Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Progress to reduce MRSA infections in healthcare facilities has slowed. […] More action by healthcare facilities can prevent more MRSA infections. […] CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Follow current prevention recommendations for device- and procedure-related infections. […] Educate patients about ways to avoid infection and spread. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Carefully clean and disinfect hospital rooms and medical equipment. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA.

• #1 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface (a place where the germ lives or is present). […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Clean hands often and clean your body regularly, especially after exercise. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] There is little evidence that spraying or fogging rooms or surfaces with disinfectants will prevent MRSA infections better than a targeted approach of cleaning surfaces.

• #1 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Prevention in the community — The best way to prevent and control MRSA in the community is not clear. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has made the following recommendations: […] Keep hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water. Hands should be wet with water and plain soap and be rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. Special attention should be paid to the fingernails, between the fingers, and the wrists. Hands should be rinsed thoroughly and dried with a single-use towel (eg, paper towels). […] Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand sanitizers should be rubbed over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. Hand sanitizers are available as a liquid or wipe in small, portable sizes that are easy to carry in a pocket or handbag. When a sink is available, visibly soiled hands should be washed with soap and water.

• #1 MRSA: Facts and Prevention – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/page/14,5514,271,341.html

  MRSA remains an important public health concern. […] Therefore MSDH is working to prevent MRSA by providing the public and healthcare providers with educational and prevention information. […] Hygiene is the best prevention against MRSA infection. […] Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Care for wounds properly. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors. […] Keep surfaces and equipment clean. Disinfect with a solution of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water (1 1/2 cups bleach in 1 gallon of water). […] If you have a skin infection that is slow to heal, or has spreading redness or swelling, see a doctor.

• #1 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  The baseline infection prevention and control recommendations will prevent the transmission of MRSA and be useful in decreasing transmission of other health care-associated infections including Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. […] General infection prevention and control measures include administrative support, process measures, and infection prevention and control measures. […] In addition to general infection prevention and control measures, The Recommendations adopt a two-tiered approach for preventing and controlling MRSA transmission in acute care facilities. Tier One Recommendations for MRSA control in acute care settings include core MRSA infection prevention tools such as strict adherence to Contact Precautions, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices, and thorough environmental cleaning.

• #1 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  “Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered. […] MRSA infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Each Compendium article contains infection prevention strategies, performance measures, and approaches to implementation.

• #1 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship – an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used – from an “additional practice” to an “essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] The guidance describes other practices — surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden of MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA — for specific patient populations.

• #1 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  Infection prevention and control practices two through four in the statute are included in The Recommendations as standard MRSA infection prevention and control practices for acute care facilities. […] The Recommendations require acute care facilities to conduct an annual MRSA risk assessment using active surveillance testing to identify patients at high risk for MRSA colonization or units with high rates of MRSA transmission. This process will allow acute care facilities to identify, target and monitor interventions to their individually identified high-risk populations and/or units creating the potential for greater reduction in transmission of MRSA. […] Under The Recommendations, acute care facilities must also consider the standard use of active surveillance testing in targeted populations or units as a part of an enhanced infection prevention and control program when routine infection prevention and control practices do not result in decreased MRSA infection rates.

• #1 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased at an alarming rate in the recent past and has major cost implications. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a policy of pre-operative MRSA prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA infection in patients undergoing liver resection. […] In September 2003, a policy of MRSA prophylaxis (nasal mupirocin and triclosan wash for 5 days) was introduced within this unit. […] Introduction of a simple MRSA prophylaxis policy has had a significant reduction on the incidence MRSA-related infection within our patient population, leading to reduced morbidity and cost saving to the UK National Health Service. […] The aim of this study was to assess the impact of such prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA-related infection.

• #1 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  The MRSA prophylaxis protocol consisted of mupirocin applied to the nose three times a day from the day of admission to the fifth postoperative day. Triclosan (2%) was also used twice daily, in a shower or bath, over the same period of time. […] Prophylaxis was found to be associated with a significant reduction in the rate of MRSA-related infection (P = 0.029). […] Adoption of a simple peri-operative prophylaxis protocol has reduced the incidence of MRSA-related infection, resulting in reduction in patient morbidity and significant cost savings to our institution.

• #1 MRSA guidelines | Healthcare Infection Society – Healthcare Infection Society

  https://www.his.org.uk/resources-guidelines/mrsa-guidelines/

  There is no need to perform repeat MRSA screening routinely. You do not need to perform repeat MRSA screening for patients who screen positive at admission unless the patient undergoes decolonisation therapy. […] Use mupirocin for nasal decolonisation, either selectively for those who are colonised, or universally for all high-risk patients. You can use chlorhexidine, either selectively or universally, for body decolonisation to reduce MRSA carriage. […] Hospital surveillance is an important a component of MRSA prevention and control programmes: undertake routine surveillance as part of your hospitals IPC strategy and to ensure you comply with mandatory national requirements. […] Use standard IPC precautions in the care of all patients to minimise the risk of MRSA transmission. For patients known to be colonised/infected with MRSA, you can consider using contact precautions for direct contact with the patient or their immediate environment.

• #1 New guidelines aim to reduce MRSA infection prevalence

  https://www.healtheuropa.com/new-guidelines-aim-to-reduce-mrsa-infection-prevalence/115579/

  An opportunistic pathogen like MRSA can commonly be found on the skin, living completely harmlessly. […] A major article in the new guidelines references Clinell Chlorhexidine Wash Cloths as a proven intervention for reducing MRSA acquisitions in intensive care units. […] Decolonisation therapy is also now recommended for patients unable to isolate or cohort to temporarily suppress and prevent transmission of MRSA to others. […] Whether colonised or infected, the guidelines recognise patient isolation as a means of reducing transmission. […] Spread through direct (contaminated skin) and indirect (contaminated surfaces) contact, patients colonised or infected with MRSA can be effectively isolated in Rediroom, the worlds first mobile isolation room. […] Our range of disinfection and protection products are among the best available options for preventing and controlling MRSA infection, and include: Clinell Universal Wipes routine and terminal cleaning and disinfection; Violet by Clinell automated room decontamination with UV-C; Clinell Antimicrobial Hand Wipes Range staff, patient and visitor hand hygiene; Clinell Chlorhexidine Bathing Range 2% chlorhexidine for skin decolonisation; Rediroom the worlds first mobile patient isolation.

• #1 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) related complications in surgical patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23959704/

  Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) related complications in surgical patients […] Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection after surgery is generally low, but affects up to 33% of patients after certain types of surgery. […] The optimal prophylactic antibiotic regimen for the prevention of MRSA after surgery is not known. […] To compare the benefits and harms of all methods of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of postoperative MRSA infection and related complications in people undergoing surgery. […] We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared one antibiotic regimen used as prophylaxis for SSIs (and other postoperative infections) with another antibiotic regimen or with no antibiotic, and that reported the methicillin resistance status of the cultured organisms.

• #1 When is vancomycin prophylaxis necessary? Risk factors for MRSA surgical site infection | Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antimicrobial-stewardship-and-healthcare-epidemiology/article/when-is-vancomycin-prophylaxis-necessary-risk-factors-for-mrsa-surgical-site-infection/03F9AA8C2C953E97133101FBB63E3732

  The 2022 SHEA/IDSA/APIC guidance for surgical site infection (SSI) prevention recommends reserving vancomycin prophylaxis to patients who are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized. […] To optimize vancomycin prophylaxis, we sought to identify risk factors for MRSA SSI. […] Patients with prior MRSA colonization or infection had 910 times greater odds of MRSA SSI and patients undergoing hip and knee replacement had 34 times greater odds of MRSA SSI. […] Our findings support national recommendations to reserve vancomycin prophylaxis for patients who are MRSA colonized, as well as those undergoing hip and knee replacement, in the absence of routine MRSA colonization surveillance. […] Vancomycin is commonly administered preoperatively to prevent MRSA SSI. […] The prior 2013 ASHP/IDSA/SIS/SHEA Clinical Practice Guideline for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery recommended vancomycin for patients with known MRSA colonization and for patients at high risk for MRSA colonization, in the absence of surveillance data.

• #1 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  Tier Two Recommendations are indicated when hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates are not decreasing despite implementation of and adherence to the general infection prevention and control measures and Tier One Recommendations. […] Prevention and control of MRSA necessitates that health care facilities implement an antimicrobial stewardship program to augment their infection prevention and control program. […] Facility-wide commitment to antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control practice measures are essential to prevent health care-associated infections.

• #1 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  A collection of experts from US medical organizations today released updated recommendations to help acute-care hospitals prevent one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). […] Among the changes in the updated guidelines, published today in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology (ICHE), is the elevation of antimicrobial stewardship to an „essential practice” for preventing infection with and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogen that causes roughly 10% of HAIs in US hospitals and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] Other essential activities carried over from the previous guidelines include implementing a MRSA monitoring program, conducting a MRSA risk assessment, promoting US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization recommendations for hand hygiene, ensuring proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the hospital environment, and educating patients and healthcare providers about MRSA.

• #1

  https://www.thompsonhealth.com/Education/Infection-Prevention/MRSA-Information

  Nationwide, there has been an increase in the number of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections among persons of all ages who previously were considered to be at low risk for this infection. […] Proper infection-control practices and appropriate antimicrobial agent management can help limit the emergence and spread of MRSA in the community and health care settings. […] The New York State Department of Health is advising health care providers about the growing number of CA-MRSA infections in persons of all ages who previously were considered to be at low risk for infection. […] Enforce strict compliance with hand hygiene. […] Use standard infection control precautions for all patients in outpatient and inpatient healthcare settings. This includes: Performing hand hygiene (handwashing or using alcohol-based hand gel) after touching body fluids or contaminated items (whether or not gloves are worn), between patients and when moving from a contaminated body site to a clean site on the same patients.

• #1 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Keep cuts and scrapes clean, dry, and covered with a bandage until healed. […] Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms. Other items that should not be shared include brushes, combs, and makeup. […] Students who participate in team sports should shower after every athletic activity using soap and clean towels. Athletes with skin infections should receive prompt treatment and should not compete when they have draining or active skin infections. […] People who use exercise machines at sports clubs or schools should be sure to wipe down the equipment, including the hand grips, with an alcohol-based solution after using it. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. There is no role for routine use of antibiotics for family members who have no signs or symptoms of infection.

• #1 MRSA guidelines | Healthcare Infection Society – Healthcare Infection Society

  https://www.his.org.uk/resources-guidelines/mrsa-guidelines/

  Design systems of care to minimise the transfer of patients between wards, units, hospitals, or other clinical settings unless it is clinically necessary. […] You need to clean and disinfect shared pieces of equipment used in the delivery of patient care after each use, utilising products as specified in your local protocol. […] You need to make patients aware of the reasons for MRSA screening and decolonisation and inform patients of their screening result as soon as it is available. […] When considering the provision of patient information, ensure it is provided in a format and language that the patient and their family can understand.

• #1 Health Advisory: Prevention and Control of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in the Camp Setting

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/staphylococcus_aureus/methicillin_resistant/community_associated/health_advisory_2008-05-09.htm

  All members of the camp community should be aware of the risks of MRSA and to notify camp medical staff of any evidence of MRSA infection. […] Campers with weakened immune systems may be at risk for more severe illness if they get infected with MRSA. […] It is important for camp staff to be vigilant for skin infections among campers. […] Camp proprietors should ensure infirmary staff are familiar with the signs and symptoms of MRSA infection, basic management of MRSA infections, and current recommendations for prevention and control of MRSA. […] Hand hygiene is the single most important factor in preventing the spread of MRSA.

• #1 The Four Key Strategies of MRSA Prevention | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/hai/tools/mrsa-prevention/toolkit/key-strategies.html

  MRSA Prevention is a complex and multifaceted effort. This Toolkit highlights four key strategic areas where intervention and improvement can have the greatest impact in MRSA prevention. How you approach tackling these areas depends on what is right for your facility or unit. […] Decolonization is one of the most effective and impactful methods to prevent in MRSA. This toolkit includes tools, guides, and resources to assist in the implementation of decolonization in your unit or facility. […] A contaminated patient environment is a primary pathways for transmission of MRSA. High-touch surfaces and fomites in the patient care settings can harbor MRSA and other pathogens, facilitating transmissions directly or indirectly between patients. Therefore, thorough decontamination of the environment is crucial for preventing transmission.

• #1 Essential Practices to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: MRSA

  https://buildwithrobots.com/news/essential-practices-to-prevent-healthcare-associated-infections-mrsa

  Staphylococcus aureus, a prevalent pathogen in healthcare-associated infections (HAI), poses a significant challenge due to its antibiotic-resistant strain, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] In response to the persistent threat, several notable infection control professional organizations have joined forces to update the guidance document for acute-care hospitals to prevent MRSA transmission. […] SHEA, IDSA, and APIC recommend a multi-pronged approach within their update on the guidance to prevent MRSA transmission. […] The 2022 MRSA prevention update listed eleven essential practices, with the following three having a higher quality of evidence than the other eight. […] Promote compliance with CDC or WHO hand hygiene recommendations. MRSA is commonly spread to patients by contaminated hands of healthcare providers. Proper hand hygiene prevents the transmission of many different pathogens.

• #1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults: Prevention and control – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-in-adults-prevention-and-control

  – Guidelines for Europe and specific European countries can be found online: European MRSA prevention guidelines. […] – Other guidelines have also been published. […] […] […] Basic infection prevention principles include hand hygiene and contact precautions. […] […] […] Decolonization strategies involve routine chlorhexidine bathing, targeted decolonization, and specific measures for patients with medical devices at the time of hospital discharge and prior to surgery. […] […] […] Minimizing transmission risk in the community also emphasizes hand hygiene and other measures. […] […] […] Reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use is crucial in the prevention of MRSA infections.

• #2 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  Healthcare providers follow safety and sterilization rules to prevent healthcare-acquired infections like MRSA. These include: […] Some steps you can take to prevent CA-MRSA include: […] Keep wounds clean and bandaged. […] Don’t share personal items like towels and razors. […] Don’t reuse needles used for injecting nonmedical drugs or medications (even your own). […] Regularly wash sheets, towels and workout clothes in the recommended water temperature. […] Shower immediately after working out or participating in activities that increase your risk of MRSA exposure. […] Use disinfectants that kill germs to wipe down high-touch areas like light switches, remote controls and athletic equipment. […] Wash your hands frequently with hot water and soap for at least 20 seconds. […] Ask your provider how long you need to use invasive medical devices like catheters and how to prevent infection while you need the device.

• #2 MRSA: Facts and Prevention – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/page/14,5514,271,341.html

  MRSA remains an important public health concern. […] Therefore MSDH is working to prevent MRSA by providing the public and healthcare providers with educational and prevention information. […] Hygiene is the best prevention against MRSA infection. […] Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Care for wounds properly. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors. […] Keep surfaces and equipment clean. Disinfect with a solution of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water (1 1/2 cups bleach in 1 gallon of water). […] If you have a skin infection that is slow to heal, or has spreading redness or swelling, see a doctor.

• #2 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Progress to reduce MRSA infections in healthcare facilities has slowed. […] More action by healthcare facilities can prevent more MRSA infections. […] CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Follow current prevention recommendations for device- and procedure-related infections. […] Educate patients about ways to avoid infection and spread. […] Clean hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for every patient. […] Carefully clean and disinfect hospital rooms and medical equipment. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA.

• #2 MRSA: Awareness, Prevention Key to Stopping Infection

  https://www.tn.gov/news/2012/8/6/mrsa-awareness-prevention-key-to-stopping-infection.html

  The best defense against MRSA is prevention. There are easy ways to decrease your risk of getting MRSA: […] 1. Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] 2. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. […] 3. Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] 4. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors. […] 5. Shower immediately after activities that involve direct skin contact with others, and use a clean towel. […] When MRSA skin infections occur, surfaces that are likely to contact uncovered or poorly covered infections should be disinfected. Cleaning surfaces with readily available detergent-based cleaners or Environmental Protection Agency-registered disinfectants is effective at removing MRSA from the environment.

• #2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults: Prevention and control – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-in-adults-prevention-and-control

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults: Prevention and control […] Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is among the most important challenges of infection prevention. Factors in transmission include colonization, impaired host defenses, and contact with skin or contaminated fomites. Worldwide, an estimated 15 percent of infections are caused by S. aureus, nearly one-third of those (31 percent) are due to MRSA. […] The success of MRSA control has varied substantially with different strategies. Numerous guidelines have been published from countries around the world: […] – In 2023, United States guidelines were updated, entitled „SHEA/IDSA/APIC Practice recommendation: Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute care hospitals: 2022 update.”

• #2 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients. […] CDC continues to evaluate the evidence on Contact Precautions as it becomes available. […] CDC also continues to work with partners to identify and evaluate other measures to decrease transmission of MDROs in healthcare settings.

• #2 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  Another change in the guidelines regards contact precautions, which involve the use of gloves and gowns when providing care for MRSA-colonized or MRSA-infected patients. While contact precautions are still deemed essential because they may help limit patient-to-patient spread, the guidelines acknowledge that some hospitals have chosen to modify or discontinue contact precautions, and they provide recommendations to help those hospitals monitor outcomes associated with those changes. […] Other changes to the new guidelines include supporting data and specific recommendations for active surveillance testing for asymptomatic MRSA carriers and for MRSA decolonization strategies.

• #2 New guidelines aim to reduce MRSA infection prevalence

  https://www.healtheuropa.com/new-guidelines-aim-to-reduce-mrsa-infection-prevalence/115579/

  There are few pathogens as synonymous with healthcare-associated infections as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, better known as MRSA. […] Amongst them are thought leaders in infection prevention and control (IPC) from the Healthcare Infection Society and Infection Prevention Society. […] These measures include: Skin decolonisation; and Patient isolation. […] Environmental decontamination is identified as a priority for the environments in which patients with an MRSA infection come into contact with, with emphasis on cleaning and disinfection of shared equipment after each use. […] The guidelines specifically reference cleaning and disinfecting shared pieces of equipment after every patient use. […] As well as the use of disinfectant agents, the guidelines recommend considering automated room disinfection technologies to enhance terminal decontamination.

• #2 Updated Guidance Shows How Hospitals Should Protect Patients from Resistant Infections – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/updated-guidance-shows-how-hospitals-should-protect-patients-from-resistant-infections/

  “Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered. […] MRSA infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. […] Each Compendium article contains infection prevention strategies, performance measures, and approaches to implementation.

• #2 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased at an alarming rate in the recent past and has major cost implications. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a policy of pre-operative MRSA prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA infection in patients undergoing liver resection. […] In September 2003, a policy of MRSA prophylaxis (nasal mupirocin and triclosan wash for 5 days) was introduced within this unit. […] Introduction of a simple MRSA prophylaxis policy has had a significant reduction on the incidence MRSA-related infection within our patient population, leading to reduced morbidity and cost saving to the UK National Health Service. […] The aim of this study was to assess the impact of such prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA-related infection.

• #2 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  The MRSA prophylaxis protocol consisted of mupirocin applied to the nose three times a day from the day of admission to the fifth postoperative day. Triclosan (2%) was also used twice daily, in a shower or bath, over the same period of time. […] Prophylaxis was found to be associated with a significant reduction in the rate of MRSA-related infection (P = 0.029). […] Adoption of a simple peri-operative prophylaxis protocol has reduced the incidence of MRSA-related infection, resulting in reduction in patient morbidity and significant cost savings to our institution.

• #2 MRSA guidelines | Healthcare Infection Society – Healthcare Infection Society

  https://www.his.org.uk/resources-guidelines/mrsa-guidelines/

  There is no need to perform repeat MRSA screening routinely. You do not need to perform repeat MRSA screening for patients who screen positive at admission unless the patient undergoes decolonisation therapy. […] Use mupirocin for nasal decolonisation, either selectively for those who are colonised, or universally for all high-risk patients. You can use chlorhexidine, either selectively or universally, for body decolonisation to reduce MRSA carriage. […] Hospital surveillance is an important a component of MRSA prevention and control programmes: undertake routine surveillance as part of your hospitals IPC strategy and to ensure you comply with mandatory national requirements. […] Use standard IPC precautions in the care of all patients to minimise the risk of MRSA transmission. For patients known to be colonised/infected with MRSA, you can consider using contact precautions for direct contact with the patient or their immediate environment.

• #2 MRSA INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mrsa-infection-prevention-control-dr-rahul-s-kamble

  All MRSA culture positive patients should be considered for eradication therapy under the care of their attending physician. […] Contact isolation precautions to be followed for known carriers or patients found MRSA positive. […] Gowning and gloving are mandatory for any personnel entering patients room. […] All items used for the patient should be disinfected in disinfectant solution before carrying it out of the patients room. […] Thorough cleaning of the room should be done on daily basis as per the housekeeping protocol. […] On discharge / death of the patient, the room should be deep terminal cleaned and disinfected. […] Daily Triclosan (antimicrobial soap) bath for duration of mupirocin therapy. […] 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate can be used for daily cleaning of any wounds and insertion sites.

• #2

  https://ww-w.grantome.com/grant/NIH/I01-HX001091-03

  Aims and Design: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), accounts for an estimated 94,000 invasive infections and 19,000 deaths annually in the U.S. […] In order to prevent MRSA infections among veterans, the VA successfully implemented the VA MRSA Prevention Initiative that has reduced patient-to-patient transmission of MRSA. […] In order to eliminate MRSA SSIs in the VA, the study group developed a checklist based on a meta-analysis of studies that assessed methods to prevent gram-positive SSIs among TJA and cardiac surgery patients. […] This SSI Checklist includes preoperatively testing a surgical patient’s nose for asymptomatic MRSA colonization. […] If the patient is MRSA colonized, s/he will be treated with prophylactic nasal mupirocin ointment, chlorhexidine gluconate baths, and antibiotic prophylaxis with both cefazolin and vancomycin.

• #2 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) related complications in surgical patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23959704/

  Prophylaxis with co-amoxiclav decreases the proportion of people developing MRSA infections compared with placebo in people without malignant disease undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion, although this may be due to decreasing overall infection thereby preventing wounds from becoming secondarily infected with MRSA. […] There is currently no other evidence to suggest that using a combination of multiple prophylactic antibiotics or administering prophylactic antibiotics for an increased duration is of benefit to people undergoing surgery in terms of reducing MRSA infections. […] Well designed RCTs assessing the clinical effectiveness of different antibiotic regimens are necessary on this topic.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230627/Hospitals-urged-to-adopt-new-MRSA-prevention-strategies.aspx

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used from an „additional practice” to an „essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] Avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics may decrease these and other risks associated with antibiotic use, such as C. difficile infection.

• #2 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA. […] „Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The guidelines note that while the quality of evidence for making antimicrobial stewardship programs an essential component of a MRSA prevention program is low, there is a theoretical rationale. […] „Receipt of antibiotics without MRSA activity has been associated with significant increases in the intranasal burden of MRSA; thus, receipt of such antibiotics may increase the risk of infection in the colonized person and/or increase risk of transmission to others,” the guidelines state.

• #2

  https://www.wkhs.com/health-resources/wk-health-library/medical-procedures-tests-care-and-management/dermatology/infection-prevention-mrsa

  A MRSA infection is caused by the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Because this bacteria is resistant to many antibiotics, preventing an infection is important. You can avoid a MRSA infection by following these guidelines. […] MRSA is common in hospitals and other healthcare settings. It is spread by contact with contaminated surfaces. So, wash your hands frequently. Use a hospital-approved hand sanitizer. Insist that doctors and nurses wash their hands before touching you, because their hands can be contaminated with the bacteria. If you have a skin wound, keep it bandaged. […] You can also come into contact with MRSA in the community. It is a problem for athletes such as wrestlers who frequently have skin-on-skin contact. Athletes should practice good hygiene. If you use weight training or other athletic equipment, make sure that it is cleaned and disinfected regularly. Take a shower after you exercise. Wash and dry clothing after use. Lay a towel down to protect your skin from benches. And always protect your cuts, scrapes and sores.

• #2 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] If you have wounds, a catheter or dialysis port, make sure that you know how to take care of them to reduce your risk of infection. […] Clean your hands before you enter their room and when you leave.

• #2

  http://www.bccdc.ca/health-professionals/clinical-resources/mrsa

  Clients may need extra time to understand what it means to have a MRSA infection and that bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics. […] Clean your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub. […] If you have a MRSA infection, do not share personal items that may have had contact with the infected wound or bandage. […] Bacteria can survive on surfaces, so it is important to clean regularly to reduce the spread of MRSA bacteria. Use a household cleaner to reduce the amount of MRSA and other bacteria in the environment. […] Disinfectants can be used on surfaces but not on skin.

• #2 MRSA Guidelines and Resources – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.web.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/guidelines.html

  Infection Prevention and Control GuidelinesGeneral infection prevention guidelines, recommendations, and laws related to infection prevention. […] CDC guidelines to prevent and control MDROs such as MRSA and VRE in health care facilities. […] The CDC’s Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance aims to prevent antimicrobial resistance in health care settings. The campaign centers on four main strategies: prevent infection, diagnose and treat infection, use antimicrobials wisely, and prevent transmission. […] Evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with MRSA infections prepared by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for adult and pediatric patients with MRSA infections.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230627/Hospitals-urged-to-adopt-new-MRSA-prevention-strategies.aspx

  The guidance describes other practices – surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA – for specific patient populations. […] „Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered.

• #2 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  The baseline infection prevention and control recommendations will prevent the transmission of MRSA and be useful in decreasing transmission of other health care-associated infections including Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. […] General infection prevention and control measures include administrative support, process measures, and infection prevention and control measures. […] In addition to general infection prevention and control measures, The Recommendations adopt a two-tiered approach for preventing and controlling MRSA transmission in acute care facilities. Tier One Recommendations for MRSA control in acute care settings include core MRSA infection prevention tools such as strict adherence to Contact Precautions, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices, and thorough environmental cleaning.

• #2 The Four Key Strategies of MRSA Prevention | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/hai/tools/mrsa-prevention/toolkit/key-strategies.html

  Preventing person-based transmission is hugely important to reducing HAIs and MDROs, including MRSA. […] Preventing device- and procedure-related infections is crucial to lower this risk and prevent MRSA. […] These stewardship topics do not align with one specific strategic area, but instead represent vital best practices that underpin all the Four Key Strategies for MRSA Prevention.

• #2 Essential Practices to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: MRSA

  https://buildwithrobots.com/news/essential-practices-to-prevent-healthcare-associated-infections-mrsa

  Use contact precautions for MRSA-colonized and MRSA-infected patients. Surfaces, objects, and healthcare providers can easily become contaminated in rooms with MRSA patients. […] Ensure cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment. Overbed tables, bed rails, furniture, sinks, floors, stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, and everything else in a patient room needs to be disinfected thoroughly. […] Tools like Breezy Blue are adding an extra layer of protection for patients and staff. The risk of spreading HAIs like MRSA is always high, so disinfecting and cleaning are important tasks to perform regularly and improve upon over time.

• #2 Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/directory-guidance-prevention-and-control/prevention-and-control-infections-0

  Recommendations for the prevention, control and management of patients carrying multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare settings (MDRO). Provisionary version-intermediate opinion (High Council for Health, 2017) […] This document includes guidance for infection prevention and control of MRSA […] Prevention of cross-transmission of emerging highly resistant bacteria (High Council for Public Health, 2013). This document includes guidance targeting MRSA […] Recommendations on prevention and control of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in medical and other care facilities (Robert Koch Institute, Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention, 2014) […] Guidance on the prevention of infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens, (National Centre for Epidemiology, 2016)

• #3 AHRQ Safety Program for MRSA Prevention | American Geriatrics Society

  https://www.americangeriatrics.org/opportunities/ahrq-safety-program-mrsa-prevention

  AHRQ is recruiting long-term care facilities to participate in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Safety Program for MRSA Prevention, a free 18-month program that seeks to improve bathing and skincare techniques to reduce pressure ulcers, wounds, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Multidrug Resistant Organism (MDRO) transmission. […] This program can help you enhance your infection prevention program and prevent MRSA infection by utilizing evidence-based MRSA prevention strategies including improvement of hand hygiene, proper skin care, antibiotic stewardship, and environmental cleaning. […] Participation in this AHRQ program will provide your long-term care facility with technical assistance, coaching, webinars, and tools to support your infection prevention program and resident safety.

• #3 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Keep cuts and scrapes clean, dry, and covered with a bandage until healed. […] Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms. Other items that should not be shared include brushes, combs, and makeup. […] Students who participate in team sports should shower after every athletic activity using soap and clean towels. Athletes with skin infections should receive prompt treatment and should not compete when they have draining or active skin infections. […] People who use exercise machines at sports clubs or schools should be sure to wipe down the equipment, including the hand grips, with an alcohol-based solution after using it. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. There is no role for routine use of antibiotics for family members who have no signs or symptoms of infection.

• #3

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/methicillin.html

  Contact precautions should be used with patients with known or suspected infections. It is not necessary to wait for testing to confirm a diagnosis. Use contact precautions (e.g., procedures to prevent droplets or aerosols). […] Hand hygiene can be performed with an alcohol-based hand rub or with soap and water. Alcohol-based hand rub is used at the point of care in healthcare settings when hands are not visibly soiled. If hands are visibly soiled, wash with soap and water. […] Wear gloves when touching blood, body fluids and contaminated items. Remove gloves between patient contacts and clean hands immediately. […] Wear a mask and eye protection, or face shields, or masks with a visor attachment during procedures that are likely to generate splashes or droplets of respiratory secretions, blood, or body fluids.

• #3 Essential Practices to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: MRSA

  https://buildwithrobots.com/news/essential-practices-to-prevent-healthcare-associated-infections-mrsa

  Use contact precautions for MRSA-colonized and MRSA-infected patients. Surfaces, objects, and healthcare providers can easily become contaminated in rooms with MRSA patients. […] Ensure cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment. Overbed tables, bed rails, furniture, sinks, floors, stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, and everything else in a patient room needs to be disinfected thoroughly. […] Tools like Breezy Blue are adding an extra layer of protection for patients and staff. The risk of spreading HAIs like MRSA is always high, so disinfecting and cleaning are important tasks to perform regularly and improve upon over time.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230627/Hospitals-urged-to-adopt-new-MRSA-prevention-strategies.aspx

  The guidance describes other practices – surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA – for specific patient populations. […] „Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered.

• #3 Study: Protocol reduces post-hospital MRSA infections by 30 percent  | AHA News

  https://www.aha.org/news/headline/2019-02-25-study-protocol-reduces-post-hospital-mrsa-infections-30-percent

  A treatment protocol to prevent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections after hospital discharge in patients known to carry the bacteria on their body reduced MRSA infections by 30 percent more than education alone, according to a study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and reported this month in the New England Journal of Medicine. […] The patients were treated with a combination of an over-the-counter antiseptic for bathing or showering, plus prescription antiseptic mouthwash and antibiotic nasal ointment. […] Participants who followed the treatment completely had a 44 percent reduction in MRSA infections and 40 percent reduction in all infections. […] „The results of this study show that focused attention on removing MRSA can reduce infections and make a measurable difference in the lives of patients,” said AHRQ Director Gopal Khanna.

• #3 View point: gaps in the current guidelines for the prevention of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections | Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control | Full Text

  https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-018-0407-0

  Although not widely performed in the United States, WHO has recently recommended decolonization of Staph. aureus carriers for the prevention of SSI, with preoperative patient screening to implement this intervention. […] Preoperative knowledge of the MRSA status of surgical patients allows for both the proper selection of preoperative antibiotics and in elective surgical patients, implementation of a preoperative decolonization protocol. […] Healthcare workers who are positive should be decolonize and whenever possible assigned to nonpatient contact areas until decolonization is complete. […] The gaps we have addressed deserve more research including the risks a colonized healthcare worker poses to patients, the number of healthcare workers exposed and infected occupationally, and the development of effective healthcare worker occupational infectious disease surveillance programs. […] It is our duty to deliver patient centered care of the highest quality and until we know a practice, or an inaction is safe, we must error on the side of patient and healthcare worker safety.

• #3 When is vancomycin prophylaxis necessary? Risk factors for MRSA surgical site infection | Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antimicrobial-stewardship-and-healthcare-epidemiology/article/when-is-vancomycin-prophylaxis-necessary-risk-factors-for-mrsa-surgical-site-infection/03F9AA8C2C953E97133101FBB63E3732

  In 2022, SHEA/IDSA/APIC updated their recommendations to state that vancomycin prophylaxis should only be considered in patients known to be MRSA colonized or in the setting of a proven MRSA SSI outbreak. […] Reliance on general healthcare-associated characteristics has resulted in an overestimation of MRSA risk and subsequent vancomycin overuse in the surgical setting. […] To optimize vancomycin use in this setting, a better understanding of risk factors for MRSA SSI is needed. […] Our findings support the updated 2022 SHEA/IDSA/APIC guideline recommendations to reserve vancomycin prophylaxis for patients who are known to be MRSA colonized. […] We also found patients undergoing hip and knee replacement to be at higher risk of MRSA SSI, which is consistent with prior data suggesting patients undergoing procedures involving prosthetic material are at higher risk of MRSA SSI. […] Our study had several important limitations. […] Additional research evaluating the role and cost-effectiveness of routine MRSA colonization screening to guide vancomycin prophylaxis is necessary.

• #3 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Preventing HA-MRSA: In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly. […] Preventing CA-MRSA: Wash your hands. Careful hand washing remains your best defense against germs. Scrub hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol for times when you don’t have access to soap and water. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with clean, dry bandages until they heal. The pus from infected sores may contain MRSA, and keeping wounds covered can help prevent the spread of the bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. MRSA spreads on infected objects as well as through direct contact. […] Shower after athletic games or practices. Shower immediately after each game or practice. Use soap and water. Don’t share towels. […] Sanitize linens. If you have a cut or sore, wash towels and bed linens in a washing machine set to the hottest water setting (with added bleach, if possible) and dry them in a hot dryer. Wash gym and athletic clothes after each wearing.

• #3

  https://www.thompsonhealth.com/Education/Infection-Prevention/MRSA-Information

  Use contact precautions for patients in acute care inpatient settings known or suspected to be infected or colonized with MRSA. This includes: Greater spatial separation of patients (through placing infected patients in private rooms or cohorting patients with similar infection status). […] Patient education is a critical component of SSTI case management. To prevent spread of MRSA to others in the community, patients with MRSA, family members, household members, and close contacts should be counseled about the following control recommendations. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed MRSA infections should: Not pick, scratch, or squeeze pimples or boils. […] Perform frequent handwashing with warm water and soap (preferably not bar soap), especially before and after touching or changing the dressing/bandage.

• #3 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  Another change in the guidelines regards contact precautions, which involve the use of gloves and gowns when providing care for MRSA-colonized or MRSA-infected patients. While contact precautions are still deemed essential because they may help limit patient-to-patient spread, the guidelines acknowledge that some hospitals have chosen to modify or discontinue contact precautions, and they provide recommendations to help those hospitals monitor outcomes associated with those changes. […] Other changes to the new guidelines include supporting data and specific recommendations for active surveillance testing for asymptomatic MRSA carriers and for MRSA decolonization strategies.

• #3 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  Tier Two Recommendations are indicated when hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates are not decreasing despite implementation of and adherence to the general infection prevention and control measures and Tier One Recommendations. […] Prevention and control of MRSA necessitates that health care facilities implement an antimicrobial stewardship program to augment their infection prevention and control program. […] Facility-wide commitment to antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control practice measures are essential to prevent health care-associated infections.

• #3 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  A collection of experts from US medical organizations today released updated recommendations to help acute-care hospitals prevent one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). […] Among the changes in the updated guidelines, published today in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology (ICHE), is the elevation of antimicrobial stewardship to an „essential practice” for preventing infection with and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogen that causes roughly 10% of HAIs in US hospitals and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] Other essential activities carried over from the previous guidelines include implementing a MRSA monitoring program, conducting a MRSA risk assessment, promoting US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization recommendations for hand hygiene, ensuring proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the hospital environment, and educating patients and healthcare providers about MRSA.

• #3 Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/directory-guidance-prevention-and-control/prevention-and-control-infections-0

  Prevention and Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). National Clinical Guideline No. 2 (Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 2013) […] Prevention and Control of colonisation and infection of Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and inpatient care units (General Health Directorate, 2015) […] Guidance for the diagnosis, prevention and control of infections by bacteria with clinically and epidemiologically important resistance mechanisms. (Slovakian Republic Ministry of Health, 2014) […] This document includes guidance for infection prevention and control of MRSA […] Implementation of modified admission MRSA screening guidance for NHS (Department of Health expert advisory committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection (ARHAI), 2014)

• #3 Reduce MRSA bloodstream infections that people get in the hospital — HAI‑02 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-care-associated-infections/reduce-mrsa-bloodstream-infections-people-get-hospital-hai-02

  MRSA infections can be deadly, but they are preventable. […] Educating and training health care workers on how to prevent MRSA is critical for reducing these infections in hospitals.

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