Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. […] SAD is the most frequently diagnosed childhood anxiety disorder, said to account for 50% of the referrals for anxiety-related mental health treatment. […] The prevalence of SAD is estimated at 4% in population-based studies, with an increase to 7.6% in pediatric clinical samples. […] Clinical data suggests that 4.1% of children exhibit a clinical level of separation anxiety, with approximately one-third persisting into adulthood if left untreated. […] The average onset age is approximately 6 years, making it 1 of the earliest anxiety disorders to present in children. […] In a United States-based study, SAD was found to have the highest lifetime prevalence at 6.7% of all anxiety disorders when specific and social phobias are excluded. […] The lifetime prevalence of adult SAD is 6.6%, with 77.5% of the patients reporting onset in adulthood.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/28899

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is 1 of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when the child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally normal anxiety and manifests as excessive concerns, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure or home. […] The prevalence of SAD is estimated at 4% in population-based studies, with an increase to 7.6% in pediatric clinical samples. Clinical data suggests that 4.1% of children exhibit a clinical level of separation anxiety, with approximately one-third persisting into adulthood if left untreated. […] Anxiety disorders are among the most common pediatric mental health disorders, with an estimated prevalence of 5 to 25% worldwide. SAD is the most frequently diagnosed childhood anxiety disorder, said to account for 50% of the referrals for anxiety-related mental health treatment. […] In a United States-based study, SAD was found to have the highest lifetime prevalence at 6.7% of all anxiety disorders when specific and social phobias are excluded. The lifetime prevalence of adult SAD is 6.6%, with 77.5% of the patients reporting onset in adulthood.

• #3 Separation Anxiety Disorder (309.21) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/separation-anxiety-disorder-309-21/

  Separation Anxiety Disorder is seen in all age groups, but adult separation anxiety disorder is seen in about 7% of adults. Childhood separation anxiety disorder is seen in about 4% of children. […] The prevalence of this disorder is estimated to have an average of about 4% in children and young adolescents. For children age 7-11, it is seen in about 4.1%. Children between the ages 12-14 show a prevalence of about 3.9%, and teens from 14-16 have about 1.3% that suffer from separation anxiety disorder. […] In clinical samples, the disorder is apparently equally common in males and females. In epidemiological samples, the disorder is more frequent in females.

• #4 Separation Anxiety in Children and Adolescents | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/19373

  Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychological disorders in younger patients, affecting 6% to 20% of developed countries children and adolescents (Walkup et al. 2008). […] Different epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of SAD in 4 to 5% children and adolescents. The 12-month prevalence of SAD is generally estimated at around 5%, but there is a significant variation between studies (2-13%)(Costello Angold, 1995). […] In Bird and colleagues study, diagnosis of SAD in the sample of 4- to 16-year-old Puerto Rican children was made in 4.7% of the children (Bird et al., 1988). […] A Canadian epidemiological study (1999) found that the 6-month prevalence of SAD was 4.9% in children aged 6 to 8 years and 1.3% in adolescents aged 12 to 14 years (Breton et al., 1999). […] School refusal is reported in about 75% of children with SAD, and SAD is reported to occur in up to 80% of children with school refusal (Borchardt et al., 1994; King et al., 1995).

• #5 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Separation anxiety disorder ICD code F93.0 occurs in youth younger than 18 years (persistent and lasting for at least 4 weeks) and in adults (typically requiring a duration of 6 mo or more). […] The prevalence of school refusal and separation anxiety disorder ranges from 1.3% in individuals aged 14-16 years to 4.1-4.7% in children aged 7-11 years, with an average prevalence rate of 2-4%. […] As many as one third of children with separation anxiety disorder have comorbid depressive disorder, and as many as 27% have another disruptive behavior disorder, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder. […] In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) prioritized the identification of the cause behind students not graduating high school.

• #6 Separation Anxiety Disorder | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617167/all/Separation_Anxiety_Disorder?q=Suicide

  Prevalence estimates range from 4% in children aged 7 to 9 years to 1.6% in adolescents. […] Prevalence is slightly higher in females than males. […] Symptoms tend to peak between 7 and 9 years of age, but the disorder can present at any age.

• #7 Separation Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/separation

  The 12-month prevalence of separation anxiety disorder among adults in the United States is between 1 to 2%. In children it is estimated to be 4%. […] It is equally common between males and females clinically, but seen more frequently in females in the community.

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-025-02882-8

  Adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) is thought to be prevalent and debilitating, yet many aspects of its epidemiology remain unclear. […] The lifetime and 12-month prevalence of ASAD were 7.6% and 3.8%, respectively. […] ASAD is prevalent, with a persistent course and associated impairment, as well as substantial comorbidity and limited treatment in Saudi Arabia. […] The lifetime prevalence of ASAD among the Saudi population was 7.6% and was significantly higher among females (4.9% vs. 2.7%; X2=5.7, df=1, p=0.02). […] The high levels of 12-month ASAD (3.8%) in those with lifetime ASAD is consistent with prior reports of the persistence of ASAD. […] Lifetime prevalence and persistence of ASAD were significantly higher in females, consistent with most other studies to date including findings from other populations within the WMH consortium. […] Despite the significant burden, only 26.1% of respondents with ASAD reported lifetime treatment for a mental health condition.

• #9 Separation anxiety disorder: symptoms, causes, and treatments – Healthaid

  https://healthaid.lemonaidhealth.com/anxiety/separation-anxiety-disorder/

  People with this disorder experience extreme anxiety at the idea of being separated from caregivers or loved ones. […] Separation anxiety disorder is the name for fear of separation that persists beyond early childhood. This anxiety disorder affects children older than three years of age, as well as adolescents and adults. […] Research indicates that 4.1% of children will exhibit a clinical level of separation anxiety. An estimated 36.1% of childhood cases persist into adulthood if left untreated. […] Both adult separation anxiety disorder and persistent childhood separation anxiety disorder (lasting beyond childhood) are more common in women than men. […] Separation anxiety disorder may be triggered by an incident, such as a traumatic event or the loss of a loved one. […] Anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder, can run in families.

• #10 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  About 4 percent of younger children have SAD, while the estimate for adolescents is slightly lower. Girls are affected more often than boys. […] Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental, emotional, and behavioral problems affecting children. About 13 out of every 100 children ages 9 to 17 years old experience some kind of anxiety disorder, such as separation anxiety disorder. Approximately 4 percent of children suffer from separation anxiety disorder.

• #11 Separation Anxiety, Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorders in the Chilean Epidemiological Study of Children and Adolescents | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/separation-anxiety-social-phobia-and-generalized-anxiety-disorders-in-the-chilean-epidemiological-study-of-children-and-adolescents-2375-4494.1000133.php?aid=27392

  The prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service use of three anxiety disorders in a broad sample of Chilean children and adolescents is reported in this study. The disorders studied were Separation anxiety (SAD), Generalized anxiety (GAD) and Social anxiety. […] Prevalence with significant impairment for Separation anxiety was 4.8%, for social phobia, 3.7%, for generalized anxiety 3.2%, and 8.3% for any of the three disorders. […] The most prevalent specific anxiety disorder evaluated was Separation Anxiety [4.8%, SE=0.6]. […] The three anxiety disorders evaluated in this study are more prevalent in girls than in boys, coinciding with all the other studies. […] Our findings show that anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates in Chile, and should be a concern for health and educational authorities. […] The data from this research is being considered for planning in the ministries of Health and Education, as well as in local programs.

• #12 Separation anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychopathology to occur in today’s youth, affecting from 5 to 25% of children worldwide. Of these anxiety disorders, SAD accounts for a large proportion of diagnoses. SAD may account for up to 50% of the anxiety disorders as recorded in referrals for mental health treatment. SAD is noted as one of the earliest-occurring of all anxiety disorders. Adult separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults, though it has also been shown to occur in between 23 and 42% of adults in clinical samples. It has also been reported that the clinically anxious pediatric population are considerably larger. For example, according to Hammerness et al. (2008) SAD accounted for 49% of admissions. […] Research suggests that 4.1% of children will experience a clinical level of separation anxiety. Of that 4.1% it is calculated that nearly a third of all cases will persist into adulthood if left untreated. Research continues to explore the implications that early dispositions of SAD in childhood may serve as risk factors for the development of mental disorders throughout adolescence and adulthood. […] It is presumed that a much higher percentage of children suffer from a small amount of separation anxiety, and are not actually diagnosed. Multiple studies have found higher rates of SAD in girls than in boys, and that paternal absence may increase the chances of SAD in girls.

• #13 Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11460893/

  This paper provides an overview of the phenomenology, longitudinal outcome data, assessment and management of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in children and adolescents. […] Different epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of 4 to 5% in children and adolescents. […] In contrast to other anxiety disorders, 50 to 75% of children with SAD come from homes of low socioeconomic status. […] School refusal is reported in about 75% of children with SAD, and SAD is reported to occur in up to 80% of children with school refusal. […] Longitudinal studies have suggested that childhood SAD may be a risk factor for other anxiety disorders, but whether this link is specific to, for example, panic disorder and agoraphobia, or whether SAD represents a general factor of vulnerability for a broad range of anxiety disorders is still debated.

• #14 What Is Separation Anxiety Disorder? Symptoms, Treatment, Triggers

  https://www.medicinenet.com/separation_anxiety/article.htm

  Separation anxiety disorder is a mental health disorder that usually begins in childhood and is characterized by worrying that is out of proportion to the situation of temporarily leaving home or otherwise separating from loved ones. Approximately 4%-5% of children and adolescents suffer from separation anxiety disorder. […] A majority of children with separation anxiety disorder have school refusal as a symptom and up to 80% of children who refuse school qualify for the diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder. Approximately 50%-75% of children who suffer from this disorder come from homes of low socioeconomic status. […] Masi, G., M. Mucci, and S. Millepiedi. „Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management.” CNS Drugs 15.2 (2001): 93-104.

• #15 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Anxiety-related school refusal is highly associated with other psychiatric disorders and generally begins when the child first enters school (age 5-6 y) and increases at age 10-11 years, at which time truancy begins. […] Somewhat increased incidence has been reported among close-knit families of lower socioeconomic status, as well as among single-parent families. […] The prevalence of separation anxiety disorder is slightly greater in females than in males. The prevalence of school refusal is approximately equal between males and females. […] Mean onset of separation anxiety disorder is at age 7.5 years. Mean onset of school refusal is at age 10.3 years.

• #16 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Separation anxiety disorder most often begins in childhood. But it may continue into the teenage years and sometimes into adulthood. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] Risk factors may include: Life stresses or loss that result in separation. Examples include the illness or death of a loved one, loss of a beloved pet, divorce of parents, or moving or going away to school. […] Disorders that can occur along with separation anxiety disorder include: Other anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, phobias, social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia.

• #17 Separation Anxiety Facts, Statistics, Prevelance and Co-Occurring Disorders

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/separation-anxiety/separation-anxiety-statistics/

  Separation anxiety is not as well studied in adults as in children. Since its recognition as an adult disorder, estimates of the prevalence of separation anxiety have varied. Some studies have estimated that about 0.9-1.9% of adults have a separation anxiety disorder, while others estimate that it impacts around 6.6% of adults. […] Separation anxiety often co-occurs with other mental health disorders. In particular, children with a separation anxiety disorder are at a higher risk for developing other anxiety or depressive disorders later in life. Around 60% of children with separation anxiety also have another anxiety disorder while 30% have two or more others, and one-third also have depression.

• #18 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) was the most common anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3% (95% CI: 1.2 to 1.3). […] Separation anxiety and specific phobia were more common in children than in adolescents. […] The prevalence rate of separation anxiety was 0.90% (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.99) in children and 0.15% (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.20) in adolescents (2=282.5, p0.001). […] A total of 70.3% (95% CI: 68.4 to 72.2) of the children were diagnosed with anxiety disorder comorbid with at least one other mental disorder. […] The most common comorbidity of GAD, specific phobia and separation anxiety disorder was ODD, with comorbid rates of 26.9%, 74.7% and 49%, respectively. […] This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%).

• #19 Childhood Anxiety Disorders

  https://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000163/CH159.html

  One of the most common childhood anxiety disorders is separation anxiety disorder (SAD), with a reported prevalence ranging from 3.5% to 5.4% (14). […] The defining feature of SAD is developmentally inappropriate, excessive, and unrealistic anxiety regarding separation from home or from major attachment figures, usually a parent (2). […] Because these children avoid situations involving separation, school refusal frequently accompanies SAD. Separation anxiety disorder and „school refusal” or „school phobia” are terms that have been used interchangeably, even though they are not necessarily the same thing. […] Gittleman and Klein were the first to postulate a link between childhood SAD and adult panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDAG) and to suggest that SAD and PDAG may be different clinical manifestations of the same underlying disorder (33).

• #20 Childhood Anxiety Disorders

  https://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000163/CH159.html

  This hypothesis has been supported by other studies, which have found that adults with PDAG report a significantly higher rate of childhood SAD than subjects with other anxiety disorders (20). […] Additionally, offspring of parents with panic disorder (PD) have been found to have an increased risk of SAD (20). […] However, several other studies do not support a specific association between childhood SAD and adult PDAG, but rather suggest that childhood SAD may be a risk factor for multiple anxiety disorders in adulthood (57,74). […] More long-term prospective studies of childhood SAD are needed to confirm the relationship between SAD and adult anxiety disorders.

• #21 Separation Anxiety Disorder Assessment And Treatment

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/separation-anxiety

  Separation anxiety disorder is a common anxiety disorder in which children have exaggerated fear and worry when separating from a parent or other attachment figure, but it can also occur in adults. […] Researchers have determined that 1-4% of children in the general population have separation anxiety disorder, and symptoms usually appear around 6 to 7 years of age. About half of children referred for treatment of anxiety have separation anxiety disorder specifically. […] While separation anxiety disorder commonly begins in childhood, it can have an onset in adolescence or young adulthood as well. In fact, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) recognizes adult separation anxiety disorder. […] Prevalence estimates show that 1-4% of children in the general population have separation anxiety disorder, and 7.6% of children seen in clinics have the condition. Among adults, the lifetime prevalence of separation anxiety disorder is 6.6%.

• #22 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children and Youth: Information for Primary Care : Ottawa-Carleton, ON : eMentalHealth.ca

  https://primarycare.ementalhealth.ca/index.php?m=fpArticle&ID=26522

  Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. It is characterized by excessive fear and anxiety surrounding separation from figures of attachment. SAD often impacts a child’s healthy development due to avoidance of activities such as school, social activities, and extra-curricular activities. Early intervention with parental involvement and CBT are the focus of successful management. […] In children, 6- to 12-month prevalence is estimated at 4% (DSM-5). […] In adolescents, 12-month prevalence is 1.6% (DSM-5). […] SAD decreases in prevalence from childhood through adolescence and adulthood. […] Most prevalent anxiety disorder in children under 12 years. […] Highly comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobia.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/abstract/9000/anxiety_in_hospitalised_families__lessons_from_the.99906.aspx

  Fifteen family units were hospitalised between March 2020 and May 2020. Of these, 13 (73%) family units were recruited. The criteria indicative of anxiety disorder were met by 40% of adults and 80% of children, while the criteria indicative of separation anxiety were met by 60% of parents and 100% of children. […] Families, especially children, had heightened anxiety while in hospital isolation. Therefore, home-based recovery from COVID-19 and psychological support for children and their families, with focus on early recognition of anxiety disorders, are recommended.

• #24

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder (1). In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders (1). […] Although highly effective treatments for anxiety disorders exist, only about 1 in 4 people in need (27.6%) receive any treatment (2). […] There are several different kinds of anxiety disorders, including: […] separation anxiety disorder (excessive fear or worry about being separated from people with whom the person has a deep emotional bond); […] Anxiety disorders increase the risk for depression and substance use disorders as well as the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours.

• #25 Separation Anxiety, Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorders in the Chilean Epidemiological Study of Children and Adolescents | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/separation-anxiety-social-phobia-and-generalized-anxiety-disorders-in-the-chilean-epidemiological-study-of-children-and-adolescents-2375-4494.1000133.php?aid=27392&view=mobile

  The prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and service use of three anxiety disorders in a broad sample of Chilean children and adolescents is reported in this study. The disorders studied were Separation anxiety (SAD), Generalized anxiety (GAD) and Social anxiety. […] Prevalence with significant impairment for Separation anxiety was 4.8%, for social phobia, 3.7%, for generalized anxiety 3.2%, and 8.3% for any of the three disorders. […] The most prevalent specific anxiety disorder evaluated was Separation Anxiety [4.8%, SE=0.6]. […] The three anxiety disorders evaluated in this study are more prevalent in girls than in boys, coinciding with all the other studies. […] Our findings show that anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates in Chile, and should be a concern for health and educational authorities.

• #26 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders affecting children and adolescents in Canada. […] A 2018 study found increasing anxiety across Canada, with professionally diagnosed anxiety disorders in youth 12 to 24 years old doubling from 6.0% in 2011 to 12.9% in 2018. […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety.

• #27

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders

  In 2019, 301 million people were living with an anxiety disorder including 58 million children and adolescents (1). […] Separation anxiety disorder (characterised by excessive fear or anxiety about separation from those individuals to whom the person has a deep emotional bond) […] Effective psychological treatment exists, and depending on the age and severity, medication may also be considered.

• #28 Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11460893/

  Most relevant data are reported on nonpharmacological treatments (psychoeducational, behavioural, cognitive-behavioural, family and psychodynamic), and these are the first choice approach in SAD. […] Controlled studies show efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy in children with anxiety disorders and specifically in SAD-school phobia, supporting this approach as the best proven treatment. […] Further research is needed to confirm efficacy of newer antidepressants (venlafaxine, mirtazapine, nefazodone) in childhood anxiety disorders.

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