Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD is an exaggeration of otherwise developmentally typical anxiety manifested by excessive concern, worry, and even dread of the actual or anticipated separation from an attachment figure. […] This activity outlines the current DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria, available validated assessment tools, evidence-based treatments, often combination treatment approaches, and the benefits of interprofessional team collaboration to enhance clinical outcomes for patients with separation anxiety disorder. […] Objectives: […] Identify the current DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety disorder. […] Assess validated assessment tools for the diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder. […] Evaluate effective evidence-based treatment modalities for patients diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. […] In order to diagnose SAD, these symptoms must be present for at least four weeks and be more severe than the normal separation anxiety that most children experience. […] A child may be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder if symptoms: Are present for at least six months, Cause significant distress for the child, Do not go away, no matter how much the child tries to relax or stop worrying, Impair functioning at home, at school, or with peers. […] Treatment for separation anxiety disorders vary from child to child, and your child’s therapist will work with you to determine the best approach for your child’s symptoms and circumstances.

• #3 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by three or more of the following: […] A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: 1. Recurrent excessive distress when separation from home or major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing, or about possible harm befalling, major attachment figures […] 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. 3. Persistent and excessive worry that an untoward event will lead to separation from a major attachment figure (e.g., getting lost or being kidnapped)

• #4 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Individuals with suspected SAD should be referred for a psychiatric evaluation, and if available, evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist is optimal. The initial goals are to develop rapport with the patient, obtain detailed historical information from the patient and affected caregiver(s), and conduct a mental status examination. To make a formal diagnosis, evaluation for applicable DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria should be performed. […] Separation Anxiety Disorder DSM-5-TR Criteria: […] Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety when separated from whom the individual is attached, evidenced by at least 3 of the following: […] Recurrent excessive distress with actual or anticipated separation from home or attachment figure(s) […] Persistent and pervasive worry about losing the attachment figure(s) or possible harm befalling them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death

• #5 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by three or more of the following: […] A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: 1. Recurrent excessive distress when separation from home or major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing, or about possible harm befalling, major attachment figures […] 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. 3. Persistent and excessive worry that an untoward event will lead to separation from a major attachment figure (e.g., getting lost or being kidnapped)

• #6

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated.

• #7 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by three or more of the following: […] A. Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: 1. Recurrent excessive distress when separation from home or major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 1. Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing, or about possible harm befalling, major attachment figures […] 2. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. 3. Persistent and excessive worry that an untoward event will lead to separation from a major attachment figure (e.g., getting lost or being kidnapped)

• #8 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Individuals with suspected SAD should be referred for a psychiatric evaluation, and if available, evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist is optimal. The initial goals are to develop rapport with the patient, obtain detailed historical information from the patient and affected caregiver(s), and conduct a mental status examination. To make a formal diagnosis, evaluation for applicable DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria should be performed. […] Separation Anxiety Disorder DSM-5-TR Criteria: […] Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety when separated from whom the individual is attached, evidenced by at least 3 of the following: […] Recurrent excessive distress with actual or anticipated separation from home or attachment figure(s) […] Persistent and pervasive worry about losing the attachment figure(s) or possible harm befalling them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death

• #9 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of separation […] 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. 5. Persistently and excessively fearful or reluctant to be alone or without major attachment figures at home or without significant adults in other settings […] 5. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure or to sleep away from home

• #10

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated.

• #11 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of separation […] 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. 5. Persistently and excessively fearful or reluctant to be alone or without major attachment figures at home or without significant adults in other settings […] 5. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure or to sleep away from home

• #12 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Persistent and pervasive worry that an untoward event be experienced by the patient and lead to prolonged or permanent separation […] Reluctance or refusal to go out, such as to school or work, because of fear of separation […] Refusal to be alone at home or in other settings […] Refusal to sleep without being near the attachment figure(s) […] Repeated nightmares about separation […] Repeated physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated. […] Multiple screening tools for anxiety disorders in children exist and have wide availability and validation. When there is difficulty in obtaining the full diagnostic criteria from the interview alone, implementing a validated screening tool can be helpful in the diagnosis of SAD and in identifying possible comorbid conditions.

• #13 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  3. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of separation […] 4. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. 5. Persistently and excessively fearful or reluctant to be alone or without major attachment figures at home or without significant adults in other settings […] 5. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. 6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure or to sleep away from home

• #14 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Persistent and pervasive worry that an untoward event be experienced by the patient and lead to prolonged or permanent separation […] Reluctance or refusal to go out, such as to school or work, because of fear of separation […] Refusal to be alone at home or in other settings […] Refusal to sleep without being near the attachment figure(s) […] Repeated nightmares about separation […] Repeated physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated. […] Multiple screening tools for anxiety disorders in children exist and have wide availability and validation. When there is difficulty in obtaining the full diagnostic criteria from the interview alone, implementing a validated screening tool can be helpful in the diagnosis of SAD and in identifying possible comorbid conditions.

• #15 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #16

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated.

• #17 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #18 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Persistent and pervasive worry that an untoward event be experienced by the patient and lead to prolonged or permanent separation […] Reluctance or refusal to go out, such as to school or work, because of fear of separation […] Refusal to be alone at home or in other settings […] Refusal to sleep without being near the attachment figure(s) […] Repeated nightmares about separation […] Repeated physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated. […] Multiple screening tools for anxiety disorders in children exist and have wide availability and validation. When there is difficulty in obtaining the full diagnostic criteria from the interview alone, implementing a validated screening tool can be helpful in the diagnosis of SAD and in identifying possible comorbid conditions.

• #19 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #20

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following: Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures. Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death. Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure. Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation. Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated.

• #21 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #22

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #23 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #24 Separation Anxiety Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/anxiety/separation

  Separation anxiety disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from a home or attachment figure(s). The anxiety exceeds what is expected at the individual’s developmental level. […] The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. […] The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as: Refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change (autism spectrum disorder), Delusions or hallucinations concerning separation (psychotic disorders), Refusal to go outside without a trusted companion (agoraphobia), Worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others (generalized anxiety disorder), Concerns about having an illness (illness anxiety disorder).

• #25 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #26

  https://www.pediatriconcall.com/calculators/dsm-5-separation-anxiety-disorder

  The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #27 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  Anxiety shares many symptoms with other psychiatric disorders, and comorbidity rates are high. Other psychiatric disorders to consider: adjustment disorder, depression, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, personality disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, illness anxiety disorder, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders (e.g., hoarding), posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Adjustment disorder is typically triggered by a major stressor such as divorce, job termination or housing instability. It can present with symptoms of either anxiety or depressed mood, or with symptoms of mixed anxiety and depressed mood. […] Depression often presents with anxiety symptoms that are new or that are an exacerbation of pre-existing anxiety conditions that only come to attention as the depression worsens.

• #28 Separation Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/separation-anxiety-disorder

  The American Psychological Association (APA) defines separation anxiety disorder as an anxiety disorder that typically occurs in childhood or adolescence. […] While most commonly seen in children and adolescents, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) recognizes that adults can also experience separation anxiety disorder. […] One of the main parts of diagnosing separation anxiety disorder is first ruling out other potential mental health conditions, including: autism spectrum disorder, psychotic disorders, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder. […] If symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria and a trained medical or mental health professional has ruled out other mental health conditions, they can make a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder. […] While many kids may experience some of the above from time to time, the DSM-5 explains that in order to qualify for a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be: persistent, excessive to the point of impairing social or academic functioning, not developmentally appropriate.

• #29 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #30 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  Separation anxiety disorder ICD code F93.0 occurs in youth younger than 18 years (persistent and lasting for at least 4 weeks) and in adults (typically requiring a duration of 6 mo or more). Separation anxiety disorder can also be associated with panic attacks that can occur with comorbid panic disorder. Separation anxiety disorder consists of persistent and excessive anxiety beyond that expected for the child’s developmental level related to separation or impending separation from the attachment figure (eg, primary caretaker, close family member) as evidenced by at least 3 of the following criteria from the DSM-5: […] In order to meet criteria for this disorder, it must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning and is not better explained by another mental disorder such as refusing to leave home because of excessive reluctance to change in autism spectrum disorder, delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders, refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia, worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder, or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #31 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #32 Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0501/p617.html

  Patients with GAD typically present with excessive anxiety about ordinary, day-to-day situations. […] The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., anxiety or worry about having panic attacks in panic disorder, negative evaluation in social anxiety disorder, contamination or other obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation from attachment figures in separation anxiety disorder, reminders of traumatic events in posttraumatic stress disorder). […] Another requirement for the diagnosis of PD is that the patient worries about further attacks or modifies his or her behavior in maladaptive ways to avoid them.

• #33 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-overview

  In order to meet criteria for this disorder, it must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning and is not better explained by another mental disorder such as refusing to leave home because of excessive reluctance to change in autism spectrum disorder, delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders, refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia, worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder, or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder. […] Separation anxiety disorder generally manifests with clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, such as unrealistic and recurrent worries about harm occurring to loved ones, especially when separated or faced with threatened separation from the primary attachment figure, along with severe distress and impairment in functioning.

• #34 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  Anxiety shares many symptoms with other psychiatric disorders, and comorbidity rates are high. Other psychiatric disorders to consider: adjustment disorder, depression, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, personality disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, illness anxiety disorder, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders (e.g., hoarding), posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Adjustment disorder is typically triggered by a major stressor such as divorce, job termination or housing instability. It can present with symptoms of either anxiety or depressed mood, or with symptoms of mixed anxiety and depressed mood. […] Depression often presents with anxiety symptoms that are new or that are an exacerbation of pre-existing anxiety conditions that only come to attention as the depression worsens.

• #35 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  Anxiety shares many symptoms with other psychiatric disorders, and comorbidity rates are high. Other psychiatric disorders to consider: adjustment disorder, depression, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, personality disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, illness anxiety disorder, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders (e.g., hoarding), posttraumatic stress disorder. […] Adjustment disorder is typically triggered by a major stressor such as divorce, job termination or housing instability. It can present with symptoms of either anxiety or depressed mood, or with symptoms of mixed anxiety and depressed mood. […] Depression often presents with anxiety symptoms that are new or that are an exacerbation of pre-existing anxiety conditions that only come to attention as the depression worsens.

• #36 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Persistent and pervasive worry that an untoward event be experienced by the patient and lead to prolonged or permanent separation […] Reluctance or refusal to go out, such as to school or work, because of fear of separation […] Refusal to be alone at home or in other settings […] Refusal to sleep without being near the attachment figure(s) […] Repeated nightmares about separation […] Repeated physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated. […] Multiple screening tools for anxiety disorders in children exist and have wide availability and validation. When there is difficulty in obtaining the full diagnostic criteria from the interview alone, implementing a validated screening tool can be helpful in the diagnosis of SAD and in identifying possible comorbid conditions.

• #37 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #38 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #39 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #40 Separation anxiety disorder: causes, symptoms, and treatments – The Diamond Rehab Thailand

  https://diamondrehabthailand.com/what-is-separation-anxiety-disorder/

  How is separation anxiety disorder diagnosed in children? […] How is separation anxiety disorder diagnosed in adults? […] The only diagnostic tool specifically designed to help in the specific diagnosis of SAD is called The Separation Anxiety Avoidance Inventory (SAAI). […] In order for a child to be diagnosed with SAD, the symptoms must be present for at least four weeks. […] The healthcare provider may ask questions about personal medical history and symptoms that an adult patient experiences. […] Several sessions with a therapist may be necessary before receiving a diagnosis. […] A patient needs to exhibit at least three out of eight symptoms that significantly disrupt academic, social, or occupational functioning. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when a patient experiences the symptoms for at least six months and they can’t be explained by a different diagnosis.

• #41 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #42 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #43 Separation anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377457

  Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder involves figuring out whether your child is going through a typical stage of development or if the symptoms are serious enough to be considered separation anxiety disorder. […] After ruling out any medical conditions, your child’s pediatrician may refer you to a mental health professional with expertise in anxiety disorders in children. […] To help diagnose separation anxiety disorder, a mental health professional will likely talk with you and your child, usually together and also separately. […] Sometimes called a psychological evaluation, a structured interview involves talking about thoughts and feelings and behavior.

• #44 Separation Anxiety Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is a specific type of anxiety disorder. It causes fear and anxiety centered on separation from a close attachment figure. Symptoms last at least six months in adults and four weeks in kids. […] Healthcare providers diagnose separation anxiety disorder in adults by talking to you about your symptoms. […] Diagnosing separation anxiety disorder in children involves talking to parents or caregivers, as well as the child. […] Healthcare providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR) to diagnose separation anxiety disorder and/or other mental health conditions that may be affecting you or your child. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, a diagnosis of separation anxiety may be reached if all of the following are true: The person has at least three of the eight possible symptoms previously listed. The symptoms are persistent, lasting for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults. The symptoms cause the person much distress or interfere with their daily functioning (like going to school or work). Another diagnosis isn’t responsible for these symptoms.

• #45 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children

  https://library.oumedicine.com/Conditions/Diabetes/Tools/90,P02582

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. A child must have symptoms of SAD for at least 4 weeks to be diagnosed with SAD. The symptoms of SAD may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. Your child’s healthcare provider will do a physical exam. This is to rule out physical problems that could be causing your child’s symptoms. If your child has no physical problems, a child psychiatrist or other mental health expert can diagnose SAD. They will do a mental health assessment of your child. For your child to be diagnosed with SAD, their worry or fear about being away from family members must last for at least 4 weeks. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose SAD.

• #46 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. A child must have symptoms of SAD for at least 4 weeks to be diagnosed with SAD. The symptoms of SAD may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. Your child’s healthcare provider will do a physical exam. If your child has no physical problems, a child psychiatrist or other mental health expert can diagnose SAD. For your child to be diagnosed with SAD, their worry or fear about being away from family members must last for at least 4 weeks. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose SAD. […] Physical problems should be ruled out before a diagnosis of SAD is made.

• #47 Separation anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377457

  Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder involves figuring out whether your child is going through a typical stage of development or if the symptoms are serious enough to be considered separation anxiety disorder. […] After ruling out any medical conditions, your child’s pediatrician may refer you to a mental health professional with expertise in anxiety disorders in children. […] To help diagnose separation anxiety disorder, a mental health professional will likely talk with you and your child, usually together and also separately. […] Sometimes called a psychological evaluation, a structured interview involves talking about thoughts and feelings and behavior.

• #48 Separation anxiety disorder

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377446

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder involves figuring out whether your child is going through a typical stage of development or if the symptoms are serious enough to be considered separation anxiety disorder. […] After ruling out any medical conditions, your child’s pediatrician may refer you to a mental health professional with expertise in anxiety disorders in children. […] To help diagnose separation anxiety disorder, a mental health professional will likely talk with you and your child, usually together and also separately.

• #49 Separation anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377457

  Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder involves figuring out whether your child is going through a typical stage of development or if the symptoms are serious enough to be considered separation anxiety disorder. […] After ruling out any medical conditions, your child’s pediatrician may refer you to a mental health professional with expertise in anxiety disorders in children. […] To help diagnose separation anxiety disorder, a mental health professional will likely talk with you and your child, usually together and also separately. […] Sometimes called a psychological evaluation, a structured interview involves talking about thoughts and feelings and behavior.

• #50 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. […] In order to diagnose SAD, these symptoms must be present for at least four weeks and be more severe than the normal separation anxiety that most children experience. […] A child may be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder if symptoms: Are present for at least six months, Cause significant distress for the child, Do not go away, no matter how much the child tries to relax or stop worrying, Impair functioning at home, at school, or with peers. […] Treatment for separation anxiety disorders vary from child to child, and your child’s therapist will work with you to determine the best approach for your child’s symptoms and circumstances.

• #51 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Persistent and pervasive worry that an untoward event be experienced by the patient and lead to prolonged or permanent separation […] Reluctance or refusal to go out, such as to school or work, because of fear of separation […] Refusal to be alone at home or in other settings […] Refusal to sleep without being near the attachment figure(s) […] Repeated nightmares about separation […] Repeated physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated. […] Multiple screening tools for anxiety disorders in children exist and have wide availability and validation. When there is difficulty in obtaining the full diagnostic criteria from the interview alone, implementing a validated screening tool can be helpful in the diagnosis of SAD and in identifying possible comorbid conditions.

• #52 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #53 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #54 Separation Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/separation-anxiety

  Some children have symptoms of separation anxiety during their grade school and teenage years. This condition is called separation anxiety disorder or SAD. […] How is separation anxiety disorder diagnosed? […] Children that experience three or more of the above symptoms may be diagnosed with SAD. Your doctor may order additional tests to confirm the diagnosis. […] Your doctor might also watch you interact with your child. This shows whether your parenting style affects how your child deals with anxiety.

• #55 Separation Anxiety Disorder – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is a persistent, intense, and developmentally inappropriate fear of separation from a major attachment figure (usually the mother). […] Diagnosis is by clinical criteria. […] Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder is by history and by observation of separation scenes. Manifestations must be present 4 weeks and cause significant distress or impair functioning (eg, children are unable to participate in age-appropriate social or scholastic activities).

• #56 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  Collaborate with the interprofessional team to enhance clinical outcomes for patients with separation anxiety disorder. […] Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is 1 of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. SAD involves significant distress when the child is unexpectedly separated from home or a close attachment figure. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edition 4 (DSM-4) limited the diagnosis of SAD to children and adolescents. However, in the DSM-5, the diagnosis was extended to include adults first diagnosed with SAD in adulthood. […] The symptoms must last at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents but typically occur for 6 months or more in adults. The disturbance causes clinically significant impairment in a major life function (ie, academic or occupational functions). The symptoms are not better explained by another psychiatric condition.

• #57 Separation Anxiety Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  For years, providers only diagnosed separation anxiety disorder in adults if they had a history of the condition as a child. But the DSM-5-TR changed this by classifying the condition as an anxiety disorder, rather than a disorder usually diagnosed before age 18. Providers now recognize that it can appear for the first time in adults at any age.

• #58 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. […] In order to diagnose SAD, these symptoms must be present for at least four weeks and be more severe than the normal separation anxiety that most children experience. […] A child may be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder if symptoms: Are present for at least six months, Cause significant distress for the child, Do not go away, no matter how much the child tries to relax or stop worrying, Impair functioning at home, at school, or with peers. […] Treatment for separation anxiety disorders vary from child to child, and your child’s therapist will work with you to determine the best approach for your child’s symptoms and circumstances.

• #59 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #60 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=separation-anxiety-disorder-in-children-90-P02582

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. […] A child must have symptoms of SAD for at least 4 weeks for the problem to be diagnosed as SAD. […] The symptoms of SAD may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] A child psychiatrist or other mental health expert can diagnose SAD. He or she will do a mental health evaluation of your child. For your child to be diagnosed with SAD, his or her worry or fear about being away from family members must last for at least 4 weeks. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose SAD.

• #61 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #62 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to. […] In order to diagnose SAD, these symptoms must be present for at least four weeks and be more severe than the normal separation anxiety that most children experience. […] A child may be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder if symptoms: Are present for at least six months, Cause significant distress for the child, Do not go away, no matter how much the child tries to relax or stop worrying, Impair functioning at home, at school, or with peers. […] Treatment for separation anxiety disorders vary from child to child, and your child’s therapist will work with you to determine the best approach for your child’s symptoms and circumstances.

• #63 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  D. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

• #64 Separation Anxiety Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is a specific type of anxiety disorder. It causes fear and anxiety centered on separation from a close attachment figure. Symptoms last at least six months in adults and four weeks in kids. […] Healthcare providers diagnose separation anxiety disorder in adults by talking to you about your symptoms. […] Diagnosing separation anxiety disorder in children involves talking to parents or caregivers, as well as the child. […] Healthcare providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR) to diagnose separation anxiety disorder and/or other mental health conditions that may be affecting you or your child. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, a diagnosis of separation anxiety may be reached if all of the following are true: The person has at least three of the eight possible symptoms previously listed. The symptoms are persistent, lasting for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults. The symptoms cause the person much distress or interfere with their daily functioning (like going to school or work). Another diagnosis isn’t responsible for these symptoms.

• #65 Separation anxiety in adults: Symptoms, treatment, and management

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322070

  Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder. A person may develop extreme anxiety due to the separation, or anticipated separation, from a specific attachment figure. […] Previous editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR) prohibited new diagnoses in adults. However, the 5th edition of the DSM-5-TR removed this criterion. […] A doctor will diagnose separation anxiety by asking about the symptoms someone is experiencing. A mental health expert will use the criteria, including those in the DSM-5-TR, to make a diagnosis of separation anxiety in adults. […] For a diagnosis of separation anxiety, a person must exhibit three or more symptoms that significantly impair day-to-day life for at least 4 weeks.

• #66 Separation Anxiety Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is a specific type of anxiety disorder. It causes fear and anxiety centered on separation from a close attachment figure. Symptoms last at least six months in adults and four weeks in kids. […] Healthcare providers diagnose separation anxiety disorder in adults by talking to you about your symptoms. […] Diagnosing separation anxiety disorder in children involves talking to parents or caregivers, as well as the child. […] Healthcare providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR) to diagnose separation anxiety disorder and/or other mental health conditions that may be affecting you or your child. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, a diagnosis of separation anxiety may be reached if all of the following are true: The person has at least three of the eight possible symptoms previously listed. The symptoms are persistent, lasting for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults. The symptoms cause the person much distress or interfere with their daily functioning (like going to school or work). Another diagnosis isn’t responsible for these symptoms.

• #67 Separation Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 309.21 (F93.0)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/separation-anxiety-disorder-dsm–5-309.21-(f93.0)

  However, the majority 77.5% of adults with separation anxiety developed it in adulthood. […] People with separation anxiety are more likely to have another anxiety disorder or mood disorder. Separation anxiety frequently develops after a distressing event especially the loss of a loved one, or a divorce. […] Treatment that involves both medication and psychotherapy have higher success rates for alleviating the symptoms of Separation Anxiety. […] Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy are the most common treatments for children with Separation anxiety. […] Interventions that include parent training in addition to CBT has been found to be more effective then CBT alone. […] According to Mikulincer and Shaver (2007) secure attachments are associated with happiness and well being.

• #68 Separation Anxiety Disorder DSM-5 309.21 (F93.0)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/separation-anxiety-disorder-dsm–5-309.21-(f93.0)

  However, the majority 77.5% of adults with separation anxiety developed it in adulthood. […] People with separation anxiety are more likely to have another anxiety disorder or mood disorder. Separation anxiety frequently develops after a distressing event especially the loss of a loved one, or a divorce. […] Treatment that involves both medication and psychotherapy have higher success rates for alleviating the symptoms of Separation Anxiety. […] Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and exposure therapy are the most common treatments for children with Separation anxiety. […] Interventions that include parent training in addition to CBT has been found to be more effective then CBT alone. […] According to Mikulincer and Shaver (2007) secure attachments are associated with happiness and well being.

• #69 Separation Anxiety Test – Free Confidential Results Online | Mind Diagnostics

  https://www.mind-diagnostics.org/separation-anxiety-test

  Separation anxiety can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as its symptoms overlap with other anxiety disorders. […] Diagnosis typically involves a thorough assessment by a mental health professional. This process includes: […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms persist for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults and cause significant impairment in daily functioning. […] Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment are essential for managing separation anxiety.

• #70 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #71 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] In general, the condition is diagnosed in children when symptoms of separation anxiety are present for at least four weeks and interfere with daily life. In adults, diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms for at least six months, with other causes ruled out. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of separation anxiety disorder can ease symptoms and prevent the disorder from progressing.

• #72 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  A longitudinal study surveying anxiety symptoms in 242 participants with a mean age of 10 years found that 56% had an elevated SCARED score at 1-year follow-up and 32% had elevated scores at 3-year follow-up. Most studies report that anxiety disorders tend to have a chronic and unremitting course if left untreated. […] Parent education is essential for ensuring the successful treatment of children diagnosed with SAD. Parents benefit from learning reinforcement techniques that lessen anxiety in children and deter avoidance behaviors. […] The diagnosis and management of SAD require the efforts of a coordinated interprofessional healthcare team. Pediatric providers are the most likely clinicians to encounter children with SAD.

• #73 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #74 Separation anxiety disorder | Description, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is associated with significant distress, to the degree that it interferes with the affected individuals ability to function, and can negatively impact mental health, academic and professional performance, and relationships with family and peers. […] In general, the condition is diagnosed in children when symptoms of separation anxiety are present for at least four weeks and interfere with daily life. In adults, diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms for at least six months, with other causes ruled out. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of separation anxiety disorder can ease symptoms and prevent the disorder from progressing.

• #75 Separation anxiety disorder: not just for kids

  https://theconversation.com/separation-anxiety-disorder-not-just-for-kids-56023

  Until 2013, separation anxiety disorder was confined to literature on juvenile anxiety disorders. It was omitted from the diagnostics and statistical manual on adult anxiety disorders. […] Based on research over the last 20 years, the fifth diagnostics and statistical manual (DSM-5) has broadened the range of adult anxiety disorders to include separation anxiety. […] Despite its recent inclusion in the DSM-5 and high prevalence in clinical practice, most doctors tend to be reluctant to diagnose adult patients with separation anxiety. […] Nevertheless, accurate recognition and diagnosis of separation anxiety is important. Studies have shown most people with this disorder arent properly treated. Misdiagnoses result in people with separation anxiety frequently being treated for the wrong conditions.

• #76 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  A longitudinal study surveying anxiety symptoms in 242 participants with a mean age of 10 years found that 56% had an elevated SCARED score at 1-year follow-up and 32% had elevated scores at 3-year follow-up. Most studies report that anxiety disorders tend to have a chronic and unremitting course if left untreated. […] Parent education is essential for ensuring the successful treatment of children diagnosed with SAD. Parents benefit from learning reinforcement techniques that lessen anxiety in children and deter avoidance behaviors. […] The diagnosis and management of SAD require the efforts of a coordinated interprofessional healthcare team. Pediatric providers are the most likely clinicians to encounter children with SAD.

• #77 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #78 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Symptoms of separation anxiety disorder may resemble other conditions or psychiatric problems. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis. […] A child psychiatrist or other qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses anxiety disorders in children or adolescents following a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Parents who note signs of severe anxiety in their child or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment early. Early treatment can often prevent future problems.

• #79 Separation Anxiety and School Refusal Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916737-differential

  Various disorders and behaviors are symptomatic of separation anxiety and school refusal, while others can mimic them. […] A recent study of 865 Norwegian high school students found that anxious youths who refuse to attend school may have many adverse factors that aggregate to culminate in their refusal to attend school. […] This study of a group of highly anxious nonattenders found that they tended to have more panic symptoms and possibly an earlier experience of an unsafe school environment. […] They also possibly had greater overall psychiatric severity (of anxiety), a lack of resiliency, and certain personality traits, such as a tendency to interpret life events in a more „negative” fashion, which might also have combined with them initially feeling more unsafe in school. […] This group overall felt less well than their peers and had fewer friends (possibly more social anxiety), and they also had experienced more family stress and trauma; their parents had a more negative attitude towards school achievement.

• #80 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  A longitudinal study surveying anxiety symptoms in 242 participants with a mean age of 10 years found that 56% had an elevated SCARED score at 1-year follow-up and 32% had elevated scores at 3-year follow-up. Most studies report that anxiety disorders tend to have a chronic and unremitting course if left untreated. […] Parent education is essential for ensuring the successful treatment of children diagnosed with SAD. Parents benefit from learning reinforcement techniques that lessen anxiety in children and deter avoidance behaviors. […] The diagnosis and management of SAD require the efforts of a coordinated interprofessional healthcare team. Pediatric providers are the most likely clinicians to encounter children with SAD.

• #81 Anxiety Diagnosis: Criteria for Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-diagnosis

  Anxiety cannot be diagnosed with a single test. The condition takes various forms and can accompany other medical conditions. To accurately diagnose it, a physical exam and personal history are essential. […] An anxiety diagnosis depends a lot on your description of the symptoms you’re experiencing. Mental health professionals use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (often called the DSM) to diagnose anxiety and other mental disorders based on symptoms. The criteria differ for each anxiety disorder. […] The same diagnostic criteria and assessments that are used for adults apply to children, too. In the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5), your doctor interviews both you and your child about their symptoms. […] If you notice anxiety symptoms or any anxious or worrying behaviors that last for more than two weeks, take your child to the doctor. There, they can be checked for an anxiety disorder.

• #82 Separation Anxiety Disorder: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/separation-anxiety-disorder

  Separation anxiety disorder is a specific type of anxiety disorder. It causes fear and anxiety centered on separation from a close attachment figure. Symptoms last at least six months in adults and four weeks in kids. […] Healthcare providers diagnose separation anxiety disorder in adults by talking to you about your symptoms. […] Diagnosing separation anxiety disorder in children involves talking to parents or caregivers, as well as the child. […] Healthcare providers use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR) to diagnose separation anxiety disorder and/or other mental health conditions that may be affecting you or your child. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, a diagnosis of separation anxiety may be reached if all of the following are true: The person has at least three of the eight possible symptoms previously listed. The symptoms are persistent, lasting for at least four weeks in children or six months in adults. The symptoms cause the person much distress or interfere with their daily functioning (like going to school or work). Another diagnosis isn’t responsible for these symptoms.

• #83 Separation anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377455

  Separation anxiety disorder can be identified as early as preschool age. […] Your child may have separation anxiety disorder if separation anxiety seems more intense than other kids of the same age or lasts a longer time, interferes with school or other daily activities, or includes panic attacks or other problem behaviors. […] Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when symptoms are much more than expected for someone’s developmental age and cause major distress or problems doing daily activities. […] Separation anxiety disorder usually won’t go away without treatment and can lead to panic disorder and other anxiety disorders into adulthood. […] If you have concerns about your child’s separation anxiety, talk to your child’s pediatrician or other healthcare professional. […] Early diagnosis and treatment can help lessen anxiety symptoms and keep the condition from getting worse.

• #84 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/separation-anxiety-disorder-in-children

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. A child must have symptoms of SAD for at least 4 weeks to be diagnosed with SAD. […] The symptoms of SAD may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Your child’s healthcare provider will do a physical exam. This is to rule out physical problems that could be causing your child’s symptoms. If your child has no physical problems, a child psychiatrist or other mental health expert can diagnose SAD. They will do a mental health assessment of your child. For your child to be diagnosed with SAD, their worry or fear about being away from family members must last for at least 4 weeks. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose SAD.

• #85 Separation Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560793/

  The SCARED assessment tool can be used free of charge with an acceptable time burden on clinicians and families, making it an excellent tool for diagnosing and managing anxiety disorders in children. […] SAAI is specifically designed to aid in diagnosing SAD. The SAAI child (SAAI-C) and parent (SAAI-P) versions have demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct and discriminant validity. […] The CSAS consists of 20 items grouped into 4 factors: […] Worry about separation […] Distress about separation […] Opposition to separation […] Calm at separation. […] ADIS is a well-validated diagnostic interview suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in children. […] The correct identification of the anxiety-inducing stressor is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. In the case of SAD, the primary stressor is the patient being away from their attachment figure.

• #86 Table 15, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Separation Anxiety Disorder Comparison – DSM-5 Changes – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t11/

  6. Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure. 7. Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation […] 7. SAME 8. Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (such as headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated […] 8. SAME B. The duration of the disturbance is at least 4 weeks. […] B. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. C. The onset is before age 18 years. […] D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic (occupational), or other important areas of functioning. […] SAME (now part C) E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder and, in adolescents and adults, is not better accounted for by panic disorder with agoraphobia.

• #87 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  Although each anxiety disorder has unique characteristics, most respond well to two types of treatment: psychotherapy or „talk therapy,” and medications. These treatments can be given alone or in combination. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), a type of talk therapy, can help a person learn a different way of thinking, reacting and behaving to help feel less anxious. Medications will not cure anxiety disorders, but can provide significant relief from symptoms. The most commonly used medications are anti-anxiety medications (generally prescribed only for a short period of time) and antidepressants.

• #88 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children and Youth: Information for Primary Care : Ottawa-Carleton, ON : eMentalHealth.ca

  https://primarycare.ementalhealth.ca/index.php?m=article&ID=26522

  The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucination concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder; or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder. […] In SAD, anxiety concerns separation from attachment figures and if other worries are present they do not predominate the picture. […] Separation anxiety disorder is a clinical diagnosis. […] There are no specific physical findings in separation anxiety disorder. […] Currently, psychotherapies have the most evidence for the treatment of SAD.

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