Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. […] Lasting changes in the brain caused by alcohol misuse perpetuate AUD and make individuals vulnerable to relapse. […] Alcohol misuse defined as drinking in a manner, situation, amount, or frequency that could cause harm to the person who drinks or to those around them over time increases the risk of AUD. […] Genetics play a role, with hereditability accounting for approximately 60%. However, like other chronic health conditions, AUD risk is influenced by the interplay between a person’s genes and their environment. […] A wide range of psychiatric conditions including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are comorbid with AUD and are associated with an increased risk of AUD. […] Many people with AUD do recover, but setbacks are common among people in treatment. Seeking professional help early can prevent a return to drinking.

• #2 Alcohol Use Disorder > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder

  Chronic brain disease characterized by continued alcohol use despite harmful consequences. […] Symptoms include loss of control over alcohol use; social, economic, or health problems caused by drinking. […] Alcohol use disorder is a chronic and sometimes relapsing condition that reflects changes in the brain. […] It is important to remember that AUD is not due to an individuals lack of self-discipline or resolve. Rather, it is a brain disease that can be inherited. Long-term alcohol use can produce changes in the brain that can cause people to crave alcohol, lose control of their drinking and require greater quantities of alcohol to achieve its desired effects. […] A number of factors increase the chances that someone will develop an alcohol use disorder: Family history of alcohol use disorder and other substance use disorders, availability of alcohol, heavy alcohol use, binge drinking, permissive societal attitudes towards alcohol use, history of childhood abuse, history of conduct or mood disorder in childhood, having mental health conditions such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder, impulsivity.

• #2 Alcohol Use Disorder > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder

  Alcohol use disorder is a chronic brain disease, and people who have the disorder and stop drinking are prone to relapse. […] But AUD is a treatable disease and remission is possible. Medications can make detoxification safe while avoiding the worst symptoms of withdrawal. And medications and behavioral therapies can help people with AUD reduce alcohol intake or abstain from alcohol altogether.

• #3 Alcohol use disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243

  Genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors can impact how drinking alcohol affects your body and behavior. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder. […] Over time, drinking too much alcohol may change the normal function of the areas of your brain associated with the experience of pleasure, judgment and the ability to exercise control over your behavior. This may result in craving alcohol to try to restore good feelings or reduce negative ones.

• #4 Alcohol Use Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436003/

  Although the exact etiology of alcohol use disorder remains unknown, susceptibility to the disorder is likely multifactorial. According to twin and adoption studies, approximately 50% of the liability is genetic, with the remaining 50% attributed to environmental factors. Neurobiological and epigenetic adaptations likely play a role in the development of AUD, but further research is needed. […] Alcohol use disorder involves a loss of control over the ability to drink moderately. This loss of control results in negative consequences that impact relationships, physical and mental health, and the ability to fulfill role obligations. Alcohol is used in increasing amounts to achieve the same effect, a phenomenon known as tolerance, and its absence results in withdrawal symptoms. Patients with AUD experience intense cravings for alcohol that drive ongoing consumption. […] The fact that not every person who drinks alcohol will necessarily experience a loss of control and progression to addiction indicates that AUD is not solely driven by exposure to alcohol. As mentioned, genetic and environmental susceptibilities are not fully understood.

• #5 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  The degree of accumulated risk factors at it relates to overall susceptibility to substance use disorder. […] Genes account for 40-60% of the risk for addiction development. […] Differences in metabolic variations by race; for example, Native American and Caucasian populations more likely than Asian populations to develop a substance use disorder because of the polymorphism of two liver enzymes. […] Males are more likely than females to develop a substance use disorder. […] Personality traits such as high impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking. […] The prevalence of other mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Having a parent or sibling that has a substance use disorder.

• #6 What Causes Alcohol Use Disorder? Risk Factors & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/alcoholism/causes/

  When it comes to substance abuse, every person is different. Some people become addicted to alcohol over time, while others are biologically prone to alcoholism. […] According to the NIAAA, genetic factors account for about 50% of people developing an AUD. […] Genetic factors and a family history of alcoholism can contribute to your risk of developing AUD. […] There isn’t just one „alcoholic gene” that increases a person’s risk of developing alcoholism. Studies show that AUD is a complex genetic disease. […] Certain gene variations, such as the beta-klotho gene, decrease your risk of developing alcoholism. […] AUD may often co-occur with a mental illness (dual diagnosis), including: Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia. […] People with other mental health conditions often drink alcohol to relieve unpleasant symptoms.

• #6 What Causes Alcohol Use Disorder? Risk Factors & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/alcoholism/causes/

  A persons poor coping skills regarding stress, negative feelings, and boredom can make them vulnerable to alcohol addiction. […] Growing up around people with addiction predisposes someone to develop an AUD. […] Alcoholism can also develop in people who drink in social situations, such as college students. […] Drinking from an early age increases the risk of developing an AUD later in life. […] Environmental factors, like pressure from friends, family, and media, can contribute to excessive alcohol consumption and addiction. […] Genetics plays a prominent role in problem drinking. Genetic mental illnesses also increase your likelihood of developing an addiction. […] A history of emotional or physical trauma can increase the risk of AUD. […] Alcohol can be a method of self-medication for those with mental health conditions, potentially leading to alcohol addiction.

• #6 What Causes Alcohol Use Disorder? Risk Factors & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/alcoholism/causes/

  AUD affects men more than women. […] When you engage in frequent alcohol consumption, your body develops a tolerance, and a dependence forms over time. […] Biochemical, psychological, and social factors can trigger an AUD. Certain risk factors, such as a family history of alcohol addiction or high stress levels, put somebody at a higher risk for developing AUD.

• #7 Alcoholism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism

  The development of alcoholism is attributed to both environment and genetics equally. […] The use of alcohol to self-medicate stress or anxiety can turn into alcoholism. […] Someone with a parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder themselves, but only a minority of them do. […] Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences. […] High stress levels and anxiety, as well as alcohol’s inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk. […] There is compelling evidence that alcohol use at an early age may influence the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. […] Severe childhood trauma is also associated with a general increase in the risk of drug dependency.

• #8 Alcohol use disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder

  Alcohol use disorder is when your drinking causes serious problems in your life, yet you keep drinking. You may also need more and more alcohol to feel drunk. Stopping suddenly may cause withdrawal symptoms. […] No one knows what causes problems with alcohol. Health experts think that it may be a combination of a person’s: Genes, Environment, Psychology, such as being impulsive or having low self-esteem. […] If you have a parent with alcohol use disorder, you are more at risk for alcohol problems. […] You also may be more likely to have problems with alcohol if you: Are a young adult under peer pressure, Have depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or schizophrenia, Can easily obtain alcohol, Have low self-esteem, Have problems with relationships, Live a stressful lifestyle.

• #8 Alcohol use disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder

  Alcohol use disorder can increase your risk of many health problems, including: Bleeding in the digestive tract, Brain cell damage, A brain disorder called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, colon, and breast, Changes in the menstrual cycle, Delirium tremens (DTs), Dementia and memory loss, Depression and suicide, Erectile dysfunction, Heart damage, High blood pressure, Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), Liver disease, including cirrhosis, Nerve and brain damage, Poor nutrition, Sleeping problems (insomnia), Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Drinking alcohol while you are pregnant can lead to severe birth defects in your baby. This is called fetal alcohol syndrome. Drinking alcohol while you are breastfeeding can also cause problems for your baby.

• #9 Alcohol Use Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder

  While the specific cause of alcohol use disorder is unknown, there are environmental and genetic links. […] Alcohol abuse tends to run in families: The rate of the condition is three to four times higher in close relatives of alcoholics, and the risk increases with the closeness of the genetic relationship. […] The risk of abusing alcohol increases if individuals use drinking to numb themselves to their problems, to cope with anxiety, fears, or mood issues, or to enhance their creativity. Impulsivity is also linked to alcohol abuse.

• #10 Alcoholism Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-clinical

  Patients commonly use a psychiatric disorder to deny alcohol abuse. […] Genetic psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are associated with alcoholism. […] The presence of both a serious, persistent mental illness and alcoholism is called dual diagnosis. […] Family history commonly reveals members with bipolar disorder, alcoholism, or both. […] Nevertheless, some evidence indicates that genetics plays a major role in alcohol abuse. […] Identical twins have a higher concordance for drinking behavior and possibly alcoholism than fraternal twins. […] Sons of males with alcoholic problems are 4 times more likely to have problems with alcohol than sons of persons who are not. […] Two Swedish studies have suggested the following 2 types of male alcoholism: Type 1 characteristics include (1) onset in adulthood (early twenties), (2) drinking to relieve anxiety, and (3) inherited but requires an environmental trigger.

• #10 Alcoholism Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-clinical

  Type 2 characteristics include (1) an association with criminal behavior (sociopathy), (2) onset in teen years, and (3) drinking to get high. […] The theories suggested from these studies are controversial and require confirmation in additional populations. […] Positive family history and lesser response to alcohol increased the likelihood of later development of alcohol dependence. […] Behavioral models explain alcohol abuse in terms of learning theory. […] Cognitive models explain alcohol abuse in terms of automatic thoughts, which precede the persons more identifiable feelings about alcohol. […] Psychoanalytic models explain alcohol abuse in terms of ego defenses and intrapsychic conflicts.

• #11 Alcoholism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism

  Lack of peer and family support is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism developing. […] Genetics and adolescence are associated with an increased sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol misuse. […] The alcohol dehydrogenase allele ADH1B*2 causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, and reduces risk for alcoholism. […] The aldehyde dehydrogenase allele ALDH2*2 greatly reduces the rate at which acetaldehyde, the initial product of alcohol metabolism, is removed by conversion to acetate; it greatly reduces the risk for alcoholism.

• #12 Alcohol use disorder: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/alcohol-use-disorder/

  Alcohol use disorder is a diagnosis made when an individual has severe problems related to drinking alcohol. […] The causes of alcohol use disorder are complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, some of which have not been identified. […] Variations in genes that affect the metabolism (breakdown) of alcohol in the body have been studied as factors that can increase or decrease the risk of alcohol use disorder. […] Nongenetic factors also play a critical role in alcohol use disorder. Factors that increase the risk of this condition include depression or other psychiatric disorders and certain psychological traits, including impulsivity and low self-esteem. […] Alcohol use disorder does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although many affected individuals have a family history of problems with alcohol or other substances.

• #13 What is alcohol use disorder? How to treat alcoholism

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157163

  Alcohol dependence develops over time and can disrupt the balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain and glutamate. GABA controls impulsiveness, while glutamate stimulates the nervous system. […] In the brain, levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine rise after consuming alcohol. These heightened dopamine levels may make the drinking experience more gratifying. […] Over the long or medium term, excessive drinking can significantly alter the levels of these brain chemicals. This causes the body to crave alcohol to feel good and avoid feeling bad. […] Some risk factors may also contribute to AUD, including: Genes: According to the NIH, genetic factors account for around half the risk of AUD. Environmental factors and interaction between genes and the environment account for the remaining risk.

• #13 What is alcohol use disorder? How to treat alcoholism

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157163

  The age of the first alcoholic drink: People who start drinking alcohol before the age of 15 years may be 3 times as likely to develop AUD as people who begin drinking at the age of 21 years or older. […] Stress: Some stress hormones may have links to alcohol misuse. If stress and anxiety levels are high, a person may consume alcohol in an attempt to blank out the upheaval. […] Peer drinking: People whose friends drink regularly or excessively are more likely to drink too much. This can eventually lead to alcohol-related problems. […] Low self-esteem: People with low self-esteem are more likely to consume too much. […] Depression: People with depression may use alcohol as self-treatment. On the other hand, consuming excess alcohol may increase the risk of depression rather than reducing it. […] How the body processes or metabolizes alcohol: People who need comparatively more alcohol to achieve an effect have a higher risk of eventually developing health problems related to alcohol.

• #14 Causes of Alcohol Addiction | Understanding the Causes

  https://bocarecoverycenter.com/alcohol/causes/

  While there is no single cause of alcohol addiction, nor is there a guarantee that addiction will develop if risk factors are present, there are several correlative circumstances and factors that have been identified as common among people and families who struggle with addiction. These risk factors are biological, environmental, social, and psychological. […] Certain risk factors for alcohol addiction can’t be controlled, such as genetic risk factors. Other types of biological risk factors develop. […] Neurochemical imbalances, including low dopamine levels and changes in serotonin levels, may also play a part in the development of alcohol abuse and addiction. […] Long-term alcohol abuse alters the structure and function of cells in the brain and shrinks the size of the prefrontal cortex. This hinders decision-making ability and increases the risk of addiction.

• #15 Alcohol use disorder causes global changes in splicing in the human brain | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-01163-z

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease leading to the deterioration of cognitive and other functions. […] Mechanisms by which alcohol affects the brain are not fully elucidated. […] Alcohol crosses the brain and is capable of causing changes in gene expression in these regions, thus mediating the development of neurotoxicity, dependence, and tolerance. […] Post-transcriptional effects of alcohol are much less studied. […] Data on splicing in AUD are very scanty. […] We found that mis-splicing in these regions occurs on a much broader scale than changes in gene expression, with thousands of transcripts being mis-spliced. […] Mechanistically, mis-splicing appears to be mediated by an increased expression of splicing factor heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) and/or aberrant expression of lncRNAs related to splicing.

• #16 Alcohol Use Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3909-alcoholism

  Alcohol use disorder may take over your life. […] Researchers dont know all the reasons why someone develops it, but have identified the following factors: Genetics: Studies show people with a family history of alcohol use disorder have an increased risk of developing it. […] Mental health conditions: Having conditions like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may increase your risk of alcohol use disorder.

• #17 Understanding Alcoholism: Causes and Signs | The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health

  https://www.floridarehab.com/alcohol/

  Alcoholism is caused by a complex mixture of factors that are from two broad categories: […] Genetic factors, sometimes referred to as the nature factor […] Environmental factors, sometimes referred to as the nurture factor. […] There is no single alcoholism gene that causes people to become addicted to alcohol. Rather, there are various genes that influence whether or not a particular person is predisposed to alcoholism. […] Alcoholism is also closely tied to other mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder. […] Mental health disorders and alcoholism, as well as other substance use disorders, share many of the same genetic causes, risk factors and even symptoms. […] A co-occurring mental health disorder, which is known as comorbidity, occurs in 50-70% of people with alcoholism. […] Their chronic, repetitive use of alcohol to self-medicate results in alcoholism. […] While alcohol (or other substance) use may numb the symptoms for a while, drug and alcohol use worsens the mental health disorder by disrupting the same brain chemicals that cause the mental health symptoms.

• #18 Causes And Risk Factors Of Alcoholism

  https://www.addictioncenter.com/alcohol/alcoholism-causes-risk-factors/

  The sheer number of factors that can influence the development of an alcohol addiction make it virtually impossible to accurately predict whether any individual will develop alcoholism. While it is an individuals personal choice whether or not to begin drinking, a great deal of research suggests that the development of alcoholism once drinking commences is largely out of that individuals control. It is also true that no single factor, nor group of factors, will determine whether or not someone becomes an alcoholic. […] Certain psychological conditions greatly impact the likelihood that someone will develop alcoholism. For example, individuals who suffer from depression, bipolar disorder, and social anxiety are much more likely to develop alcoholism. […] Many individuals with psychological illnesses turn to alcohol as a method of coping with their illness.

• #18 Causes And Risk Factors Of Alcoholism

  https://www.addictioncenter.com/alcohol/alcoholism-causes-risk-factors/

  Some personalities are more likely to develop alcoholism than others. […] There are some aspects of personal choice when it comes to alcoholism. […] A persons drinking history heavily influences their likelihood of developing alcoholism. […] Many studies have concluded that no single factor has as much impact on whether or not someone becomes an alcoholic as that persons genes. […] Excluding genetics, an individuals family life plays a significant role in the likelihood that they develop alcoholism. […] The environment in which someone resides plays a role in alcoholism. […] While someone of any religion can become an alcoholic, individuals who are strict adherents to religions that strongly oppose alcohol are less likely to become alcoholics. […] Many social and cultural factors influence alcoholism.

• #18 Causes And Risk Factors Of Alcoholism

  https://www.addictioncenter.com/alcohol/alcoholism-causes-risk-factors/

  An individuals age strongly influences the likelihood of alcohol abuse. […] The more highly educated an individual is, the more likely they are to consume alcohol. […] Certain professions are more likely to develop alcoholism than others. […] No matter how many risk factors are present in an alcoholics life, alcohol addiction treatment is available and recovery is possible. Its critical to remember that no risk factor is determinative, and your history does not decide your future.

• #18 Causes And Risk Factors Of Alcoholism

  https://www.addictioncenter.com/alcohol/alcoholism-causes-risk-factors/

  Alcoholism is a very complex disease, and every case is different. There are dozens of risk factors and causes, any of which can impact a specific individual. Also, no factors are determinative; someone with very few risk factors may have severe alcoholism, and someone else with many risk factors may have no drinking issues. […] There is no singular cause of alcoholism. In fact, there are dozens of risk factors that play a role in the development of an alcohol addiction. These risk factors interact differently in every individual, leading to alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in some and not in others. […] Both internal and external factors contribute to the development of alcoholism. Internal factors include genetics, psychological conditions, personality, personal choice, and drinking history. External factors include family, environment, religion, social and cultural norms, age, education, and job status.

• #19 Alcohol Use Disorder (Alcoholism) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder-alcoholism-a-to-z

  In an alcohol use disorder (AUD, commonly called alcoholism), excessive alcohol use causes symptoms affecting the body, thoughts and behavior. […] Alcohol problems come about from a combination of biological tendencies and environmental influences. […] People with a family history of alcohol use disorder are at greater risk for developing the illness themselves. […] Sometimes alcohol is used to blot out feelings arising from an underlying depression or anxiety disorder. […] Alcohol use disorder increases the risk of liver disease (hepatitis and cirrhosis), heart disease, stomach ulcers, brain damage, stroke and other health problems. […] It is very important to get treatment for such disorders if they are contributing to the problem.

• #20 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  The degree of accumulated risk factors at it relates to overall susceptibility to substance use disorder. […] Genes account for 40-60% of the risk for addiction development. […] Differences in metabolic variations by race; for example, Native American and Caucasian populations more likely than Asian populations to develop a substance use disorder because of the polymorphism of two liver enzymes. […] Males are more likely than females to develop a substance use disorder. […] Personality traits such as high impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking. […] The prevalence of other mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Having a parent or sibling that has a substance use disorder.

• #21 Alcohol Use Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/what-is-alcohol-abuse

  Alcohol use disorder can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of symptoms you have. […] Different things can cause alcohol use disorder or make it more likely in different people. These include: Impulsiveness, Low self-esteem, A need for approval, Trying to cope with emotional problems, Peer pressure, Easy access to alcohol, Low socioeconomic status, Physical or sexual abuse, A family history of alcohol problems, Regular binge drinking, Drinking at an early age, Bariatric surgery. […] The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says someone has alcohol use disorder if they meet two or more of 11 criteria in one 12-month period. AUD may be mild, moderate, or severe, based on how many of the criteria are true. […] Alcohol use that continues even though it leads to lasting or repeated personal problems. […] Using alcohol even though you know it causes physical or psychological problems, or makes them worse.

• #22 Alcohol Use Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-alcohol-abuse-63273

  History of trauma: Childhood trauma, including emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, have all been linked to an increased risk for an AUD in adulthood. […] Psychiatric disorders: People with a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder have been found to have higher rates of misusing alcohol or other substances. In fact, studies show that over one-third of patients with schizophrenia meet the criteria for an AUD diagnosis. […] Social and cultural influences: Having parents, peers, partners, and other role models who drink regularly may increase a person’s risk of developing an AUD, especially if the person is exposed to heavy drinking at a young age.

• #23 Understanding the Underlying Causes of Alcoholism

  https://northstarrecoverycenter.com/blog/understanding-the-underlying-causes-of-alcoholism/

  Alcoholism is often intertwined with co-occurring mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or bipolar disorder. This complex relationship is known as a dual diagnosis or a co-occurring disorder. Individuals who struggle with mental health issues may turn to alcohol as a means of self-medication, attempting to alleviate their emotional pain or distress temporarily. […] Alcohol consumption can have profound effects on the brain, altering its chemistry and impacting various neurotransmitters responsible for mood regulation, reward processing, and impulse control. Repeated alcohol use can lead to changes in the brains reward system, resulting in increased cravings and a reduced ability to experience pleasure from other activities. […] Childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to a higher risk of developing alcoholism in adulthood. ACEs can include physical or emotional abuse, neglect, household substance abuse, parental incarceration, or witnessing domestic violence. These experiences can have lasting effects on an individuals emotional well-being and coping mechanisms.

• #24 What Are the Causes of Alcoholism & Alcohol Abuse?

  https://alcohol.org/alcoholism/the-causes/

  It appears that any type of traumatic or stress-related situation can increase the risk to abuse alcohol; however, certain types of experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse, the loss of a parent at a young age (even through divorce), being the victim of a violent crime, etc., can produce more salient effects. […] Relationship issues within the family, particularly those that occur in the early stages of an individuals development, are often considered to be significant risk factors for alcohol abuse. […] Pressure from peer groups is a significant factor in directing ones behavior, particularly at a younger age, but it can occur over all ages. […] The earlier a person begins drinking, the more likely it is that they will continue to drink. […] Essentially, it can be boiled down to the understanding that the potential causes of alcoholism are not well understood.

• #25 The 10 Most Common Causes of Alcoholism  – Sana Lake – Missouri Alcohol & Drug Rehab

  https://sanalake.com/addiction-resources/the-10-most-common-causes-of-alcoholism/

  Even if alcohol temporarily eases symptoms of depression and anxiety, drinking frequently can lead to a high tolerance and, eventually, alcoholism. […] About one-third of people with a mental health disorder are also struggling with alcoholism. […] People with both a mental health disorder and alcoholism end up having whats known as co-occurring disorders. […] Stress at work or at home can drive people to drink. […] Drinking away stress is part of what causes alcoholism. […] What causes alcoholism can be as simple as drinking too much over time. […] Building up a tolerance to alcohol requires you to drink more and more to get the same feeling. […] Childhood abuse and domestic or sexual abuse are likely to mentally scar anyone, and these are high-risk factors for alcohol use disorder.

• #26 What Are the Most Common Causes of Alcoholism? | MARR

  https://www.marrinc.org/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-alcoholism/

  A large, cross-cultural study found that work stress can predict the likelihood of alcoholism. High-risk careers like police officers and medical staff reported high rates of alcohol misuse. […] Roughly one-third of adults with a mental illness also suffer from addiction. Alcohol abuse and mental health have a circular relationship. […] Alcoholism can be both hereditary and genetic. But that doesn’t mean you’re doomed if it runs in your family. […] The causes of alcoholism are multi-faceted. They include genetic, social, and environmental factors. The state of your mental health and your workplace are also strong influences.

• #27 Factors associated with alcohol use disorder: the role of depression, anxiety, stress, alexithymia and work fatigue- a population study in Lebanon | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8345-1

  Alcohol use disorder could be considered an avoidance emotion and a coping strategy to alleviate stress. […] Family risk for alcohol use disorder, low social and personal resources for coping with stress, and positive expectations of alcohol effects are associated with individual vulnerability to alcohol use disorder. […] Our results showed that work fatigue, as indicated by high scores of physical and mental fatigue at work, was associated with a higher risk of alcohol use disorder, consistent with previous studies. […] Our results also showed high alcohol consumption in response to a higher number of stressors. […] Our results demonstrated a negative relationship between emotional intelligence, emotional work fatigue and alcohol use disorders. […] Our results showed that psychological difficulties, including high alexithymia, high stress, high physical and mental work fatigue, were associated with higher AUD risk. […] Positive and significant correlation was shown between mood/affective disorders and higher AUDIT scores. […] The attained data showed an interconnection between social dysfunction and high risk of AUD.

• #28 Causes of Alcoholism – Is Alcoholism Hereditary? – Alcohol Help

  https://www.alcoholhelp.com/alcohol/causes/

  There are also certain chemicals in the brain that can make you more susceptible to alcohol abuse. For instance, scientists have indicated that alcohol dependence may be associated with up to 51 genes in various chromosome regions. If these genes are passed down through generations, family members are much more prone to developing drinking problems. […] In recent years, studies have explored a possible connection between your environment and risk of AUD. For example, many researchers have examined whether or not a persons proximity to alcohol retail stores or bars affect their chances of alcoholism. People who live closer to alcohol establishments are said to have a more positive outlook on drinking and are more likely to participate in the activity. […] Social factors can contribute to a persons views of drinking. Your culture, religion, family and work influence many of your behaviors, including drinking. Family plays the biggest role in a persons likelihood of developing alcoholism. Children who are exposed to alcohol abuse from an early age are more at risk of falling into a dangerous drinking pattern.

• #29 Causes of Alcohol Addiction: Most Common Risk Factors

  https://www.recoveryatlanta.com/addiction/alcohol/causes-of-alcohol-addiction/

  No single factor leads to alcohol addiction. Instead, there are many genetic, environmental, psychological and social causes of alcohol addiction. […] In reality, there isnt one exact cause of addiction; instead, multiple factors can increase a persons risk of becoming addicted to alcohol. […] Genetic factors seem to play a role in the development of alcohol addiction. Research shows the risk of alcohol addiction is 50% heritable, meaning about half of the risk of alcohol addiction can be explained by genetics. […] Factors within the environment can also play a role in the development of alcohol addiction. For instance, the family environment during childhood can lead to problem drinking. Children who grow up watching parents consume alcohol or have easy access to alcohol at home are at higher risk of addiction. Environmental stressors can also contribute to addiction.

• #29 Causes of Alcohol Addiction: Most Common Risk Factors

  https://www.recoveryatlanta.com/addiction/alcohol/causes-of-alcohol-addiction/

  Psychological problems like depression and ADHD increase the risk of alcohol addiction. In addition, the effects of childhood trauma can make a person more likely to develop issues related to alcohol. […] Social factors, including peer pressure, can lead to alcohol addiction. This is particularly true for people who begin drinking in their early teens to fit in with others. Research shows that adults who started drinking before age 15 are over three times as likely to report experiencing an alcohol use disorder, which is the clinical term for alcohol addiction, compared to those who had their first drink at age 21 or older.

• #30 Alcohol Use Disorder: Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

  https://valleyspringrecovery.com/addiction/alcohol/

  Alcohol’s effect on brain chemistry, particularly on neurotransmitters like dopamine and GABA, plays a crucial role in addiction. These neurochemical changes enhance the pleasurable effects of alcohol, reinforcing addiction over time, according to the study Alcohol: Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain. […] Drinking alcohol at a young age increases the chances of developing AUD later in life. Early exposure disrupts brain development, making teenagers more vulnerable to addictive behaviors as adults. […] Friends or acquaintances that encourage excessive drinking, especially among young adults, can lead to the development of unhealthy drinking habits. Peer pressure can make it difficult to say no and normalize heavy alcohol use. […] Easy access to alcohol, especially living in communities where alcohol is widely available, can increase the risk of Alcohol Use Disorder. When alcohol is easily accessible, individuals start consuming it in larger quantities and more frequently.

• #31 Alcoholism Causes & Common Risk Factors

  https://alcoholawareness.org/alcoholism/causes/

  Trauma […] Someone with a history of trauma is at an increased risk of developing alcoholism later in life, whether the trauma is emotional, physical, or both. Childhood trauma is notably present in adults with alcoholism, and a personal history of emotional, sexual, or physical abuse can result in future alcohol dependence. Adults with alcoholism usually have at least one kind of childhood trauma, but some have two or even three. A history of suffering emotional abuse doesn’t always lead directly to alcoholism, but resulting post-traumatic stress disorder or depression could. […] Social and Cultural Factors […] Getting together with friends, family, or just a drinking partner can represent the social and cultural factors that might result in alcoholism. Drinking too much is often presented in a glamorous manner in the media, and drinking is a social activity for many people. Alcohol’s role in human history dates back thousands of years and might have spurred the development of agriculture as a means of creating more beer. How much alcohol someone drinks is a matter of self-control, but inhibitions loosen with the consumption of alcohol. This substance is present in nearly every culture throughout history, and attempts at prohibition rarely work outside of highly religious societies.

• #32 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  Lack of family involvement, parental supervision, or support. […] Poor quality of the child-parent relationship. […] Family disruptions such as divorce, acute or chronic stress. […] Social isolation. […] Abuse (e.g. sexual, physical, emotional). […] Substance use among peers and time spent with substance-using peers. […] Poor social skills. […] Accessibility of a substance (e.g., number of liquor stores). […] Community drug use patterns (e.g., individual usage of neighbors). […] Low socioeconomic status or community poverty. […] Social and legal policies such as taxes, purchase or use restrictions, enforcement, legal status, penalties, and school anti-drug policies. […] Media influence such as the frequency of exposure and nature of the representation of alcohol and other drugs. […] Exposure to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or trauma. […] Age at first use of alcohol and other drugs.

• #32 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  The degree of accumulated risk factors at it relates to overall susceptibility to substance use disorder. […] Genes account for 40-60% of the risk for addiction development. […] Differences in metabolic variations by race; for example, Native American and Caucasian populations more likely than Asian populations to develop a substance use disorder because of the polymorphism of two liver enzymes. […] Males are more likely than females to develop a substance use disorder. […] Personality traits such as high impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking. […] The prevalence of other mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Having a parent or sibling that has a substance use disorder.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of having a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), the most severe form of which is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is associated with developmental disabilities and birth defects. […] There is no form of alcohol consumption that is risk-free. Even low levels of alcohol consumption carry some risks and can cause harm. […] Some groups and individuals who are vulnerable or at risk may have a higher susceptibility to the toxic, psychoactive and dependence-inducing properties of alcohol. […] The impact of alcohol consumption on chronic and acute health outcomes is largely determined by the total volume of alcohol consumed and the pattern of drinking, particularly those patterns which are associated with the frequency of drinking and episodes of heavy drinking. […] Most alcohol related harms come from heavy episodic or heavy continuous alcohol consumption.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Alcohol or alcoholic beverages contain ethanol, a psychoactive and toxic substance that can cause dependence. […] An estimated 400 million people, or 7% of the worlds population aged 15 years and older, lived with alcohol use disorders. Of this, 209 million people (3.7% of the adult world population) lived with alcohol dependence. […] Alcohol consumption is found to play a causal role in more than 200 diseases, injuries and other health conditions. […] Drinking alcohol is associated with risks of developing noncommunicable diseases such as liver diseases, heart diseases, and different types of cancers, as well as mental health and behavioural conditions such as depression, anxiety and alcohol use disorders. […] A causal relationship has been established between alcohol use and the incidence or outcomes of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV.

• #34 Causes of Alcoholism: “Why Am I An Alcoholic?”

  https://www.palmerlakerecovery.com/alcohol-abuse-and-addiction/why-am-i-an-alcoholic/

  Being an alcoholic or having an alcohol use disorder (AUD) involves a problematic level of drinking that begins to affect a persons social, emotional and physical health. Though there is no singular cause behind alcohol addiction, many different factors can contribute to its development. […] People who fall into alcoholism may not realize why alcohol is so addictive. There is no one cause but rather a combination of precursors that lead to an alcohol addiction. […] Alcoholism is a complex disease involving physical and psychological changes that occur with consistent alcohol use. As people begin to drink more frequently, alcohol produces desired feelings in the body and brain through the release of specific brain chemicals. With consistent drinking, the chemical output decreases, so a person drinks more to achieve the same results. This condition is called tolerance.

• #34 Causes of Alcoholism: “Why Am I An Alcoholic?”

  https://www.palmerlakerecovery.com/alcohol-abuse-and-addiction/why-am-i-an-alcoholic/

  Alcohol abuse can be triggered by psychological behaviors like approval-seeking, self-worth issues or impulsiveness. Often, people drink as a coping strategy to manage emotions or self-medicate. […] Biological factors, including genes, are among the causes of alcoholism. Studies suggest that about half of the risk of developing an alcohol addiction depends upon genes. […] Several other factors can also increase the risk of developing an alcohol addiction. These factors can be harmful on their own, but when they occur simultaneously, they can easily contribute to an alcohol use disorder. […] The earlier a person begins experimenting with alcohol, the higher the risk of an alcohol use disorder. […] Like drinking early, drinking often is linked to alcohol use disorders. […] People who have experienced physical, emotional or sexual abuse or other forms of trauma are at higher risk for alcoholism. […] When people live, work or socialize with drinkers, they are more likely to drink themselves. Some cultures may normalize or even celebrate drinking, which leads to increased levels of alcohol consumption and increased numbers of alcohol use disorders.

• #35 Alcoholism Statistics You Need to Know | Talbott Recovery

  https://talbottcampus.com/resources/alcoholism-statistics/

  An estimated 15 million people struggle with an alcohol use disorder in the United States, but less than 10% of them receive treatment. […] According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, more than 5.3 million women ages 18 and older have an alcohol use disorder. […] Approximately 8.4% of men met the criteria for alcohol dependence in the last year. […] Excessive alcohol use is a common factor in sexual assault.

• #36 Alcohol Use Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://thriveworks.com/disorders/alcohol-use-disorder/

  As with many mental health disorders, early childhood trauma, abuse, or neglect can set up the brain for problems down the road. AUD is also associated with conduct disorder and larger behavioral problems in children. The younger someone begins drinking, the higher their risk of developing alcohol dependence, possibly due to alcohol’s influence on gene expression. […] Though men still tend to suffer from AUD in greater numbers than women, women are catching up at an alarming rate. Women’s alcohol use tends to progress faster than men’s, which is called telescoping. […] Though there is no such thing as an addictive personality, high impulsivity has been linked to an earlier onset of AUD and a more severe course of illness. […] If someone starts drinking in adolescence when alcohol has a greater impact on the still-developing brain, they may become more impulsive, and hence more susceptible to severe AUD.

• #37 Alcoholism Definition, Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/alcoholism/article_em.htm

  While it may not be causative, twice as many men are alcohol dependent. One study showed one-third of men age 18-24 met the criteria for alcohol dependence, and those who start drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence. […] Alcohol use disorder is often associated with other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and psychosis. These psychiatric illnesses, often combined with a reduced level of sound judgment while intoxicated, leads to suicides and suicide attempts by people who are alcohol dependent. […] Prevention of alcoholism is best accomplished by abstinence. You must first have access to alcohol before becoming dependent on the substance. A strong family history of alcoholism is a warning you are at increased risk of becoming dependent on alcohol. Increased awareness of such a risk factor may help modify your attitude toward alcohol consumption.

• #38 Alcohol Addiction: Causes, Effects And Treatment

  https://whitelightbh.com/resources/alcohol/

  Certain behavioral patterns significantly elevate the risk of developing alcohol addiction. According to the NIAAA, behaviors such as early initiation of alcohol use, regular heavy drinking, binge drinking, and using alcohol as a coping mechanism for stress or emotional distress are all potent risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD). […] This complex interplay means that the risk of developing AUD arises from a combination of multiple factors, making it important to address all potential areas when considering prevention and treatment strategies.

• #39 Alcoholism – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/alcoholism

  In addition, how one’s body processes alcohol can affect the risk of developing a dependence on alcohol. Research has shown that people who need comparatively more alcohol to achieve an effect are more likely to become alcohol dependent. […] All drugs affect a „reward mechanism” in the brain. If a person feels good each time they use a drug, it tends to make them want to use the drug again. This common feature could explain why people abuse drugs, including alcohol. As with most drugs, though, if you use them regularly, your body tends to require increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect. This is called tolerance, and it may be the final factor that contributes to the development of drug or alcohol dependence. […] Heavy alcohol use increases the risk for almost all diseases, including a number of cancers.

• #40 Alcohol Addiction: Looking Into the Causes for AUD | Willingway

  https://willingway.com/alcohol-addiction-causes/

  In order to lessen the stigma involving alcohol use disorder and alcohol addiction, it helps to understand the reasons contributing to it. Addiction specialists are more dedicated than ever to address AUD based on an individual’s background, contributing risks, and other factors to ensure better recovery. […] Before the current advances in addiction science, this brain disease was wrongly considered a moral weakness or evidence of a lack of willpower, which led to numerous myths and stigmas that continually harmed individuals needing help. […] Now, the medical community acknowledges numerous risk factors that contribute to AUD, including: Generational factors of alcohol or substance use disorders, Environmental influences, Co-occurring mental health issues and mood disorders, Adverse childhood experiences, Trauma and PTSD, Peer exposure and availability. […] Here’s the truth: no one sets out to develop an addiction. However, if some of the above risk factors are present and haven’t been healthfully discovered and addressed, certain behaviors contribute to alcohol addiction because of chemical changes in the brain and increased compulsivity.

• #41 Alcohol Use and Your Health | Alcohol Use | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/about-alcohol-use/index.html

  Excessive alcohol use can have immediate and long-term effects. […] Using alcohol excessively on occasion or over time can have immediate and long-term health risks. […] Excessive alcohol use is a term used to describe four ways that people drink alcohol that can negatively impact health. Excessive drinking can also be deadly. […] Drinking alcohol excessively can negatively impact your health. […] Alcohol increases the risk of several types of cancer: throat cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer (in women), liver cancer, and more. […] The risk of some cancers increases with any amount of alcohol use. […] More than 20,000 people die from alcohol-related cancers each year in the United States. […] Excessive alcohol use can lead to: high blood pressure, heart disease, liver disease, stroke, alcohol use disorder, digestive problems, and a weaker immune system. […] Alcohol use disorder affects both physical and mental health. […] Most people who drink excessively do not have alcohol use disorder.

• #42 Medicines To Treat Alcohol Use Disorder | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/alcohol-misuse-drug-therapy/consumer

  Alcohol use disorder is a medical condition that happens when drinking alcohol causes serious problems. It can be a long-term or lifelong condition and could come back after treatment. […] The risk of alcohol use disorder may run in some families. A persons environment may also play a role. Other things, such as having low self-esteem or being impulsive, may raise the risk of alcohol use disorder. […] Alcohol misuse is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States, after tobacco use and being overweight. People with alcohol use disorder are three to four times more likely to die early than those without alcohol use disorder. […] Treatment for alcohol use disorder may include talk therapy (also called psychotherapy), support groups, medicines, or a combination of treatments. Alcohol use disorder can be a long-term condition, like high blood pressure or asthma. You may need treatment over a long period of time.

• #42 Medicines To Treat Alcohol Use Disorder | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/alcohol-misuse-drug-therapy/consumer

  Medicines are usually used with talk therapy and support groups to treat alcohol use disorder. The medicines are usually taken once people have stopped drinking to help keep them from starting to drink again. […] Alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were once considered separate disorders. They have now been combined into one disorder alcohol use disorder.

• #43 Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p457.html

  Antidepressants are not effective in decreasing alcohol use in persons without coexisting mental health disorders. Antidepressants can be helpful in some instances, however, because patients with AUD often have coexisting mental health disorders. […] Ondansetron (Zofran) may decrease alcohol consumption in patients with AUD. In three studies, ondansetron (4 mcg per kg twice per day) combined with cognitive behavior therapy decreased alcohol consumption and cravings and increased abstinence in young adults with early AUD.

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