Materiały źródłowe

• #1 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA, or Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a bacterium that causes infection to different parts of the body and is challenging to treat as it is resistant to the most commonly-prescribed antibiotics. […] Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection. Strict contact precautions must be initiated to prevent the transmission of MRSA in the healthcare setting. Preventing MRSA reinfection is also a priority, and accurate patient education must be provided to both the patient and family members. […] Treatment goals for MRSA infection involve preventing complications, relieving symptoms, and initiating infection control. Incision and drainage may be performed as a primary therapy for furuncles, abscesses, and septic joints. Drug therapy including, clindamycin and tetracyclines, may also be initiated.

• #2 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who’ve been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. […] MRSA is prevalent in nursing homes. Carriers of MRSA have the ability to spread it, even if they’re not sick themselves. […] In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly.

• #3 Managing Your MRSA Infection – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/methicillin-resistant-staphyloccous-aureus-(mrsa)

  Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria normally are present on skin or in noses of about one-third of the population. […] MRSA infections occur in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers (Hospital Acquired, HA-MRSA). […] Risks for hospital-acquired-MRSA include stays in hospitals or long-term care facilities such as nursing homes. […] People with HA-MRSA infections can be isolated. Visitors and health care workers should wear protective clothes, and wash hands after patient contact. Room surfaces and laundry should be disinfected.

• #4 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/HAI/Pages/MRSAMethicillin-ResistantStaphylococcusaureus.aspx

  Staphylococcus aureus, often referred to simply as „staph,” are bacteria commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Approximately 25% to 30% of people in general are colonized (when bacteria are present, but not causing an infection) in the nose with staph bacteria. […] When a person carries the organism/bacteria but shows no clinical signs or symptoms of infection. For Staph aureus the most common body site colonized is the nose. […] When there are signs (such as fever, redness, swelling, discharge, heat at a location of an infection) or symptoms (feeling feverish, chills, pain, aches, weakness, malaise – not feeling well, nausea, vomiting) of infection in addition to laboratory evidence of infection, including a positive culture. […] Some staph bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. MRSA is a type of staph that is resistant to a class of antibiotics related to penicillin, which includes methicillin, oxacillin, penicillin and amoxicillin. Approximately of 1% of people in general are colonized with MRSA, while people receiving certain types of healthcare, such as those receiving dialysis or living in nursing homes, are at increased risk of being colonized with MRSA.

• #5 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/staphylococcus_aureus/methicillin_resistant/fact_sheet.htm

  MRSA refers to a type of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) that is resistant to many antibiotics. It is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. […] Anyone can get MRSA, but it is found most often in hospitalized patients. […] MRSA infections can cause a broad range of symptoms depending on the part of the body that is infected. These may include surgical wounds, burns, catheter sites, eye, skin and blood. Infection often results in redness, swelling and tenderness at the site of infection. Sometimes, people may carry MRSA without having any symptoms. […] The staph bacteria is generally spread through direct contact with the hands of a health care worker or patient who is infected or carrying the organism. […] MRSA infections can be diagnosed when a doctor obtains a sample or specimen from the site of infection and submits it to a laboratory. The laboratory places the specimen on a special „culture” plate containing nutrients, incubates the plate in a warmer and then identifies the bacteria. The final step is for the laboratory to conduct tests using various antibiotics to determine if the bacteria are resistant (able to withstand or tolerate) or sensitive (susceptible to killing) to select antibiotics.

• #6 NC DPH: MRSA

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/diseases/mrsa.html

  MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) […] In healthcare settings (such as hospitals and nursing homes), MRSA can cause more severe or even life-threatening infections, such as bloodstream infections, joint infections and pneumonia. MRSA can be passed from one person to another through contaminated surfaces such as bed rails, bathroom fixtures, medical equipment and linens. MRSA can also be passed on the hands of doctors, nurses, other healthcare providers and visitors. Individuals most likely to get MRSA infections in a healthcare setting are those who have other health issues, and those who have prolonged stays in a hospital or long-term care facility. […] To prevent the spread of MRSA, practice good hand hygiene; cover cuts, scrapes, and draining lesions; and avoid sharing of personal items such as towels or razors. Healthcare facilities should also ensure careful cleaning of patient or client rooms and medical equipment. Gym equipment should also be carefully and regularly cleaned.

• #7 Symptoms & Treatment For MRSA | NJ’s Infectious Disease Specialists

  https://idcare.com/infection/mrsa/

  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus — a staph bacterium that is resistant to several common antibiotics used to treat traditional staph infections. There are two main types of MRSA infection, the first being hospital-associated MRSA which occurs in people who’ve been hospitalized or live in a nursing home. Typically, hospital-associated MRSA is connected to invasive procedures or devices such as intravenous tubing or artificial joints. The other form of the infection, community-associated MRSA, occurs when individuals have close skin-to-skin contact with others, such as athletes involved in football or wrestling. […] Although MRSA doesn’t respond to traditional staph infection antibiotics, our team does have alternate medications that are effective in treating MRSA — sometimes these treatment options do not involve antibiotics. Depending on the severity of your infection, the best course of treatment for you may be to drain the abscess caused by MRSA rather than treat it with drugs.

• #8 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221/

  MRSA infection is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections and is commonly associated with significant morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and cost burden. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of MRSA and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the recognition and management of this condition. […] Outline the importance of enhancing care coordination among the interprofessional team to ensure proper evaluation and management of a MRSA infection. […] Clinical suspicion in patients with risk factors related to MRSA infection is crucial in diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Confirmation of MRSA infection should not delay treatment with empiric antibiotics against MRSA. […] The selection of empiric antibiotic therapy for the treatment of MRSA infection depends on the type of disease, local S. aureus resistance patterns, availability of the drug, side effect profile, and individual patient profile.

• #9 MRSA Nursing Care Plan | MRSA Treatment Plan | Planning for Care

  https://planningforcare.co.uk/product/mrsa-nursing-care-plan/

  MRSA stands for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, which is a common skin bacteria that is resistant to a range of antibiotics. The MRSA bacteria live on the skin of one in three people, and are often transferred onto other surfaces. […] The elderly, very young or the unwell are most at risk as their immune systems are weakened. MRSA infections are transmitted from person to person by direct contact with the skin clothing or hard surfaces that had recent physical contact with a person infected with MRSA. […] The MRSA positive Care Plan sets out a clear explanation of the resident’s issue, and will guide the nurse or carer through the process of preparing a comprehensive, individual person centred Care Plan. […] Identifies the symptoms and issues experienced […] Details the comprehensive plan of care […] Identifies possible complications.

• #10 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/HAI/Pages/MRSAMethicillin-ResistantStaphylococcusaureus.aspx

  An MRSA BSI is when a patient has a positive test for MRSA in the blood along with evidence of an infection, such as a fever. MRSA BSIs are often secondary infections; that is, the result of an MRSA infection in another place, such as the lungs (pneumonia) or a wound. […] Patients in Healthcare Settings. People who are more likely to get an MRSA infection are people who: 1) have other health conditions making them sick; 2) have been in the hospital or a nursing home; 3) have been treated with antibiotics. Hospital patients with catheters, including central lines, are at increased risk of getting an infection. […] Visitors should follow the facilitys visitor policies. Casual contactsuch as kissing, hugging, and touchingis usually okay. Visitors should avoid touching catheters or wound sites and should wash their hands upon entering and before leaving an infected person’s room.

• #11 MRSA: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Your Risk

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-mrsa

  MRSA infections are common among people with weak immune systems, including people in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. This is called health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). […] Risk factors for HA-MRSA include: Being hospitalized, Having an invasive medical device (such as a catheter), Living in a long-term care facility. […] Infections can appear around surgical wounds and invasive devices, such as catheters and implanted feeding tubes. […] The treatment that you need depends on what kind of infection you have and where it is. For example, it may be limited to a skin infection, or the bacteria may have entered your bloodstream. […] Treatment may include: Draining fluid from an abscess, Surgically removing tissue that’s infected, Prescribing antibiotics that can treat MRSA.

• #12 MRSA in the Elderly: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention

  https://www.aplaceformom.com/caregiver-resources/articles/mrsa-in-the-elderly

  MRSA in the elderly is a serious problem, especially in institutional settings, where seniors have a higher risk of death from the disease as a result of its resistance to typical antibiotics. […] The combination of frequent use of antibiotics and a weakened immune system make the elderly particularly susceptible to MRSA infections. […] Many older people contract the disease in hospitals or long-term care facilities through open wounds or skin-to-skin contact with health care providers hands that have been contaminated by other patients with MRSA infections. […] For MRSA in the elderly, prognosis and treatment depend on the level of severity. Draining the abscess at the doctors office is usually the only treatment needed for a local MRSA skin infection. […] More serious MRSA infections are treated with a few antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), clindamycin, minocycline, doxycycline, and linezolid (Zyvox).

• #13 MRSA Tests: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/mrsa-tests/

  This test is most often used to find out if you have a MRSA infection. The test may also be used to see if treatment for a MRSA infection is working. […] You may need this test if you have symptoms of a MRSA infection. Your symptoms will depend on where the infection is located. […] A MRSA infection on the skin may look like a type of rash. A MRSA rash looks like red, swollen bumps on the skin. The bumps may be filled with fluid or pus. […] If your results are positive, it means you have a MRSA infection. Treatment will depend on how serious the infection is. For mild skin infections, your provider may clean, drain, and cover the wound. You may also get an antibiotic to put on the wound or take by mouth. Certain antibiotics still work for some MRSA infections. […] For more serious cases, you may need to go to the hospital and get treated with powerful antibiotics through an IV (intravenous line).

• #14 MRSA Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Frequently Asked Questions | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/faq-mrsa.htm

  It depends on whether you are simply colonized or have an active infection. Being colonized with MRSA means you carry it in your nose or on your skin but you are not sick with a MRSA infection. If you have signs and symptoms of a MRSA infection (boil, abscess, pain, swelling) you are much more likely to spread MRSA because the infected area contains many MRSA germs. That is why it is important to keep the area of the wound covered and to wash your hands after touching the wound. […] Staph infections, including MRSA infections, may appear as boils or abscesses, with pus or drainage present. Sometimes they may look like „spider bites.” There may be redness, swelling, pain, or warmth at the site of the infection. You may also have a fever. Contact your health care provider if you have a wound that is not getting better or is rapidly getting larger.

• #15 Impact of MRSA In Wound Care | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/the-impact-of-mrsa-in-wound-care-symptoms-risk-factors-infection-prevention-and-control

  MRSA presents a serious challenge to wound care physicians due to its resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy. […] A prolonged duration of wound infection will translate into the need for more facility-based care, an increased cost of medical care, and most importantly, a higher morbidity rate. […] Patients with chronic wounds carry a significantly higher risk of developing a MRSA wound infection when compared with individuals with acute injuries. […] Wound care experts must maintain a high index of suspicion in the following instances: Wounds with significant redness around the wound edges and periwound area, Periwound edema, Unusual pain around the wound site, The presence of purulent discharge from the wound site, Slowed wound repair/persistence of ulceration. […] The definitive way to determine a MRSA infection requires wound care providers to collect tissue samples for laboratory testing.

• #16 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have worse symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness. Red streaks leading from the area. Pus draining from the area. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #16 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that can cause a staph infection. But it cannot be killed by the antibiotic methicillin and some other antibiotics. This sometimes makes it harder to treat. […] Depending on how serious your infection is, the doctor may drain your wound and you may get antibiotics through a small tube placed in a vein (I.V.). Your doctor may also give you an antibiotic ointment to use on sores or in your nose. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.

• #17 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable. Improved functional ability. Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive skin assessment. Document wound characteristics. Monitor healing progress. Identify new lesions. […] Implement wound care protocol. Clean wounds per protocol. Apply appropriate dressings. Maintain sterile technique. […] Support healing process. Optimize nutrition. Promote hydration. Manage comorbidities. […] Desired Outcomes: Progressive wound healing. Absence of new lesions. Improved skin integrity. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Knowledge Deficit related to unfamiliarity with MRSA infection management as evidenced by questions about self-care and prevention measures.

• #17 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) presents unique challenges for nursing care. This comprehensive guide covers essential nursing diagnoses, interventions, and care plans to help nurses provide optimal care for patients with MRSA infections. […] As a healthcare provider, understanding proper nursing diagnoses and interventions is crucial for effective patient care and preventing the spread of this challenging infection. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Infection Transmission related to highly contagious organisms and lack of knowledge regarding transmission precautions. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Implement contact precautions. Place the patient in a private room. Use appropriate PPE. Designate equipment for patient use only. […] Educate patient and family about transmission prevention. Demonstrate proper hand hygiene. Explain the importance of wound coverage. Teach proper cleaning of personal items.

• #18 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Monitor healthcare worker compliance with infection control. Ensure proper PPE usage. Verify hand hygiene practices. Maintain isolation protocols. […] Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients. Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures. Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics. Use a standardized pain scale. Document location and quality. Monitor pain patterns. […] Implement pain management strategies. Administer prescribed medications. Position for comfort. Apply cold/heat therapy as appropriate. […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. Track pain levels. Assess for side effects. Adjust interventions as needed.

• #19 Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA Handout & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/nursing-diagnosis-for-mrsa-handout

  Carepatron’s guide to nursing diagnosis for MRSA highlights critical assessment techniques, treatment protocols, and patient care strategies for these invasive infections. […] As health care workers, understanding MRSA and its implications is crucial for effective patient care. Our Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA handout aims to equip nurses with the knowledge to efficiently identify, assess, manage, and prevent MRSA infections. […] Nurses should be vigilant in identifying symptoms of an MRSA infection in the body, which can vary depending on the infection site. Common signs of a worsening infection include: […] Besides these physical symptoms, nurses should also assess a patient’s risk factors for MRSA, such as recent hospitalization, surgery, or other invasive procedures. […] Regular monitoring of vital signs is essential to identify potential complications and ensure early intervention.

• #20 MRSA in Nursing Homes – Causes & Diagnosing MRSA

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/mrsa/

  Further, nursing homes are particularly vulnerable because of the frequent use of antibiotics in health care settings. People who are already fighting infections and taking antibiotics may be resistant to the antibiotics used to treat the infection. […] Many nursing home residents have health conditions such as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and high blood pressure. These and other illnesses are risk factors for MRSA in nursing homes. […] Treatment for MRSA in nursing homes depends on the level of the infection. If the disease is still in the skin and hasn’t spread internally, a medical professional can drain an abscess in their office. However, more severe infections require antibiotics, such as vancomycin, or a sulfa drug, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. […] When MRSA in elderly nursing home patients doesn’t respond to initial treatment, they may experience a spreading of their initial rash, a worsening fever, or a lack of progress in fighting the infection despite several days of antibiotic treatments.

• #21 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess current knowledge level. Identify gaps in understanding. Address misconceptions. Determine learning needs. […] Provide targeted education. Explain infection process. Teach prevention strategies. Demonstrate self-care techniques. […] Evaluate comprehension. Request return demonstration. Answer questions. Provide written materials. […] Desired Outcomes: Demonstrated understanding of MRSA. Correct performance of self-care activities. Verbalization of prevention strategies. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to diagnosis of MRSA infection and required isolation precautions as evidenced by expressed concerns and restlessness. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess anxiety level. Monitor behavioral cues. Document verbal expressions. Evaluate coping mechanisms.

• #22 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Implement support measures. Provide emotional support. Facilitate communication. Encourage expression of concerns. […] Promote coping strategies. Teach relaxation techniques. Establish support system. Set realistic goals. […] Desired Outcomes: Reduced anxiety levels. Improved coping mechanisms. Positive adjustment to diagnosis. […] Successful MRSA management requires comprehensive patient education focusing on: Hand hygiene, Wound care, Environmental cleaning, Recognition of warning signs, When to seek medical attention, Medication compliance.

• #23 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Healthcare facilities should make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Healthcare providers should follow current prevention recommendations for device- and procedure-related infections. […] Treat infections properly and rapidly if they occur. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients.

• #24 Impact of MRSA In Wound Care | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.thewoundpros.com/post/the-impact-of-mrsa-in-wound-care-symptoms-risk-factors-infection-prevention-and-control

  As MRSA represents a tough to treat infection, the focus in wound care is prevention. […] The mainstay of treating confirmed MRSA infections involves the use of superior antibiotics to overcome resistance. […] Infected wounds filled with purulent exudate must be drained, cleaned, and properly dressed to improve wound healing while limiting bacterial proliferation. […] Licensed wound care physicians should prescribe appropriate pain relief medication to make their patients as comfortable as possible while being treated for MRSA wound infections. […] Initiating proper handing washing techniques remains the most effective way of limiting bacterial colonization and preventing infection. […] Keeping wounds covered will limit the spread of infective microorganisms from the wound site to other persons. […] Long-term care facilities must ensure proper sterilization of reusable materials like beddings and wound dressing equipment to minimize cross-contamination.

• #25

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/mrsa

  Cover your wound. Keep wounds that are draining or have pus covered with clean, dry bandages. […] Follow your health care providers instructions. Pus from infected wounds can contain staph or MRSA. Keeping the infection covered will help prevent the spread to others. Bandages or tape can be thrown away with the regular trash. […] Wash your hands. You, your family, and others in close contact should wash hands often with soap and warm water, especially after changing a bandage or touching an infected wound. You can use an alcohol-based hand gel when soap and water are not available. […] Do not share personal items. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms that may have had contact with the infected wound or bandage. Wash soiled sheets, towels, and clothes with water and laundry detergent. Drying clothes in a hot dryer, rather than air-drying, also helps kill bacteria in clothes.

• #26 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Administer empiric antibiotics if MRSA infection is confirmed or suspected. The use of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on the following: Disease type, Local S. aureus patterns of resistance, Medication accessibility, Side effect profile, Patient-specific information. IV vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections in hospitalized patients. […] Patients with recurrent skin infections should not share towels, bed linens, or hygiene products with other household members. All members of the household may require decolonization treatment. […] Patients colonized or infected with MRSA should be placed in a single room with contact precautions initiated. […] If infection symptoms don’t improve within a few days of taking the prescribed antibiotic, advise the patient to call their healthcare provider. Educate to monitor for symptoms of fever, chills, changes in mental status, or wounds or incisions that are red, swollen, or draining. […] Nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #27 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) […] This topic review discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and prevention of a particularly dangerous form of Staph aureus called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; pronounced „Mursa”). […] If MRSA infection is diagnosed, you will be given an antibiotic. There are now a large number of antibiotics that can be successfully used to treat MRSA infections. The antibiotic dose or type may be changed when the results of the laboratory culture are available. […] Treatment of MRSA at home usually includes a 7- to 10-day course of an antibiotic (by mouth) such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (brand name: Bactrim), clindamycin, minocycline, linezolid, or doxycycline. It is very important to carefully follow the instructions for taking the antibiotic; this means taking it on time and finishing the entire course of treatment.

• #28 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  In addition to antibiotics, your health care provider may drain the infected area by inserting a needle or making a small cut in the skin. This is done to reduce the amount of infected material (pus), which will help the tissue to heal. […] Hospitalized people with MRSA infections are usually treated with an intravenous medication. The intravenous antibiotic is usually continued until the person is improving. […] A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. […] Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection.

• #29 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hospitalized people with MRSA infections are usually treated with an intravenous medication. […] In the hospital, if you are colonized but not infected with MRSA, you may be treated with mupirocin ointment and chlorhexidine soap. […] A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. […] To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. […] Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection.

• #30 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  For hospitalized patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (i.e., deeper soft-tissue infections, surgical or traumatic wound infection, major abscesses, cellulitis, or infected ulcers and burns), empiric therapy for MRSA should be considered pending culture results, in addition to surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Decolonization may be considered if a patient develops a recurrent infection despite good personal hygiene and wound care, or if other household members develop infections. […] If household or interpersonal transmission is suspected, patients and contacts should be instructed to practice personal and environmental hygiene measures. […] The recommended treatment for patients with meningitis is intravenous vancomycin for two weeks. […] The mainstay of therapy for osteomyelitis is surgical debridement with drainage of associated soft-tissue abscesses. […] Vancomycin is recommended in children with acute hematogenous MRSA osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. […] The optimal duration of therapy for MRSA osteomyelitis is unknown, although a minimum of eight weeks is recommended.

• #31 MRSA Infection in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=mrsa-infection-in-children-160-49

  Another way to manage MRSA infection is to remove the bacteria from places where they often live and grow, such as the nose. Your child’s healthcare provider may advise using an antibiotic medicine in your child’s nose to kill MRSA there. […] Don’t try to treat a MRSA infection on your own. This can spread the infection to other people or make it worse for your child. Cover the infected area, wash your hands, and call your child’s healthcare provider.

• #32 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/staphylococcus_aureus/methicillin_resistant/fact_sheet.htm

  Although MRSA cannot be effectively treated with antibiotics such as methicillin, nafcillin, cephalosporin or penicillin, it can usually be treated with an antibiotic called vancomycin. Recently, however, a few strains of Staphylococcus aureus have even developed some degree of resistance to vancomycin. The vancomycin-resistant strains may be more difficult to treat. Newer antibiotics are being developed to address this problem. […] Careful hand washing is the single most effective way to control spread of MRSA. Health care workers should wash their hands after contact with each patient. If the patient is known to have an MRSA infection, the health care worker should wear disposable gloves. Depending on the type of contact, a gown should also be worn. Patients must also wash their hands to avoid spreading the bacteria to others. […] If basic hygiene precautions are followed, MRSA carriers are not a hazard to others including their family and friends.

• #33

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794634&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=794586

  Don’t touch the sore with your bare hands. Wear gloves when changing the bandage and throw away the used bandage right away. Put it in a trash bag where no one else can touch it. Dispose of your gloves the same way. Wash your hands after you remove the gloves. […] Wash your hands often throughout the day with soap and water. Rub your hands for 15 to 30 seconds each time (or as long as it takes you to sing Happy Birthday). Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water aren’t available. […] Shower daily using an antibacterial soap if advised by your health care provider. […] Wash your clothing, bedding, and towels separately from those of other family members. Use warm or hot water, bleach if possible, and a warm or hot setting on the clothes dryer. […] Don’t share personal items (towels, makeup, razors). […] Keep any other sores, cuts, and scrapes clean and covered with bandages. […] Avoid contact sports or similar activities until your skin infection is healed.

• #34 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  The colonised resident may join other residents for social activities in the sitting room, dining room and other communal areas providing their sores or wounds are kept covered with an appropriate dressing, preferably impermeable. […] Equipment with which the MRSA colonised resident has been in contact, such as a commode, should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] It is important that community residential facilities have appropriate infection control arrangements for the management of a growing infection problem, such as MRSA. […] Isolation of patients/residents is generally not required, other than in exceptional circumstances.

• #35 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that’s become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who’ve been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. […] MRSA is prevalent in nursing homes. Carriers of MRSA have the ability to spread it, even if they’re not sick themselves. […] In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly.

• #36 MRSA: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Your Risk

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-mrsa

  MRSA can live on surfaces such as furniture and towels for hours or even weeks, so any infected person can pass it to others if they touch these surfaces. […] Here are some ways to prevent spreading MRSA: Avoid sharing personal items such as towels and razors, Wash your hands frequently, Carry a hand sanitizer with you if soap and water aren’t available, Change your sheets and towels regularly, Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal, If you play contact sports, keep an eye on cuts and scrapes, Use a disinfectant to clean surfaces such as light switches and water faucets. […] If you have a MRSA infection, good hygiene is important to avoid spreading it. This includes washing your hands and bathing or showering regularly. […] Here are some tips to prevent spreading a MRSA infection: Don’t touch your sores, If you do touch your sores, wash your hands, Cover infected sores with a bandage if possible, When you sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue, and then wash your hands, Be careful around people with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, Avoid contact sports, gyms, and pools until your sores have healed, Avoid haircuts, manicures, and massages until your sores have healed.

• #37 MRSA Infections – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/about-bwh/quality/patient-safety-measures/mrsa-infections

  To prevent MRSA infections, our doctors, nurses and other health care providers: […] Use the following precautions when caring for patients with MRSA: Patients with MRSA are given their own room or share a room with someone else who has MRSA […] Health care providers put on gloves and wear a gown over their clothing while taking care of patients with MRSA.

• #38

  https://www.thompsonhealth.com/Education/Infection-Prevention/MRSA-Information

  Use contact precautions for patients in acute care inpatient settings known or suspected to be infected or colonized with MRSA. This includes: Greater spatial separation of patients (through placing infected patients in private rooms or cohorting patients with similar infection status). […] Patient education is a critical component of SSTI case management. To prevent spread of MRSA to others in the community, patients with MRSA, family members, household members, and close contacts should be counseled about the following control recommendations. […] Perform frequent handwashing with warm water and soap (preferably not bar soap), especially before and after touching or changing the dressing/bandage. […] Maintain a clean environment. Make sure to clean and disinfect surfaces and objects in the immediate environment and shared common areas that may have become contaminated with wound drainage or infected body fluids.

• #38

  https://www.thompsonhealth.com/Education/Infection-Prevention/MRSA-Information

  Nationwide, there has been an increase in the number of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections among persons of all ages who previously were considered to be at low risk for this infection. […] Proper infection-control practices and appropriate antimicrobial agent management can help limit the emergence and spread of MRSA in the community and health care settings. […] The New York State Department of Health is advising health care providers about the growing number of CA-MRSA infections in persons of all ages who previously were considered to be at low risk for infection. […] Enforce strict compliance with hand hygiene. […] Use standard infection control precautions for all patients in outpatient and inpatient healthcare settings. This includes: Performing hand hygiene (handwashing or using alcohol-based hand gel) after touching body fluids or contaminated items (whether or not gloves are worn), between patients and when moving from a contaminated body site to a clean site on the same patients.

• #39 Community-Acquired MRSA | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/community-acquired-mrsa.html

  MRSA infections are sometimes very hard to treat. […] To treat MRSA, other kinds of antibiotics must be used. […] Community-acquired MRSA is more likely to cause serious problems in young children and older adults. […] If a MRSA infection is causing only pimples or a boil (abscess), antibiotics may not be needed. The main treatment for these is to encourage the infection to drain out. […] Antibiotics are needed if the community-acquired MRSA is spreading in the skin or there are signs of possible spread into the blood or other parts of the body. […] If you have severe symptoms, you might need to stay in the hospital during your care. […] Most people recover from MRSA without any problems. […] If you have repeated MRSA infections, your healthcare provider might advise ways to get rid of the MRSA growing on your body.

• #40 MRSA Infections in Elders From Nursing Home Neglect

  https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/nursing-home-neglect/mrsa/

  MRSA represents a serious health risk in nursing homes. This dangerous bacterial infection resists traditional treatments, allowing it more time to develop into serious complications like pneumonia or blood poisoning. This is dangerous enough for healthy adults, but the risk rises significantly for elderly nursing home patients with compromised immune systems. […] MRSA can be carried by a patient without any signs or symptoms. While the host might not get sick, he or she can transmit the bacteria to others with open wounds or other entry points. […] Health care settings like nursing homes are especially prone to infections. Catheters, breathing tubes, and feeding tubes are all sources of infection, and caregivers are responsible for multiple patients. If glove etiquette and handwashing are lax, then MRSA will easily travel from patient to patient.

• #41 MRSA Infections in Nursing Homes & Care Living Facilities

  https://theberberianfirm.com/mrsa-infections-nursing-homes/

  Nursing homes and their staff must provide safe and clean environments for their elderly residents. Residents are vulnerable to infections such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to their advanced age, intensive medical treatments, and weakened immune systems. […] However, neglect from staff members and lack of infection control can play a role in an MRSA outbreak in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. […] To prevent an MRSA outbreak, healthcare facilities must ensure their residents are safe with clean equipment and frequent screening. They must also train their staff to wash their hands frequently whenever they come into contact with their residents. […] The CDC advises healthcare facilities, including nursing homes and assisted care facilities, to have these strategies in place to protect residents from MRSA infections: Before and after every patient interaction, every provider and staff member must wash their hands with soap and water or use an alcohol rub.

• #42 MRSA Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Frequently Asked Questions | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/faq-mrsa.htm

  Residents should practice good hand hygiene habits. They should be encouraged to wash hands or use the alcohol gel before dining with others and before participating in community activities. Staff should also practice good hand hygiene according to CDC guidelines for hand hygiene in health care settings. […] If clothing, towels, and sheets used by persons with MRSA infections are heavily soiled with blood, wound drainage, or other body fluids, they should be washed separately from other household members’ laundry. Wash in hot water and detergent or warm water and bleach, if possible. […] Any pus or fluid will be drained. Antibiotics are not always needed for MRSA infections. Your provider will decide whether you need them. If you are given antibiotics, take them exactly as your provider has instructed.

• #43 MRSA early stages: Signs and what to do

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mrsa-early-stages

  An MRSA infection requires immediate treatment with a 5- to 14-day course of oral antibiotics that the bacteria is not resistant to. […] Without immediate antibiotic treatment, the infection can spread to the tissues beneath the skin, which may enter the bloodstream. […] Doctors can treat most MRSA skin infections using non-methicillin oral antibiotics. Draining the wound can also help reduce the risk of systemic infection. […] The outlook for systemic MRSA infection depends largely on an individual’s overall health. […] Most cases of MRSA respond to antibiotic treatment. However, individuals who have a compromised immune system are at increased risk of systemic MRSA and are more likely to develop potentially life threatening complications. […] Being able to accurately identify an MRSA infection is the first step to successfully treating the infection and preventing complications. If a person thinks they may have an MRSA infection, they should contact a doctor promptly for a diagnosis.

• #44 MRSA [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  MRSA infections can cause severe complications if left untreated, making it an important topic for healthcare professionals, especially nurses. […] Potential nursing diagnoses: Acute pain: pain medication and comfort measures, regular assessments with pain scale […] Impaired skin integrity: regular wound care with appropriate dressings and prescribed topical treatments […] Anxiety and deficient knowledge: reassurance and supportive environment, provide clear and accurate information […] Risk for infection: maintain strict hygiene, monitor for signs of worsening infection, and follow antibiotics administration plan. […] Follow all infection control protocols to prevent the spread of MRSA to other clients or healthcare workers.

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