appendicitis; perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer; perforated (sigmoid) colon caused by diverticulitis, volvulus, or cancer; and strangulation of the small bowel. […] The pathogens involved in SP differ in the proximal and distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The most common cause of postoperative peritonitis is anastomotic leak, with symptoms generally appearing around postoperative days 5-7. […] Peritonitis is also a frequent complication and significant limitation of peritoneal dialysis. […] Tertiary peritonitis develops more frequently in immunocompromised patients and in persons with significant preexisting comorbid conditions.

• #1 Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180234-overview

  The presenting symptoms are often nonspecific and insidious in onset (eg, low-grade fever, anorexia, weight loss). […] Chemical (sterile) peritonitis may be caused by irritants such as bile, blood, barium, or other substances or by transmural inflammation of visceral organs (eg, Crohn disease) without bacterial inoculation of the peritoneal cavity. […] Abscess formation occurs when the host defense is unable to eliminate the infecting agent and attempts to control the spread of this agent by compartmentalization.

• #1 Peritonitis Causes, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/peritonitis/article.htm

  Tertiary peritonitis: Tertiary peritonitis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), and is referred to as tuberculosis peritonitis. […] Chemical peritonitis (also termed sterile peritonitis): Chemical peritonitis is caused by leakage of sterile fluids that are irritants to the peritoneum; for example, bile, blood, or barium used as a contrast agent during procedures and tests. […] Peritoneal abscess: Peritoneal abscess is caused by an infected fluid collection that is encapsulated and/or adjacent to visceral organs and/or the peritoneum. […] The treatment for peritonitis begins with correction of the underlying process (for example, appendicitis that has caused peritonitis or bile leakage into the abdominal cavity). In most people with peritonitis, there is an infectious source so intravenous antibiotic therapy is started immediately.

• #1 Peritonitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis

  Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting micro-organisms into the peritoneal cavity. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in people with ascites, including children. […] Leakage of sterile body fluids into the peritoneum, such as blood (e.g., endometriosis, blunt abdominal trauma), gastric juice (e.g., peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma), bile (e.g., liver biopsy), urine (pelvic trauma), menstruum (e.g., salpingitis), pancreatic juice (pancreatitis), or even the contents of a ruptured dermoid cyst. […] Sterile abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances, causes localized or minimal generalized peritonitis, which may leave behind a foreign body reaction or fibrotic adhesions.

• #1 Peritonitis-an Overview – Bezmialem Science

  https://bezmialemscience.org/articles/peritonitis-an-overview/doi/bas.galenos.94695

  Shimic Peritonitis develops as a result of direct contact of chemical substances with the peritoneum. The best-known example is barium peritonitis. […] Abscesses are a subgroup of primary and especially secondary peritonitis, but are not seen in tertiary peritonitis. They are localized intra-abdominal infections and have a much better prognosis than diffuse peritonitis.

• #1 Table: Common Causes of Peritonitis-Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/common-causes-of-peritonitis

  Common Causes of Peritonitis […] Cattle […] Traumatic reticuloperitonitis […] Rumenitis […] Abomasal ulcer (perforation) […] Abomasal volvulus […] Cecal torsion […] Ulcerative colitis and proctitis (rare) […] Dystocia (uterine torsion, cesarean section) […] Metritis or pyometra […] Abdominal surgery […] Intestinal, rectal, or uterine rupture […] Liver or abdominal abscess rupture […] Omphalitis (in calves) […] Fat necrosis of the pancreas, pancreatitis […] Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, ileal adenocarcinoma) […] Iatrogenic (eg, rectal perforation, liver biopsy, intraperitoneal injection, rumenocentesis) […] Green algae infection (rare) […] Setaria infection (rare) […] Horses […] Parasitic (larval) migration […] Intestinal injury and ischemia (colic) […] Abdominal abscess rupture (Rhodococcus, Streptococcus)

• #1 Feline Infectious Peritonitis | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis

  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease of cats caused by certain strains of a virus called the feline coronavirus. […] In approximately 10 percent of cats infected with FeCV, one or more mutations of the virus can alter its biological behavior, resulting in white blood cells becoming infected with virus and spreading it throughout the cats body. […] It is this interaction between the bodys own immune system and the virus that is responsible for the development of FIP. […] Any cat that carries FeCV (the ubiquitous, usually benign intestinal form of feline coronavirus from which the FIP form of the virus is derived via mutation) is potentially at risk for developing FIP, but younger cats are at greater risk of developing FIP, with approximately 70% of cases diagnosed in cats less than 1 1/2 years of age and 50% of cases occurring in cats less than 7 months of age.

• #1 Feline Infectious Peritonitis | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis

  The most common mode of transmission of FeCV is believed to occur when infected queens pass along the virus to their kittens, usually when the kittens are between five and eight weeks of age, although it can also be passed from one cat to another via feces in more mature cats. […] Cats that are housed in high-density facilities (i.e. shelters, catteries) appear to be more susceptible to the development of FIP, as are pure bred cats, male cats, and geriatric cats, for reasons that remain unclear. […] Between 5 and 10% of cats that are exposed to the FeCV develop FIP, and this can occur weeks, months, or even years after initial exposure to FeCV. […] Regardless of which form they ultimately progress to develop, cats infected with FIPV usually first develop nonspecific signs of disease such as loss of appetite, weight loss, depression, and fever.

• #1 Feline Infectious Peritonitis | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-infectious-peritonitis

  The signs of effusive form of FIP usually develop and progress relatively rapidly and include development of the above-mentioned non-specific signs combined with the accumulation of fluid in body cavities, including the abdomen and the thorax (chest cavity). […] Until recently, FIP was considered to be a non-treatable and almost routinely fatal disease. […] While there are still some uncertainties regarding recently-identified antiviral drugs to treat FIP (including their long term effectiveness, ideal minimum dose, potential for the development of drug resistance, and best drug mechanism of action to recommend/pursue), studies in both the laboratory and in client-owned cats with naturally occurring FIP suggest that the drug that has been most extensively studied, referred to as GS-441524, is a safe and effective treatment option for cats diagnosed with of FIP.

• #1 Peritonitis: Causes & Symptoms + How to Get Your Health Back

  https://draxe.com/health/peritonitis/

  Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi that enter through a leakage or a hole in the digestive system, such as the intestines or bowels. […] Some of the reasons that peritonitis can develop include: spontaneous infection within the abdominal cavity. This most commonly affects people with liver cirrhosis or ascites. […] Organ perforation in the abdomen. This can include a leakage or a hole in the intestines that may be due to conditions like diverticulitis, injury to the abdomen, an ulcer, surgery or a burst appendix. […] Below are some of the biggest risk factors for developing peritonitis: Having a weakened immune system, due to illnesses like lupus, hepatitis, kidney disease or kidney failure, liver disease, cancer, heart failure, pancreatitis or tuberculosis.

• #1 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17831-peritonitis

  Peritonitis is inflammation in your peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inside of your abdominal cavity. Its usually caused by an infection, and sometimes by irritating bodily fluids. Infection in your peritoneum is especially dangerous because it can affect your abdominal organs. It can also transfer to your bloodstream and cause sepsis. […] Infection is the most common cause of peritonitis, and it can be very dangerous. […] Bacterial infections are the most common cause, especially secondary infections that spread from one of your organs. This can happen if you have a hole in your stomach or intestines that lets bacteria from your gastrointestinal tract enter your peritoneal cavity. A burst appendix from appendicitis is another common cause. Less commonly, bacterial peritonitis can start in your peritoneum itself.

• #1 Generalized peritonitis lead to shock: Diagnosis and management

  https://jjgastro.com/articles/JJGR-v1-1004.html

  The primary therapy for peritonitis is surgery. Surgery is usually performed to control the source of peritoneal contamination. […] The goals of operative management of peritonitis are to remove all infected material, correct the underlying cause of peritonitis and prevent further complications. […] In diffuse peritonitis, lavage with isotonic crystalloid fluid (3 liters) can remove materials such as blood, fibrin clots, and bacteria. […] The mortality rate from generalized peritonitis is about 40%. The mortality rate is about 10% in patients with perforated ulcers or appendicitis, at a young age, in patients with little bacterial contamination, and in patients diagnosed earlier. […] Factors that influence the high mortality rate include the type of primary disease and its duration, involvement of multiple organ failure before treatment, and age and initial health condition of the patient.

• #1 Peritonitis Causes, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/peritonitis/article.htm

  The prognosis for individuals who develop peritonitis depends on both the underlying cause and how rapidly the disease is treated. The prognosis can range from good to poor. For example, individuals who are treated appropriately with antimicrobials and surgery for peritonitis caused by appendicitis often have a good outcome. However, individuals with long-standing diseases such as liver failure that develop hepatorenal syndrome and peritonitis have a poor prognosis. […] Prevention or reduction in the chance of developing peritonitis can be done by preventing underlying causes (for example, trauma, ulcers, alcoholic cirrhosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease).

• #2 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments.

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/peritonitis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi. […] The most common causes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) include: Liver disease with cirrhosis (scarring), and a buildup of abdominal fluid, called ascites. The fluid can get infected. Other conditions that cause fluid buildup, such as kidney disease, heart failure, and certain cancers, also can lead to peritonitis. […] Causes of secondary peritonitis can include: A ruptured appendix, Stomach ulcers, Digestive diseases such as Crohn’s disease and diverticulitis, An inflamed pancreas, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Holes in your stomach, intestines, or gallbladder, Surgery, Injuries from knife wounds, gunshots or accidents, Punctures from endoscopy or colonoscopy (medical tests in which viewing tubes enter the throat or rectum), although these are rare events. […] Causes that don’t involve infection can include: Bile leaking from an inflamed gallbladder, Acid leaking from your stomach after an ulcer causes a hole, Enzymes leaking from an inflamed pancreas, A ruptured tumor or cyst.

• #2 Peritonitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152366/

  Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneal cavity and is most commonly the result of gastrointestinal rupture, perforation, or dehiscence in small animals. […] Peritonitis is defined as inflammation of the peritoneal cavity and may be classified according to the underlying cause (primary or secondary), extent (localized or generalized), or the presence of infectious agents (septic or nonseptic). Primary peritonitis refers to a spontaneous inflammatory condition in the absence of underlying intraabdominal pathology or known history of penetrating peritoneal injury. Secondary peritonitis occurs more commonly in the dog and cat and is the consequence of a preexisting aseptic or septic pathologic intraabdominal condition. […] Hematogenous dissemination of infectious agents has been postulated as the mechanism of development of primary peritonitis and likely is facilitated by impaired host immune defenses. The most common form of primary peritonitis is the effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis, caused by feline coronavirus, which should be included on any differential diagnosis list for cats with peritoneal effusion. Other infectious agents reported to cause primary peritonitis in dogs and cats include Salmonella typhimurium, Chlamydia psittaci, Clostridium limosum, Mesocestoides spp., Bacteroides spp., Actinomyces spp., Blastomyces spp., and Candida spp.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Peritonitis.aspx

  Secondary peritonitis arises as a result of an inflammatory process in the peritoneal cavity secondary to inflammation, perforation, or gangrene of an intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal structure. Some of the more common causes include appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, acute cholecystitis, and perforated peptic ulcer. […] Other nonbacterial causes of peritonitis include leakage of the blood into the peritoneal cavity due to a rupture of a tubal pregnancy, ovarian cyst, or aneurysmal vessel. […] Tertiary peritonitis is defined as the persistence or recurrence of intra-abdominal infection following ostensibly adequate therapy of primary or secondary peritonitis. This type of inflammation of the peritoneum is associated with higher mortality rates as compared to secondary peritonitis. […] The age of the patient, malnutrition, underlying etiology of peritonitis, and presence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms are some of the risk factors that predispose to the development of tertiary peritonitis.

• #2 Peritonitis – spontaneous bacterial: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000648.htm

  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is present when this tissue becomes infected and there is no clear cause. […] SBP is most often caused by infection in fluid that collects in the peritoneal cavity (ascites). The fluid buildup often occurs in people with advanced liver or kidney disease. […] Peritonitis may have other causes in which case it is called secondary peritonitis. These include infection from other organs or leakage of enzymes or other toxins into the abdomen.

• #2 Peritonitis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peritonitis

  Perforated gall bladder this small sac stores bile from the liver. A severe infection (cholecystitis) can cause the gall bladder to burst. […] Pancreatitis an inflamed pancreas can directly cause inflammation in the abdomen, which may be very severe. […] Ectopic pregnancy the fertilised egg lodges and grows inside the slim fallopian tube instead of the uterus. […] Salpingitis inflammation of the fallopian tube. […] Abdominal surgery infection is a risk of any type of major surgery. […] Blood infection can be caused by a range of conditions, including cirrhosis of the liver, some forms of kidney disease and appendicitis. […] Dialysis bacteria on peritoneal dialysis equipment can enter the abdominal cavity. […] Stab wound bacteria from a knife or other sharp object enters the abdominal cavity.

• #2 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/789105-overview

  Traditionally, three fourths of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis infections have been caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms (50% of these being Escherichia coli). The remainder has been due to aerobic gram-positive organisms (19% streptococcal species). […] Some data, however, suggest that the percentage of gram-positive infections may be increasing. One study cites a 34.2% incidence of streptococci, ranking in second position after Enterobacteriaceae. […] Patients with cirrhosis who are in a decompensated state are at the highest risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacterial translocation (viable microorganism passage from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes) is a key factor in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Low complement levels are associated with the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Patients at greatest risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis have decreased hepatic synthetic function with associated low total protein level or prolonged prothrombin time (PT). […] Patients with low protein levels in ascitic fluid ( 1 g/dL) have a 10-fold higher risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis than those with a protein level greater than 1 g/dL.

• #2 Peritonitis Related to Peritoneal Dialysis | What are the Causes? azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/peritonitis-related-to-peritoneal-dialysis/

  Peritonitis is one of the few complications associated with peritoneal dialysis. The peritoneum is the thin membrane that lines your abdominal cavity and covers the organs contained within it. Peritonitis is the inflammation of this membrane. […] Although peritonitis can result from other causes, such as an abdominal injury or appendicitis, this article will strictly focus on peritonitis as it relates to the peritoneal dialysis patient. […] Peritonitis is a peritoneal dialysis-related infection caused by bacteria entering the abdomen from outside the body and infecting the peritoneum. Bacteria may enter the body through the open ends of the PD catheter during exchanges. If you touch your PD catheter cap, bacteria from your fingers may transfer onto the catheter and enter the peritoneum. Peritonitis can also occur if there is PD catheter exit site infection or tunnel infection. […] Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis is most often caused by bacteria around the catheter.

• #2 Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180234-overview

  More than 90% of cases of SBP are caused by a monomicrobial infection. […] Common etiologic entities of secondary peritonitis (SP) include perforated appendicitis; perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer; perforated (sigmoid) colon caused by diverticulitis, volvulus, or cancer; and strangulation of the small bowel. […] The pathogens involved in SP differ in the proximal and distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. […] The most common cause of postoperative peritonitis is anastomotic leak, with symptoms generally appearing around postoperative days 5-7. […] Peritonitis is also a frequent complication and significant limitation of peritoneal dialysis. […] Tertiary peritonitis develops more frequently in immunocompromised patients and in persons with significant preexisting comorbid conditions.

• #2 Causes of Acute Peritonitis and Its Complication

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8237913/

  Other causes of peritonitis include gastroduodenal perforations, intestinal volvulus, ruptured abscesses, traumatic bowel perforation, perforated peptic ulcers, primary/idiopathic peritonitis, tubo-ovarian abscesses, and amoebic colonic perforations. […] Among the factors causing peritonitis, duodenal perforation was the most common, followed by typhoid ileal perforation and ruptured appendix. […] The most common cause according to their study was visceral perforation, followed by diffuse appendiceal peritonitis. […] Another leading cause is typhoid ileal perforation; typhoid fever is progressively being eradicated in most parts of the world but it is still endemic in India. […] The third leading cause was ruptured appendix as shown in other studies. […] According to the present study, H. pylori infections leading to duodenal perforation, typhoid ileal perforation, and ruptured appendix are the most common causes.

• #2 Peritonitis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/peritonitis/peritonitis-in-animals

  Secondary peritonitis occurs when the peritoneal cavity is exposed to nonspecific infectious or noninfectious agents associated with other conditions. It is often acute and frequently results in progressive, systemic disease. Secondary septic peritonitis is commonly associated with perforation of, and subsequent leakage from, GI organs (as in traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle, for example), which can lead to transmural migration of bacteria. […] Microorganisms associated with septic peritonitis usually reflect the source of contamination. A mixed bacterial population is present in cases of GI tract perforation, whereas perforation of non-GI viscera (eg, urinary bladder, gallbladder, uterus, prostate) and hematogenous infection of the peritoneal cavity are more typically associated with aerobic organisms, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Rhodococcus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium.

• #2 Peritonitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peritonitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376247

  Diverticulitis. Infection of small, bulging pouches in the digestive tract may cause peritonitis. This could happen if one of the pouches breaks open. The burst pouch could spill waste from the intestine into the abdomen. […] Trauma. Injury may cause peritonitis. This could allow bacteria or chemicals from other parts of the body to get into your peritoneum. […] Peritonitis that happens without a hole or tear is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. It’s usually a complication of liver disease, such as cirrhosis. Advanced cirrhosis causes a lot of fluid buildup in your abdomen. That fluid buildup could lead to a bacterial infection.

• #2 29.13A: Peritonitis – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/29%3A_APPENDIX_A%3A_Diseases_Injuries_and_Disorders_of_the_Organ_Systems/29.13%3A_Diseases_and_Disorders_of_the_Digestive_System/29.13A%3A_Peritonitis

  Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting micro-organisms into the peritoneal cavity. Examples include trauma, surgical wound, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy. Again, in most cases, mixed bacteria are isolated; the most common agents include cutaneous species such as Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, but many others are possible, including fungi such as Candida. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in patients with excess fluid in their abdomens, particularly in children. Intra-peritoneal dialysis predisposes a patient to peritoneal infection. Systemic infections such as tuberculosis may rarely have a peritoneal localization.

• #2 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/peritonitis/

  Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum becomes inflamed, typically due to an infection. This inflammation can result from various causes, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), a perforation in the gastrointestinal tract, or the spread of cancer within the peritoneal cavity, known as peritoneal carcinomatosis. […] The most common cause of peritonitis is infection. This can occur spontaneously, as in SBP, or secondary to a gastrointestinal perforation. Bacteria can enter the peritoneal cavity through a perforated bowel, ruptured appendix, or other gastrointestinal tract disruptions. […] Chemical peritonitis can result from the leakage of sterile irritants such as gastric acid, bile, or pancreatic enzymes into the peritoneal cavity. These substances can cause severe inflammation and tissue damage even in the absence of infection.

• #2 Peritonitis Causes, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/peritonitis/article.htm

  Tertiary peritonitis: Tertiary peritonitis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), and is referred to as tuberculosis peritonitis. […] Chemical peritonitis (also termed sterile peritonitis): Chemical peritonitis is caused by leakage of sterile fluids that are irritants to the peritoneum; for example, bile, blood, or barium used as a contrast agent during procedures and tests. […] Peritoneal abscess: Peritoneal abscess is caused by an infected fluid collection that is encapsulated and/or adjacent to visceral organs and/or the peritoneum. […] The treatment for peritonitis begins with correction of the underlying process (for example, appendicitis that has caused peritonitis or bile leakage into the abdominal cavity). In most people with peritonitis, there is an infectious source so intravenous antibiotic therapy is started immediately.

• #2 Table: Common Causes of Peritonitis-Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/common-causes-of-peritonitis

  Abdominal surgery (colic surgery, castration) […] Gastric, intestinal, or uterine rupture […] Proximal enteritis, colitis […] Omphalitis, persistent urachus, or bladder rupture (in foals) […] Gastric ulcer (perforation) […] Fat necrosis of the pancreas, pancreatitis […] Neoplasia (eg, cholangiocellular carcinoma) […] Penetrating trauma to abdominal wall […] Iatrogenic (rectal perforation, intraperitoneal injection), idiopathic […] Actinobacillus infection […] Small ruminants […] Primary peritonitis (Mycoplasma spp) […] Parasitic (larval) migration (eg, liver fluke, lungworm, Setaria sp) […] Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (less common than in cattle) […] Abdominal abscess rupture […] Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, cholangiocellular carcinoma) […] Iatrogenic (eg, liver biopsy, intraperitoneal injection)

• #2 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/peritonitis/

  Injuries or surgical procedures that penetrate the abdominal cavity can introduce bacteria or foreign substances, leading to peritonitis. Traumatic injuries, such as gunshot wounds or stab wounds, are also potential causes. […] Certain medical conditions increase the risk of developing peritonitis. These include liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease requiring peritoneal dialysis, and inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

• #2 Pulsenotes | Peritonitis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/general-surgery/notes/peritonitis

  Peritonitis is most commonly caused by perforation of an abdominal viscera (e.g. appendix, colon, gallbladder). […] Peritonitis is most commonly caused by gastrointestinal perforation. […] A perforation affecting any of the major gastrointestinal organs can lead to secondary peritonitis. […] Commonly identified causes include a perforated appendix, diverticulum in the colon, or peptic ulcer. […] The spillage of content from the gastrointestinal (or urogenital) tracts allows the entry of bacteria into the previously sterile compartment. […] Older patients, those who are immunosuppressed, or those with additional risk factors, are at higher risk of generalised peritonitis with increased risk of major complications including septic shock and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. […] Peritonitis is most commonly caused by infections, but rarely, aseptic peritonitis can develop in the absence of infection.

• #3 Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180234-overview

  Peritoneal infections are classified as primary (ie, from hematogenous dissemination, usually in the setting of an immunocompromised state), secondary (ie, related to a pathologic process in a visceral organ, such as perforation or trauma, including iatrogenic trauma), or tertiary (ie, persistent or recurrent infection after adequate initial therapy). […] Secondary peritonitis is by far the most common form of peritonitis encountered in clinical practice. […] Infections of the peritoneum are further divided into generalized (peritonitis) and localized (intra-abdominal abscess). […] The etiology of disease depends on the type, as well as location, of peritonitis, as follows: Primary peritonitis, Secondary peritonitis, Tertiary peritonitis, Chemical peritonitis, Peritoneal abscess. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an acute bacterial infection of ascitic fluid.

• #3 Peritonitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/peritonitis

  Peritonitis is caused by a collection of blood, body fluids, or pus in the belly (abdomen). […] One type is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SPP). It occurs in people with ascites. Ascites is the buildup of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and the organs. This problem is found in people with long-term liver damage, certain cancers, and heart failure. […] Peritonitis may be a result of other problems. This is known as secondary peritonitis. Problems that may lead to this type of peritonitis include: Trauma or wounds to the belly, Ruptured appendix, Ruptured diverticula, Infection after any surgery in the belly.

• #3 CAPD Peritonitis: Causes, Management – Renal and Urology News

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/commentary/expert-reviews/capd-peritonitis-causes-management/

  Peritonitis is a frequent complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the most common cause of CAPD failure. […] Most episodes of CAPD peritonitis are caused by contamination of the dialysis tubing or extension of catheter exit site or tunnel infections. […] The severity of CAPD peritonitis may be influenced by etiology, causative organism, and duration of infection.

• #3 Peritonitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17831-peritonitis

  Infectious peritonitis can be either primary or secondary. Primary infectious peritonitis is caused by an infection that originates in your peritoneum itself. Secondary bacterial peritonitis spreads to your peritoneum from somewhere else in your body. […] Secondary infection is the most common cause of peritonitis. It can be caused by a burst appendix (appendicitis), a perforated stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer disease), a perforated intestinal ulcer from diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease, infectious pancreatitis, a ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess from pelvic inflammatory disease, a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, trauma or injury to your abdomen, and abdominal surgery.

• #3 Peritonitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis

  Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting micro-organisms into the peritoneal cavity. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in people with ascites, including children. […] Leakage of sterile body fluids into the peritoneum, such as blood (e.g., endometriosis, blunt abdominal trauma), gastric juice (e.g., peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma), bile (e.g., liver biopsy), urine (pelvic trauma), menstruum (e.g., salpingitis), pancreatic juice (pancreatitis), or even the contents of a ruptured dermoid cyst. […] Sterile abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances, causes localized or minimal generalized peritonitis, which may leave behind a foreign body reaction or fibrotic adhesions.

• #3 Peritonitis-an Overview – Bezmialem Science

  https://bezmialemscience.org/articles/peritonitis-an-overview/doi/bas.galenos.94695

  Shimic Peritonitis develops as a result of direct contact of chemical substances with the peritoneum. The best-known example is barium peritonitis. […] Abscesses are a subgroup of primary and especially secondary peritonitis, but are not seen in tertiary peritonitis. They are localized intra-abdominal infections and have a much better prognosis than diffuse peritonitis.

• #3 Table: Common Causes of Peritonitis-Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/common-causes-of-peritonitis

  South American camelids […] Sequela of parasitic migration, acute hepatitis (dicroceliasis of special importance) […] Perforating third-compartment or duodenal ulcers […] Sequela of urolithiasis, ruptured urinary bladder […] Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (rare) […] Neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma, cholangiocellular carcinoma) […] Pigs […] Glsser disease (Haemophilus parasuis) […] Intestinal (ileal) perforation […] Dystocia […] Sequela of septicemic infections (Salmonella Choleraesuis, Streptococcus suis) […] Polyserositis (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) […] Neoplasia (mainly in older miniature pigs) […] Dogs and cats […] Feline infectious peritonitis […] Ingested intestinal foreign bodies […] Gastric, intestinal, rectal, bladder, or uterine rupture […] Abdominal or intestinal surgery

• #4 Peritonitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/peritonitis-overview-4570932

  On rare occasions, sepsis (or an infection in the bloodstream) can carry bacteria into the abdomen, which can lead to inflammation. […] Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), or primary peritonitis, is when body fluid builds up in the abdominal cavity (a condition called ascites) and results in inflammation. Unlike with secondary peritonitis, where the peritoneal inflammation is often due to an identifiable infection, SBP is an infection of the ascites and enclosing peritoneum without a clear source. […] People with ascites (whether from liver disease, heart failure, cancer, or other causes) have the highest risk of developing SBP. Those with cirrhosis are particularly vulnerable to severe cases of primary peritonitis. Anywhere from 40-70% of adults with cirrhosis who develop SBP die from it.

• #4 Peritonitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis

  Peritonitis is inflammation of the localized or generalized peritoneum, the lining of the inner wall of the abdomen and covering of the abdominal organs. […] Causes include perforation of the intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, a ruptured appendix or even a perforated gallbladder. […] Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of peritonitis. Examples include perforation of the distal esophagus (Boerhaave syndrome), of the stomach (peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma), of the duodenum (peptic ulcer), of the remaining intestine (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis, Meckel diverticulum, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal infarction, intestinal strangulation, colorectal carcinoma, meconium peritonitis), or of the gallbladder (cholecystitis).

• #4 Table: Common Causes of Peritonitis-Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/common-causes-of-peritonitis

  Gastric and duodenal ulcers or perforation […] Abdominal neoplasia (eg, mesothelioma) […] Hepatitis, gallbladder diseases or rupture […] Pancreatitis or fat necrosis […] Gastric dilatation and volvulus (dog) […] Penetrating trauma to abdominal wall […] Candida albicans (rare) […] Neospora caninum (rare)

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