Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally typical anxiety manifested by excessive concern, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure. […] The etiology of most psychiatric conditions involves various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors particularly impact the development of anxiety disorders, there are multiple biological components to pathological anxiety. The study of inheritance patterns has revealed a general familial aggregation among major anxiety disorders. […] Behavioral scientists have contributed significantly to uncovering the psychological mechanisms contributing to anxiety, specifically separation anxiety. Conditioned responses of learned fear are more significant among anxiety-disordered individuals compared to controls, with an explanation of 2 likely mechanisms: first, there is greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues, and second, there is impaired inhibitory conditioning to safety signals.

• #1 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Parenting behaviors implicate cross-generational influences on the development of childhood anxiety. These parenting behavioral systems include vicarious learning, social referencing, and modeling of parental anxiety. Further, overly protective and overly critical parenting styles, parental response to child anxiety, and family accommodation of a child’s anxiety all contribute to the conditioning and development of childhood anxiety. […] Children of parents who suffer from depression and anxiety disorders are at a higher risk of developing a depressive or anxiety disorder.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/YourFamily/OlderAdults/90,P02582

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. […] Experts believe SAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of 2 chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. A traumatic event may also cause SAD. […] The cause of SAD is both biological and environmental.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/separation-anxiety

  Some children have symptoms of separation anxiety during their grade school and teenage years. This condition is called separation anxiety disorder or SAD. Three to four percent of children have SAD. […] SAD tends to indicate general mood and mental health issues. Around one-third of children with SAD will be diagnosed with mental illness as an adult. […] SAD is more likely to occur in children with a family history of anxiety or depression. […] SAD can also occur after a stressful life event such as moving to a new home, switching schools, divorce, or the death of a close family member. […] There are no specific medications for SAD. Antidepressants are sometimes used in older children with this condition if other forms of treatment are ineffective. […] Emotional and social development are both seriously affected by SAD. The condition can cause a child to avoid experiences crucial to normal development. […] SAD can also affect family life. Some of these problems may include family activities that are limited by negative behavior, parents with little to no time for themselves or each other, resulting in frustration, and siblings that become jealous of the extra attention given to the child with SAD.

• #3 Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) Causes and Treaments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/separation-anxiety-disorder-symptoms-causes-treatment-5089469

  Individual temperament also plays a part. Studies suggest that SAD is more common among children and adults with „inhibited” personality styles characterized by timidity and shyness. […] There is also evidence that genetics play a role, including a number of studies among twins that have shown a pattern of inheritability among children of twins.

• #4 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. […] Anxiety disorders like SAD are linked to biological, family and environmental factors. […] Biological factors: The brain has special chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that send messages back and forth to control the way a person feels. Serotonin and dopamine are two important neurotransmitters that, when “out of whack,” can cause feelings of anxiety. […] Family factors: Just as a child can inherit a parent’s hair color, a child can also inherit that parent’s anxiety. In addition, anxiety may be learned from family members and others who are noticeably stressed or anxious around a child. […] Environmental factors: A traumatic experience (such as a divorce, illness, or death in the family) may also trigger the onset of separation anxiety disorder.

• #5 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/YourFamily/OlderAdults/90,P02582

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. […] Experts believe SAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of 2 chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. A traumatic event may also cause SAD. […] The cause of SAD is both biological and environmental.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Separation-Anxiety-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  Separation anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by the display of extreme worry and discomfort while going away from the things and/or people to whom one is attached. […] The majority of the patients who are diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder are found to have a history of other psychiatric conditions themselves, or in their family. Therefore, researchers believe separation anxiety disorder to be a heritable disorder and of genetic origin. […] Similar to other psychiatric disorders, separation anxiety disorder also involves imbalances in neurotransmitter levels. In the patients with separation anxiety disorder, the regulation mechanism that controls the optimal level of such brain chemicals is impaired. Serotonin and norepinephrine levels are believed to be majorly affected in such patients.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Separation-Anxiety-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  While genetic and biological factors are believed to be the causal triggers of separation anxiety disorder, environmental factors also form a major set of contributors. […] The most basic one is an abrupt change in the surroundings of a child who is prone to the disorder, such as, for example, the family moving to a new city because of the parents work commitments. […] Additionally, children may also learn anxious behavior from their parents or grandparents who are over-protective and show excessive concern about their safety. […] Stress and trauma are other important triggers of anxiety. Major losses such as the unexpected death of a family member to whom the patient was closely attached can render the person very lonely and traumatized.

• #7 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Most often, the onset of separation anxiety disorder is caused by a stressful life-event, especially a loss of a loved one or pet, but can also include parental divorce, change of school or neighborhood, natural disasters, or circumstances which forced the individual to be separated from their attachment figure(s). […] There may be a genetic predisposition in children with separation anxiety disorder. […] A child’s temperament can also impact the development of SAD. […] Preliminary evidence shows that heightened activity of the amygdala may be associated with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder.

• #7 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, or siblings). […] The origins of separation anxiety disorder stem from attachment theory which has roots in the attachment theories both of Sigmund Freud and John Bowlby. […] Factors that contribute to the disorder include a combination and interaction of biological, cognitive, environmental, child temperament, and behavioral factors. […] Children are more likely to develop SAD if one or both of their parents was diagnosed with a psychological disorder. […] Many psychological professionals have suggested that early or traumatic separation from a central caregiver in a child’s life can increase the likelihood of them being diagnosed with SAD, school phobia, and depressive-spectrum disorders.

• #8 Beyond Normal Attachment: Managing Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder – Psychiatry Advisor

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/features/beyond-normal-attachment-managing-childhood-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by an abnormal reactivity to real or imagined separation from attachment figures, which significantly interferes with daily activities and developmental tasks. […] And similar to other anxiety disorders, separation anxiety is multidetermined and is caused by a host of factors, including genetic, parenting, temperament, modeling, and social learning, she observed. […] Although there are no definitive answers regarding the cause of SAD, there are some hypotheses. […] Changes in the amygdala may also play a role in SAD. […] Significant disruption in caregiving is associated with childhood separation anxiety symptoms as well as altered functional development of the amygdala, which is a neurobiological correlate of anxious behavior. […] We know there are certain children who are temperamentally shy, withdrawn, or are behaviorally inhibited, and we know that anxiety runs in families. […] Although the heavy reliance on parents for help in regulating and avoiding feelings of anxiety, a process called family accommodation, can help alleviate the anxious child’s distress in the short term, it maintains the anxiety in the long run.

• #9 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Research results regarding hormonal influences during pregnancy and the neonatal period suggest that maternal endocrine activation during pregnancy (eg, exposure to ACTH, dexamethasone, or conditions that cause their release) and/or early separation or loss (eg, the neonate not being raised by the original primary caregiver) may result in lower cortisol levels overall and may correlate later in development with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, learned helplessness, and depression. […] Recent research evidence indicates that anxiety disorders in general, and separation anxiety specifically, are linked to dysregulation in the fear and stress response system in the brain and are one of the most common causes of school refusal. […] Experts have postulated that early and traumatic separation from the attachment figure (as well as a family history of anxiety disorders or depression in first-degree relatives) may increase the likelihood of the child and, later on, the adolescent or adult developing separation anxiety disorder, school phobia, and depressive-spectrum disorders.

• #9 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Examples of early and traumatic separation include a prolonged stay away from the primary caregiver during the neonatal period; later sudden hospitalization; early loss of attachments because of death or divorce; or an interactive pattern with an over-protective, needy, or depressed parent. […] In addition, some children may be more vulnerable to separation anxiety based on their temperament (ie, level of anxiety dealing with new situations).

• #10 Separation Anxiety and Selective Mutism | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/separation-anxiety-and-selective-mutism/

  There may be a genetic predisposition in children with separation anxiety disorder. Experts say, Separation anxiety disorder in children may be heritable. […] A child’s temperament can also impact the development of separation anxiety disorder. Timid and shy behaviors may be referred to as behaviorally inhibited temperaments in which the child may experience anxiety when they are not familiar with a particular location or person.

• #11 Separation Anxiety in 5-Year-Olds: A Parent’s Guide to Coping and Support

  https://www.handspringhealth.com/post/understanding-5-year-old-separation-anxiety

  Separation anxiety is a common challenge faced by many parents and caregivers, especially when children are navigating the transition from home to school or other new environments. […] However, when anxiety intensifies beyond this normal developmental window or occurs in inappropriate contexts, it can evolve into Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), a condition that severely impairs the child’s social, emotional, and academic functioning. […] Research suggests that when anxiety is sustained beyond these normative stages or worsens in intensity, it can interfere with a child’s emotional and social development. […] Children with insecure or anxious-ambivalent attachment styles are at greater risk of developing separation anxiety. […] Studies have shown that children with such attachment patterns are more likely to experience SAD.

• #12 Separation Anxiety Disorder – Symptoms, Signs, Side Effects & Causes

  https://klinic.com/condition/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Environmental factors: Insecure attachments to parents or caregivers may contribute to anxiety about separation. […] Some of the key risk factors for separation anxiety disorder include: Family history of anxiety disorders, Significant stressful or traumatic life events in early childhood, such as the loss of a parent or caregiver, or witnessing domestic violence, Certain childhood temperaments, like shyness, inhibition, or behavioral inhibition, Parental intrusiveness, Lack of appropriate parental responses to a child’s fears and worries, Abrupt separation from a primary caregiver in early childhood, Changes in routine or environment, such as moving to a new home or school, Insecure attachment to parents or caregivers.

• #13 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as excessive worry and fear about being apart from family members or individuals to whom a child is most attached. […] Anxiety disorders are believed to have biological, family, and environmental factors that contribute to the cause. A chemical imbalance involving 2 chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely contributes to the cause of anxiety disorders. […] While a child or adolescent may have inherited a biological tendency to be anxious, anxiety and fear can also be learned from family members and others who frequently display increased anxiety around the child. A traumatic experience may also trigger anxiety.

• #14 SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER IN YOUTH: PHENOMENOLOGY, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2788956/

  Separation Anxiety Disorder is characterized by developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached. […] Research suggests that SAD may be substantively influenced by environmental factors, more so than other childhood anxiety disorders. […] One environmental factor frequently cited in the development of childhood anxiety is parenting behavior. […] Overprotective and over involved parenting behaviors are also central to the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. […] Parental intrusiveness appears to be a specific risk factor for SAD among children with anxiety disorder diagnoses. […] Research has pointed to parental intrusiveness as a specific risk factor for childhood SAD. […] Further research is also needed in the understanding of the etiology of SAD, beyond the genetic risk factors and parenting behaviors known to contribute to the manifestation and maintenance of the disorder.

• #15 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/separation-anxiety

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a condition in which a child becomes fearful and nervous when away from home or separated from a loved one — usually a parent or other caregiver — to whom the child is attached. […] Possible causes and risk factors for SAD include: […] A significant stressful or traumatic event in the child’s life, such as a stay in the hospital, the death of a loved one or pet, or a change in environment (such as moving to another house or a change of schools) […] Children whose parents are overprotective may be more prone to separation anxiety. In fact, it may not necessarily be a disease of the child but a sign of parental separation anxiety as well — parent and child can feed the other’s anxiety. […] Children with separation anxiety often have family members with anxiety or other mental health diagnoses, which suggests that a risk of getting the disorder may be inherited. […] Insecure attachment to parents or caregivers […] Stress […] Other anxiety disorders, like panic attacks, social anxiety disorder, phobias, or agoraphobia […] Children with SAD may also have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or depression.

• #16 Separation Anxiety Disorder Assessment And Treatment

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/separation-anxiety

  Separation anxiety disorder is a common anxiety disorder in which children have exaggerated fear and worry when separating from a parent or other attachment figure, but it can also occur in adults. […] There is not one single cause of separation anxiety disorder; rather, there are several risk factors that increase the likelihood that someone will develop this mental health condition. The risk factors below contribute to the development of separation anxiety disorder: Genes: Certain genetic factors are believed to make people more vulnerable to separation anxiety disorder, but these factors usually interact with environmental risk factors. Children of parents who have panic disorder are at increased risk of separation anxiety, suggesting a genetic contribution. […] Parenting characteristics, such as lack of warmth and discouragement of independence, have been found to contribute to separation anxiety disorder. Overprotective or highly intrusive parenting practices can make a child more prone to developing separation anxiety disorder symptoms.

• #17 Separation Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder that typically occurs in childhood or adolescence. […] There’s no one known cause for the development of separation anxiety disorder, but several factors appear to increase a child’s risk of developing the disorder. […] Research from 2009 suggested possible genetic components in the development of separation anxiety disorder. […] That said, research from 2008 concluded that separation anxiety disorder is more influenced by environmental factors than many other childhood anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic or stressful life events are also thought to increase the risk of separation anxiety disorder in children. […] For adults, the main risk factor for separation anxiety disorder is having untreated separation anxiety disorder in childhood.

• #18 Separation anxiety disorder

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377446

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Sometimes, separation anxiety can be triggered by life stress that results in separation from a loved one. Examples include divorce of parents, changing schools, moving to a new location or a loved one’s death. Genetics may play a role in separation anxiety becoming separation anxiety disorder.

• #19 Separation anxiety disorder & Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Separation anxiety disorder is a condition in which toddlers and children experience severe anxiety when separated from their parents. […] It is caused by genetics and brain chemistry. It can also be caused due to the following factors: […] If one has lost someone very close to them due to death, divorce, illness, moving, etc., they may develop a separation anxiety disorder. […] As genetics play a role in this disorder, having a family member with a separation anxiety disorder or other anxiety-related condition, makes it more likely for an individual to develop the same disorder.

• #20 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Shy, timid personalities cause separation anxiety disorder because people with these characteristics tend to worry a lot about the opinions and attitudes of other individuals in their life. […] Low socioeconomic status causes separation anxiety disorder due to increased parental anxiety. […] Overprotective parents cause separation anxiety disorder because the children are deprived of the chance to explore the world around them. […] Lack of appropriate parental interaction causes SAD because low parental warmth and parental rejection affects the attribution patterns that a kid develops. […] Problems dealing with kids their own age cause separation anxiety disorder because a child feels insecure, which deepens their attachment to the parent or caregiver. […] Moving to a new home causes separation anxiety disorder because a child often struggles to adapt to the whole new environment.

• #20 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Switching schools causes separation anxiety disorder because its a major life stressor that triggers the symptoms of anxiety. […] Divorce causes separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stressor that results in a child losing a parent by being separated from them. […] The death of a close family member becomes a cause of separation anxiety disorder because it is a major life stress that results in separation from that specific person.

• #21 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  Separation anxiety is common in younger children, whereas older children and teenagers tend to worry more about school or have social anxiety. […] Having a close family member with anxiety may increase your child’s chance of having it too. Children can also pick up anxious behaviour from being around anxious people. Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as: frequently moving house or school, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.

• #22 Separation Anxiety in Children: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.e-counseling.com/articles/separation-anxiety-in-children/

  Separation anxiety occurs for an important reason. As infants and toddlers develop and learn the importance of their caregivers role in keeping them safe and healthy, they notice the risks involved when the caregiver is not with them. […] Separation anxiety disorder can be the result of trauma, life changes such as divorce, family mental health issues, or other mental health issues. Traumatic events can cause the child to fear for their overall safety, which increases the need for security from the caregiver. […] Life changes in the family, such as divorce or the loss of a family member, can cause a child to worry about the loss of other family members. […] Family patterns and attachment styles may also play a role in the occurrence of a separation anxiety predisposition. Several studies have indicated that higher maternal anxiety levels increase the likelihood of separation anxiety in children.

• #23 Separation Anxiety: Discover the Signs, Causes, & Effective Treatments

  https://www.simplypsychology.org/separation-anxiety.html

  Likewise, parenting that is overly critical, controlling, or overprotective may interfere with a child’s normal development of autonomy, as well as contribute to anxiety disorders. […] Most children with anxiety disorder usually come from middle-to upper-income families. However, those with SAD tend to come from low-income households. […] This could suggest that the financial stress within a family could be a contributing factor for young children to develop SAD and insecure attachments. […] SAD may be related to another underlying mental health condition, such as delusions from psychotic disorders or fear of change relating to Autism spectrum disorders. […] Individuals with a history of other anxiety disorders or mood disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder, may be at an increased risk of developing separation anxiety disorder.

• #24 What is Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children? – Best Psychiatry, Mental Health Clinic, Top 10 Psychiatrist in Florida

  https://hupcfl.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder-in-children/

  Separation anxiety disorder (similarly as with most psychological health conditions) is commonly caused by the blend of hereditary and environmental flaws as opposed regardless of any single thing. […] As well as being more common in kids with family backgrounds of anxiety and stress, children whose moms were stressed during pregnancy with them will generally be more at risk of getting this problem. […] A larger portion of kids with separation anxiety disorder have school refusal as a sign, and up to 80% of children who decline school qualify for the diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder. Roughly half 75% of children who experience the side effects of this problem come from homes of low financial status.

• #25 Separation Anxiety Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/psychiatry/separation-anxiety-disorder-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention

  Separation anxiety disorder can be a symptom of a more serious condition as early as preschool. […] Periodically, stressful life circumstances that need a person to part from a loved one may trigger separation anxiety disorder. The condition could also be influenced by genetics. […] Among the variables at risk are stresses or losses in life that result in separation, such as the illness or death of a loved one, the passing of a beloved pet, the divorce of a parent, moving, or going off to college. […] A family history raises the possibility that those traits may be inherited, particularly if there are blood relatives who suffer from anxiety disorders or other challenges. […] Separation anxiety disorder may coexist with other anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and depression.

• #26 Separation anxiety in adults: Symptoms, treatment, and management

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322070

  Separation anxiety can stem from many life events, such as the loss of an attachment figure. Their anxiety may also have links to another underlying mental health condition. […] The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states the risk factors can vary for each type of anxiety disorder. However, general risk factors include exposure to negative or stressful life events, a history, or family history, of anxiety or other mental health conditions, shyness in childhood, and feeling distressed or nervous in new situations during childhood. […] Those with obsessive-compulsive disorder are more likely to experience separation anxiety as an adult, according to a 2015 article. […] Those with separation anxiety often have other co-existing conditions, such as social phobias, panic disorders, or agoraphobia.

• #27 Separation Anxiety in Adults, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://weleveluptx.com/separation-anxiety/

  Separation anxiety disorder is strongly linked with instances of drug and alcohol use disorders. […] The causes of most anxiety disorders involve various degrees and types of biological, psychological, and social contributors. Although psychological factors significantly impact the development of separation anxiety disorder, there are multiple physical components and risk factors. […] The most common risk factors of SAD are: Family history of anxiety disorders, Personal history of trauma or loss, Overprotective parenting, High levels of family stress, Changes in environment or routine, Parental anxiety, Chronic illnesses, Developmental delays, Insecure attachment with caregivers. […] Substance abuse often stems from trying to cope with mental health issues like separation anxiety. People might self-medicate with alcohol or drugs, finding short-term relief that seems like a solution. However, this can lead to repetitive self-medication and dependency, eventually turning into addiction. […] Acknowledging a mental health issue is a crucial step, leading to more effective treatment for concurrent drug addiction.

• #28 Separation Anxiety Disorder – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mental-health/separation-anxiety-disorder/

  Mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, can be caused by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. While psychological factors play a significant role, there are also biological aspects to these disorders. Research has shown that anxiety disorders often run in families, implying a genetic link to anxiety. Identical twins, who share the same genetic material, are more likely to both have anxiety compared to non-identical twins. Changes to our genes, particularly those involved in handling stress, can also contribute to anxiety. […] One theory, called the attachment theory, explains how children need a caregiver around for normal emotional and social development. There are four attachment styles: secure, anxious-avoidant, disorganized, and anxious-ambivalent. The last one, anxious-ambivalent, is most commonly seen in those with separation anxiety disorder (SAD). The main symptom is feeling anxious when the caregiver is not around and not feeling entirely relieved even when the caregiver is present.

• #29 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] Risk of separation anxiety disorder is often associated with a stressful event that leads to separation from a loved one. Examples include the death or other absence of a parent or parental divorce. A change in environment, such as moving or switching schools, can also trigger the condition. A family history of anxiety further raises an individuals risk, especially for children who have a parent who is affected by anxiety and who models anxious behaviors. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of separation anxiety disorder can ease symptoms and prevent the disorder from progressing. In children, separation anxiety is assessed to determine whether the degree to which it is experienced constitutes a disorder. In general, the condition is diagnosed in children when symptoms of separation anxiety are present for at least four weeks and interfere with daily life. In adults, diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms for at least six months, with other causes ruled out.

• #30 Separation Anxiety – Center for Youth Mental Health | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/youthmentalhealth/anxiety-and-related-conditions/separation-anxiety

  If you experience a highly stressful event or major disaster that separates you from your family, you may be more likely to feel separation anxiety. […] People who are diagnosed with other anxiety or mental health disorders may be more likely to experience separation anxiety. […] Therapy and/or the right medication can help you manage separation anxiety so it doesnt control your life. Often, its a matter of learning what causes this anxiety and finding ways to manage your reactions in the face of big changes or stressful situations.

• #31 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Separation anxiety disorder | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20377446

  In some children, intense and ongoing separation anxiety is a sign of a more serious condition known as separation anxiety disorder. […] Sometimes, separation anxiety can be triggered by life stress that results in separation from a loved one. Examples include divorce of parents, changing schools, moving to a new location or a loved one’s death. Genetics may play a role in separation anxiety becoming separation anxiety disorder. […] Risk factors may include: Life stresses or loss that result in separation. Examples include the illness or death of a loved one, loss of a beloved pet, divorce of parents, or moving or going away to school. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood.

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