Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally typical anxiety manifested by excessive concern, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure. […] Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. The study of inheritance patterns has revealed a general familial aggregation among major anxiety disorders. […] The activation of fear neurocircuitry, with presumed anxiety neurocircuitry overlap, involves the release of various neurochemicals that lead to sympathetic stimulation. Classically characterized as a „fight-or-flight” reaction, this sympathetic response evolved to be adaptive and for a prompt behavioral response to avoid actual or perceived danger.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is 1 of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when the child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally normal anxiety and manifests as excessive concerns, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure or home. […] More significant than expected duration or intensity of separation anxiety symptoms in children or the development of this disorder in older children, adolescents, or adults constitutes SAD. This disorder severely affects the quality of life and functioning across several areas, including school, work, social interactions, and close relationships. SAD is a gateway anxiety disorder that can lead to poor mental and physical health outcomes, including excessive worry, sleep disturbances, undue distress in social settings, poor academic performance, and somatic complaints.

• #3 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is 1 of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when the child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally normal anxiety and manifests as excessive concerns, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure or home. […] More significant than expected duration or intensity of separation anxiety symptoms in children or the development of this disorder in older children, adolescents, or adults constitutes SAD. This disorder severely affects the quality of life and functioning across several areas, including school, work, social interactions, and close relationships. SAD is a gateway anxiety disorder that can lead to poor mental and physical health outcomes, including excessive worry, sleep disturbances, undue distress in social settings, poor academic performance, and somatic complaints.

• #4 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.

• #5 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Neuroanatomically, the amygdala is classically associated with provoking a fear response when stimulated. The amygdala and other fear-related neurocircuitry may share a similar neuroanatomy to anxiety neurocircuitry. […] The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors.

• #6 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Neuroanatomically, the amygdala is classically associated with provoking a fear response when stimulated. The amygdala and other fear-related neurocircuitry may share a similar neuroanatomy to anxiety neurocircuitry. […] The activation of fear neurocircuitry, with presumed anxiety neurocircuitry overlap, involves the release of various neurochemicals that lead to sympathetic stimulation. Classically characterized as a „fight-or-flight” reaction, this sympathetic response evolved to be adaptive and for a prompt behavioral response to avoid actual or perceived danger. However, this response can be conditioned to over-activate, leading to pathological anxiety even when exposure to threat is low or should be low.

• #7 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, or siblings). […] The origins of separation anxiety disorder stem from attachment theory which has roots in the attachment theories both of Sigmund Freud and John Bowlby. […] Preliminary evidence shows that heightened activity of the amygdala may be associated with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder. Defects in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial areas of the prefrontal cortex are also correlated to anxiety disorders in children.

• #8 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, or siblings). […] The origins of separation anxiety disorder stem from attachment theory which has roots in the attachment theories both of Sigmund Freud and John Bowlby. […] Preliminary evidence shows that heightened activity of the amygdala may be associated with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder. Defects in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial areas of the prefrontal cortex are also correlated to anxiety disorders in children.

• #9 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Basic science studies of rhesus macaques have shown that an early history of exposure to traumatic events may alter infant caregiver bonding by causing altered functioning of the oxytocin receptor; this may have implications for treatment approaches. […] An article published in February 2017 in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Rogers, Sylvester, Mintz, Kenley, Shimony, and Barch shed a light on a possible underlying neuroanatomical mechanism for separation anxiety. […] Rogers et al. found that variability of regional neonatal amygdala resting state functional connectivity predicted internalizing symptoms at 2 years of age, suggesting that risk for internalizing symptoms may be established in the neonatal period; this may also increase future risk for mood disorders as in older populations connectivity with the anterior insula relates to depressive symptoms, connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate relates to generalized anxiety, and the medial prefrontal cortex is related to behavioral inhibition.

• #10 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Basic science studies of rhesus macaques have shown that an early history of exposure to traumatic events may alter infant caregiver bonding by causing altered functioning of the oxytocin receptor; this may have implications for treatment approaches. […] An article published in February 2017 in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Rogers, Sylvester, Mintz, Kenley, Shimony, and Barch shed a light on a possible underlying neuroanatomical mechanism for separation anxiety. […] Rogers et al. found that variability of regional neonatal amygdala resting state functional connectivity predicted internalizing symptoms at 2 years of age, suggesting that risk for internalizing symptoms may be established in the neonatal period; this may also increase future risk for mood disorders as in older populations connectivity with the anterior insula relates to depressive symptoms, connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate relates to generalized anxiety, and the medial prefrontal cortex is related to behavioral inhibition.

• #11 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  In the central nervous system (CNS), the major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety disorders appear to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Other neurotransmitters and peptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factor, may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. […] CSF studies in humans show elevated levels of orexin, also known as hypocretin, which is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of panic in rat models.

• #12 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  In the central nervous system (CNS), the major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety disorders appear to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Other neurotransmitters and peptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factor, may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. […] CSF studies in humans show elevated levels of orexin, also known as hypocretin, which is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of panic in rat models.

• #13 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  In the central nervous system (CNS), the major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety disorders appear to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Other neurotransmitters and peptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factor, may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. […] CSF studies in humans show elevated levels of orexin, also known as hypocretin, which is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of panic in rat models.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Separation-Anxiety-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  Separation anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by the display of extreme worry and discomfort while going away from the things and/or people to whom one is attached. […] The majority of the patients who are diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder are found to have a history of other psychiatric conditions themselves, or in their family. Therefore, researchers believe separation anxiety disorder to be a heritable disorder and of genetic origin. […] Similar to other psychiatric disorders, separation anxiety disorder also involves imbalances in neurotransmitter levels. In the patients with separation anxiety disorder, the regulation mechanism that controls the optimal level of such brain chemicals is impaired. Serotonin and norepinephrine levels are believed to be majorly affected in such patients. […] While genetic and biological factors are believed to be the causal triggers of separation anxiety disorder, environmental factors also form a major set of contributors.

• #15 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally typical anxiety manifested by excessive concern, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure. […] Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. The study of inheritance patterns has revealed a general familial aggregation among major anxiety disorders. […] The activation of fear neurocircuitry, with presumed anxiety neurocircuitry overlap, involves the release of various neurochemicals that lead to sympathetic stimulation. Classically characterized as a „fight-or-flight” reaction, this sympathetic response evolved to be adaptive and for a prompt behavioral response to avoid actual or perceived danger.

• #16 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Neuroanatomically, the amygdala is classically associated with provoking a fear response when stimulated. The amygdala and other fear-related neurocircuitry may share a similar neuroanatomy to anxiety neurocircuitry. […] The activation of fear neurocircuitry, with presumed anxiety neurocircuitry overlap, involves the release of various neurochemicals that lead to sympathetic stimulation. Classically characterized as a „fight-or-flight” reaction, this sympathetic response evolved to be adaptive and for a prompt behavioral response to avoid actual or perceived danger. However, this response can be conditioned to over-activate, leading to pathological anxiety even when exposure to threat is low or should be low.

• #17 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #18 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #19 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Basic science studies of rhesus macaques have shown that an early history of exposure to traumatic events may alter infant caregiver bonding by causing altered functioning of the oxytocin receptor; this may have implications for treatment approaches. […] An article published in February 2017 in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Rogers, Sylvester, Mintz, Kenley, Shimony, and Barch shed a light on a possible underlying neuroanatomical mechanism for separation anxiety. […] Rogers et al. found that variability of regional neonatal amygdala resting state functional connectivity predicted internalizing symptoms at 2 years of age, suggesting that risk for internalizing symptoms may be established in the neonatal period; this may also increase future risk for mood disorders as in older populations connectivity with the anterior insula relates to depressive symptoms, connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate relates to generalized anxiety, and the medial prefrontal cortex is related to behavioral inhibition.

• #20 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally typical anxiety manifested by excessive concern, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure. […] Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. The study of inheritance patterns has revealed a general familial aggregation among major anxiety disorders. […] The activation of fear neurocircuitry, with presumed anxiety neurocircuitry overlap, involves the release of various neurochemicals that lead to sympathetic stimulation. Classically characterized as a „fight-or-flight” reaction, this sympathetic response evolved to be adaptive and for a prompt behavioral response to avoid actual or perceived danger.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Separation-Anxiety-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  Separation anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by the display of extreme worry and discomfort while going away from the things and/or people to whom one is attached. […] The majority of the patients who are diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder are found to have a history of other psychiatric conditions themselves, or in their family. Therefore, researchers believe separation anxiety disorder to be a heritable disorder and of genetic origin. […] Similar to other psychiatric disorders, separation anxiety disorder also involves imbalances in neurotransmitter levels. In the patients with separation anxiety disorder, the regulation mechanism that controls the optimal level of such brain chemicals is impaired. Serotonin and norepinephrine levels are believed to be majorly affected in such patients. […] While genetic and biological factors are believed to be the causal triggers of separation anxiety disorder, environmental factors also form a major set of contributors.

• #22 Separation Anxiety: Discover the Signs, Causes, & Effective Treatments

  https://www.simplypsychology.org/separation-anxiety.html

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a form of anxiety disorder that commonly affects children but can also impact adults. […] SAD may manifest due to environmental factors, especially changes in the environment such as: A change in caregiver, Change in routine, Following a traumatic event, Change in parent availability, Change in family structure, e.g., through divorce or illness, Moving house, Starting a new school, After any life change, even if its a positive change. […] Secure attachment is important for a child’s development. It could be that SAD could be linked to a child’s attachment style to their primary caregiver. […] Some research suggests that there may be a genetic component to separation anxiety disorder, meaning that individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders may be more susceptible to developing separation anxiety. […] SAD may be related to another underlying mental health condition, such as delusions from psychotic disorders or fear of change relating to Autism spectrum disorders.

• #23 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.

• #24 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  Selective mutism (SM) has been conceptualized as an extreme variant of social anxiety disorder (SAD), in which the failure to speak functions as an avoidance mechanism leading to a reduction of intense fear arousal. […] However, psychophysiological studies in children with SM are scarce and physiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak are largely unknown. […] The increased tonic arousal generalized to non-social situations in SM could indicate a long-term alteration of the autonomic nervous system. […] Furthermore, the differential physiological stress response may indicate that silence acts as a maladaptive compensatory mechanism reducing stress in verbal social situations, which does not function in nonverbal situations. […] Our findings support the idea that the failure to speak might function as an avoidance mechanism, which is already active in anticipation of a verbal situation.

• #25 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  Selective mutism (SM) has been conceptualized as an extreme variant of social anxiety disorder (SAD), in which the failure to speak functions as an avoidance mechanism leading to a reduction of intense fear arousal. […] However, psychophysiological studies in children with SM are scarce and physiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak are largely unknown. […] The increased tonic arousal generalized to non-social situations in SM could indicate a long-term alteration of the autonomic nervous system. […] Furthermore, the differential physiological stress response may indicate that silence acts as a maladaptive compensatory mechanism reducing stress in verbal social situations, which does not function in nonverbal situations. […] Our findings support the idea that the failure to speak might function as an avoidance mechanism, which is already active in anticipation of a verbal situation.

• #26 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  The assumption that failure to speak occurs due to more intense fear and associated overarousal in children with SM compared to children with SAD implies that children with SM have higher autonomic reactivity during an expectation to speak. […] However, the few existing studies on autonomic activity in SM do not support the notion of a higher reactivity in SM compared to SAD as a mechanisms of failure to speak. […] The combination of high tonic arousal and blunted response is also known as restrictive autonomic flexibility, which can transdiagnostically be found in anxious individuals and has been interpreted as chronic dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. […] Given that inflexibility of the fear response, rather than high reactivity, is indicative of pathological anxiety, and that children with SM experience an extreme fear in verbal social situations compared with SAD, SM might be associated with an even stronger inflexibility of the fear response.

• #27 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  The assumption that failure to speak occurs due to more intense fear and associated overarousal in children with SM compared to children with SAD implies that children with SM have higher autonomic reactivity during an expectation to speak. […] However, the few existing studies on autonomic activity in SM do not support the notion of a higher reactivity in SM compared to SAD as a mechanisms of failure to speak. […] The combination of high tonic arousal and blunted response is also known as restrictive autonomic flexibility, which can transdiagnostically be found in anxious individuals and has been interpreted as chronic dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. […] Given that inflexibility of the fear response, rather than high reactivity, is indicative of pathological anxiety, and that children with SM experience an extreme fear in verbal social situations compared with SAD, SM might be associated with an even stronger inflexibility of the fear response.

• #28 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, or siblings). […] The origins of separation anxiety disorder stem from attachment theory which has roots in the attachment theories both of Sigmund Freud and John Bowlby. […] Preliminary evidence shows that heightened activity of the amygdala may be associated with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder. Defects in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial areas of the prefrontal cortex are also correlated to anxiety disorders in children.

• #29 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Separation anxiety disorder is a type of anxiety disorder wherein the affected individual experiences intense worry, fear, and panic when being separated from the attachment person. […] The causes of separation anxiety disorder include a family history of anxiety or depression, having a shy personality, low socioeconomic status, having overprotective parents, lack of adequate parental interaction, problems with peers, moving to a new home, switching schools, divorce, and death of a close family member. […] In order to understand SAD, it is important to understand its not the same as separation anxiety. Separation anxiety is a regular part of a child’s development whereas SAD is a mental illness and extreme fear or worry related to potential separation from an attachment figure. […] The origin of SAD, however, is associated with the attachment theory of the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and British psychologist John Bowlby.

• #30 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  According to Freud, the emotional bond between a child and mother develops due to the infant’s attachment to the mother as a provider of food. […] Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds developed by children with their parents or caregivers have a notable influence that continues throughout their life. […] According to Bowlby, attachment keeps the infant close to the mother and improves their chances of survival. […] He suggested that maternal deprivation trauma is the underlying cause of various forms of psychoneurosis and character disorders. […] The latter, anxious-ambivalent attachment, is the most important here because its description is similar to separation anxiety disorder. […] Overprotective parenting has frequently been linked to the emergence and persistence of anxiety problems in children.

• #31 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  According to Freud, the emotional bond between a child and mother develops due to the infant’s attachment to the mother as a provider of food. […] Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds developed by children with their parents or caregivers have a notable influence that continues throughout their life. […] According to Bowlby, attachment keeps the infant close to the mother and improves their chances of survival. […] He suggested that maternal deprivation trauma is the underlying cause of various forms of psychoneurosis and character disorders. […] The latter, anxious-ambivalent attachment, is the most important here because its description is similar to separation anxiety disorder. […] Overprotective parenting has frequently been linked to the emergence and persistence of anxiety problems in children.

• #32 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  According to Freud, the emotional bond between a child and mother develops due to the infant’s attachment to the mother as a provider of food. […] Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds developed by children with their parents or caregivers have a notable influence that continues throughout their life. […] According to Bowlby, attachment keeps the infant close to the mother and improves their chances of survival. […] He suggested that maternal deprivation trauma is the underlying cause of various forms of psychoneurosis and character disorders. […] The latter, anxious-ambivalent attachment, is the most important here because its description is similar to separation anxiety disorder. […] Overprotective parenting has frequently been linked to the emergence and persistence of anxiety problems in children.

• #33 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  According to Freud, the emotional bond between a child and mother develops due to the infant’s attachment to the mother as a provider of food. […] Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds developed by children with their parents or caregivers have a notable influence that continues throughout their life. […] According to Bowlby, attachment keeps the infant close to the mother and improves their chances of survival. […] He suggested that maternal deprivation trauma is the underlying cause of various forms of psychoneurosis and character disorders. […] The latter, anxious-ambivalent attachment, is the most important here because its description is similar to separation anxiety disorder. […] Overprotective parenting has frequently been linked to the emergence and persistence of anxiety problems in children.

• #34 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  According to Freud, the emotional bond between a child and mother develops due to the infant’s attachment to the mother as a provider of food. […] Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds developed by children with their parents or caregivers have a notable influence that continues throughout their life. […] According to Bowlby, attachment keeps the infant close to the mother and improves their chances of survival. […] He suggested that maternal deprivation trauma is the underlying cause of various forms of psychoneurosis and character disorders. […] The latter, anxious-ambivalent attachment, is the most important here because its description is similar to separation anxiety disorder. […] Overprotective parenting has frequently been linked to the emergence and persistence of anxiety problems in children.

• #35 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #36 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #37 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. […] Behavioral scientists have contributed significantly to uncovering the psychological mechanisms contributing to anxiety, specifically separation anxiety. Conditioned responses of learned fear are more significant among anxiety-disordered individuals compared to controls, with an explanation of 2 likely mechanisms: first, there is greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues, and second, there is impaired inhibitory conditioning to safety signals. […] Parenting behaviors implicate cross-generational influences on the development of childhood anxiety. These parenting behavioral systems include vicarious learning, social referencing, and modeling of parental anxiety. Further, overly protective and overly critical parenting styles, parental response to child anxiety, and family accommodation of a child’s anxiety all contribute to the conditioning and development of childhood anxiety.

• #38 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. […] Behavioral scientists have contributed significantly to uncovering the psychological mechanisms contributing to anxiety, specifically separation anxiety. Conditioned responses of learned fear are more significant among anxiety-disordered individuals compared to controls, with an explanation of 2 likely mechanisms: first, there is greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues, and second, there is impaired inhibitory conditioning to safety signals. […] Parenting behaviors implicate cross-generational influences on the development of childhood anxiety. These parenting behavioral systems include vicarious learning, social referencing, and modeling of parental anxiety. Further, overly protective and overly critical parenting styles, parental response to child anxiety, and family accommodation of a child’s anxiety all contribute to the conditioning and development of childhood anxiety.

• #39 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. Even normal children have difficulty remaining calm and composed in the presence of an anxious parent, and children who are genetically predisposed to anxiety have even greater difficulty. In as many as 30% of cases, treating the parent’s anxiety in conjunction with the child’s anxiety is helpful.

• #40 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. Even normal children have difficulty remaining calm and composed in the presence of an anxious parent, and children who are genetically predisposed to anxiety have even greater difficulty. In as many as 30% of cases, treating the parent’s anxiety in conjunction with the child’s anxiety is helpful.

• #41 The Effects of Parent Factors on Children’s Separation Anxiety

  https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3576/

  Parental anxiety is a well-known factor that contributes to the development of anxiety in children. […] The purpose of the present study was to determine the mechanism through which parental factors such as somatization, anxiety sensitivity, and separation anxious behaviors might influence the development of anxiety in young children (specifically separation anxiety). […] The results showed that only parental separation anxious behaviors uniquely influenced separation anxious behaviors in children. Results and implications of these findings may be used to direct further examination of influential parental factors and inform treatment by targeting anxious parental behaviors.

• #42 The Effects of Parent Factors on Children’s Separation Anxiety

  https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3576/

  Parental anxiety is a well-known factor that contributes to the development of anxiety in children. […] The purpose of the present study was to determine the mechanism through which parental factors such as somatization, anxiety sensitivity, and separation anxious behaviors might influence the development of anxiety in young children (specifically separation anxiety). […] The results showed that only parental separation anxious behaviors uniquely influenced separation anxious behaviors in children. Results and implications of these findings may be used to direct further examination of influential parental factors and inform treatment by targeting anxious parental behaviors.

• #43 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Overprotective parenting is a cause of SAD because this parenting style creates a dependent child. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment. […] Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety.

• #44 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Overprotective parenting is a cause of SAD because this parenting style creates a dependent child. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment. […] Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety.

• #45 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Who Is at Risk for Separation Anxiety?

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/separation-anxiety/

  Separation anxiety disorder may be linked to panic disorder and panic attacks. Repeated incidents of intense anxiety and fear may cause panic attacks within minutes. […] Genetics may affect the development of separation anxiety. People can inherit the tendency to be anxious from their parents. However, anxiety and fear may also be learned from others who frequently display increased anxiety around the child. Children whose parents are over-protective may be more prone to separation anxiety. […] Separation anxiety disorder can be triggered by stress that results in separation from a loved one or a traumatic experience.

• #46 Anxiety disorders – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/anxiety-disorders/

  Separation anxiety disorder differs from nonpathological separation anxiety in its intensity and effect on the social and academic life of the individual. […] Typically develops after a stressful life event, usually involving some form of loss (e.g., death of a relative, parental divorce, change of school). […] Onset: the condition can occur in, or persist into, adulthood and may have a debilitating effect on an individual’s ability to work or socialize in the absence of attachment figures. […] Symptoms persist for at least 4 weeks in children/adolescents and 6 months in adults. […] Significant impairment of academic, social, and/or work life (e.g., often a precursor to school refusal). […] Symptoms are not attributable to another psychiatric disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, psychosis, other anxiety disorders).

• #47 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Overprotective parenting is a cause of SAD because this parenting style creates a dependent child. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment. […] Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety.

• #48 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Overprotective parenting is a cause of SAD because this parenting style creates a dependent child. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment. […] Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety.

• #49 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Overprotective parenting is a cause of SAD because this parenting style creates a dependent child. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment. […] Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety.

• #50 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Divorce causes separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stressor that results in a child losing a parent by being separated from them. […] The death of a close family member becomes a cause of separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stress that results in separation from that specific person.

• #51 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Divorce causes separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stressor that results in a child losing a parent by being separated from them. […] The death of a close family member becomes a cause of separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stress that results in separation from that specific person.

• #52 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #53 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #54 Childhood Separation Anxiety and The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Adult Anxiety | PDF | Anxiety Disorder | Attachment Theory

  https://www.scribd.com/document/233553512/34

  Childhood separation anxiety can lead to difficulties forming attachments and internalizing positive relationships as an adult. […] This in turn impacts one’s ability to self-soothe and regulate emotions, potentially resulting in anxiety, mood, and personality disorders later in life. […] The document presents a case study of a patient whose childhood separation anxiety developed into severe panic disorder and agoraphobia as an adult to illustrate this pathway.

• #55 Childhood Separation Anxiety and The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Adult Anxiety | PDF | Anxiety Disorder | Attachment Theory

  https://www.scribd.com/document/233553512/34

  Childhood separation anxiety can lead to difficulties forming attachments and internalizing positive relationships as an adult. […] This in turn impacts one’s ability to self-soothe and regulate emotions, potentially resulting in anxiety, mood, and personality disorders later in life. […] The document presents a case study of a patient whose childhood separation anxiety developed into severe panic disorder and agoraphobia as an adult to illustrate this pathway.

• #56 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Who Is at Risk for Separation Anxiety?

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/separation-anxiety/

  Separation anxiety disorder may be linked to panic disorder and panic attacks. Repeated incidents of intense anxiety and fear may cause panic attacks within minutes. […] Genetics may affect the development of separation anxiety. People can inherit the tendency to be anxious from their parents. However, anxiety and fear may also be learned from others who frequently display increased anxiety around the child. Children whose parents are over-protective may be more prone to separation anxiety. […] Separation anxiety disorder can be triggered by stress that results in separation from a loved one or a traumatic experience.

• #57 Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder–agoraphobia? a community study | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/is-early-separation-anxiety-a-specific-precursor-of-panic-disorderagoraphobia-a-community-study/A49A643AD85B1B5E1230AB862066C8DA

  The chief finding was that subjects with a lifetime history of panic disorderagoraphobia (PDAg) returned statistically higher scores on a retrospective measure of early separation anxiety compared to subjects with either generalized anxiety or other phobic disorders, a result which was not accounted for by differences in neuroticism or General Health Questionnaire scores. […] the present study does provide added support for the hypothesis endorsed by DSM-III-R that there is a developmental link between early separation anxiety and panic disorder.

• #58 Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder: Differences Between Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Subtypes

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/childhood-separation-anxiety-panic-respiratory-nonrespiratory-subtypes/

  Separation anxiety is an innate mechanism observed in all mammals, and, in humans, it typically reaches its peak between the ages of 10 to 36 months. It becomes a disorder when fear or anxiety involving separation of attachment figures is excessive or developmentally inappropriate. […] In 1993, Klein integrated childhood separation anxiety disorder (CSAD) with PD under his false suffocation alarm theory because he believed there was substantial shared pathophysiology between the 2 disorders. This resulted in the separation anxiety hypothesis of PD, which underwent comprehensive exploration in subsequent studies, indicating shared pathophysiology between PD and CSAD. […] Our working hypothesis postulates that there is a robust connection between RS-PD and CSAD, whereas NRS-PD is not connected to CSAD.

• #59 Relevance of separation anxiety in the autism spectrum and related disorders | Journal of Psychopathology

  https://www.jpsychopathol.it/article/view/615

  Symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) are common among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or subthreshold manifestations of the autism spectrum, also known as autistic traits (ATs). […] Specifically, in the relationship between these psychopathological entities, the development of insecure attachment patterns in individuals with autism, possibly due to the known difficulties in communication and social interaction presented by the patient and his family context, could promote the development of SAD and other mental disorders in continuity, such as BPD and eating spectrum disorders. […] We believe that investigating the relationship between ATs and separation anxiety can clarify the pathogenesis of these two disorders interpreted in the full spectrum of their manifestations and promote understanding of their comorbidities in an integrated model of psychopathology.

• #60 Relevance of separation anxiety in the autism spectrum and related disorders | Journal of Psychopathology

  https://www.jpsychopathol.it/article/view/615

  Symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) are common among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or subthreshold manifestations of the autism spectrum, also known as autistic traits (ATs). […] Specifically, in the relationship between these psychopathological entities, the development of insecure attachment patterns in individuals with autism, possibly due to the known difficulties in communication and social interaction presented by the patient and his family context, could promote the development of SAD and other mental disorders in continuity, such as BPD and eating spectrum disorders. […] We believe that investigating the relationship between ATs and separation anxiety can clarify the pathogenesis of these two disorders interpreted in the full spectrum of their manifestations and promote understanding of their comorbidities in an integrated model of psychopathology.

• #61 Separation Anxiety: Discover the Signs, Causes, & Effective Treatments

  https://www.simplypsychology.org/separation-anxiety.html

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a form of anxiety disorder that commonly affects children but can also impact adults. […] SAD may manifest due to environmental factors, especially changes in the environment such as: A change in caregiver, Change in routine, Following a traumatic event, Change in parent availability, Change in family structure, e.g., through divorce or illness, Moving house, Starting a new school, After any life change, even if its a positive change. […] Secure attachment is important for a child’s development. It could be that SAD could be linked to a child’s attachment style to their primary caregiver. […] Some research suggests that there may be a genetic component to separation anxiety disorder, meaning that individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders may be more susceptible to developing separation anxiety. […] SAD may be related to another underlying mental health condition, such as delusions from psychotic disorders or fear of change relating to Autism spectrum disorders.

• #62 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  Selective mutism (SM) has been conceptualized as an extreme variant of social anxiety disorder (SAD), in which the failure to speak functions as an avoidance mechanism leading to a reduction of intense fear arousal. […] However, psychophysiological studies in children with SM are scarce and physiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak are largely unknown. […] The increased tonic arousal generalized to non-social situations in SM could indicate a long-term alteration of the autonomic nervous system. […] Furthermore, the differential physiological stress response may indicate that silence acts as a maladaptive compensatory mechanism reducing stress in verbal social situations, which does not function in nonverbal situations. […] Our findings support the idea that the failure to speak might function as an avoidance mechanism, which is already active in anticipation of a verbal situation.

• #63 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  The assumption that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, as has already been demonstrated for children with SAD, could be partially confirmed by our results. […] The presence of a restricted autonomic flexibility in children with SM is indicated by the finding of increased autonomic arousal during rest in the absence of social stress in children with SM compared to children with TD. […] The finding that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, especially in non-verbal social situations, could be an indicator for a generalized pathological fear response beyond verbal situations. […] The results may support the assumption in the literature that failure to speak is an avoidance mechanism that reduces fear effectively in the short term but is maladaptive and maintains the disorder in the long term.

• #64 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  The assumption that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, as has already been demonstrated for children with SAD, could be partially confirmed by our results. […] The presence of a restricted autonomic flexibility in children with SM is indicated by the finding of increased autonomic arousal during rest in the absence of social stress in children with SM compared to children with TD. […] The finding that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, especially in non-verbal social situations, could be an indicator for a generalized pathological fear response beyond verbal situations. […] The results may support the assumption in the literature that failure to speak is an avoidance mechanism that reduces fear effectively in the short term but is maladaptive and maintains the disorder in the long term.

• #65 Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-021-00430-1

  The assumption that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, as has already been demonstrated for children with SAD, could be partially confirmed by our results. […] The presence of a restricted autonomic flexibility in children with SM is indicated by the finding of increased autonomic arousal during rest in the absence of social stress in children with SM compared to children with TD. […] The finding that children with SM showed restricted autonomic flexibility, especially in non-verbal social situations, could be an indicator for a generalized pathological fear response beyond verbal situations. […] The results may support the assumption in the literature that failure to speak is an avoidance mechanism that reduces fear effectively in the short term but is maladaptive and maintains the disorder in the long term.

• #66 Separation Anxiety and Selective Mutism | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/separation-anxiety-and-selective-mutism/

  Separation anxiety disorder may cause significant negative effects within areas of social and emotional functioning, family life, and physical health of the disordered individual. […] Factors that contribute to the disorder include a combination and interaction of biological, cognitive, environmental, child temperament, and behavioral factors. […] Many psychological professionals have suggested that early or traumatic separation from a central caregiver in a child’s life can increase the likelihood of them being diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, school phobia, and depressive-spectrum disorders. […] There may be a genetic predisposition in children with separation anxiety disorder. Experts say, Separation anxiety disorder in children may be heritable. […] A child’s temperament can also impact the development of separation anxiety disorder. Timid and shy behaviors may be referred to as behaviorally inhibited temperaments in which the child may experience anxiety when they are not familiar with a particular location or person.

• #67 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is 1 of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when the child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally normal anxiety and manifests as excessive concerns, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure or home. […] More significant than expected duration or intensity of separation anxiety symptoms in children or the development of this disorder in older children, adolescents, or adults constitutes SAD. This disorder severely affects the quality of life and functioning across several areas, including school, work, social interactions, and close relationships. SAD is a gateway anxiety disorder that can lead to poor mental and physical health outcomes, including excessive worry, sleep disturbances, undue distress in social settings, poor academic performance, and somatic complaints.

• #68 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] Risk of separation anxiety disorder is often associated with a stressful event that leads to separation from a loved one. Examples include the death or other absence of a parent or parental divorce. A change in environment, such as moving or switching schools, can also trigger the condition. A family history of anxiety further raises an individuals risk, especially for children who have a parent who is affected by anxiety and who models anxious behaviors. […] Symptoms typically become apparent when the affected individual is about to be separatedor begins thinking about being separatedfrom a loved one. The intense anxiety often interferes with not only the individuals daily activities but also their loved ones ability to work and carry out daily responsibilities. Separation anxiety disorder may be accompanied by or lead to other mental health conditionsmany of which share overlapping symptoms with separation anxiety disorderincluding agoraphobia (fear and avoidance of certain places or situations), depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Affected adults are more likely to also have personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder; fear of abandonment is a symptom of both borderline personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder.

• #69 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] Risk of separation anxiety disorder is often associated with a stressful event that leads to separation from a loved one. Examples include the death or other absence of a parent or parental divorce. A change in environment, such as moving or switching schools, can also trigger the condition. A family history of anxiety further raises an individuals risk, especially for children who have a parent who is affected by anxiety and who models anxious behaviors. […] Symptoms typically become apparent when the affected individual is about to be separatedor begins thinking about being separatedfrom a loved one. The intense anxiety often interferes with not only the individuals daily activities but also their loved ones ability to work and carry out daily responsibilities. Separation anxiety disorder may be accompanied by or lead to other mental health conditionsmany of which share overlapping symptoms with separation anxiety disorderincluding agoraphobia (fear and avoidance of certain places or situations), depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Affected adults are more likely to also have personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder; fear of abandonment is a symptom of both borderline personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder.

• #70 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Treatment can lessen separation anxiety disorder symptoms. Treatment may include specific types of therapy, sometimes along with medicine. […] Sometimes, separation anxiety can be triggered by life stress that results in separation from a loved one. Examples include divorce of parents, changing schools, moving to a new location or a loved one’s death. Genetics may play a role in separation anxiety becoming separation anxiety disorder. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] Risk factors may include: Life stresses or loss that result in separation. Examples include the illness or death of a loved one, loss of a beloved pet, divorce of parents, or moving or going away to school. […] Separation anxiety disorder causes major distress and problems functioning at home, in social situations, or at work or school.

• #71 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Early diagnosis and treatment of separation anxiety disorder can ease symptoms and prevent the disorder from progressing. In children, separation anxiety is assessed to determine whether the degree to which it is experienced constitutes a disorder. In general, the condition is diagnosed in children when symptoms of separation anxiety are present for at least four weeks and interfere with daily life. In adults, diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms for at least six months, with other causes ruled out.

• #72 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #73 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #74 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #75 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] Risk of separation anxiety disorder is often associated with a stressful event that leads to separation from a loved one. Examples include the death or other absence of a parent or parental divorce. A change in environment, such as moving or switching schools, can also trigger the condition. A family history of anxiety further raises an individuals risk, especially for children who have a parent who is affected by anxiety and who models anxious behaviors. […] Symptoms typically become apparent when the affected individual is about to be separatedor begins thinking about being separatedfrom a loved one. The intense anxiety often interferes with not only the individuals daily activities but also their loved ones ability to work and carry out daily responsibilities. Separation anxiety disorder may be accompanied by or lead to other mental health conditionsmany of which share overlapping symptoms with separation anxiety disorderincluding agoraphobia (fear and avoidance of certain places or situations), depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Affected adults are more likely to also have personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder; fear of abandonment is a symptom of both borderline personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder.

• #76 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] Risk of separation anxiety disorder is often associated with a stressful event that leads to separation from a loved one. Examples include the death or other absence of a parent or parental divorce. A change in environment, such as moving or switching schools, can also trigger the condition. A family history of anxiety further raises an individuals risk, especially for children who have a parent who is affected by anxiety and who models anxious behaviors. […] Symptoms typically become apparent when the affected individual is about to be separatedor begins thinking about being separatedfrom a loved one. The intense anxiety often interferes with not only the individuals daily activities but also their loved ones ability to work and carry out daily responsibilities. Separation anxiety disorder may be accompanied by or lead to other mental health conditionsmany of which share overlapping symptoms with separation anxiety disorderincluding agoraphobia (fear and avoidance of certain places or situations), depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Affected adults are more likely to also have personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder; fear of abandonment is a symptom of both borderline personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder.

• #77 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #78 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #79 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24129927/

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #80 Childhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid24129927

  Clinically significant separation anxiety disorder in childhood leads to adult panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. The prevailing pathophysiological model of anxiety disorders, which emphasizes extinction deficits of fear-conditioned responses, does not fully consider the role of separation anxiety. Pathological early childhood attachments have far-reaching consequences for the later adult ability to experience and internalize positive relationships in order to develop mental capacities for self-soothing, anxiety tolerance, affect modulation, and individuation. […] Initially identified in attachment research, the phenomenon of separation anxiety is supported by animal model, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. A role of oxytocin is postulated. […] Adults, inured to their anxiety, often do not identify separation anxiety as problematic, but those who develop anxiety and mood disorders respond more poorly to both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. This poorer response may reflect patients’ difficulty in forming and maintaining attachments, including therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapies that focus on relationships and separation anxiety may benefit patients with separation anxiety by using the dyadic therapist-patient relationship to recapture and better understand important elements of earlier pathological parent-child relationships.

• #81 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.

• #82 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Treatment can lessen separation anxiety disorder symptoms. Treatment may include specific types of therapy, sometimes along with medicine. […] Sometimes, separation anxiety can be triggered by life stress that results in separation from a loved one. Examples include divorce of parents, changing schools, moving to a new location or a loved one’s death. Genetics may play a role in separation anxiety becoming separation anxiety disorder. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] Risk factors may include: Life stresses or loss that result in separation. Examples include the illness or death of a loved one, loss of a beloved pet, divorce of parents, or moving or going away to school. […] Separation anxiety disorder causes major distress and problems functioning at home, in social situations, or at work or school.

• #83 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Basic science studies of rhesus macaques have shown that an early history of exposure to traumatic events may alter infant caregiver bonding by causing altered functioning of the oxytocin receptor; this may have implications for treatment approaches. […] An article published in February 2017 in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Rogers, Sylvester, Mintz, Kenley, Shimony, and Barch shed a light on a possible underlying neuroanatomical mechanism for separation anxiety. […] Rogers et al. found that variability of regional neonatal amygdala resting state functional connectivity predicted internalizing symptoms at 2 years of age, suggesting that risk for internalizing symptoms may be established in the neonatal period; this may also increase future risk for mood disorders as in older populations connectivity with the anterior insula relates to depressive symptoms, connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate relates to generalized anxiety, and the medial prefrontal cortex is related to behavioral inhibition.

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