Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/resource/addiction-prevention/

  Policies, programs, and practices that aim to prevent or avoid the harms associated with the use of alcohol or other drugs. […] Prevention activities and services are offered in a large variety of settings, from inside school classrooms, to pediatrician offices, to within recreational centers and larger community settings. The format for prevention activities and services can range from one-on-one to large groups. Addiction prevention programs encourage individuals to refrain from substance use, and work to help individuals avoid harm and injury from alcohol and other drugs, hopefully preventing the development of substance use disorder and substance-related injuries and harms. […] The most effective prevention programs work to boost protective factors and eliminate or reduce risk factors for alcohol and other drug use.

• #1 Alcoholism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview

  Alcohol use is the fourth leading cause of preventable death in the United States (after smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019, with most of these (2 million) occurring among men. […] The first step in treatment is brief intervention. […] Complete abstinence is the only treatment for alcohol dependence. […] Strongly recommend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). […] Encourage hospitalized patients to call AA from the hospital; AA will send someone to talk to them if the patient makes the contact. […] Patients need to attend AA meetings regularly (daily at first) and for a sufficient length of time (usually 2 years or more) because recovery is a difficult and lengthy process. […] Involving family in the patients treatment of alcoholism can be a vital step on the path toward recovery. […] All women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should avoid alcohol.

• #1 Prevention of Substance Use | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/prevention/substance-use-disorders

  Prevention and early intervention strategies can reduce the impact of substance use in America’s communities. […] Prevention activities work to educate and support individuals and communities to prevent the use and misuse of drugs and the development of substance use disorders. […] Substance use and mental disorders can make daily activities difficult and impair a person’s ability to work, interact with family, and fulfill other major life functions. Mental and substance use disorders are among the top conditions that cause disability in the United States. Preventing mental or substance use disorders or co-occurring disorders and related problems is critical to behavioral and physical health. […] SAMHSA’s Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) aims to develop comprehensive systems through providing national leadership in the development of policies, programs, and services to prevent the onset of substance misuse.

• #1 Goal 3: Prevent and Reduce Alcohol Misuse, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Associated Consequences | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/about-niaaa/strategic-plan-fiscal-years-2024-2028/research-goals/goal-3-prevent-and-reduce-alcohol-misuse-alcohol-use-disorder-and-associated-consequences

  NIAAA encourages the development, evaluation, and implementation of individual, family, school, community, and policy-based strategies to prevent alcohol misuse, alcohol use disorder, and related consequences. […] Evidence-based strategies to prevent and reduce alcohol misuse and the associated consequences are critical for lessening the resulting individual, social, and public health impact. […] As such, prevention strategies that seek to delay and prevent alcohol use among adolescents are a major focus of the NIAAA research portfolio. […] Additionally, promoting awareness of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), adopting prevention strategies, and evaluating policies that also reduce stigma around seeking treatment can support efforts to prevent alcohol use and reduce consequences among women who are or may become pregnant.

• #1 Alcohol Use Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3909-alcoholism

  To prevent alcohol use disorder, avoid high-risk drinking: […] If you drink more alcohol than that, consider cutting back or quitting. Talk to your healthcare provider about proven strategies.

• #1 Alcohol Use Disorder – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/alcohol-use-disorder

  The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism recommends: […] Women should not drink more than 1 drink per day […] Men should not drink more than 2 drinks per day.

• #1 How to Prevent Alcoholism – Addiction Group

  https://www.addictiongroup.org/alcohol/addiction/prevention/

  Yes, you can prevent alcohol abuse. However, alcohol has different effects on everyone. Because of this, there’s no single way to prevent alcoholism. […] The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend non-drinkers abstain from alcohol completely. If you’ve already started drinking, limit yourself to 1 drink a day for women or 2 drinks a day for men. […] The main consequence of underage drinking is that it causes impulsive behavior. This often increases the risk of: […] Older people have a lower tolerance for alcohol. They can suffer from alcohol-related harm even if they drink within the recommended limits. […] If you experience these or know someone who does, don’t hesitate to seek professional treatment and advice. […] Preventing alcoholism can help you avoid long-term, life-altering consequences.

• #1 Alcohol Use Disorder Prevention and Treatment – Georgia HOPE

  https://gahope.org/alcohol-use-disorder-prevention-and-treatment/

  What can be done to prevent alcohol misuse? […] Parents and guardians play an important role in giving kids a better understanding of the impact that alcohol can have on their lives. Not only are conversations important, but it is equally important for guardians to know the risk and protective factors for adolescent alcohol use and misuse. […] It is also important for all adults to understand safe drinking behaviors. […] Alcohol consumption has increased significantly since the onset of the pandemic, most notably from stress, anxiety and isolation. […] It is important for people to know how they can relieve stress without alcohol and develop healthy coping strategies such as: going for a walk, reading a book, doing a project around the house, establishing a social support, having a spiritual practice, and developing a healthy routine of adequate sleep, eating nutritious meals and getting exercise. […] If you or a loved one has alcohol use disorder, treatment is essential. […] Treatment involves counseling, such as behavioral therapy, and medications that reduce the desire to drink. […] Mutual support groups help people stop drinking, manage relapses and cope with necessary lifestyle changes.

• #1 Tips for Preventing Substance Abuse – Student Affairs

  https://www.pvamu.edu/sa/drug-and-alcohol-abuse-prevention-program-daapp/tips-for-preventing-substance-abuse/

  While there is no one way or guaranteed way to prevent someone from abusing drugs and alcohol, there are things that everyone can do to prevent substance abuse. […] Here are the top five ways to prevent substance abuse: […] 1. Understand how substance abuse develops. Substance abuse starts by: […] 2. Avoid Temptation and Peer Pressure. Develop healthy friendships and relationships by avoiding friends or family members who pressure you to use substances. […] 3. Seek help for mental illness. Mental illness and substance abuse often go hand in hand. […] 4. Examine the risk factors. Look at your family history of mental illness and addiction, several studies have shown that this disease tends to run in the family, but can be prevented. […] 5. Keep a well-balanced life. People often turn to drugs and alcohol when something in their life is missing or not working. […] Share these tips for avoiding and preventing substance abuse with your friends and family and help promote a healthier lifestyle free from addiction.

• #1 Military psychologist talks facts, prevention of substance, alcohol misuse among service members | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/265016/military_psychologist_talks_facts_prevention_of_substance_alcohol_misuse_among_service_members

  Military psychologist talks facts, prevention of substance, alcohol misuse among service members Army data from a recent behavioral health investigation of Soldiers in one unit showed that 22 percent reported hazardous or heavy drinking. […] Public health studies indicate that alcohol use disorders are the most common form of SUDs among Army personnel. Alcohol misuse continues to be a problem across the Army, contributing to behavioral health issues, misconduct/crimes, suicidal risk behaviors and other high-risk behaviors that threaten readiness and well-being. […] Engaging with young adult service members to build healthy coping strategies and prevent substance misuse is especially important. […] Recognizing the warning signs of alcohol abuse and then receiving proper treatment can have a significant impact on the recovery process.

• #1 Goal 3: Prevent and Reduce Alcohol Misuse, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Associated Consequences | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/about-niaaa/strategic-plan-fiscal-years-2024-2028/research-goals/goal-3-prevent-and-reduce-alcohol-misuse-alcohol-use-disorder-and-associated-consequences

  NIAAA encourages research to promote improvements in alcohol SBI, including increased utilization and a better understanding of outcomes for example: Collecting additional evidence of the effectiveness of SBI for alcohol misuse among adolescents and older adults. […] Patterns of alcohol use and misuse vary over the life course. […] For these reasons, adolescents and young adults remain a central focus of prevention research. […] Each of these factors provides opportunities for prevention efforts tailored to connect in meaningful ways with young people who have varied experiences, beliefs, and access to resources. […] NIAAA encourages ongoing and new efforts to determine the impact of policies on alcohol misuse and harms, such as: Examining effects of alcohol policies on alcohol-related morbidity, mortality, and risk behaviors, including but not limited to intentional and unintentional injuries, child and maternal health outcomes, and chronic conditions.

• #1 Alcohol use disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243

  Early intervention can prevent alcohol-related problems in teens. If you have a teenager, be alert to signs and symptoms that may indicate a problem with alcohol: […] You can help prevent teenage alcohol use: […] Set a good example with your own alcohol use. […] Talk openly with your child, spend quality time together and become actively involved in your child’s life. […] Let your child know what behavior you expect and what the consequences will be for not following the rules.

• #1 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  As a result, there is a recognized need to address the interrelationship of co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders through innovative approaches or adaptations of traditional treatments. […] A systematic review of school-based interventions concluded that they can be an effective approach to alcohol prevention, at least in the short term. […] However, another review noted that while school-based interventions increased knowledge and improved attitudes regarding drinking, evidence does not support their sustained effect on behavior. […] An important direction for future research in this area would be to obtain more information on the short- and long-term efficacy of school-based alcohol prevention interventions. […] Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a paradigm designed for use by healthcare providers who are not specialists in alcohol treatment to identify and reduce harmful drinking, thereby reducing the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence.

• #1 A Comprehensive Guide to Prevention from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

  https://www.confidanthealth.com/help-with-alcohol-use/alcohol-use-disorder-prevention

  Alcohol consumption can lead to serious health consequences; hence, immediate steps should be taken to prevent alcohol use disorder. […] If you or your close one is struggling with alcohol dependence, you can seek professional help from Confidant Health. It is an online platform that offers Medication-Assisted Treatment to treat and prevent alcohol use disorder. […] Prevention of alcohol misuse at the right time is essential for ones self and surroundings. […] Prevention of alcohol abuse is critical in pregnancy for fetal well-being. A pregnant mother should know when to stop alcohol use to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders such as the fetus’s small head size, abnormal appearance, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). […] If alcohol misuse is prevented, alcohol-related health diseases and costs can be managed. Less effort is required to deal with the harmful consequences of alcohol preventatively.

• #1 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  According to SBIRT guidelines, brief interventions are recommended for patients who screen positive for harmful drinking but are not alcohol dependent. […] Referral to treatment may be more useful for this population, which often requires more intensive intervention. […] SBIRT has been used as a paradigm to guide clinical interactions for individuals with combined illicit drug and alcohol use, with initial evidence of effectiveness. […] Despite the availability of validated screening tools, less than 25% of U.S. adult binge drinkers report ever being asked by a health professional about their drinking. […] Evidence is lacking on the efficacy of SBIRT implementation in psychiatric emergency settings or in psychiatric outpatient settings that are not oriented to addressing substance abuse problems.

• #1 Medicines To Treat Alcohol Use Disorder | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/alcohol-misuse-drug-therapy/consumer

  Medicines are usually used with talk therapy (also called „psychotherapy”) and support groups to treat alcohol use disorder. This summary only reviews research on medicines to treat alcohol use disorder. […] Treatment for alcohol use disorder may include talk therapy (also called psychotherapy), support groups, medicines, or a combination of treatments. Alcohol use disorder can be a long-term condition, like high blood pressure or asthma. You may need treatment over a long period of time. […] Your doctor may suggest a medicine to help treat your alcohol use disorder. Medicines are usually used together with talk therapy and support groups. […] The FDA approves medicines for certain uses. Doctors often prescribe medicines for conditions other than their FDA-approved uses. […] This summary only reviews research on medicines to treat alcohol use disorder. It does not review research on other types of treatment, such as talk therapy and support groups.

• #1 Evidence-Based Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder

  https://dhhr.wv.gov/office-of-drug-control-policy/newsletters/Pages/Evidence-Based-Treatments-for-Alcohol-Use-Disorder.aspx

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. […] In general, treatment goals of AUD are to reduce and manage symptoms and improve health and functioning. […] There are multiple effective and evidence-based treatment approaches for AUD including medications, behavioral treatments, and mutual support groups. […] Three medications are currently approved by the FDA to help people stop or reduce their drinking and prevent relapse. […] Naltrexone and acamprosate help manage alcohol cravings and reduce heavy drinking. […] Disulfiram blocks breakdown of alcohol which causes unpleasant symptoms if alcohol is consumed. […] Evidence supports multiple therapy modalities as well as brief interventions and reinforcement approaches.

• #1 Alcohol Use: Medications for alcohol use disorders | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/alcohol-use/alcohol-use—treatment/treatment—medications-for-alcohol-use-disorders

  Primary care providers should routinely offer medication for moderate and severe alcohol use disorders, even if the patient is not willing to engage in formal psychosocial treatment. […] Meta-analyses show that two medications, naltrexone and acamprosate, can reduce the frequency and intensity of binge drinking and increase abstinence rates. […] Naltrexone can reduce relapse of heavy drinking and binge drinking, and helps patients achieve abstinence. It is the first-line medication. […] Acamprosate is effective for promoting abstinence. […] Disulfiram is effective in achieving abstinence if it is taken under supervision, for example by a pharmacist, partner or mutual aid (e.g., AA) sponsor. […] Several medications are used off-label to treat moderate or severe alcohol use disorder. […] Prescribing thiamine is important because heavy alcohol consumption can result in thiamine deficiency, which can lead to alcohol-induced brain damage. […] Emphasize that medication is an essential component of recovery for many patients.

• #1 Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p457.html

  No medications are approved for the treatment of AUD in adolescents younger than 18 years; therefore, these patients should be referred for subspecialist treatment. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening adults for alcohol misuse and providing persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking behaviors with brief behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol misuse. […] The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) review that included 135 studies of pharmacologic treatment of AUD in outpatient settings found moderate evidence to support the use of naltrexone and acamprosate, and insufficient evidence to support the use of disulfiram. […] There are several anticonvulsants that may help patients with AUD decrease alcohol consumption, but data are limited. […] Ondansetron (Zofran) may decrease alcohol consumption in patients with AUD.

• #1 Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p457.html

  The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen adults for alcohol misuse and provide persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking behaviors with brief behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol misuse. […] Individuals who engage in high-risk drinking should be counseled to decrease their alcohol use, and patients diagnosed with AUD should be offered treatment, such as brief behavioral interventions, support programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous, individual and group therapy, and medications. […] A Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Consensus Panel recommends pharmacotherapy along with behavioral interventions for AUD. […] The Department of Veterans Affairs recommends the consideration of naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol) and/or acamprosate (Campral) for AUD treatment, along with counseling.

• #1 Prevention | Office of Addiction Services and Supports

  https://oasas.ny.gov/prevention

  Strategies proven to reduce or prevent problem gambling, alcohol and/or drug use in youth and young adults. […] NY’s approach to addiction prevention is pro-active and data-driven. We utilize proven-effective strategies and programs to reduce or prevent problem behaviors (i.e. problem gambling or alcohol/drug use) in individuals, families, and communities. Understanding and identifying certain risk and protective factors help prevent problem behavior and promote healthy development among children, adolescents, and young adults. Increased protective factors include: open communication with family members, teachers, and other adults in their lives; strong sense of family, positive experiences and role models; as well as the attitudes/conditions of their community. […] Prevention providers deliver evidence-based education programs, workshops, and training sessions in community-based settings (e.g. schools) statewide and work on policy and enforcement efforts to reduce underage drinking and create positive alternative activities for youth.

• #1 Excessive alcohol use prevention and data | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/alcohol

  Our goal is to reduce excessive alcohol-related harms through: […] Increased awareness about the public health impact of excessive alcohol use […] Improved collaboration between partners working on prevention […] The center provides additional information and resources related to the status of the public health policies and practices recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force for preventing alcohol-related harms. […] Highlights interventions and actions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving fatalities and presents ideas for reviving public and policymaker attention, thereby turning concern into decisive action to address this tragic and preventable problem. […] Summaries of the Community Preventive Services Task Force findings based on systematic reviews of peer-reviewed studies.

• #1 Alcohol Prevention | North Central Texas College

  https://www.nctc.edu/awareness/alcohol-prevention

  September is Alcohol Prevention Awareness Month. The purpose is to point out the stigma that still surrounds alcoholism and substance abuse and to highlight the need for education on the dangers of unsafe alcohol consumptions. […] With this in mind, Alcohol Awareness Month gives public health bodies, community centers, and treatment facilities the chance to increase their efforts to reach people who may not fully appreciate the dangers of unhealthy alcohol consumption. […] Programs like Alcohol Awareness Month exist to ensure that families and communities have the resources, information, and options available to control the crisis of alcoholism. […] Dr. Roxanne Del Rio is the Dean of Students at North Central Texas College and recently published an article to the Denton Record-Chronicle about the vulnerability of college students to alcohol abuse, the risks and dangers it poses, how it may manifest, and how to prevent it.

• #1 Alcohol Misuse Prevention in Maine | MeCDC | DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/alcohol.shtml

  Implementing media campaigns like Party Smarter to increase awareness of the immediate negative consequences of binge drinking and how to create a plan to stay safe. […] Promoting training for liquor licensees and their employees like Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) or TIPS trainings to improve knowledge and skills on when and how to check customer identification, how to spot fake identification, and how to avoid selling alcohol to intoxicated people. […] Offering family education and support services free of stigma for expecting mothers and families about alcohol use and its effects on infants and the home. […] The guidelines put forth by the Responsible Retailing forum and other leading intelligence and recommendations led Maine to create the CARD ME guide, which educates liquor license holders in how, when, and why to check ID in the sale of alcohol and other age-controlled substances.

• #1 Alcohol Misuse Prevention in Maine | MeCDC | DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/alcohol.shtml

  Alcohol is the most widely misused substance in Maine by youth and adults. It remains one of our priorities to educate caregivers with the reasons not to provide alcohol to youth, to teach youth healthy alternatives for socialization and stress management, and to help the community understand how and why youth access to alcohol should be limited. […] Increasing community understanding of the effects and risks of substance use with educational outreach by our coalitions, statewide media campaigns. […] Reducing youth access to alcohol by: Providing law enforcement with support to hold liquor stores and dining establishments accountable. […] Educating parents on safe storage of alcohol and using programs like Parents Who Host Lose the Most or Not in My House to address not providing alcohol to youth.

• #1 Substance Use Disorder Prevention | Ottawa County, MI

  https://miottawa.org/health/substance-use/

  Indicated preventive interventions are aimed at individuals who are exhibiting early signs of having a substance use disorder though they have not been diagnosed. […] Ottawa County offers a free alcohol service training called TiPS (Training for Intervention Procedures). TiPS is nationally recognized and suggested by the Michigan Liquor Control Commission. The training prepares retailers and servers to minimize the legal and safety risks associated with alcohol misuse that pose a threat to our community. […] ROADD is a community coalition (a part of the OSAP Coalition), which seeks to reduce underage drinking and alcohol involved crashes in Ottawa County by reducing underage access to alcohol, increasing the perception of the consequences of drunk driving and encouraging responsible beverage service practices.

• #1 LA County Department of Public Health – Substance Abuse Prevention and Control – Prevention

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/sapc/public/prevention/?tm

  Coalitions partner with local community members to develop and enforce policies that minimize substance-related harms, limit outlets that offer substances (if legal), and restrict access to minors. […] Through pilot programs, data collection efforts document issues of marijuana smoking in shared spaces, such as multi-unit dwellings, public parks, businesses, and schools. Other programs assess the extent of alcohol availability to minors through local alcohol delivery applications. […] Media campaigns provide countywide awareness and education on priority substances that affect Los Angeles County communities. […] Since 2017, prevention media campaigns cover various topics including marijuana, prescription opioids, methamphetamine, alcohol, and fentanyl. […] Alcohol Prevention Efforts in LA County: Fact Sheet. […] Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Fact Sheet. […] Alcohol Use in California: Infographic (English) | (Spanish). […] Alcohol Harms Prevention Initiative: Webpage.

• #1 Overview | Alcohol-use disorders: prevention | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph24

  This guideline covers alcohol problems among people over 10. It aims to prevent and identify such problems as early as possible using a mix of policy and practice. […] This guideline includes recommendations on: price, availability and marketing, licensing, supporting children and young people aged 10 to 15 years, screening young people aged 16 and 17 years and offering them extended brief interventions, screening adults and offering them brief advice and interventions, referral. […] Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual professionals and people using services wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with complying with those duties.

• #1 News

  https://www.who.int/initiatives/SAFER

  Every 10 seconds a person dies from alcohol-related causes. WHO, in collaboration with international partners, launched the SAFER initiative in 2018. „SAFER” is an acronym for the 5 most cost effective interventions to reduce alcohol related harm. Enacting and enforcing restrictions on commercial or public availability of alcohol through laws, policies, and programmes are important ways to reduce harmful use of alcohol. Such strategies provide essential measures to prevent easy access to alcohol by young people and other vulnerable and high-risk groups. Enacting and enforcing strong drink-driving laws and low blood alcohol concentration limits via sobriety checkpoints and random breath testing will help to turn the tide. Health professionals have an important role in helping people to reduce or stop their drinking to reduce health risks, and health services have to provide effective interventions for those in need of help and their families. Bans and comprehensive restrictions on alcohol advertising, sponsorship and promotion are impactful and cost-effective measures. Enacting and enforcing bans or comprehensive restrictions on exposure to them in the digital world will bring public health benefits and help protect children, adolescents and abstainers from the pressure to start consuming alcohol. Alcohol taxation and pricing policies are among the most effective and cost-effective alcohol control measures. An increase in excise taxes on alcoholic beverages is a proven measure to reduce harmful use of alcohol and it provides governments revenue to offset the economic costs of harmful use of alcohol. WHO launches SAFER alcohol control initiative to prevent and reduce alcohol-related death and disability.

• #1 Drug and Alcohol Use — Evidence-Based Resources – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/evidence-based-resources

  Use of Medication-Assisted Treatment in Emergency Departments […] Substance Misuse Prevention for Young Adults […] Preventing the Use of Marijuana: Focus on Women and Pregnancy […] Preventing Marijuana Use Among Youth […] Alcohol Excessive Consumption: Maintaining Limits on Days of Sale […] Alcohol Excessive Consumption: Maintaining Limits on Hours of Sale […] Increased Police Patrols for Preventing Alcohol-Impaired Driving […] Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programmes for Reducing Drink Driving Recidivism […] Managed Alcohol as a Harm Reduction Intervention for Alcohol Addiction in Populations at High Risk for Substance Abuse […] Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention for Youth: A Practitioner’s Guide […] Universal School-Based Prevention Programs for Alcohol Misuse in Young People […] Motivational Interviewing for the Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in Young Adults […] Universal Multi-Component Prevention Programs for Alcohol Misuse in Young People […] Universal Family-Based Prevention Programs for Alcohol Misuse in Young People

• #1 Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention : Student Wellness Center

  https://swc.osu.edu/wellness-education-and-resources/alcohol-and-other-drug-prevention

  Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) prevention is the application of Public Health sciences and theories which focus on the development of evidence-based strategies that reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities regarding substance use. […] ATOD prevention encompasses a range of programs, policies, and practices aimed at reducing the incidence and prevalence of substance misuse for individuals, families, and communities. […] Primary Prevention attempts to reduce the likelihood of substance misuse and/or abuse from occurring. […] Secondary Prevention attempts to halt or interrupt substance misuse behaviors through intervention in individuals already demonstrating early signs or symptoms of misuse. […] Tertiary Prevention focuses on effectively treating substance use disorders and preventing their reoccurrence.

• #1 Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs | County Health Rankings & Roadmaps

  https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/universal-school-based-alcohol-prevention-programs

  Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs provide all students with the information and skills needed to prevent underage alcohol use, without screening for risk level. Such programs can be delivered as a specific curriculum that is part of school lessons or as a component of classroom behavior management. Programs can focus on raising awareness of the potential dangers of alcohol use, development of norm setting and peer resistance skills, or a combination of these approaches. […] There is some evidence that universal school-based alcohol prevention programs reduce alcohol use among adolescents; such programs appear more effective for younger adolescents than older adolescents. Additional evidence is needed to confirm effects and determine the characteristics of the most effective programs.

• #1 Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs | County Health Rankings & Roadmaps

  https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/universal-school-based-alcohol-prevention-programs

  Individually-delivered brief interventions that last fewer than 5 hours have been shown to reduce alcohol use among adolescents. Classroom-based programs that target alcohol use and other risk behaviors such as tobacco use, illicit drug use, sexual risk, and antisocial behavior may also reduce adolescent alcohol use; such programs may be more effective than programs that focus on alcohol alone. Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs that combine student and parent interventions may reduce students alcohol use. Researchers suggest that program content consider adolescents psychological and cognitive developmental stage for different age groups.

• #1 Alcohol & Drug Prevention & Education | Student Health Services | Student Affairs | Oregon State University

  https://studenthealth.oregonstate.edu/alcohol-drug-prevention-education

  Impact is an evidence-based program designed for our students to engage in meaningful discussion about alcohol or other substance use. During your Impact session, you will receive personalized feedback regarding your substance use, along with a variety of harm reduction strategies to help you be safe and responsible.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/treatment/

  The treatment options for alcohol misuse depend on the extent of your drinking and whether you’re trying to drink less (moderation) or give up drinking completely (abstinence). […] If you are worried about your drinking or have had an alcohol-related accident or injury, you may be offered a short counselling session known as a brief intervention. […] Moderation or abstinence are treatment options if you’re: regularly drinking more than 14 units a week, experiencing health problems directly related to alcohol, unable to function without alcohol (alcohol dependency). […] Cutting alcohol out completely will have a greater health benefit. However, moderation is often a more realistic goal, or at least a first step on the way to abstinence. […] Ultimately, the choice is yours, but there are circumstances where abstinence is strongly recommended, including if you: have liver damage, such as liver disease or cirrhosis, have other medical problems, such as heart disease, that can be made worse by drinking, are taking medication that can react badly with alcohol, such as antipsychotics, are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

• #1 Evidence-Based Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder

  https://dhhr.wv.gov/office-of-drug-control-policy/newsletters/Pages/Evidence-Based-Treatments-for-Alcohol-Use-Disorder.aspx

  Behavioral therapies can also help people develop skills to avoid and overcome triggers that might lead to relapse. […] The good news is that no matter how severe the problem may seem, evidence-based treatment with medications, behavioral therapies, and mutual-support groups can help people with AUD achieve and maintain recovery. […] The time is now for health care professionals and the community at large to educate themselves on these evidence-based therapeutic options in order to increase treatment engagement of those struggling with AUD so they can begin their journey of recovery.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/treatment/

  Nalmefene (brand name Selincro) may be used to prevent a relapse or limit the amount of alcohol someone drinks. […] Many people who have alcohol dependency problems find it useful to attend self-help groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or SMART Recovery. […] Alcohol dependence doesn’t just impact on an individual it can also affect a whole family. Family therapy provides family members with the opportunity to learn about the nature of alcohol dependence and support the member of the family who is trying to abstain from alcohol.

• #1 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  Heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are major public health problems. […] However, a consensus exists that clinically useful and valuable tools are available to address these issues. […] Areas covered include prevention; screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment (SBIRT); evidence-based behavioral interventions; medication-assisted treatment; technology-based interventions (eHealth and mHealth); and population-level interventions. […] Despite the known adverse health consequences and prevalence of alcohol use (including harmful alcohol use), many practitioners outside the specific areas of alcohol specialization are not knowledgeable about the guidelines for preventing, identifying, and treating heavy drinking or AUD. […] There is also a greater risk of relapse among individuals with co-occurring mental health disorders who receive alcohol treatment.

• #1 Prevention and early intervention – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/resources/health-professionals/aod-mental-health/prevention-early-intervention/

  For example, encouraging people to avoid early or heavy alcohol and other drug use can help reduce personal and social dysfunction, mental and physical health problems and the need for complex interventions through the health, legal and justice systems. […] By strengthening and supporting personal and social protective factors the likelihood that people, particularly young people, will engage in problematic AOD use is reduced, thus promoting mental and physical health and improving their life chances. […] Health practitioners play an important role in reducing the harms associated with dual diagnosis and comorbidity through effective secondary and tertiary prevention. […] Secondary prevention seeks to identify risk factors and early warning signs through screening for early detection and treatment, resulting in a decrease in the number of cases of a disorder or illness.

• #1 Prevention and early intervention – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/resources/health-professionals/aod-mental-health/prevention-early-intervention/

  Tertiary prevention focusses on effectively treating conditions and preventing their reoccurrence, as well as addressing the reciprocal and compounding effect of self-medication or under-treatment. […] Another key priority for specialist AOD and mental health practitioners and services is to take a no wrong door approach. […] This helps prevent people with a dual diagnosis and other complex needs from falling through the cracks.

• #1 Substance Misuse Prevention Services | New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

  https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/programs-services/health-care/substance-misuse-prevention-services

  One of the goals of DHHS Bureau of Drug & Alcohol Services (BDAS) Prevention Services Unit is to prevent the onset and reduce the progression of substance misuse across all age groups, including underage drinking and the misuse of alcohol and/or other drugs, and to reduce the negative consequences of substance misuse for individuals, families, and communities. […] BDAS delivers evidence-informed substance misuse prevention programs, for young adults entering or currently in the workforce who are between 18 and 25 years of age in order to mitigate risk factors associated with substance misuse by promoting positive protective factors. […] A strong prevention system needs a strong workforce which is why New Hampshire recognizes and encourages the Certified Prevention Specialist certification.

• #1 Prevention and early intervention – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/resources/health-professionals/aod-mental-health/prevention-early-intervention/

  The strong relationship between mental health and alcohol and other drugs has implications for how we prevent and address the burden these disorders place on individuals and on our community. […] Effective primary prevention acknowledges the prevalence and impacts caused by co-occurring disorders and focuses on reducing risk factors and strengthening the protective factors that are most closely related to the problem being addressed. […] Because of the bi-directional nature of these conditions, efforts that prevent AOD use will reduce the prevalence of mental health conditions and vice versa. […] Primary prevention strategies aim to shift the focus upstream by helping people to avoid, reduce or modify drug use; rather than reacting to a subsequent downstream problem that requires acute treatment, and often an emergency response.

• #1 Prevention and Early Intervention | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0401-3_3

  This chapter focuses on primary prevention programs designed to prevent or delay the commencement of harmful alcohol use and secondary prevention, also called early intervention, namely programs targeting those who are already engaging in harmful alcohol use or considered at risk of doing so. […] The limited evidence available suggests that a high level of community involvement, multi-component programs, promotion of cultural connectivity and skills development are all factors conducive to effective primary prevention. […] The chapter describes efforts to embed screening and early interventions in primary healthcare settings, and the barriers encountered in these efforts. […] Early interventions, also called secondary prevention, focus on people who have begun to engage in harmful alcohol use or are considered at risk of doing so, but who have not reached a stage of requiring intensive treatment or rehabilitation.

• #1 Prevention and Early Intervention | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0401-3_3

  The potential value of early intervention was first highlighted by a WHO expert committee in the early 1980s. […] The case for supporting alcohol interventions in Aboriginal primary healthcare settings remains compelling, in part because Aboriginal people with substance misuse problems are more likely to seek out treatment in these settings than to access specialist alcohol and other drug services. […] A number of attempts and initiatives have been launched with a view to embedding screening and early intervention for problematic alcohol use into clinical practice in Aboriginal primary healthcare settings. […] The most widely used screening instruments are derived from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a 10-item instrument developed through a six-country collaborative project in the early 1990s.

• #1 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  There is a recognized need to address the interrelationship of co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders through innovative approaches or adaptations of traditional treatments. […] Consensus exists that there are several evidence-based behavioral interventions that can be used to treat heavy drinking and AUD. […] MI has an extensive evidence base that consistently supports its use as an effective behavior intervention to help patients reduce risky/heavy drinking. […] A systematic review of studies on continuing care for alcohol use disorder discovered very few high quality studies. […] Despite the availability of medications with demonstrated efficacy for treating AUD, they are widely underutilized. […] Research to identify and develop medications with greater efficacy that can gain widespread clinical acceptance in treating heavy drinking and AUD remains a high priority. […] Given the high prevalence of harmful alcohol use and its adverse health consequences, developing a fuller understanding of these issues is a public health priority.

• #1

  https://health.maryland.gov/qahealth/substance-abuse/Pages/Substance_Abuse.aspx

  The Queen Anne’s County Department of Health Prevention Services would like for you to take part in a 3-minute post-survey that will help us to assess the effectiveness of our community-based prevention marketing campaign targeting proper storage and disposal of prescriptions drugs, and underage drinking in our community. […] Alcoholism and drug addiction are chronic, progressive, potentially fatal diseases, a personal commitment with the support of community resources helps individuals and their families in this lifelong recovery process. […] Prevention Services […] Underage Drinking and Tobacco Prevention/Education Events and Campaigns.

• #1 Reduce the proportion of people who had alcohol use disorder in the past year — SU‑13 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/drug-and-alcohol-use/reduce-proportion-people-who-had-alcohol-use-disorder-past-year-su-13

  Reduce the proportion of persons with alcohol use disorder in the past year […] Drinking too much alcohol can cause serious health problems including stroke, cancer, and cirrhosis. People with alcohol use disorder are also more likely to get sick and less able to fight off infections. Prevention strategies include programs at the school, family, and community level and behavioral therapies and medications can help treat alcohol use disorder.

• #2 Prevention of Substance Use | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/prevention/substance-use-disorders

  Prevention and early intervention strategies can reduce the impact of substance use in America’s communities. […] Prevention activities work to educate and support individuals and communities to prevent the use and misuse of drugs and the development of substance use disorders. […] Substance use and mental disorders can make daily activities difficult and impair a person’s ability to work, interact with family, and fulfill other major life functions. Mental and substance use disorders are among the top conditions that cause disability in the United States. Preventing mental or substance use disorders or co-occurring disorders and related problems is critical to behavioral and physical health. […] SAMHSA’s Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) aims to develop comprehensive systems through providing national leadership in the development of policies, programs, and services to prevent the onset of substance misuse.

• #2

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/preventionwellness/excessivealcoholuse/pages/index.aspx

  Excessive alcohol use remains the third leading cause of preventable death among Oregonians and is responsible for over 2,000 deaths annually. […] Excessive alcohol use has serious consequences for public health. It can lead to significant problems including liver disease, diabetes, cancer, alcohol dependence and injuries from motor vehicle crashes and violence. […] Conversely, consuming less alcohol lowers a persons risk for injuries and for developing a chronic disease. Drinking less alcohol also helps people manage existing chronic diseases, including liver disease, cancers and alcohol dependence. […] Our goal is to decrease excessive drinking and the harm it causes to individuals, families and communities throughout our state.

• #2 Substance use disorder prevention and mental health promotion | Washington State Health Care Authority

  https://www.hca.wa.gov/about-hca/programs-and-initiatives/behavioral-health-and-recovery/substance-use-disorder-prevention-and-mental-health-promotion

  Keeping children and teens healthy and safe while reducing the cost to communities of substance misuse are our highest priorities. Our prevention and intervention goals are to delay and prevent the misuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, reduce the negative consequences of substance use, and prevent and reduce alcohol and other drug dependency. […] Community-based organizations (CBOs) are state grant funded organizations that serve high-need communities by providing quality and culturally competent substance use disorder prevention and mental health promotion and suicide prevention programming through evidence-based, research-based, and innovative programs and strategies. […] HCA is responsible for developing a plan to implement Section 28 of I-502. This includes administering the Washington State Healthy Youth Survey, working with the Washington State Institute for Public Policy to evaluate prevention and intervention program impacts, and maintaining evidence-based programs to prevent substance use and substance dependence. […] The Washington Healthy Youth Coalition provides state-level leadership to reduce underage drinking and marijuana use by leveraging resources and strengthening communities in Washington.

• #2 Prevention | Office of Addiction Services and Supports

  https://oasas.ny.gov/prevention

  Strategies proven to reduce or prevent problem gambling, alcohol and/or drug use in youth and young adults. […] NY’s approach to addiction prevention is pro-active and data-driven. We utilize proven-effective strategies and programs to reduce or prevent problem behaviors (i.e. problem gambling or alcohol/drug use) in individuals, families, and communities. Understanding and identifying certain risk and protective factors help prevent problem behavior and promote healthy development among children, adolescents, and young adults. Increased protective factors include: open communication with family members, teachers, and other adults in their lives; strong sense of family, positive experiences and role models; as well as the attitudes/conditions of their community. […] Prevention providers deliver evidence-based education programs, workshops, and training sessions in community-based settings (e.g. schools) statewide and work on policy and enforcement efforts to reduce underage drinking and create positive alternative activities for youth.

• #2 How to Prevent Alcoholism – Addiction Group

  https://www.addictiongroup.org/alcohol/addiction/prevention/

  Yes, you can prevent alcohol abuse. However, alcohol has different effects on everyone. Because of this, there’s no single way to prevent alcoholism. […] The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend non-drinkers abstain from alcohol completely. If you’ve already started drinking, limit yourself to 1 drink a day for women or 2 drinks a day for men. […] The main consequence of underage drinking is that it causes impulsive behavior. This often increases the risk of: […] Older people have a lower tolerance for alcohol. They can suffer from alcohol-related harm even if they drink within the recommended limits. […] If you experience these or know someone who does, don’t hesitate to seek professional treatment and advice. […] Preventing alcoholism can help you avoid long-term, life-altering consequences.

• #2 Alcohol Use and Your Health | Alcohol Use | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/about-alcohol-use/index.html

  You can take steps to lower your risk of alcohol-related harms. […] The less alcohol you drink, the lower your risk for these health effects, including several types of cancer.

• #2 A Comprehensive Guide to Prevention from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

  https://www.confidanthealth.com/help-with-alcohol-use/alcohol-use-disorder-prevention

  Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) joins forces with national governments to form certain policies regarding alcohol use and distribution to prevent drastic results. Campaigns, strategic programs, and guidelines to help adults are introduced to prevent alcohol misuse and improper distribution. […] Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is more common in teenagers than adults due to peer pressure, schooling, family history, and social culture. It is very important to prevent teenagers from alcohol misuse because they are more prone to drug misuse Cessation of alcohol at the right time in their life is necessary to prevent damages associated with it. […] Psychotherapy and social awareness can be effective methods to prevent alcohol use disorder in teens and young adults. […] A few steps towards a better life by preventing excessive alcohol intake are: Safe drinking: An adult should follow The Dietary Guidelines regarding the safe limit of alcohol consumption. He or she should be able to limit their drinking to a moderate level rather than excessive alcohol consumption.

• #2 Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs | County Health Rankings & Roadmaps

  https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/strategies-and-solutions/what-works-for-health/strategies/universal-school-based-alcohol-prevention-programs

  Universal school-based alcohol prevention programs provide all students with the information and skills needed to prevent underage alcohol use, without screening for risk level. Such programs can be delivered as a specific curriculum that is part of school lessons or as a component of classroom behavior management. Programs can focus on raising awareness of the potential dangers of alcohol use, development of norm setting and peer resistance skills, or a combination of these approaches. […] There is some evidence that universal school-based alcohol prevention programs reduce alcohol use among adolescents; such programs appear more effective for younger adolescents than older adolescents. Additional evidence is needed to confirm effects and determine the characteristics of the most effective programs.

• #2 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  According to SBIRT guidelines, brief interventions are recommended for patients who screen positive for harmful drinking but are not alcohol dependent. […] Referral to treatment may be more useful for this population, which often requires more intensive intervention. […] SBIRT has been used as a paradigm to guide clinical interactions for individuals with combined illicit drug and alcohol use, with initial evidence of effectiveness. […] Despite the availability of validated screening tools, less than 25% of U.S. adult binge drinkers report ever being asked by a health professional about their drinking. […] Evidence is lacking on the efficacy of SBIRT implementation in psychiatric emergency settings or in psychiatric outpatient settings that are not oriented to addressing substance abuse problems.

• #2 Prevention and Early Intervention | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-0401-3_3

  The value of brief interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use derives from evidence that a discussion of as little as five minutes, delivered at an appropriate time in a primary healthcare setting by a health practitioner, can lead to reductions in the amount and frequency of drinking on the part of at-risk drinkers. […] Despite the strong evidence that early interventions in primary healthcare settings are effective in reducing and preventing alcohol misuse, international studies show that implementation of early and brief interventions continues to be hampered by barriers.

• #2 Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder | Office of Addiction Services and Supports

  https://oasas.ny.gov/providers/medications-treatment-alcohol-use-disorder

  Acamprosate (Campral) is a prescription medication that may prevent individuals who already have stopped drinking from returning to alcohol use. […] Acamprosate also may reduce cravings for alcohol. […] For alcohol use disorder, naltrexone has been shown to reduce heavy alcohol use during an episode of drinking and, if someone has decreased or stopped drinking, prevent a return to heavy alcohol use if drinking does occur. […] Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a prescription medication that can help prevent a return to alcohol use after an individual has stopped drinking completely. […] Concerns about experiencing this unpleasant reaction discourage those taking disulfiram from drinking alcohol. […] Disulfiram is contraindicated in pregnancy, for those with severe heart disease or psychosis, and is not recommended for those with liver disease.

• #2 LA County Department of Public Health – Substance Abuse Prevention and Control – Prevention

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/sapc/public/prevention/?tm

  Prevention is the use of strategies or programs to change social norms, social conditions, and risky behaviors to minimize substance use initiation before it leads to substance use-associated disorders (addiction). […] Programs are geared for individuals who have never used, may be at-risk for using, or do not have a current substance use disorder (also known as addiction) or need treatment. […] Substance use prevention services address both individual and community-level public health issues of drug access and availability, with key strategies targeting risk and protective factors associated with cannabis, alcohol, methamphetamine, and opioid use. […] Educating the public on recognizing substance misuse and abuse, including the short-term effects and long-term dangers of substances, is a key tool to reduce use and associated harms.

• #2 Alcohol Misuse Prevention in Maine | MeCDC | DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/alcohol.shtml

  Alcohol is the most widely misused substance in Maine by youth and adults. It remains one of our priorities to educate caregivers with the reasons not to provide alcohol to youth, to teach youth healthy alternatives for socialization and stress management, and to help the community understand how and why youth access to alcohol should be limited. […] Increasing community understanding of the effects and risks of substance use with educational outreach by our coalitions, statewide media campaigns. […] Reducing youth access to alcohol by: Providing law enforcement with support to hold liquor stores and dining establishments accountable. […] Educating parents on safe storage of alcohol and using programs like Parents Who Host Lose the Most or Not in My House to address not providing alcohol to youth.

• #2 Alcohol Misuse Prevention in Maine | MeCDC | DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/alcohol.shtml

  Implementing media campaigns like Party Smarter to increase awareness of the immediate negative consequences of binge drinking and how to create a plan to stay safe. […] Promoting training for liquor licensees and their employees like Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) or TIPS trainings to improve knowledge and skills on when and how to check customer identification, how to spot fake identification, and how to avoid selling alcohol to intoxicated people. […] Offering family education and support services free of stigma for expecting mothers and families about alcohol use and its effects on infants and the home. […] The guidelines put forth by the Responsible Retailing forum and other leading intelligence and recommendations led Maine to create the CARD ME guide, which educates liquor license holders in how, when, and why to check ID in the sale of alcohol and other age-controlled substances.

• #2 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  As a result, there is a recognized need to address the interrelationship of co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders through innovative approaches or adaptations of traditional treatments. […] A systematic review of school-based interventions concluded that they can be an effective approach to alcohol prevention, at least in the short term. […] However, another review noted that while school-based interventions increased knowledge and improved attitudes regarding drinking, evidence does not support their sustained effect on behavior. […] An important direction for future research in this area would be to obtain more information on the short- and long-term efficacy of school-based alcohol prevention interventions. […] Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a paradigm designed for use by healthcare providers who are not specialists in alcohol treatment to identify and reduce harmful drinking, thereby reducing the risk of alcohol abuse and dependence.

• #2 Evidence-Based Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder

  https://dhhr.wv.gov/office-of-drug-control-policy/newsletters/Pages/Evidence-Based-Treatments-for-Alcohol-Use-Disorder.aspx

  Behavioral therapies can also help people develop skills to avoid and overcome triggers that might lead to relapse. […] The good news is that no matter how severe the problem may seem, evidence-based treatment with medications, behavioral therapies, and mutual-support groups can help people with AUD achieve and maintain recovery. […] The time is now for health care professionals and the community at large to educate themselves on these evidence-based therapeutic options in order to increase treatment engagement of those struggling with AUD so they can begin their journey of recovery.

• #2 Alcoholism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview

  Alcohol use is the fourth leading cause of preventable death in the United States (after smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019, with most of these (2 million) occurring among men. […] The first step in treatment is brief intervention. […] Complete abstinence is the only treatment for alcohol dependence. […] Strongly recommend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). […] Encourage hospitalized patients to call AA from the hospital; AA will send someone to talk to them if the patient makes the contact. […] Patients need to attend AA meetings regularly (daily at first) and for a sufficient length of time (usually 2 years or more) because recovery is a difficult and lengthy process. […] Involving family in the patients treatment of alcoholism can be a vital step on the path toward recovery. […] All women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should avoid alcohol.

• #2 Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6883141/

  There is a recognized need to address the interrelationship of co-occurring alcohol use and mental health disorders through innovative approaches or adaptations of traditional treatments. […] Consensus exists that there are several evidence-based behavioral interventions that can be used to treat heavy drinking and AUD. […] MI has an extensive evidence base that consistently supports its use as an effective behavior intervention to help patients reduce risky/heavy drinking. […] A systematic review of studies on continuing care for alcohol use disorder discovered very few high quality studies. […] Despite the availability of medications with demonstrated efficacy for treating AUD, they are widely underutilized. […] Research to identify and develop medications with greater efficacy that can gain widespread clinical acceptance in treating heavy drinking and AUD remains a high priority. […] Given the high prevalence of harmful alcohol use and its adverse health consequences, developing a fuller understanding of these issues is a public health priority.

• #2 Prevention and early intervention – Alcohol and Drug Foundation

  https://adf.org.au/resources/health-professionals/aod-mental-health/prevention-early-intervention/

  For example, encouraging people to avoid early or heavy alcohol and other drug use can help reduce personal and social dysfunction, mental and physical health problems and the need for complex interventions through the health, legal and justice systems. […] By strengthening and supporting personal and social protective factors the likelihood that people, particularly young people, will engage in problematic AOD use is reduced, thus promoting mental and physical health and improving their life chances. […] Health practitioners play an important role in reducing the harms associated with dual diagnosis and comorbidity through effective secondary and tertiary prevention. […] Secondary prevention seeks to identify risk factors and early warning signs through screening for early detection and treatment, resulting in a decrease in the number of cases of a disorder or illness.

• #2 Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p457.html

  No medications are approved for the treatment of AUD in adolescents younger than 18 years; therefore, these patients should be referred for subspecialist treatment. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening adults for alcohol misuse and providing persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking behaviors with brief behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol misuse. […] The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) review that included 135 studies of pharmacologic treatment of AUD in outpatient settings found moderate evidence to support the use of naltrexone and acamprosate, and insufficient evidence to support the use of disulfiram. […] There are several anticonvulsants that may help patients with AUD decrease alcohol consumption, but data are limited. […] Ondansetron (Zofran) may decrease alcohol consumption in patients with AUD.

• #2 News

  https://www.who.int/initiatives/SAFER

  Every 10 seconds a person dies from alcohol-related causes. WHO, in collaboration with international partners, launched the SAFER initiative in 2018. „SAFER” is an acronym for the 5 most cost effective interventions to reduce alcohol related harm. Enacting and enforcing restrictions on commercial or public availability of alcohol through laws, policies, and programmes are important ways to reduce harmful use of alcohol. Such strategies provide essential measures to prevent easy access to alcohol by young people and other vulnerable and high-risk groups. Enacting and enforcing strong drink-driving laws and low blood alcohol concentration limits via sobriety checkpoints and random breath testing will help to turn the tide. Health professionals have an important role in helping people to reduce or stop their drinking to reduce health risks, and health services have to provide effective interventions for those in need of help and their families. Bans and comprehensive restrictions on alcohol advertising, sponsorship and promotion are impactful and cost-effective measures. Enacting and enforcing bans or comprehensive restrictions on exposure to them in the digital world will bring public health benefits and help protect children, adolescents and abstainers from the pressure to start consuming alcohol. Alcohol taxation and pricing policies are among the most effective and cost-effective alcohol control measures. An increase in excise taxes on alcoholic beverages is a proven measure to reduce harmful use of alcohol and it provides governments revenue to offset the economic costs of harmful use of alcohol. WHO launches SAFER alcohol control initiative to prevent and reduce alcohol-related death and disability.

• #2 Alcohol Use | Alcohol Use | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/index.html

  Preventing Alcohol-Related Harms Learn how proven strategies reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms. […] These proven strategies have been shown to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms. […] You can protect yourself and others from alcohol-related harms with these prevention tips. […] These proven strategies can reduce underage drinking and support young people and families. […] Resources that states and communities can use to understand and prevent excessive drinking. […] Excessive alcohol use can harm people who drink and those around them. You and your community can take steps to improve everyone’s health and quality of life.

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