Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric illnesses affecting children and adolescents. Youths who suffer from anxiety disorders typically experience impairment in social, family, and educational domains of functioning. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common class of psychiatric illness affecting children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders have an earlier age of onset relative to other internalizing disorders among youths and are associated with impairment in academic, social, and family functioning. […] Approximately 15%20% of children and adolescents meet the criteria for an anxiety disorder, but estimates as high as 31.9% have been cited among youths aged 1318 years. […] The negative consequences associated with anxiety disorders in children and adolescents highlight the need for effective identification and intervention.

• #2 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prevalence Anxiety disorders as a group constitute the most common mental health problem in childhood and adolescence, affecting from 2.5 to 30% of youths. […] One reasonable estimate for the global prevalence of any anxiety disorder in the age range of 3 to 17 years, adjusted for differences in methodological factors, is 7.2%. […] There is no nationally representative study for pediatric anxiety in Brazil. […] Prevalence for each anxiety disorder is heavily dependent on the age range of the sample and on the age of onset patterns of each disorder. […] Gender is probably the most frequent demographic correlate of pediatric anxiety. […] Most studies have shown an association between anxiety and lower instruction levels and worse socioeconomic status but no association has been found with urbanization or ethnicity.

• #3 Data and Statistics on Children’s Mental Health | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/data-research/index.html

  Anxiety problems, behavior disorders, and depression are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in children. Based on US data from 2021-2022: 10% of children ages 3-17 had current, diagnosed anxiety (9% of males and 11% of females). […] Childhood mental health conditions affect many children and families. In 2018-2019: 1 in 7 children ages 3 to 17 (13%) had a current, diagnosed mental or behavioral health condition. […] Mental health conditions can begin in early childhood and the prevalence changes with age. Although there are some exceptions, most mental health conditions are more common with increased age.

• #4 2018 Children’s Mental Health Report: Understanding Anxiety in Children and Teens – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/education/childrens-mental-health-report/2018-report/

  A look at how widespread anxiety disorders are, how they develop, and the risks of untreated anxiety. […] In the past 10 years, there has been increasing recognition of anxiety in young people by health care providers, including a 17% increase in anxiety disorder diagnosis. […] At some point, anxiety affects 30% of children and adolescents, yet 80% never get help. […] Untreated anxiety disorders are linked to depression, school failure and a two-fold increase in risk for substance use disorder.

• #5 2018 Children’s Mental Health Report: Understanding Anxiety in Children and Teens – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/education/childrens-mental-health-report/2018-report/

  A look at how widespread anxiety disorders are, how they develop, and the risks of untreated anxiety. […] In the past 10 years, there has been increasing recognition of anxiety in young people by health care providers, including a 17% increase in anxiety disorder diagnosis. […] At some point, anxiety affects 30% of children and adolescents, yet 80% never get help. […] Untreated anxiety disorders are linked to depression, school failure and a two-fold increase in risk for substance use disorder.

• #6 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  The objective of this narrative review of the literature is to describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are associated with a variety of negative outcomes, including lower educational achievement and failure to attend university. […] Pediatric anxiety disorders can also persist and continue to create interference as the child matures into early adulthood, especially when associated with depression. […] Despite high prevalence and associations with various negative outcomes, childhood anxiety is rarely recognized by parents and children as a medical problem, leading a minority of affected individuals to receive the care they need. […] The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders.

• #7 SciELO Brazil – Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/Szkh9fMKDKnts5dczMXGm9k/

  Anxiety disorders are prevalent, associated with a number of negative life outcomes, and currently under-recognized and under-treated. […] The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety disorders as a group constitute the most common mental health problem in childhood and adolescence, affecting from 2.5 to 30% of youths. […] One reasonable estimate for the global prevalence of any anxiety disorder in the age range of 3 to 17 years, adjusted for differences in methodological factors, is 7.2%. […] Despite high prevalence and associations with various negative outcomes, childhood anxiety is rarely recognized by parents and children as a medical problem, leading a minority of affected individuals to receive the care they need.

• #8 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #9 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is relatively common disorder among children and adolescents. […] The prevalence of GAD in children and adolescents ranges from 2.9 percent to 4.6 percent. […] If left untreated, studies show that GAD is often a chronic illness with symptoms that tend to wax and wane across the lifespan. Earlier age of onset is also associated with greater risk for development of other anxiety and depressive disorders later in life.

• #10 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #11 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders in the United States. The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders among American adults is 28.8%. […] While specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder is the second most common anxiety disorder and presents more commonly for treatment than specific phobias do. Social anxiety disorder has an early age of onset by age 11 years in about 50% and by age 20 years in about 80% of individuals that have the diagnosis and it is a risk factor for subsequent depressive illness and substance abuse. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month community prevalence estimate for specific phobia is approximately 812% in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate of social anxiety disorder for the United States is approximately 7%. The 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is 0.9% among adolescents and 2.9% among adults in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States and several European countries is about 23% in adults and adolescents. The prevalence of agoraphobia is approximately 11.7% of adolescents and adults worldwide.

• #12 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #13 Childhood Anxiety Disorders

  https://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000163/CH159.html

  Anxiety disorders are the most common form of psychopathology in children with an overall prevalence rate of 810% (60). Overanxious disorder (termed generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-IV), separation anxiety disorder, and simple phobia are among the most frequently diagnosed (3,24). […] One of the most common childhood anxiety disorders is separation anxiety disorder (SAD), with a reported prevalence ranging from 3.5% to 5.4% (14). […] Over the past decade, much has been discovered about childhood OCD. Until recently, childhood OCD was considered rare. However, epidemiologic studies have revealed that OCD in children and adolescents is not uncommon, with lifetime prevalence rates in community and clinical samples ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% (82).

• #14 Childhood Anxiety Disorders

  https://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000163/CH159.html

  Anxiety disorders are the most common form of psychopathology in children with an overall prevalence rate of 810% (60). Overanxious disorder (termed generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-IV), separation anxiety disorder, and simple phobia are among the most frequently diagnosed (3,24). […] One of the most common childhood anxiety disorders is separation anxiety disorder (SAD), with a reported prevalence ranging from 3.5% to 5.4% (14). […] Over the past decade, much has been discovered about childhood OCD. Until recently, childhood OCD was considered rare. However, epidemiologic studies have revealed that OCD in children and adolescents is not uncommon, with lifetime prevalence rates in community and clinical samples ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% (82).

• #15 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #16 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders in the United States. The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders among American adults is 28.8%. […] While specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder is the second most common anxiety disorder and presents more commonly for treatment than specific phobias do. Social anxiety disorder has an early age of onset by age 11 years in about 50% and by age 20 years in about 80% of individuals that have the diagnosis and it is a risk factor for subsequent depressive illness and substance abuse. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month community prevalence estimate for specific phobia is approximately 812% in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate of social anxiety disorder for the United States is approximately 7%. The 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is 0.9% among adolescents and 2.9% among adults in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States and several European countries is about 23% in adults and adolescents. The prevalence of agoraphobia is approximately 11.7% of adolescents and adults worldwide.

• #17 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #18 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders in the United States. The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders among American adults is 28.8%. […] While specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder is the second most common anxiety disorder and presents more commonly for treatment than specific phobias do. Social anxiety disorder has an early age of onset by age 11 years in about 50% and by age 20 years in about 80% of individuals that have the diagnosis and it is a risk factor for subsequent depressive illness and substance abuse. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month community prevalence estimate for specific phobia is approximately 812% in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate of social anxiety disorder for the United States is approximately 7%. The 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is 0.9% among adolescents and 2.9% among adults in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States and several European countries is about 23% in adults and adolescents. The prevalence of agoraphobia is approximately 11.7% of adolescents and adults worldwide.

• #19 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #20 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders in the United States. The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders among American adults is 28.8%. […] While specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder is the second most common anxiety disorder and presents more commonly for treatment than specific phobias do. Social anxiety disorder has an early age of onset by age 11 years in about 50% and by age 20 years in about 80% of individuals that have the diagnosis and it is a risk factor for subsequent depressive illness and substance abuse. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month community prevalence estimate for specific phobia is approximately 812% in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate of social anxiety disorder for the United States is approximately 7%. The 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is 0.9% among adolescents and 2.9% among adults in the United States. The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States and several European countries is about 23% in adults and adolescents. The prevalence of agoraphobia is approximately 11.7% of adolescents and adults worldwide.

• #21 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #22 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prevalence Anxiety disorders as a group constitute the most common mental health problem in childhood and adolescence, affecting from 2.5 to 30% of youths. […] One reasonable estimate for the global prevalence of any anxiety disorder in the age range of 3 to 17 years, adjusted for differences in methodological factors, is 7.2%. […] There is no nationally representative study for pediatric anxiety in Brazil. […] Prevalence for each anxiety disorder is heavily dependent on the age range of the sample and on the age of onset patterns of each disorder. […] Gender is probably the most frequent demographic correlate of pediatric anxiety. […] Most studies have shown an association between anxiety and lower instruction levels and worse socioeconomic status but no association has been found with urbanization or ethnicity.

• #23 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #24 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder that commonly begins in childhood and during adolescence but can uncommonly begin during adulthood. It often includes anxiety related to going to school and may be a precursor for adult anxiety disorders, most commonly panic disorder. […] Most social anxiety disorders begin before age 20 years (median age at illness onset, 16 years). […] Agoraphobia usually begins in late adolescence to early adulthood (median age at illness onset, 29 years). […] In general, specific phobia appears earlier than social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia. The age of onset depends on the particular phobia. For example, animal phobia is most common at the elementary school level and appears at a mean age of 7 years; blood phobia appears at a mean age of 9 years; dental phobia appears at a mean age of 12 years; and claustrophobia appears at a mean age of 20 years. Most simple (specific) phobias develop during childhood (median age at illness onset, 15 years) and eventually disappear. Those that persist into adulthood rarely go away without treatment. […] New-onset anxiety symptoms in older adults should prompt a search for an unrecognized general medical condition, a substance abuse disorder, or major depression with secondary anxiety symptoms.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are the worlds most common mental disorders, affecting 301 million people in 2019. […] Symptoms of anxiety often have onset during childhood or adolescence. […] An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder. […] In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders. […] Symptoms often begin during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. […] Girls and women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than boys and men. […] Effective community based approaches to prevent anxiety include parental education and school-based programmes to enhance social and emotional learning and build positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme.

• #26 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  This first national survey carried out in China showed that GAD was the most common anxiety disorder in school children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate of 1.3%, followed by social phobia (0.9%), separation anxiety disorder (0.6%), panic disorder (0.2%), specific phobia (0.2%) and agoraphobia (0.1%). […] The distribution of anxiety disorder was different among different age and gender groups. Children had a higher prevalence rate of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia than that of adolescents. Girls were more likely to be affected by panic disorder and GAD than boys.

• #27 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prevalence Anxiety disorders as a group constitute the most common mental health problem in childhood and adolescence, affecting from 2.5 to 30% of youths. […] One reasonable estimate for the global prevalence of any anxiety disorder in the age range of 3 to 17 years, adjusted for differences in methodological factors, is 7.2%. […] There is no nationally representative study for pediatric anxiety in Brazil. […] Prevalence for each anxiety disorder is heavily dependent on the age range of the sample and on the age of onset patterns of each disorder. […] Gender is probably the most frequent demographic correlate of pediatric anxiety. […] Most studies have shown an association between anxiety and lower instruction levels and worse socioeconomic status but no association has been found with urbanization or ethnicity.

• #28 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  Mood and anxiety disorders are the most common types of mental illnesses in Canada and throughout the world. […] Mood and anxiety disorders are a result of a complex interplay of various biological, genetic, economic, social and psychological factors. […] In 2010, the CCDSS was expanded to track and report on mental illness overall, as well as mood and anxiety disorders in the Canadian population. […] The CCDSS estimates represent the prevalence of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders, rather than the prevalence of diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders. […] About three-quarters of Canadians who used health services for a mental illness annually consulted for mood and anxiety disorders. […] In 2009/10, almost 3.5 million Canadians (or 10%) used health services for mood and anxiety disorders.

• #29 Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16525/html

  Anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents with reported prevalence rates between 10% and 30%. […] A combination of genetic factors, temperamental characteristics of the child, and environmental risk factors play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. […] Although the age of onset varies depending on the specific disorder, most anxiety disorders are first recognized in late childhood to early adolescent years. […] While long term outcomes of childhood anxiety disorders have not been clearly elucidated, it is generally recognized that most tend to persist into adulthood. […] The long term impact of anxiety disorders on the psychosocial development of the child or adolescent is significant. […] Anxiety disorders also have a high rate of other comorbid mental health disorders.

• #30 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Family studies have shown that anxiety disorders are familial, whereas twin studies demonstrated that anxiety disorders are heritable and that the proportion of the phenotypic variability explained by genetic factors (heritability) for anxiety disorders ranges from 25-60%. […] Environmental factors generally involve non-shared environment effects; meaning factors that tend to make individuals within a family appear different. […] Despite a considerable advance over the last years, little is known about the neural underpinnings of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Several studies have linked various environmental factors to risk for anxiety. […] The diagnosis of pediatric anxiety disorder is based on clinical evaluations. […] The high degree of comorbidity between anxiety disorders, as a group, and depression is clearly notable.

• #31

  https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx

  A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety.

• #32 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Family studies have shown that anxiety disorders are familial, whereas twin studies demonstrated that anxiety disorders are heritable and that the proportion of the phenotypic variability explained by genetic factors (heritability) for anxiety disorders ranges from 25-60%. […] Environmental factors generally involve non-shared environment effects; meaning factors that tend to make individuals within a family appear different. […] Despite a considerable advance over the last years, little is known about the neural underpinnings of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Several studies have linked various environmental factors to risk for anxiety. […] The diagnosis of pediatric anxiety disorder is based on clinical evaluations. […] The high degree of comorbidity between anxiety disorders, as a group, and depression is clearly notable.

• #33

  https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx

  A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety.

• #34 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Family studies have shown that anxiety disorders are familial, whereas twin studies demonstrated that anxiety disorders are heritable and that the proportion of the phenotypic variability explained by genetic factors (heritability) for anxiety disorders ranges from 25-60%. […] Environmental factors generally involve non-shared environment effects; meaning factors that tend to make individuals within a family appear different. […] Despite a considerable advance over the last years, little is known about the neural underpinnings of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Several studies have linked various environmental factors to risk for anxiety. […] The diagnosis of pediatric anxiety disorder is based on clinical evaluations. […] The high degree of comorbidity between anxiety disorders, as a group, and depression is clearly notable.

• #35 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  Anxiety disorder was prevalent among school students in China, and comorbidity with attention-deficit and disruptive disorder was very common. The data imply that screening for anxiety disorder is needed in school settings. […] The reported prevalence rate of anxiety disorder in the paediatric population varies widely between different counties. Currently, there is no national epidemiological survey of childhood anxiety disorder in China. This study aims to investigate the national prevalence of anxiety disorder, the distribution profiles of different subtypes and its comorbidity rates among school students. […] The prevalence rate of anxiety disorder was not influenced by socioeconomic conditions. […] A total of 70.3% of the children were diagnosed with anxiety disorder comorbid with at least one other mental disorder.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-022-02396-7

  The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorders, its correlation with sociodemographic characteristics, its comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders and its predictors in school-aged children. […] The prevalence of any anxiety disorder without considering impairment is 16.7% and considering impairment is 5.2% in children according to our study. […] We found significant differences for comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Disruptive Behavior Disorder, Mood Disorders, Tic Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Enuresis Nocturna, Encopresis, and Intellectual Disability. […] Having a history of paternal physical disorder, living in the regions of Marmara, Mediterranean and Black Sea were found to be the main predictors of having childhood anxiety disorders according to the logistic regression analysis. […] Better understanding of childhood anxiety disorders, comorbid conditions and predictors will result in earlier diagnosis and more appropriate treatment.

• #37 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Family studies have shown that anxiety disorders are familial, whereas twin studies demonstrated that anxiety disorders are heritable and that the proportion of the phenotypic variability explained by genetic factors (heritability) for anxiety disorders ranges from 25-60%. […] Environmental factors generally involve non-shared environment effects; meaning factors that tend to make individuals within a family appear different. […] Despite a considerable advance over the last years, little is known about the neural underpinnings of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Several studies have linked various environmental factors to risk for anxiety. […] The diagnosis of pediatric anxiety disorder is based on clinical evaluations. […] The high degree of comorbidity between anxiety disorders, as a group, and depression is clearly notable.

• #38 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Once anxiety is identified as a probable area of concern, a comprehensive assessment completed by a mental health professional is recommended. […] Anxiety symptoms are diverse and can present as a wide array of behaviors, including social difficulties, inattention, difficulty sleeping and eating, restlessness, and behavioral outbursts in an attempt to avoid anxiety-provoking situations. […] Without treatment, anxiety disorders are associated with poor outcomes, including lower odds of high school and college graduation. […] The current literature indicates that CBT and antidepressant medication are the treatments with the greatest evidence base for anxiety disorders and OCD. […] In refractory cases, understanding the interactional factors that reinforce both anxiety and avoidant coping can be pivotal in guiding effective treatment planning. […] Over the past few decades, our understanding of how to assess and treat anxiety disorders among youths has advanced significantly.

• #39 2018 Children’s Mental Health Report: Understanding Anxiety in Children and Teens – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/education/childrens-mental-health-report/2018-report/

  A look at how widespread anxiety disorders are, how they develop, and the risks of untreated anxiety. […] In the past 10 years, there has been increasing recognition of anxiety in young people by health care providers, including a 17% increase in anxiety disorder diagnosis. […] At some point, anxiety affects 30% of children and adolescents, yet 80% never get help. […] Untreated anxiety disorders are linked to depression, school failure and a two-fold increase in risk for substance use disorder.

• #40 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prospective studies have shown that 60-80% of adults with full criteria for anxiety disorders report signs of earlier, pediatric anxiety. […] Despite the fact that most affected adults have signs of anxiety as children, in children followed prospectively, anxiety disorders have variable natural course. […] The frequency of each one of these courses is highly variable from one longitudinal study to another. […] Broadly we can say that about one-third of anxious children achieve a long-term remission, another third part persists with strict or broad anxiety continuity (frequently accompanied by comorbid disorders), and about one-third remits from anxiety and develops a sequential heterotypic comorbidity (mainly with major depression and substance abuse). […] Mental disorders reflect individual differences in brain function.

• #41 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prospective studies have shown that 60-80% of adults with full criteria for anxiety disorders report signs of earlier, pediatric anxiety. […] Despite the fact that most affected adults have signs of anxiety as children, in children followed prospectively, anxiety disorders have variable natural course. […] The frequency of each one of these courses is highly variable from one longitudinal study to another. […] Broadly we can say that about one-third of anxious children achieve a long-term remission, another third part persists with strict or broad anxiety continuity (frequently accompanied by comorbid disorders), and about one-third remits from anxiety and develops a sequential heterotypic comorbidity (mainly with major depression and substance abuse). […] Mental disorders reflect individual differences in brain function.

• #42 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prospective studies have shown that 60-80% of adults with full criteria for anxiety disorders report signs of earlier, pediatric anxiety. […] Despite the fact that most affected adults have signs of anxiety as children, in children followed prospectively, anxiety disorders have variable natural course. […] The frequency of each one of these courses is highly variable from one longitudinal study to another. […] Broadly we can say that about one-third of anxious children achieve a long-term remission, another third part persists with strict or broad anxiety continuity (frequently accompanied by comorbid disorders), and about one-third remits from anxiety and develops a sequential heterotypic comorbidity (mainly with major depression and substance abuse). […] Mental disorders reflect individual differences in brain function.

• #43 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/195/en-US

  Prospective studies have shown that 60-80% of adults with full criteria for anxiety disorders report signs of earlier, pediatric anxiety. […] Despite the fact that most affected adults have signs of anxiety as children, in children followed prospectively, anxiety disorders have variable natural course. […] The frequency of each one of these courses is highly variable from one longitudinal study to another. […] Broadly we can say that about one-third of anxious children achieve a long-term remission, another third part persists with strict or broad anxiety continuity (frequently accompanied by comorbid disorders), and about one-third remits from anxiety and develops a sequential heterotypic comorbidity (mainly with major depression and substance abuse). […] Mental disorders reflect individual differences in brain function.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/Szkh9fMKDKnts5dczMXGm9k/

  The frequency of each one of these courses is highly variable from one longitudinal study to another. […] Prospective studies have shown that 60-80% of adults with full criteria for anxiety disorders report signs of earlier, pediatric anxiety. […] The state of knowledge about mental processes involved in pediatric anxiety is currently limited. […] Despite a considerable advance over the last years, little is known about the neural underpinnings of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Several studies have linked various environmental factors to risk for anxiety. […] The high degree of comorbidity between anxiety disorders, as a group, and depression is clearly notable. […] Pediatric anxiety disorders and other childhood psychiatric conditions frequently co-exist in the same patient, a phenomenon known as comorbidity.

• #45 Developmental Epidemiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37201964/

  This review summarizes the developmental epidemiology of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. […] It discusses the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sex differences, longitudinal course, and stability of anxiety disorders in addition to recurrence and remission. […] The trajectory of anxiety disorders-whether homotypic (ie, the same anxiety disorder persists over time) or heterotypic (ie, an anxiety disorder shifts to a different diagnosis over time) is discussed with regard to social, generalized, and separation anxiety disorders as well as specific phobia, and panic disorder. […] Finally, strategies for early recognition, prevention, and treatment of disorders are discussed.

• #46 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Separation anxiety is an anxiety disorder that commonly begins in childhood and during adolescence but can uncommonly begin during adulthood. It often includes anxiety related to going to school and may be a precursor for adult anxiety disorders, most commonly panic disorder. […] Most social anxiety disorders begin before age 20 years (median age at illness onset, 16 years). […] Agoraphobia usually begins in late adolescence to early adulthood (median age at illness onset, 29 years). […] In general, specific phobia appears earlier than social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia. The age of onset depends on the particular phobia. For example, animal phobia is most common at the elementary school level and appears at a mean age of 7 years; blood phobia appears at a mean age of 9 years; dental phobia appears at a mean age of 12 years; and claustrophobia appears at a mean age of 20 years. Most simple (specific) phobias develop during childhood (median age at illness onset, 15 years) and eventually disappear. Those that persist into adulthood rarely go away without treatment. […] New-onset anxiety symptoms in older adults should prompt a search for an unrecognized general medical condition, a substance abuse disorder, or major depression with secondary anxiety symptoms.

• #47 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric illnesses affecting children and adolescents. Youths who suffer from anxiety disorders typically experience impairment in social, family, and educational domains of functioning. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common class of psychiatric illness affecting children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders have an earlier age of onset relative to other internalizing disorders among youths and are associated with impairment in academic, social, and family functioning. […] Approximately 15%20% of children and adolescents meet the criteria for an anxiety disorder, but estimates as high as 31.9% have been cited among youths aged 1318 years. […] The negative consequences associated with anxiety disorders in children and adolescents highlight the need for effective identification and intervention.

• #48 Quantifying Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Preschool Children: A Machine Learning Approach | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165524

  Early childhood anxiety disorders are common, impairing, and predictive of anxiety and mood disorders later in childhood. Epidemiological studies over the last decade find that the prevalence of impairing anxiety disorders in preschool children ranges from 0.3% to 6.5%. Yet, less than 15% of young children with an impairing anxiety disorder receive a mental health evaluation or treatment. […] The ability to quickly and reliably detect and intervene with anxiety disorders, while the child’s brain is still developing, could directly alter the child’s developmental trajectory and may put the child at decreased risk for psychiatric illnesses later in life. […] There is an unmet need for screening tools for preschool anxiety that can be used in pediatric primary care settings or care-giving facilities, such as daycare centers and preschools, to assess risk and determine when a child should be referred for a specialty mental health evaluation.

• #49 Quantifying Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Preschool Children: A Machine Learning Approach | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165524

  Our encouraging results suggest that machine learning derived screening trees could be used to create valuable tools for screening young children with impairing SAD and GAD. […] The work presented in the current paper is a first step towards developing a tool that will hopefully fill this unmet need. Specifically, we have developed risk assessment algorithms that will enable clinicians to quickly and reliably assess children for GAD and/or SAD and refer children for disorder specific follow-up diagnostic assessments and treatment. […] By identifying children early in the course of GAD and/or SAD, we hope that we can provide early access to treatments during this period of life when the brain is developing and emotion regulation capacities are being established. […] Screening tools for preschool anxiety disorders will also raise awareness about the prevalence of anxiety disorders in young children and support advocacy for increased access to mental health evaluations and evidenced-based intervention for young children.

• #50 Quantifying Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Preschool Children: A Machine Learning Approach | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165524

  Early childhood anxiety disorders are common, impairing, and predictive of anxiety and mood disorders later in childhood. Epidemiological studies over the last decade find that the prevalence of impairing anxiety disorders in preschool children ranges from 0.3% to 6.5%. Yet, less than 15% of young children with an impairing anxiety disorder receive a mental health evaluation or treatment. […] The ability to quickly and reliably detect and intervene with anxiety disorders, while the child’s brain is still developing, could directly alter the child’s developmental trajectory and may put the child at decreased risk for psychiatric illnesses later in life. […] There is an unmet need for screening tools for preschool anxiety that can be used in pediatric primary care settings or care-giving facilities, such as daycare centers and preschools, to assess risk and determine when a child should be referred for a specialty mental health evaluation.

• #51 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Identifying anxiety as the underlying cause of dysfunction is often complicated because common behavioral manifestations of anxiety can often mimic features of other disorders present in childhood, such as mood and externalizing problems. […] The first randomized trial study assessing the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medication management, their combination, and placebo was published in 2008. […] The core diagnostic criteria have not changed for most of the anxiety disorders; however, there are some subtle modifications. […] In sum, hypervigilance, reactivity to novel or changes in stimuli, hypersensitivity to threat, avoidant coping, somatic complaints, catastrophic reactions, and excessive parent accommodation can collectively be helpful indicators that anxiety may be present among youth.

• #52 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Identifying anxiety as the underlying cause of dysfunction is often complicated because common behavioral manifestations of anxiety can often mimic features of other disorders present in childhood, such as mood and externalizing problems. […] The first randomized trial study assessing the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medication management, their combination, and placebo was published in 2008. […] The core diagnostic criteria have not changed for most of the anxiety disorders; however, there are some subtle modifications. […] In sum, hypervigilance, reactivity to novel or changes in stimuli, hypersensitivity to threat, avoidant coping, somatic complaints, catastrophic reactions, and excessive parent accommodation can collectively be helpful indicators that anxiety may be present among youth.

• #53 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  Mood and anxiety disorders are the most common types of mental illnesses in Canada and throughout the world. […] Mood and anxiety disorders are a result of a complex interplay of various biological, genetic, economic, social and psychological factors. […] In 2010, the CCDSS was expanded to track and report on mental illness overall, as well as mood and anxiety disorders in the Canadian population. […] The CCDSS estimates represent the prevalence of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders, rather than the prevalence of diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders. […] About three-quarters of Canadians who used health services for a mental illness annually consulted for mood and anxiety disorders. […] In 2009/10, almost 3.5 million Canadians (or 10%) used health services for mood and anxiety disorders.

• #54 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html

  The highest prevalence was observed among those aged 30 to 54 followed by those 55 years and older, while the largest relative increases in prevalence were found among children and youth (aged 5 to 14 years); although in absolute terms, these increases were less than one percent. […] In 2009/10, approximately 258 thousand (or 3.1%) Canadian children and youth used health services for mood and anxiety disorders. […] The prevalence among children and youth increased with age, with the highest prevalence observed among those aged 15 to 19 years. […] The higher prevalence observed among middle aged and older adults may relate in part to the specific or unique challenges that these subpopulations often face. […] The higher prevalence of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders among adolescent and adult females compared to males is likely the result of a combination of several factors.

• #55 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders affecting children and adolescents in Canada. […] Ten years later, population survey data began to suggest higher rates of anxiety, with 11% to 19% of adolescents and almost 9% of children self-reporting an anxiety disorder. […] A 2018 study found increasing anxiety across Canada, with professionally diagnosed anxiety disorders in youth 12 to 24 years old doubling from 6.0% in 2011 to 12.9% in 2018. […] An Ontario study found that between 2006 and 2017, mental health-related emergency room (ER) visits in the province increased from 11.5 to 21.7 per 1000 population of children and youth under 25 years, with anxiety disorders being the most frequent mental health concern. […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety.

• #56 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Anxiety disorders emerge in about 3% of 6-year-olds and in about 5% of teenage boys and 10% of teenage girls. […] Children with an anxiety disorder have an increased risk of depression, suicidal behavior, drug and alcohol addiction, and academic difficulties later in life. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. […] Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. […] The most common manifestation of an anxiety disorder may be school refusal; most children couch their discomfort in terms of somatic complaints. […] Consider anxiety as a disorder in children only when anxiety becomes so exaggerated that it greatly impairs functioning or causes severe distress and/or avoidance.

• #57 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders affecting children and adolescents in Canada. […] Ten years later, population survey data began to suggest higher rates of anxiety, with 11% to 19% of adolescents and almost 9% of children self-reporting an anxiety disorder. […] A 2018 study found increasing anxiety across Canada, with professionally diagnosed anxiety disorders in youth 12 to 24 years old doubling from 6.0% in 2011 to 12.9% in 2018. […] An Ontario study found that between 2006 and 2017, mental health-related emergency room (ER) visits in the province increased from 11.5 to 21.7 per 1000 population of children and youth under 25 years, with anxiety disorders being the most frequent mental health concern. […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety.

• #58 Developmental Epidemiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37201964/

  This review summarizes the developmental epidemiology of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. […] It discusses the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sex differences, longitudinal course, and stability of anxiety disorders in addition to recurrence and remission. […] The trajectory of anxiety disorders-whether homotypic (ie, the same anxiety disorder persists over time) or heterotypic (ie, an anxiety disorder shifts to a different diagnosis over time) is discussed with regard to social, generalized, and separation anxiety disorders as well as specific phobia, and panic disorder. […] Finally, strategies for early recognition, prevention, and treatment of disorders are discussed.

• #59 Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/99/7/674

  There is some evidence that medication can be effective in treating anxiety in children and adolescents, at least in the short term. […] The relative effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders in children and young people has been assessed in two trials. […] These recent findings suggest that CBT, sertraline and their combination are all possible options for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are common, often stable and present a risk for lifelong psychiatric disturbance.

• #60 Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/99/7/674

  Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are extremely common and are often associated with lifelong psychiatric disturbance. […] Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions in young people, with community studies indicating a period prevalence between 9% and 32% during childhood and adolescence. […] Despite the significant public health burden associated with anxiety disorders in children and young people, they commonly remain untreated. […] The most commonly evaluated treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescence are psychological approaches, especially cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). […] The great majority of young people with anxiety disorders do not access clinical services. […] Two low-intensity approaches have been subjected to systematic evaluation: (i) brief treatments in which parents are guided to work through a book that instructs them on how to help their child overcome their difficulties with anxiety (bibliotherapy) and (ii) treatments delivered via computerised platforms (e-therapies).

• #61 Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/99/7/674

  Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are extremely common and are often associated with lifelong psychiatric disturbance. […] Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions in young people, with community studies indicating a period prevalence between 9% and 32% during childhood and adolescence. […] Despite the significant public health burden associated with anxiety disorders in children and young people, they commonly remain untreated. […] The most commonly evaluated treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescence are psychological approaches, especially cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). […] The great majority of young people with anxiety disorders do not access clinical services. […] Two low-intensity approaches have been subjected to systematic evaluation: (i) brief treatments in which parents are guided to work through a book that instructs them on how to help their child overcome their difficulties with anxiety (bibliotherapy) and (ii) treatments delivered via computerised platforms (e-therapies).

• #62 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders affecting children and adolescents in Canada. […] Ten years later, population survey data began to suggest higher rates of anxiety, with 11% to 19% of adolescents and almost 9% of children self-reporting an anxiety disorder. […] A 2018 study found increasing anxiety across Canada, with professionally diagnosed anxiety disorders in youth 12 to 24 years old doubling from 6.0% in 2011 to 12.9% in 2018. […] An Ontario study found that between 2006 and 2017, mental health-related emergency room (ER) visits in the province increased from 11.5 to 21.7 per 1000 population of children and youth under 25 years, with anxiety disorders being the most frequent mental health concern. […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are the worlds most common mental disorders, affecting 301 million people in 2019. […] Symptoms of anxiety often have onset during childhood or adolescence. […] An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder. […] In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders. […] Symptoms often begin during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. […] Girls and women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than boys and men. […] Effective community based approaches to prevent anxiety include parental education and school-based programmes to enhance social and emotional learning and build positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme.

• #64

  https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx

  The treatment advances have been dramatic! Studies document that individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and group CBT are efficacious in treating youth with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and/or GAD. In the arena of psychopharmacology, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to have short-term efficacy and safety in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. […] Early identification and intervention is an important area of investigation. An early intervention project in Australia compared group CBT versus monitoring for children with mild-moderate anxiety disorders and for those with subthreshold anxiety disorders. Group CBT decreased the prevalence of anxiety diagnoses posttreatment, and also prevented the onset of new anxiety disorders over time.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are the worlds most common mental disorders, affecting 301 million people in 2019. […] Symptoms of anxiety often have onset during childhood or adolescence. […] An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder. […] In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders. […] Symptoms often begin during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. […] Girls and women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than boys and men. […] Effective community based approaches to prevent anxiety include parental education and school-based programmes to enhance social and emotional learning and build positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme.

• #66 Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6524434/

  Anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric illnesses affecting children and adolescents. Youths who suffer from anxiety disorders typically experience impairment in social, family, and educational domains of functioning. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common class of psychiatric illness affecting children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders have an earlier age of onset relative to other internalizing disorders among youths and are associated with impairment in academic, social, and family functioning. […] Approximately 15%20% of children and adolescents meet the criteria for an anxiety disorder, but estimates as high as 31.9% have been cited among youths aged 1318 years. […] The negative consequences associated with anxiety disorders in children and adolescents highlight the need for effective identification and intervention.

• #67

  https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub757763

  This article argues that the quality of diagnostic tools used to measure anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has improved enormously in the past few years. As a result, prevalence estimates are less erratic, understanding of comorbidity is increasing, and the role of impairment as a criterion for „caseness” is considered more carefully. Several of the instruments developed for epidemiologic research are now being used in clinical settings. Further integration of laboratory methods and clinical and epidemiologic ideas will benefit children with anxiety disorders and their families.

• #68 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 2 – The management of anxiety disorders | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-management

  Evidence-based guidelines endorsed by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry recommend SSRIs as the medication of choice for treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years old. […] Combination therapy using SSRIs in conjunction with CBT should be considered at treatment onset for children and adolescents with moderate to severe anxiety disorders because this two-pronged approach has been shown to improve global functioning, response to treatment, and achievement of remission. […] Monitoring for suicidality in children and adolescents who have started on SSRI medication for an anxiety disorder must be performed and documented by the prescribing physician. […] Paediatric health care providers (HCPs), particularly primary care physicians, are well positioned to ask about and listen for concerns about child or adolescent anxiety.

• #69 Quantifying Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Preschool Children: A Machine Learning Approach | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165524

  Our encouraging results suggest that machine learning derived screening trees could be used to create valuable tools for screening young children with impairing SAD and GAD. […] The work presented in the current paper is a first step towards developing a tool that will hopefully fill this unmet need. Specifically, we have developed risk assessment algorithms that will enable clinicians to quickly and reliably assess children for GAD and/or SAD and refer children for disorder specific follow-up diagnostic assessments and treatment. […] By identifying children early in the course of GAD and/or SAD, we hope that we can provide early access to treatments during this period of life when the brain is developing and emotion regulation capacities are being established. […] Screening tools for preschool anxiety disorders will also raise awareness about the prevalence of anxiety disorders in young children and support advocacy for increased access to mental health evaluations and evidenced-based intervention for young children.

• #70 Prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety disorder in school-attending children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in China | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001967

  Anxiety disorder was prevalent among school students in China, and comorbidity with attention-deficit and disruptive disorder was very common. The data imply that screening for anxiety disorder is needed in school settings. […] The reported prevalence rate of anxiety disorder in the paediatric population varies widely between different counties. Currently, there is no national epidemiological survey of childhood anxiety disorder in China. This study aims to investigate the national prevalence of anxiety disorder, the distribution profiles of different subtypes and its comorbidity rates among school students. […] The prevalence rate of anxiety disorder was not influenced by socioeconomic conditions. […] A total of 70.3% of the children were diagnosed with anxiety disorder comorbid with at least one other mental disorder.

• #71 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Anxiety disorders emerge in about 3% of 6-year-olds and in about 5% of teenage boys and 10% of teenage girls. […] Children with an anxiety disorder have an increased risk of depression, suicidal behavior, drug and alcohol addiction, and academic difficulties later in life. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. […] Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. […] The most common manifestation of an anxiety disorder may be school refusal; most children couch their discomfort in terms of somatic complaints. […] Consider anxiety as a disorder in children only when anxiety becomes so exaggerated that it greatly impairs functioning or causes severe distress and/or avoidance.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are the worlds most common mental disorders, affecting 301 million people in 2019. […] Symptoms of anxiety often have onset during childhood or adolescence. […] An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder. […] In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders. […] Symptoms often begin during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. […] Girls and women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than boys and men. […] Effective community based approaches to prevent anxiety include parental education and school-based programmes to enhance social and emotional learning and build positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme.

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