Zaburzenia lękowe u dzieci
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaburzenia lękowe u dzieci, dotykające od 8% do 20% populacji, mają złożoną etiologię obejmującą interakcję czynników genetycznych, neurobiologicznych, temperamentalnych i środowiskowych. Genetyczne predyspozycje odpowiadają za około 30-40% ryzyka, a dzieci z rodzicami cierpiącymi na zaburzenia lękowe mają nawet siedmiokrotnie wyższe ryzyko ich rozwoju. Neurobiologicznie obserwuje się dysfunkcje w układzie limbicznym, hipokampie, ciele migdałowatym oraz korze przedczołowej, z zaburzeniami neurotransmisji serotoniny, noradrenaliny, GABA, dopaminy i cholecystokininy. Temperament, zwłaszcza zahamowanie behawioralne i negatywna emocjonalność, znacząco zwiększa ryzyko, podobnie jak czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak traumatyczne doświadczenia, nadmierna kontrola rodzicielska, dręczenie szkolne oraz wpływ mediów społecznościowych. Pandemia COVID-19 podwoiła częstość objawów lękowych, szczególnie u dziewcząt, a schorzenia współistniejące, takie jak ADHD, spektrum autyzmu czy zaburzenia endokrynologiczne, dodatkowo nasilają ryzyko.

Etiologia i przyczyny zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci

Zaburzenia lękowe u dzieci należą do najczęstszych problemów zdrowia psychicznego w tej grupie wiekowej, dotykając od 8% do nawet 20% dzieci i młodzieży 12. Etiologa tych zaburzeń ma złożony charakter i obejmuje skomplikowaną interakcję czynników biologicznych, genetycznych, temperamentalnych oraz środowiskowych, które wspólnie przyczyniają się do rozwoju nadmiernego lęku u dzieci 34.

Czynniki genetyczne i biologiczne

Predyspozycje genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci. Badania wykazały, że dzieci, których rodzice cierpią na zaburzenia lękowe, mają nawet siedmiokrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju podobnych problemów 56. Dane z badań bliźniąt wskazują, że czynniki genetyczne odpowiadają za około 30-40% ryzyka wystąpienia zaburzeń lękowych 78. Warto podkreślić, że dziedziczenie dotyczy raczej ogólnej podatności na zaburzenia lękowe, a nie konkretnych typów zaburzeń 9.

Dysfunkcje neurobiologiczne stanowią kolejny istotny czynnik biologiczny. U dzieci z zaburzeniami lękowymi zaobserwowano zaburzenia funkcjonowania w obrębie układu limbicznego i hipokampa, obszarów mózgu odpowiedzialnych za regulację emocji i reakcji na strach 1011. Badania strukturalne i funkcjonalne wykazały nieprawidłowości w obrębie ciała migdałowatego i kory przedczołowej u młodzieży z zaburzeniami lękowymi 1213. Szczególnie często obserwuje się zwiększoną aktywację ciała migdałowatego oraz zaburzoną funkcjonalną łączność między ciałem migdałowatym a regionami kory przedczołowej, wyspy i móżdżku 14.

Zaburzenia neuroprzekaźnictwa mogą również przyczyniać się do rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych. Nierównowaga neurotransmiterów, takich jak serotonina i noradrenalina, odgrywa kluczową rolę w patogenezie tych zaburzeń 1516. Dodatkowo, badania wskazują na rolę układu GABA-ergicznego, zmniejszoną funkcję receptorów benzodiazepinowych oraz zaburzenia w obrębie dopaminy i cholecystokininy 1718.

Rola temperamentu i cech osobowościowych

Temperament dziecka ma znaczący wpływ na rozwój zaburzeń lękowych 19. Szczególnie istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka jest zahamowanie behawioralne (behavioral inhibition), definiowane jako tendencja do wykazywania lęku w nowych lub nieznanych sytuacjach, wraz z podwyższoną reaktywnością układu współczulnego 2021. Dzieci z tym typem temperamentu mają znacząco wyższe ryzyko rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych, szczególnie fobii społecznej, w okresie dojrzewania 22.

Inne cechy temperamentalne związane z podwyższonym ryzykiem zaburzeń lękowych obejmują negatywną emocjonalność, neurotyczność oraz nadwrażliwość 2324. Niektóre dzieci są naturalnie bardziej wrażliwe i mogą mieć trudności z radzeniem sobie ze zmianami lub silnymi emocjami 25. Badania potwierdzają, że dzieci, które w wieku przedszkolnym wydają się bardziej powściągliwe, mogą być w większym stopniu narażone na rozwój uogólnionego zaburzenia lękowego (GAD) 26.

Czynniki środowiskowe i doświadczenia życiowe

Czynniki środowiskowe odgrywają kluczową rolę w rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci i obejmują szeroką gamę doświadczeń 27. Traumatyczne przeżycia są jednym z najważniejszych czynników ryzyka i mogą obejmować:

  • Śmierć bliskiej osoby lub rozstanie z nią 2829
  • Rozwód lub konflikt rodziców 3031
  • Poważną chorobę lub obrażenia 3233
  • Doświadczenie przemocy lub zaniedbania 3435
  • Częste przeprowadzki lub zmiany szkoły 3637

Badania wykazują, że styl wychowawczy rodziców może wpływać na rozwój zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci 38. Szczególnie istotne są:

  • Nadmierna kontrola i nadopiekuńczość rodziców 3940
  • Odrzucenie przez rodziców 41
  • Modelowanie zachowań lękowych 4243

Badania pokazują, że dzieci mogą „uczyć się” lęku, obserwując zachowania lękowe u rodziców lub innych osób w swoim otoczeniu 4445. Na przykład, dziecko z rodzicem, który boi się burz, może również nauczyć się bać burz 46.

Problemy w szkole stanowią kolejny istotny czynnik środowiskowy i mogą obejmować:

  • Doświadczenie dręczenia (bullying) 4748
  • Presję związaną z wynikami w nauce 49
  • Trudności w relacjach rówieśniczych 50

W ostatniej dekadzie wzrasta zainteresowanie wpływem mediów społecznościowych i treści online na rozwój objawów lękowych u dzieci i młodzieży 51. Nadmierne korzystanie z ekranów i porównywanie się z innymi w mediach społecznościowych może negatywnie wpływać na samoocenę i przyczyniać się do rozwoju lęku 5253.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zdrowie psychiczne dzieci i młodzieży stał się rosnącym problemem 5455. Badania wykazały, że objawy lękowe wśród młodzieży podwoiły się podczas pandemii, szczególnie u dziewcząt 56. Słabe więzi z opiekunami, problemy ze snem i duża ilość czasu spędzanego przed ekranem okazały się istotnymi predyktorami objawów lękowych związanych z COVID-19 u dzieci 57.

Współudział chorób współistniejących i zaburzeń rozwojowych

Niektóre schorzenia medyczne i zaburzenia rozwojowe mogą zwiększać ryzyko wystąpienia zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci 58. Do najczęstszych należą:

  • ADHD (zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi) – prawie trzy na dziesięcioro dzieci z ADHD ma również zaburzenie lękowe 5960
  • Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu – dzieci ze spektrum autyzmu są bardziej narażone na problemy z lękiem 6162
  • Schorzenia medyczne – niektóre problemy zdrowotne mogą powodować lub nasilać lęk u dzieci:
    • Zaburzenia nadnerczy 63
    • Problemy z tarczycą 64
    • Zaburzenia rytmu serca 65
    • Padaczka 66
    • Nawracająca duszność, szczególnie w astmie 67
  • Zaburzenia snu – problemy ze snem mogą zarówno przyczyniać się do rozwoju lęku, jak i być jego konsekwencją 68

Warto zauważyć, że skutki uboczne niektórych leków stosowanych w leczeniu innych schorzeń, takich jak ADHD czy astma, mogą również powodować lęk jako efekt uboczny 69.

Interakcja czynników biologicznych i środowiskowych

Współczesne podejście do etiologii zaburzeń lękowych podkreśla złożoną interakcję między czynnikami genetycznymi a środowiskowymi 7071. Debata dotycząca tego, czy geny czy środowisko odgrywa pierwszorzędną rolę w zaburzeniach lękowych, ewoluowała w kierunku lepszego zrozumienia ważnej roli interakcji między genami a środowiskiem 72.

Model podatność-stres zakłada, że dzieci z genetyczną predyspozycją do zaburzeń lękowych mogą rozwinąć objawy tylko wtedy, gdy doświadczą określonych stresorów środowiskowych 73. Z drugiej strony, traumatyczne doświadczenia w dzieciństwie mogą prowadzić do neurobiochemicznych zmian w mózgu, typowych dla zaburzenia panicznego lub PTSD 74.

Istotną rolę odgrywa także jakość przywiązania między dzieckiem a opiekunem. Niemowlęta, które wykazywały lękowy wzorzec przywiązania, częściej rozwijają zaburzenia lękowe w dzieciństwie i okresie dojrzewania niż niemowlęta z bezpiecznym przywiązaniem 7576.

Znaczenie czynników ryzyka i ochronnych

W kontekście etiologii zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci, ważne jest uwzględnienie zarówno czynników ryzyka, jak i czynników ochronnych 77. Wśród najważniejszych czynników ryzyka można wymienić:

  • Niski status społeczno-ekonomiczny 78
  • Płeć żeńska – niektóre badania wskazują, że dziewczęta mają do dwóch razy wyższe ryzyko rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych 79
  • Wcześniejsze epizody lęku – zaburzenie lękowe w okresie dojrzewania stanowi silny czynnik ryzyka nawracających zaburzeń lękowych w dorosłości 80

Identyfikacja wczesnych czynników podatności i ryzyka dla zaburzeń lękowych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla ułatwienia badań nad opracowaniem ukierunkowanych programów profilaktycznych lub wczesnych interwencji 81. Badania epidemiologiczne wyraźnie pokazują, że zaburzenia lękowe jako schorzenia o wczesnym początku są czynnikami ryzyka rozwoju zaburzeń depresyjnych i innych zaburzeń występujących później w życiu 82.

Implikacje diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne

Zrozumienie złożonej etiologii zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci ma istotne znaczenie dla procesu diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego 83. Wczesne rozpoznanie i odpowiednie leczenie mogą znacząco zmniejszyć nasilenie objawów, poprawić normalne funkcjonowanie dziecka i jego jakość życia 84.

Należy podkreślić, że zaburzenia lękowe u dzieci różnią się od normalnego lęku lub niepokoju, ponieważ wiążą się z bardziej ekstremalnym unikaniem, silniejszymi reakcjami emocjonalnymi lub trwają dłużej niż oczekiwano 85. Zaburzenia lękowe, które rozpoczynają się w dzieciństwie, często utrzymują się w okresie dojrzewania i wczesnej dorosłości 86.

W ocenie cech lękowych u dzieci należy uwzględnić, że główne kryteria diagnostyczne mogą przejawiać się inaczej u młodych osób, wymagając specjalnych strategii oceny i rozpoznania szczególnych cech charakterystycznych dla tej grupy wiekowej 87. Biorąc pod uwagę rozwój poznawczy i językowy, rosnące znaczenie relacji rówieśniczych oraz dążenie do autonomii od rodziców, kluczowe jest określenie podobieństw i różnic w ekspresji lęku w różnych przedziałach wiekowych 88.

W leczeniu zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci stosuje się zarówno psychoterapię (zwłaszcza terapię poznawczo-behawioralną), jak i farmakoterapię 89. Wyniki badań sugerują, że aktywność funkcjonalna w sieciach migdałowo-przedczołowych może być modyfikowana przez skuteczne leczenie psychofarmakologiczne i psychoterapeutyczne oraz może przewidywać wynik leczenia 90.

Warto podkreślić, że w nawet 30% przypadków, leczenie lęku rodzica równolegle z lękiem dziecka okazuje się pomocne 91. Lękowi rodzice mają tendencję do posiadania lękowych dzieci; posiadanie takich rodziców może sprawić, że problemy dzieci będą gorsze niż mogłyby być w innych okolicznościach 92.

Podsumowanie aktualnego stanu wiedzy

Etiologia zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci obejmuje złożoną interakcję czynników genetycznych, biologicznych, temperamentalnych i środowiskowych 93. Chociaż nasza wiedza na temat przyczyn tych zaburzeń znacznie się poszerzyła w ostatnich dekadach, wciąż istnieją obszary wymagające dalszych badań.

Szczególnie potrzebne są długoterminowe badania prospektywne, które uwzględniałyby wiele czynników podatności (a także czynników ochronnych), aby poszerzyć naszą wiedzę na temat etiologii tego powszechnego typu psychopatologii 94. Identyfikacja cech, które mogłyby służyć jako solidne predyktory początku, przebiegu i wyniku, będzie wymagać projektów prospektywnych, które oceniają szeroki zakres przypuszczalnych czynników podatności i ryzyka 95.

Łączenie neurobiologii, genetyki, nauk behawioralnych i epidemiologii pogłębi naszą wiedzę na temat etiologii, ryzyka i procesów ochronnych w zaburzeniach psychicznych o wczesnym początku i ukierunkuje nasze podejścia terapeutyczne 96. Takie kompleksowe podejście powinno ostatecznie doprowadzić do opracowania bardziej skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych dla dzieci z zaburzeniami lękowymi.

Zrozumienie złożonej interakcji czynników biologicznych i środowiskowych w rozwoju zaburzeń lękowych u dzieci jest kluczowym elementem skutecznej profilaktyki i leczenia. Wczesna identyfikacja i interwencja mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla poprawy wyników i zmniejszenia ryzyka rozwoju innych zaburzeń psychicznych w późniejszym życiu 97.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.mercy.net/service/childhood-anxiety-disorders/
    Anxiety disorders are the most common behavioral health concern in the U.S., affecting about 8% of children and teens. […] Several factors can cause or worsen anxiety in children. While characteristics like gender or family history cant be controlled, childrens anxiety is also triggered by stressful events like trauma or illness. […] Girls have a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders. Some studies show theyre up to twice as likely as boys to have the condition. […] Anxiety often runs in families. Children of parents who have anxiety disorders are seven times more likely to develop the condition. And experts say 65% of children living with anxious parents meet the criteria for anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events like divorce, illness or death in the family can trigger anxiety in children. And family members who are noticeably anxious or stressed can increase childrens anxiety.
  • #2 Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Causes, Symptoms, and Therap
    https://www.longdom.org/open-access/anxiety-in-children-and-adolescents-causes-symptoms-and-therapies-98281.html
    Anxiety is one of the most common mental health disorders in children and adolescents, affecting up to 20% of youth. […] The causes of anxiety in children and adolescents are complex and multifactorial. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. Children and adolescents with a family history of anxiety or other mental health disorders are at increased risk of developing anxiety themselves. Environmental factors, such as parental stress, trauma, and adverse childhood experiences, can also contribute to the development of anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety is a common and treatable mental health disorder in children and adolescents. Early identification and treatment of anxiety are crucial to improving outcomes and reducing the risk of developing other mental health disorders later in life.
  • #3 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    This review summarizes findings on the epidemiology and etiology of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents including separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, also highlighting critical aspects of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. […] Childhood and adolescence is the core risk phase for the development of anxiety symptoms and syndromes, ranging from transient mild symptoms to full-blown anxiety disorders. […] The core challenge in this age span is the derivation of developmentally more sensitive assessment methods. […] Identification of characteristics that could serve as solid predictors for onset, course, and outcome will require prospective designs that assess a wide range of putative vulnerability and risk factors.
  • #4 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Anxiety disorders are common; lifetime prevalence for the group of disorders is estimated to be as high as 25%. The main question is What is the relative contribution of genetics and environment to etiology of anxiety disorders? […] In the etiology of anxiety disorders there is a complex interplay of biological and genetic vulnerabilities, temperamental qualities, negative environmental influences and negative attachment experiences, parental psychopathology, and disadvantageous sociocultural factors. […] Trauma in childhood disposes to further anxiety disorders through the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the hypersecretion of CRF. Traumatic experience in developmental age leads to neurobiochemical changes in brain, typical for panic disorder or PTSD. […] Behavioral inhibition in early childhood is a predictor of further anxiety disorders. Some types of parental behaviors and family environment can lead to them, as well as improper interactions between parents and child.
  • #5
    https://www.mercy.net/service/childhood-anxiety-disorders/
    Anxiety disorders are the most common behavioral health concern in the U.S., affecting about 8% of children and teens. […] Several factors can cause or worsen anxiety in children. While characteristics like gender or family history cant be controlled, childrens anxiety is also triggered by stressful events like trauma or illness. […] Girls have a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders. Some studies show theyre up to twice as likely as boys to have the condition. […] Anxiety often runs in families. Children of parents who have anxiety disorders are seven times more likely to develop the condition. And experts say 65% of children living with anxious parents meet the criteria for anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events like divorce, illness or death in the family can trigger anxiety in children. And family members who are noticeably anxious or stressed can increase childrens anxiety.
  • #6 Anxiety Disorders (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-disorders.html
    Anxiety disorders cause extreme fear and worry, and changes in a child’s behavior, sleep, eating, or mood. […] Several things play a role in causing the overactive „fight or flight” that happens with anxiety disorders. They include: […] A child who has a family member with an anxiety disorder is more likely to have one too. Kids may inherit genes that make them prone to anxiety. […] Genes help direct the way brain chemicals (called neurotransmitters) work. If specific brain chemicals are in short supply, or not working well, it can cause anxiety. […] Things that happen in a child’s life can be stressful and difficult to cope with. Loss, serious illness, death of a loved one, violence, or abuse can lead some kids to become anxious. […] Growing up in a family where others are fearful or anxious also can „teach” a child to be afraid too.
  • #7 Understanding Childhood Anxiety: Causes and Solutions
    https://parenttv.com/blog/understanding-childhood-anxiety-causes-and-solutions
    Similar to many psychiatric illnesses, etiological models of childhood anxiety have identified both genetic and environmental pathways as the root of childhood anxiety disorders. […] Recent research suggests that genes account for 30 percent of the variance of child anxiety while shared environments (children being raised in the same home and socioeconomic status) account for 20 percent of the variance. Non-shared environments, factors that are unique to each individual, and error account for the remaining 50% of the variance in childhood anxiety disorders. […] The following factors could contribute to childhood anxiety: Attachment: The quality of the parent-child bond, referred to as attachment. Children who have experienced anxiety in their caregiver relationship and have internalised it are expected to have greater difficulty coping with anxiety.
  • #8 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Genetic factors play a significant role in etiology of anxiety disorders; for example, inherited risk factor for social phobia is estimated as 47%. […] Increased risk for anxiety disorder in children occurs if at least one parent has anxiety disorder. […] A significant familial aggregation according to panic disorder, GAD, and phobias was shown in meta-analysis based on family and twin studies. […] An anxiety disorder during adolescence confers a strong risk for recurrent anxiety disorders during early adulthood.
  • #9 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE
    The aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. […] Research suggests a relationship between preexisting personality traits and later anxiety disorders. One such trait is inhibited temperament, or behavioural inhibition, defined by Kagan and colleagues as a tendency to show apprehension to novel or unfamiliar situations, together with raised reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. […] Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] Twin studies therefore indicate that genetic factors endow a broad susceptibility to anxiety in general as opposed to a specific disorder. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events predispose not only to PTSD, but also to various anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobia and social phobia. […] Recurrent dyspnoea, particularly in asthma, is a risk factor for paediatric anxiety disorders such as panic and separation anxiety.
  • #10 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.
  • #11 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    While the fear-based anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and separation anxiety disorder) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, only recently has an integrated understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders developed. […] In this regard, both structural and functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated neuroanatomic and functional abnormalities within the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in youth with fear-based anxiety disorders, and have also suggested altered functional connectivity among components of the anterior limbic network (ALN), as well as alterations in neurochemistry within the anterior cingulate cortex. […] Additionally, several prefrontal structures and regions (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex) appear to be dysregulated in youth who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders (e.g., youth with inhibited temperament, behavioral inhibition, etc.).
  • #12 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    While the fear-based anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and separation anxiety disorder) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, only recently has an integrated understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders developed. […] In this regard, both structural and functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated neuroanatomic and functional abnormalities within the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in youth with fear-based anxiety disorders, and have also suggested altered functional connectivity among components of the anterior limbic network (ALN), as well as alterations in neurochemistry within the anterior cingulate cortex. […] Additionally, several prefrontal structures and regions (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex) appear to be dysregulated in youth who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders (e.g., youth with inhibited temperament, behavioral inhibition, etc.).
  • #13 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    The most notable and frequently implicated structure in pediatric anxiety disorders, including GAD, is the amygdala. […] Moreover, the amygdala is comprised of multiple nuclei that are reciprocally connected to the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and neocortexstructures which, as discussed below, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. […] To date, nearly all (n = 9) studies of pediatric patients with GAD have demonstrated increased activation of the amygdala […] adolescents with GAD exhibit dysfunction within amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity networks, which includes connectivity between the amygdala and regions in medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and cerebellum. […] In addition to increased amygdala activation, adolescents with GAD exhibit dysfunction within amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity networks, which includes connectivity between the amygdala and regions in medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and cerebellum.
  • #14 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    The most notable and frequently implicated structure in pediatric anxiety disorders, including GAD, is the amygdala. […] Moreover, the amygdala is comprised of multiple nuclei that are reciprocally connected to the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and neocortexstructures which, as discussed below, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. […] To date, nearly all (n = 9) studies of pediatric patients with GAD have demonstrated increased activation of the amygdala […] adolescents with GAD exhibit dysfunction within amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity networks, which includes connectivity between the amygdala and regions in medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and cerebellum. […] In addition to increased amygdala activation, adolescents with GAD exhibit dysfunction within amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity networks, which includes connectivity between the amygdala and regions in medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and cerebellum.
  • #15 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Children and Teens | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/g/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad-in-children.html
    Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. A child with GAD has a lot of worry and fear that seems to have no real cause. […] Experts believe GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of two chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. For example, a child with a parent who is afraid of thunderstorms may learn to fear thunderstorms. A traumatic event may also cause GAD. This can include things such as the death of a parent, a divorce, or a serious family accident or illness. […] GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. […] Untreated, chronic anxiety can lead to other serious problems such as depression, substance abuse, and self-harm.
  • #16 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentID=P02565&ContentTypeID=90
    Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. Experts believe GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of 2 chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. A traumatic event may also cause GAD. This can include things such as the death of a parent, a divorce, or a serious family accident or illness. […] Children who have parents with an anxiety disorder are more likely to have GAD. Children who seem more restrained as toddlers may be at more risk for GAD. […] GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose GAD. […] Treatment includes therapy and medicines. […] Untreated, chronic anxiety can lead to other serious problems such as depression, substance abuse, and self-harm.
  • #17 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview
    Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. […] The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Panic disorder appears to be a genetically inherited neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol; diminished benzodiazepine receptor function; and disturbances in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin-1-beta.
  • #18 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview
    Panic disorder appears to be a genetically inherited (heritability of 40%) neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol; diminished benzodiazepine receptor function; and disturbances in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin-1-beta. […] Genetic factors seem to play a role in social anxiety disorder. Based on family and twin studies, the risk for social anxiety disorder appears to be moderately heritable. […] Genetic factors seem to play a role in specific phobia as well, and the risk for such phobias also seems to be moderately heritable. […] Agoraphobia may be the result of repeated, unexpected panic attacks, which, in turn, may be linked to cognitive distortions, conditioned responses, and/or abnormalities in noradrenergic, serotonergic, or GABA-related neurotransmission.
  • #19 Anxiety in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/anxiety-in-children
    Up to 1 in 5 kids will develop what healthcare providers consider anxiety disorders. […] Childhood anxiety disorders differ from normal fear or anxiety because they involve more extreme avoidance, bigger emotional reactions or last longer than expected. […] Some kids are naturally sensitive and may have a hard time coping with change or strong emotions. […] Anxiousness can also develop after stressful life events, and some people have many stressful events from a very early age, like: The death of someone close to them. […] Its hard to say for sure what the main cause of childhood anxiety is. […] But for children with anxiety that interferes with their day-to-day lives, its thought that genetics, biology and family history play roles.
  • #20 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE
    The aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. […] Research suggests a relationship between preexisting personality traits and later anxiety disorders. One such trait is inhibited temperament, or behavioural inhibition, defined by Kagan and colleagues as a tendency to show apprehension to novel or unfamiliar situations, together with raised reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. […] Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] Twin studies therefore indicate that genetic factors endow a broad susceptibility to anxiety in general as opposed to a specific disorder. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events predispose not only to PTSD, but also to various anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobia and social phobia. […] Recurrent dyspnoea, particularly in asthma, is a risk factor for paediatric anxiety disorders such as panic and separation anxiety.
  • #21
    https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx
    Advances in Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorder Research. The last few years have brought exciting breakthroughs in the area of anxiety disorders in youth. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has been recognized as one of the most common areas of pediatric psychopathology. These advances are of great importance because anxiety disorders in children are associated with negative outcomes including peer relationship difficulties, academic failure, and later onset of comorbid disorders including major depression and alcohol abuse. […] A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety. […] Linking neuroscience, genetics, behavioral science, and epidemiology will advance our knowledge of etiology, risk, and protective processes in early-onset mental illnesses and will guide our treatment approaches.
  • #22 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    In general, these studies have focused on anterior limbic circuitry described previously in patients with GAD and social phobia. […] Recently, several studies have examined the neurophysiology of children who are at risk for developing anxiety disorders, yet do not have anxiety disorders per se. […] In general, these studies have focused on younger children with anxious temperament and behavioral inhibition, both known to increase the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder later in life. […] Overall, there is increased activation of the amygdala, abnormalities in cortical regions of the ALN, and as with SoP, some indication of striatal involvement. […] The extant literature concerning functional neuroimaging studies described herein suggests that pediatric patients with anxiety have dysfunction within a myriad of amygdala-based networks throughout the prefrontal cortex, and these studies have also increasingly implicated posterior regions, including the precuneus and cuneus. […] Moreover, functional abnormalities in these regions and in connectivity among these regions are present in youth and young adults who are at risk for developing anxiety disorders, suggesting that functional deficits may precede the disorders themselves.
  • #23
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-008-9242-x
    We examined trends in publications on childhood anxiety disorders over the past 25 years. […] Considerable less research has been conducted on the etiology, intervention, and assessment of these disorders in youths. […] During the last two decades, this opinion has gradually changed as it has been demonstrated that a substantial minority of children and adolescents do suffer from such high fear and anxiety levels that a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder is clearly warranted. […] A recent analysis of publication trends in individual anxiety disorders has demonstrated that research on this psychiatric disorder has steadily grown during the past 25 years. […] It is assumed that the genetic influence on childhood anxiety is rooted in the biologically substrate of the temperament trait neuroticism, which already manifests itself at a very early age as behavioral inhibition.
  • #24
    https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/childhood-anxiety-disorders
    Anxiety disorders differ from normal anxiety. […] Many anxiety disorders develop during childhood and if left untreated tend to continue into adolescence and adulthood. […] There are multiple causes and risk factors for developing an anxiety disorder. Genetics, environmental factors (e.g., life stressors), and temperament (e.g., negative affect, behavioural inhibition) can account for the development of anxiety disorders.
  • #25 Anxiety in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/anxiety-in-children
    Up to 1 in 5 kids will develop what healthcare providers consider anxiety disorders. […] Childhood anxiety disorders differ from normal fear or anxiety because they involve more extreme avoidance, bigger emotional reactions or last longer than expected. […] Some kids are naturally sensitive and may have a hard time coping with change or strong emotions. […] Anxiousness can also develop after stressful life events, and some people have many stressful events from a very early age, like: The death of someone close to them. […] Its hard to say for sure what the main cause of childhood anxiety is. […] But for children with anxiety that interferes with their day-to-day lives, its thought that genetics, biology and family history play roles.
  • #26 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentID=P02565&ContentTypeID=90
    Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. Experts believe GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of 2 chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. A traumatic event may also cause GAD. This can include things such as the death of a parent, a divorce, or a serious family accident or illness. […] Children who have parents with an anxiety disorder are more likely to have GAD. Children who seem more restrained as toddlers may be at more risk for GAD. […] GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose GAD. […] Treatment includes therapy and medicines. […] Untreated, chronic anxiety can lead to other serious problems such as depression, substance abuse, and self-harm.
  • #27 Generalized anxiety disorder in children: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007687.htm
    Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder in which a child is often worried or anxious about many things and finds it hard to control this anxiety. […] The cause of GAD is unknown. Genes may play a role. Children with family members who have an anxiety disorder also may be more likely to have one. Stress may be a factor in developing GAD. […] Things in a child’s life that can cause stress and anxiety include: Loss, such as death of a loved one or parents’ divorce; Big life changes, such as moving to a new town; A history of abuse; Living with family with members who are fearful, anxious, or violent. […] GAD is a common condition, affecting about 2% to 6% of children. GAD usually does not occur until puberty. It is more often seen in girls than in boys. […] Having an anxiety disorder can put a child at risk for depression and substance abuse.
  • #28 Anxiety in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/anxiety-in-children
    Up to 1 in 5 kids will develop what healthcare providers consider anxiety disorders. […] Childhood anxiety disorders differ from normal fear or anxiety because they involve more extreme avoidance, bigger emotional reactions or last longer than expected. […] Some kids are naturally sensitive and may have a hard time coping with change or strong emotions. […] Anxiousness can also develop after stressful life events, and some people have many stressful events from a very early age, like: The death of someone close to them. […] Its hard to say for sure what the main cause of childhood anxiety is. […] But for children with anxiety that interferes with their day-to-day lives, its thought that genetics, biology and family history play roles.
  • #29 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Its normal for children to feel worried or anxious from time to time, like when theyre starting school or nursery, or moving to a new area. […] But for some children, anxiety affects their behaviour and thoughts on a daily basis. […] The reason for the anxiety (if there is one) will differ depending on the age of the child. […] Separation anxiety is common in younger children. Older children and teenagers tend to worry more about school performance, relationships or health. […] Some anxious children may develop a condition called generalised anxiety disorder when they get older. […] Generalised anxiety disorder causes you to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event. […] Separation anxiety means a child worrying about not being with their parent or regular carer.
  • #30 Anxiety disorders in children
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anxiety-disorders-children/
    Some children are born more anxious and less able to cope with stress than others. […] Children can develop anxious thoughts and avoidant behaviours by imitating ways other people manage and deal with anxiety. […] In many cases the anxiety and avoidant behaviours of children continue when they have managed to avoid a stressful situation. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as moving house or school often, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children who experience severe anxiety can also experience other mental health difficulties.
  • #31 Anxiety in children
    https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/anxiety_in_children/
    Anxiety can be hard to recognise in children, as the signs vary and include things such as stomach aches, recurring headaches, tantrums and difficulty sleeping. […] Many things can cause children to have feelings of anxiety. If your child gets anxious occasionally, this does not necessarily mean they have an anxiety disorder. […] Some reasons children may feel anxious include: stressful events such as death or illness in the family, news about big topics like natural disasters or climate change, major life changes such as starting at a different school or parents separating, events at school, such as tests or bullying, becoming sick or getting injured. […] It is not always clear why children develop strong feelings of anxiety. Sometimes, severe anxiety can develop without being triggered by a particular event.
  • #32 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Its normal for children to feel worried or anxious from time to time, like when theyre starting school or nursery, or moving to a new area. […] But for some children, anxiety affects their behaviour and thoughts on a daily basis. […] The reason for the anxiety (if there is one) will differ depending on the age of the child. […] Separation anxiety is common in younger children. Older children and teenagers tend to worry more about school performance, relationships or health. […] Some anxious children may develop a condition called generalised anxiety disorder when they get older. […] Generalised anxiety disorder causes you to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event. […] Separation anxiety means a child worrying about not being with their parent or regular carer.
  • #33 Anxiety disorders in children
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anxiety-disorders-children/
    Some children are born more anxious and less able to cope with stress than others. […] Children can develop anxious thoughts and avoidant behaviours by imitating ways other people manage and deal with anxiety. […] In many cases the anxiety and avoidant behaviours of children continue when they have managed to avoid a stressful situation. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as moving house or school often, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children who experience severe anxiety can also experience other mental health difficulties.
  • #34 Anxiety and Depression in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-anxiety-and-depression-in-children.html
    Although fears and worries are typical in children, persistent or extreme forms of fear and sadness could be due to anxiety or depression. […] When a child does not outgrow the fears and worries that are typical in young children, or when there are so many fears and worries that they interfere with school, home, or play activities, the child may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. […] It is not known exactly why some children develop anxiety or depression. Many factors may play a role, including biology and temperament. But it is also known that some children are more likely to develop anxiety or depression when they experience the following: trauma or stress; violence, abuse, or neglect; being bullied or rejected by other children; or when their own parents have anxiety or depression.
  • #35 Anxiety Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders
    There isn’t a complete understanding of where anxiety disorders come from. Some causes of anxiety disorders include: […] Anxiety disorders can run in families. […] Some research suggests anxiety disorders may be linked to faulty circuits in the brain that control fear and emotions. […] This refers to stressful events you have seen or lived through. Life events often linked to anxiety disorders include childhood abuse and neglect, the death of a loved one, or being attacked or seeing violence. […] Certain drugs may be used to hide or decrease certain anxiety symptoms. Anxiety disorder often goes hand in hand with alcohol and substance use. […] Some heart, lung, and thyroid conditions can cause symptoms similar to anxiety disorders or make anxiety symptoms worse. […] Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect during childhood is linked to anxiety disorders later in life.
  • #36 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Its normal for children to feel worried or anxious from time to time, like when theyre starting school or nursery, or moving to a new area. […] But for some children, anxiety affects their behaviour and thoughts on a daily basis. […] The reason for the anxiety (if there is one) will differ depending on the age of the child. […] Separation anxiety is common in younger children. Older children and teenagers tend to worry more about school performance, relationships or health. […] Some anxious children may develop a condition called generalised anxiety disorder when they get older. […] Generalised anxiety disorder causes you to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event. […] Separation anxiety means a child worrying about not being with their parent or regular carer.
  • #37
    https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/anxiety-in-children
    There are some common causes of anxiety in young children. Some are biologically predisposed to the condition, meaning they are genetically more susceptible to it. Others may pick up anxious behavior from being around anxious people. […] External stressors may also cause anxiety in kids. These are usually events that involve a lot of change, including but not limited to the following: Quarreling parents, Experiencing abuse or neglect, Conflict with peers, Academic pressures, Social difficulties, such as bullying, Frequently moving homes or schools, Traumatic experiences, such as major injuries or accidents, Experiencing the death of a close friend or loved one, Health issues. […] Having other conditions such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and autism may also make a child more prone to having anxiety due to the way their brains function.
  • #38 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE
    The aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. […] Research suggests a relationship between preexisting personality traits and later anxiety disorders. One such trait is inhibited temperament, or behavioural inhibition, defined by Kagan and colleagues as a tendency to show apprehension to novel or unfamiliar situations, together with raised reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. […] Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] Twin studies therefore indicate that genetic factors endow a broad susceptibility to anxiety in general as opposed to a specific disorder. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events predispose not only to PTSD, but also to various anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobia and social phobia. […] Recurrent dyspnoea, particularly in asthma, is a risk factor for paediatric anxiety disorders such as panic and separation anxiety.
  • #39
    https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx
    Advances in Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorder Research. The last few years have brought exciting breakthroughs in the area of anxiety disorders in youth. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has been recognized as one of the most common areas of pediatric psychopathology. These advances are of great importance because anxiety disorders in children are associated with negative outcomes including peer relationship difficulties, academic failure, and later onset of comorbid disorders including major depression and alcohol abuse. […] A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety. […] Linking neuroscience, genetics, behavioral science, and epidemiology will advance our knowledge of etiology, risk, and protective processes in early-onset mental illnesses and will guide our treatment approaches.
  • #40 Understanding Childhood Anxiety: Causes and Solutions
    https://parenttv.com/blog/understanding-childhood-anxiety-causes-and-solutions
    Parenting Behaviours: Specific parenting behaviours have been linked to higher levels of anxiety in children. Parental over-control or over-protection has been shown to be the strongest link to anxiety in children. These behaviours are believed to restrict childrens opportunities to experience new and challenging situations and minimising the development of mastery and confidence in the ability to cope with challenges. […] There are many contributing factors that can lead a child to develop anxiety and here I have highlighted the main contributing factors. It is important to remember that the development of anxiety is unique to each child and family.
  • #41 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE
    The aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. […] Research suggests a relationship between preexisting personality traits and later anxiety disorders. One such trait is inhibited temperament, or behavioural inhibition, defined by Kagan and colleagues as a tendency to show apprehension to novel or unfamiliar situations, together with raised reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. […] Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] Twin studies therefore indicate that genetic factors endow a broad susceptibility to anxiety in general as opposed to a specific disorder. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events predispose not only to PTSD, but also to various anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobia and social phobia. […] Recurrent dyspnoea, particularly in asthma, is a risk factor for paediatric anxiety disorders such as panic and separation anxiety.
  • #42 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Having a close family member with anxiety may increase your child’s chance of having it too. […] Children can also pick up anxious behaviour from being around anxious people. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as: frequently moving house or school, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.
  • #43 Anxiety disorders in children
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/anxiety-disorders-children/
    Some children are born more anxious and less able to cope with stress than others. […] Children can develop anxious thoughts and avoidant behaviours by imitating ways other people manage and deal with anxiety. […] In many cases the anxiety and avoidant behaviours of children continue when they have managed to avoid a stressful situation. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as moving house or school often, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children who experience severe anxiety can also experience other mental health difficulties.
  • #44 Anxiety Disorders (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-disorders.html
    Anxiety disorders cause extreme fear and worry, and changes in a child’s behavior, sleep, eating, or mood. […] Several things play a role in causing the overactive „fight or flight” that happens with anxiety disorders. They include: […] A child who has a family member with an anxiety disorder is more likely to have one too. Kids may inherit genes that make them prone to anxiety. […] Genes help direct the way brain chemicals (called neurotransmitters) work. If specific brain chemicals are in short supply, or not working well, it can cause anxiety. […] Things that happen in a child’s life can be stressful and difficult to cope with. Loss, serious illness, death of a loved one, violence, or abuse can lead some kids to become anxious. […] Growing up in a family where others are fearful or anxious also can „teach” a child to be afraid too.
  • #45 Anxiety Disorders | Rady Children’s Hospital
    https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/anxiety-disorders/
    Anxiety disorders cause extreme fear and worry, and changes in a childs behavior, sleep, eating, or mood. […] Several things play a role in causing the overactive fight or flight that happens with anxiety disorders. They include: […] A child who has a family member with an anxiety disorder is more likely to have one too. Kids may inherit genes that make them prone to anxiety. […] Things that happen in a childs life can be stressful and difficult to cope with. Loss, serious illness, death of a loved one, violence, or abuse can lead some kids to become anxious. […] Growing up in a family where others are fearful or anxious also can teach a child to be afraid too.
  • #46 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Children and Teens | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/g/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad-in-children.html
    Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. A child with GAD has a lot of worry and fear that seems to have no real cause. […] Experts believe GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. A child may inherit a tendency to be anxious. An imbalance of two chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely plays a part. […] A child can also learn anxiety and fear from family members and others. For example, a child with a parent who is afraid of thunderstorms may learn to fear thunderstorms. A traumatic event may also cause GAD. This can include things such as the death of a parent, a divorce, or a serious family accident or illness. […] GAD is caused by both biological and environmental factors. […] Untreated, chronic anxiety can lead to other serious problems such as depression, substance abuse, and self-harm.
  • #47 Anxiety and Depression in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-anxiety-and-depression-in-children.html
    Although fears and worries are typical in children, persistent or extreme forms of fear and sadness could be due to anxiety or depression. […] When a child does not outgrow the fears and worries that are typical in young children, or when there are so many fears and worries that they interfere with school, home, or play activities, the child may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. […] It is not known exactly why some children develop anxiety or depression. Many factors may play a role, including biology and temperament. But it is also known that some children are more likely to develop anxiety or depression when they experience the following: trauma or stress; violence, abuse, or neglect; being bullied or rejected by other children; or when their own parents have anxiety or depression.
  • #48 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Infants who were anxiously attached in infancy develop more anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence than infants who were securely attached. […] Anxiety disorders are common among offspring of anxious and depressed parents. Offspring of anxious parents were significantly more likely to have only anxiety disorders. […] Environmental mechanisms (e.g., maternal anxious attachment perceptions, maladaptive parenting practices, parental modeling of anxiety, and avoidance) may account for the observed association between parent and child anxiety. […] The experience of a traumatic event may influence the development of anxiety disorders. […] Childhood sexual abuse is a strong risk factor of anxiety disorders. […] Bullying behavior is a frequent risk factor of anxiety disorder among adolescents.
  • #49
    https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/anxiety-in-children
    There are some common causes of anxiety in young children. Some are biologically predisposed to the condition, meaning they are genetically more susceptible to it. Others may pick up anxious behavior from being around anxious people. […] External stressors may also cause anxiety in kids. These are usually events that involve a lot of change, including but not limited to the following: Quarreling parents, Experiencing abuse or neglect, Conflict with peers, Academic pressures, Social difficulties, such as bullying, Frequently moving homes or schools, Traumatic experiences, such as major injuries or accidents, Experiencing the death of a close friend or loved one, Health issues. […] Having other conditions such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and autism may also make a child more prone to having anxiety due to the way their brains function.
  • #50 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Separation anxiety in older children may be a sign that theyre feeling insecure about something. […] Social anxiety is not wanting to go out in public, see friends or take part in activities. […] School-based anxiety could also be about schoolwork, friendships or bullying, especially if theyre changing school or moving up a level. […] Long-term anxiety can severely interfere with a childs personal development, family life and schooling. […] Anxiety disorders that start in childhood often persist into the teenage years and early adulthood. […] Some children are simply born more nervous and anxious and less able to cope with stress than other children. […] Sometimes traumatic life events like an illness, or an accident, can cause anxiety. […] A childs anxious personality may be partly determined by the genes theyve inherited from their parents. […] Some children can also develop anxiety after a series of difficult life events. […] Children with certain conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders may experience anxiety as part of the symptoms of their condition.
  • #51 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html
    Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, affecting nearly 1 in 12 children and 1 in 4 adolescents. […] Risk factors include parental history of anxiety disorders, socioeconomic stressors, exposure to violence, and trauma. […] Risk factors for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents include low socioeconomic status, exposure to violence, trauma, and biologic factors such as heritability and temperament. […] Parental anxiety predisposes children to a higher risk of functional impairment and anxiety disorders. […] In the past decade, there has been increasing concern over the impact of social media use and engagement with online content on anxiety symptoms and the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health has become a growing concern.
  • #52 Does Your Child Struggle With an Anxiety Disorder? – Harvard Pilgrim Health Care – HaPi Guide
    https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/hapiguide/does-your-child-struggle-with-an-anxiety-disorder/
    According to the CDC, over 6% of children ages six to 11 and over 10% of kids ages 12-17 are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. […] There are several factors that may contribute to anxiety disorders. In some cases, they may be caused when certain chemicals, like dopamine and serotonin, are imbalanced in the brain. Environmental traumas, like a divorce or death, may also trigger anxiety disorders. […] Almost three out of 10 children with ADHD also have an anxiety disorder. […] Other studies point to an increased chance of anxiety disorders stemming in part from unchecked social media use and screen time, where comparison culture is rampant and can have a profoundly negative impact on self-esteem. […] Performance anxiety is also a very real pressure many children face. […] Its no surprise that the pandemic has taken its toll on childrens anxiety levels. Loss of developmentally important routines and social interactions certainly made an impact.
  • #53 What causes anxiety in children? I ManagedMethods
    https://managedmethods.com/blog/what-causes-anxiety-in-children/
    Brain chemistry (biological factors): If neurotransmitters are not functioning properly or the brain is not producing enough chemicals, it can cause anxiety. […] Life situations (environmental factors): External factors, such as the social environment that children grow up in and what happens within it, can cause stress that may lead to more severe anxiety down the road. […] Learned behaviors: Children are extremely impressionable. […] If a parent or caregiver is anxious or often expresses fear, it can cause children to mirror that behavior. […] Medication side effects: Various medicines that are used to treat other conditions, such as ADHD or even asthma, can cause anxiety as a side effect. […] These factors may be made worse by everyday stressors such as starting at a new school, making friends, or bullying.
  • #54 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html
    Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, affecting nearly 1 in 12 children and 1 in 4 adolescents. […] Risk factors include parental history of anxiety disorders, socioeconomic stressors, exposure to violence, and trauma. […] Risk factors for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents include low socioeconomic status, exposure to violence, trauma, and biologic factors such as heritability and temperament. […] Parental anxiety predisposes children to a higher risk of functional impairment and anxiety disorders. […] In the past decade, there has been increasing concern over the impact of social media use and engagement with online content on anxiety symptoms and the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health has become a growing concern.
  • #55 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.
  • #56 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/mental-health-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Anxiety disorders are characterized by fear, worry, or dread that greatly impairs the ability to function and is out of proportion to the circumstances. […] There are many types of anxiety disorders, distinguished by their primary focus on fear, worry, or dread. […] Studies show that about 3% of 6-year-olds, 5% of adolescent boys, and 10% of adolescent girls have anxiety disorders. […] People can inherit a tendency to be anxious. Anxious parents tend to have anxious children. […] During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms in young people doubled, especially in girls. […] Poor connectedness to caregiver, sleep problems, and high amounts of screen time were found to be significant predictors of COVID-19 anxiety symptoms in children. […] Many children who have an anxiety disorder struggle with anxiety into adulthood. However, with early treatment, many children learn how to control their anxiety.
  • #57 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Evidence suggests that anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in the parts of the limbic system and hippocampus that regulate emotions and response to fear. In mice, loss of expression of the serotonin 1A-receptor (5-HT1AR) in the forebrain during early development results in dysregulation of the hippocampus and leads to anxiety behaviors. Heritability studies indicate a role for genetic and environmental factors. No specific genes have been identified; many genetic variants are probably involved. […] Anxiety symptoms among youth doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in girls, and mental health visits for anxiety increased 43%. These study results were controlled for gender, age, and presence of pre-COVID anxiety symptoms and showed that poor connectedness to caregiver, poor sleep hygiene, and high amounts of screen time were reported to be significant predictors of the child’s COVID-19 anxiety symptoms.
  • #58 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Having a close family member with anxiety may increase your child’s chance of having it too. […] Children can also pick up anxious behaviour from being around anxious people. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as: frequently moving house or school, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.
  • #59 Does Your Child Struggle With an Anxiety Disorder? – Harvard Pilgrim Health Care – HaPi Guide
    https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/hapiguide/does-your-child-struggle-with-an-anxiety-disorder/
    According to the CDC, over 6% of children ages six to 11 and over 10% of kids ages 12-17 are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. […] There are several factors that may contribute to anxiety disorders. In some cases, they may be caused when certain chemicals, like dopamine and serotonin, are imbalanced in the brain. Environmental traumas, like a divorce or death, may also trigger anxiety disorders. […] Almost three out of 10 children with ADHD also have an anxiety disorder. […] Other studies point to an increased chance of anxiety disorders stemming in part from unchecked social media use and screen time, where comparison culture is rampant and can have a profoundly negative impact on self-esteem. […] Performance anxiety is also a very real pressure many children face. […] Its no surprise that the pandemic has taken its toll on childrens anxiety levels. Loss of developmentally important routines and social interactions certainly made an impact.
  • #60 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Having a close family member with anxiety may increase your child’s chance of having it too. […] Children can also pick up anxious behaviour from being around anxious people. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as: frequently moving house or school, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.
  • #61 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS
    https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Having a close family member with anxiety may increase your child’s chance of having it too. […] Children can also pick up anxious behaviour from being around anxious people. […] Some children develop anxiety after stressful events, such as: frequently moving house or school, parents fighting or arguing, the death of a close relative or friend, becoming seriously ill or getting injured in an accident, school-related issues like exams or bullying, being abused or neglected. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.
  • #62
    https://mentalhealthcenterkids.com/blogs/articles/anxiety-in-children
    There are some common causes of anxiety in young children. Some are biologically predisposed to the condition, meaning they are genetically more susceptible to it. Others may pick up anxious behavior from being around anxious people. […] External stressors may also cause anxiety in kids. These are usually events that involve a lot of change, including but not limited to the following: Quarreling parents, Experiencing abuse or neglect, Conflict with peers, Academic pressures, Social difficulties, such as bullying, Frequently moving homes or schools, Traumatic experiences, such as major injuries or accidents, Experiencing the death of a close friend or loved one, Health issues. […] Having other conditions such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and autism may also make a child more prone to having anxiety due to the way their brains function.
  • #63 6 Medical Conditions that Can Cause Anxiety in Kids
    https://brieflycounseling.com/6-medical-conditions-that-can-cause-anxiety-in-kids/
    Anxiety is a common, yet often overlooked, mental health issue in kids and teens. […] While anxiety is usually triggered by life events, there are some medical conditions that can cause anxiety in children as well. […] Adrenal disorders, such as Cushings syndrome, Addisons disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia, can cause a variety of physical and mental health problems in children, including anxiety. […] All of these disorders can cause anxiety in kids, making it important for you and your childs physician to be aware of the signs and symptoms and to seek treatment if necessary. […] Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures. It can be a source of anxiety in children due to the unpredictable nature of the disorder. […] Anxiety can also be a direct result of the sleep disorder itself, such as nightmares or bedwetting.
  • #64 Anxiety and Related Disorders | Evidence-Based Treatment
    https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/pediatric-anxiety-disorders
    Medical experts dont fully understand what causes anxiety disorders. It is likely that the risk of an anxiety disorder is linked to a combination of genetics and a childs environment. Risk factors generally include: Personality traits such as shyness. Trauma or abuse for a survivor or witness. Personal or family history of anxiety or other mental health disorders. Health conditions such as arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) and thyroid problems. Medications or substances such as caffeine.
  • #65 Anxiety Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders
    There isn’t a complete understanding of where anxiety disorders come from. Some causes of anxiety disorders include: […] Anxiety disorders can run in families. […] Some research suggests anxiety disorders may be linked to faulty circuits in the brain that control fear and emotions. […] This refers to stressful events you have seen or lived through. Life events often linked to anxiety disorders include childhood abuse and neglect, the death of a loved one, or being attacked or seeing violence. […] Certain drugs may be used to hide or decrease certain anxiety symptoms. Anxiety disorder often goes hand in hand with alcohol and substance use. […] Some heart, lung, and thyroid conditions can cause symptoms similar to anxiety disorders or make anxiety symptoms worse. […] Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse or neglect during childhood is linked to anxiety disorders later in life.
  • #66 6 Medical Conditions that Can Cause Anxiety in Kids
    https://brieflycounseling.com/6-medical-conditions-that-can-cause-anxiety-in-kids/
    Anxiety is a common, yet often overlooked, mental health issue in kids and teens. […] While anxiety is usually triggered by life events, there are some medical conditions that can cause anxiety in children as well. […] Adrenal disorders, such as Cushings syndrome, Addisons disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia, can cause a variety of physical and mental health problems in children, including anxiety. […] All of these disorders can cause anxiety in kids, making it important for you and your childs physician to be aware of the signs and symptoms and to seek treatment if necessary. […] Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures. It can be a source of anxiety in children due to the unpredictable nature of the disorder. […] Anxiety can also be a direct result of the sleep disorder itself, such as nightmares or bedwetting.
  • #67 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE
    The aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. […] Research suggests a relationship between preexisting personality traits and later anxiety disorders. One such trait is inhibited temperament, or behavioural inhibition, defined by Kagan and colleagues as a tendency to show apprehension to novel or unfamiliar situations, together with raised reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. […] Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] Twin studies therefore indicate that genetic factors endow a broad susceptibility to anxiety in general as opposed to a specific disorder. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events predispose not only to PTSD, but also to various anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobia and social phobia. […] Recurrent dyspnoea, particularly in asthma, is a risk factor for paediatric anxiety disorders such as panic and separation anxiety.
  • #68 6 Medical Conditions that Can Cause Anxiety in Kids
    https://brieflycounseling.com/6-medical-conditions-that-can-cause-anxiety-in-kids/
    Anxiety is a common, yet often overlooked, mental health issue in kids and teens. […] While anxiety is usually triggered by life events, there are some medical conditions that can cause anxiety in children as well. […] Adrenal disorders, such as Cushings syndrome, Addisons disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia, can cause a variety of physical and mental health problems in children, including anxiety. […] All of these disorders can cause anxiety in kids, making it important for you and your childs physician to be aware of the signs and symptoms and to seek treatment if necessary. […] Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures. It can be a source of anxiety in children due to the unpredictable nature of the disorder. […] Anxiety can also be a direct result of the sleep disorder itself, such as nightmares or bedwetting.
  • #69 What causes anxiety in children? I ManagedMethods
    https://managedmethods.com/blog/what-causes-anxiety-in-children/
    Brain chemistry (biological factors): If neurotransmitters are not functioning properly or the brain is not producing enough chemicals, it can cause anxiety. […] Life situations (environmental factors): External factors, such as the social environment that children grow up in and what happens within it, can cause stress that may lead to more severe anxiety down the road. […] Learned behaviors: Children are extremely impressionable. […] If a parent or caregiver is anxious or often expresses fear, it can cause children to mirror that behavior. […] Medication side effects: Various medicines that are used to treat other conditions, such as ADHD or even asthma, can cause anxiety as a side effect. […] These factors may be made worse by everyday stressors such as starting at a new school, making friends, or bullying.
  • #70 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview
    Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Most presenting anxiety disorders are functional psychiatric disorders. Psychological theories range from explaining anxiety as a displacement of an intrapsychic conflict (psychodynamic models) to conditioning (learned) paradigms (cognitive-behavioral models). Many of these theories capture portions of the disorder.
  • #71 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview
    Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. […] The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Panic disorder appears to be a genetically inherited neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol; diminished benzodiazepine receptor function; and disturbances in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin-1-beta.
  • #72 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview
    Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Most presenting anxiety disorders are functional psychiatric disorders. Psychological theories range from explaining anxiety as a displacement of an intrapsychic conflict (psychodynamic models) to conditioning (learned) paradigms (cognitive-behavioral models). Many of these theories capture portions of the disorder.
  • #73 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Anxiety disorders are common; lifetime prevalence for the group of disorders is estimated to be as high as 25%. The main question is What is the relative contribution of genetics and environment to etiology of anxiety disorders? […] In the etiology of anxiety disorders there is a complex interplay of biological and genetic vulnerabilities, temperamental qualities, negative environmental influences and negative attachment experiences, parental psychopathology, and disadvantageous sociocultural factors. […] Trauma in childhood disposes to further anxiety disorders through the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the hypersecretion of CRF. Traumatic experience in developmental age leads to neurobiochemical changes in brain, typical for panic disorder or PTSD. […] Behavioral inhibition in early childhood is a predictor of further anxiety disorders. Some types of parental behaviors and family environment can lead to them, as well as improper interactions between parents and child.
  • #74 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Anxiety disorders are common; lifetime prevalence for the group of disorders is estimated to be as high as 25%. The main question is What is the relative contribution of genetics and environment to etiology of anxiety disorders? […] In the etiology of anxiety disorders there is a complex interplay of biological and genetic vulnerabilities, temperamental qualities, negative environmental influences and negative attachment experiences, parental psychopathology, and disadvantageous sociocultural factors. […] Trauma in childhood disposes to further anxiety disorders through the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the hypersecretion of CRF. Traumatic experience in developmental age leads to neurobiochemical changes in brain, typical for panic disorder or PTSD. […] Behavioral inhibition in early childhood is a predictor of further anxiety disorders. Some types of parental behaviors and family environment can lead to them, as well as improper interactions between parents and child.
  • #75 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Infants who were anxiously attached in infancy develop more anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence than infants who were securely attached. […] Anxiety disorders are common among offspring of anxious and depressed parents. Offspring of anxious parents were significantly more likely to have only anxiety disorders. […] Environmental mechanisms (e.g., maternal anxious attachment perceptions, maladaptive parenting practices, parental modeling of anxiety, and avoidance) may account for the observed association between parent and child anxiety. […] The experience of a traumatic event may influence the development of anxiety disorders. […] Childhood sexual abuse is a strong risk factor of anxiety disorders. […] Bullying behavior is a frequent risk factor of anxiety disorder among adolescents.
  • #76
    https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx
    Advances in Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorder Research. The last few years have brought exciting breakthroughs in the area of anxiety disorders in youth. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has been recognized as one of the most common areas of pediatric psychopathology. These advances are of great importance because anxiety disorders in children are associated with negative outcomes including peer relationship difficulties, academic failure, and later onset of comorbid disorders including major depression and alcohol abuse. […] A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety. […] Linking neuroscience, genetics, behavioral science, and epidemiology will advance our knowledge of etiology, risk, and protective processes in early-onset mental illnesses and will guide our treatment approaches.
  • #77
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-008-9242-x
    Evidence coming from cross-sectional and prospective studies has shown that children who clearly display the signs of this temperament characteristic are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders. […] Second, there are also environmental variables which may increase children’s vulnerability to develop anxiety disorders. […] While genetic-based vulnerability, environmental influences, and maintaining factors have been predominantly studied in isolation, it is clear that an understanding of the pathways by which childhood anxiety disorders develop, persist and remit is likely to require consideration of a wide range of influences and, most importantly, their potential for complex, dynamic, transformational interactions. […] More longitudinal studies are urgently needed that include multiple vulnerability (as well as protective) factors to further expand our knowledge on the etiology of this highly prevalent type of psychopathology.
  • #78 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html
    Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, affecting nearly 1 in 12 children and 1 in 4 adolescents. […] Risk factors include parental history of anxiety disorders, socioeconomic stressors, exposure to violence, and trauma. […] Risk factors for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents include low socioeconomic status, exposure to violence, trauma, and biologic factors such as heritability and temperament. […] Parental anxiety predisposes children to a higher risk of functional impairment and anxiety disorders. […] In the past decade, there has been increasing concern over the impact of social media use and engagement with online content on anxiety symptoms and the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health has become a growing concern.
  • #79
    https://www.mercy.net/service/childhood-anxiety-disorders/
    Anxiety disorders are the most common behavioral health concern in the U.S., affecting about 8% of children and teens. […] Several factors can cause or worsen anxiety in children. While characteristics like gender or family history cant be controlled, childrens anxiety is also triggered by stressful events like trauma or illness. […] Girls have a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders. Some studies show theyre up to twice as likely as boys to have the condition. […] Anxiety often runs in families. Children of parents who have anxiety disorders are seven times more likely to develop the condition. And experts say 65% of children living with anxious parents meet the criteria for anxiety disorders. […] Traumatic events like divorce, illness or death in the family can trigger anxiety in children. And family members who are noticeably anxious or stressed can increase childrens anxiety.
  • #80 Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48919
    Genetic factors play a significant role in etiology of anxiety disorders; for example, inherited risk factor for social phobia is estimated as 47%. […] Increased risk for anxiety disorder in children occurs if at least one parent has anxiety disorder. […] A significant familial aggregation according to panic disorder, GAD, and phobias was shown in meta-analysis based on family and twin studies. […] An anxiety disorder during adolescence confers a strong risk for recurrent anxiety disorders during early adulthood.
  • #81 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    Epidemiology clearly shows that anxiety disorders as early-onset conditions are risk factors for the development of depressive and other disorders occurring later in life. […] The identification of early vulnerability and risk factors for anxiety disorders is of crucial importance to facilitate research into the development of targeted prevention or early interventions programs.
  • #82 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    Epidemiology clearly shows that anxiety disorders as early-onset conditions are risk factors for the development of depressive and other disorders occurring later in life. […] The identification of early vulnerability and risk factors for anxiety disorders is of crucial importance to facilitate research into the development of targeted prevention or early interventions programs.
  • #83 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    This review summarizes findings on the epidemiology and etiology of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents including separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, also highlighting critical aspects of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. […] Childhood and adolescence is the core risk phase for the development of anxiety symptoms and syndromes, ranging from transient mild symptoms to full-blown anxiety disorders. […] The core challenge in this age span is the derivation of developmentally more sensitive assessment methods. […] Identification of characteristics that could serve as solid predictors for onset, course, and outcome will require prospective designs that assess a wide range of putative vulnerability and risk factors.
  • #84 Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Teens | CHOC
    https://choc.org/programs-services/mental-health/anxiety/
    While a child or adolescent may have inherited a biological tendency to be anxious, anxiety and fear can also be learned from family members and others who frequently display increased anxiety around the child. For example, a child with a parent who is afraid of thunderstorms may learn to fear thunderstorms. A traumatic experience may also trigger anxiety. […] Measures to prevent generalized anxiety disorders in children are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, enhance the child’s normal growth and development, and improve their quality of life.
  • #85 Anxiety in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/anxiety-in-children
    Up to 1 in 5 kids will develop what healthcare providers consider anxiety disorders. […] Childhood anxiety disorders differ from normal fear or anxiety because they involve more extreme avoidance, bigger emotional reactions or last longer than expected. […] Some kids are naturally sensitive and may have a hard time coping with change or strong emotions. […] Anxiousness can also develop after stressful life events, and some people have many stressful events from a very early age, like: The death of someone close to them. […] Its hard to say for sure what the main cause of childhood anxiety is. […] But for children with anxiety that interferes with their day-to-day lives, its thought that genetics, biology and family history play roles.
  • #86 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/
    Separation anxiety in older children may be a sign that theyre feeling insecure about something. […] Social anxiety is not wanting to go out in public, see friends or take part in activities. […] School-based anxiety could also be about schoolwork, friendships or bullying, especially if theyre changing school or moving up a level. […] Long-term anxiety can severely interfere with a childs personal development, family life and schooling. […] Anxiety disorders that start in childhood often persist into the teenage years and early adulthood. […] Some children are simply born more nervous and anxious and less able to cope with stress than other children. […] Sometimes traumatic life events like an illness, or an accident, can cause anxiety. […] A childs anxious personality may be partly determined by the genes theyve inherited from their parents. […] Some children can also develop anxiety after a series of difficult life events. […] Children with certain conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders may experience anxiety as part of the symptoms of their condition.
  • #87 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    In the assessment of anxiety features in children one has to recognize that the core diagnostic criteria might present differently in the young, requiring special assessment strategies and the recognition of special features that are unique to or characteristic for this age group. […] It should be noted that it remains unspecified as to what age range the child-specific diagnostic criteria refer. […] Given cognitive and language development, the increasing importance of peer relationships, and the seeking of autonomy from parents, it is crucial to specify similarities and differences in anxiety expressions for different ages. […] The frequent observation of comorbidity even in community-based samples has prompted factor analytical studies of higher-order structures of psychopathology.
  • #88 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    In the assessment of anxiety features in children one has to recognize that the core diagnostic criteria might present differently in the young, requiring special assessment strategies and the recognition of special features that are unique to or characteristic for this age group. […] It should be noted that it remains unspecified as to what age range the child-specific diagnostic criteria refer. […] Given cognitive and language development, the increasing importance of peer relationships, and the seeking of autonomy from parents, it is crucial to specify similarities and differences in anxiety expressions for different ages. […] The frequent observation of comorbidity even in community-based samples has prompted factor analytical studies of higher-order structures of psychopathology.
  • #89 Anxiety Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders
    All children experience anxiety. […] Anxiety is concerning when it no longer protects the child, and instead gets in the way of their ability to function in a healthy way. […] There are several different types of anxiety disorders. […] Treatment for anxiety disorders usually includes therapy, medication, or a combination of both. […] It is very important to seek out medical advice if you are concerned that your child has an anxiety disorder, because if left untreated, anxieties grow bigger and can cause increased problems. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem in childhood, with up to 1 in 10 children and adolescents having an anxiety disorder. […] However, if these fears or other worries get so big that they begin to interfere with a child’s daily functioning (they avoid activities, can’t relax, or concentrate), they may have an anxiety disorder.
  • #90 Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347469/
    Finally, emerging data raise the possibility that functional activity within these amygdala-prefrontal networks may be affected by successful psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment and may predict outcome. […] Over the last decade, accumulating evidence suggests that there are specific alterations within central fear networks in anxiety disorders in youth. […] This includes the anterior limbic network (ALN), which involves connections between the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 10/11), rostral insula, subgenual/rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, BA 25, BA 24/32), […] and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. […] This network has been extensively studied in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SoP) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD), and as a consequence of these studies, a nascent understanding of (1) the neurostructural and neurofunctional basis of pediatric anxiety disorders, as well as (2) the neurobiologic basis of risk for developing these disorders, has developed.
  • #91 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. Even normal children have difficulty remaining calm and composed in the presence of an anxious parent, and children who are genetically predisposed to anxiety have even greater difficulty. In as many as 30% of cases, treating the parent’s anxiety in conjunction with the child’s anxiety is helpful.
  • #92 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents
    Anxious parents tend to have anxious children; having such parents may make children’s problems worse than they otherwise might be. Even normal children have difficulty remaining calm and composed in the presence of an anxious parent, and children who are genetically predisposed to anxiety have even greater difficulty. In as many as 30% of cases, treating the parent’s anxiety in conjunction with the child’s anxiety is helpful.
  • #93 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society
    https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis
    Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] The etiology of anxiety disorders is multifactorial and includes biological factors (e.g., temperament, genetics, and epigenetics), combined often with psychological and social exposures (e.g., adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)). […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety.
  • #94
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-008-9242-x
    Evidence coming from cross-sectional and prospective studies has shown that children who clearly display the signs of this temperament characteristic are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders. […] Second, there are also environmental variables which may increase children’s vulnerability to develop anxiety disorders. […] While genetic-based vulnerability, environmental influences, and maintaining factors have been predominantly studied in isolation, it is clear that an understanding of the pathways by which childhood anxiety disorders develop, persist and remit is likely to require consideration of a wide range of influences and, most importantly, their potential for complex, dynamic, transformational interactions. […] More longitudinal studies are urgently needed that include multiple vulnerability (as well as protective) factors to further expand our knowledge on the etiology of this highly prevalent type of psychopathology.
  • #95 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Developmental Issues and Implications for DSM-V
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3018839/
    This review summarizes findings on the epidemiology and etiology of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents including separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, also highlighting critical aspects of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. […] Childhood and adolescence is the core risk phase for the development of anxiety symptoms and syndromes, ranging from transient mild symptoms to full-blown anxiety disorders. […] The core challenge in this age span is the derivation of developmentally more sensitive assessment methods. […] Identification of characteristics that could serve as solid predictors for onset, course, and outcome will require prospective designs that assess a wide range of putative vulnerability and risk factors.
  • #96
    https://www.aacap.org/aacap/medical_students_and_residents/mentorship_matters/developmentor/Advances_in_Child_and_Adolescent_Anxiety_Disorder_Research.aspx
    Advances in Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorder Research. The last few years have brought exciting breakthroughs in the area of anxiety disorders in youth. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents has been recognized as one of the most common areas of pediatric psychopathology. These advances are of great importance because anxiety disorders in children are associated with negative outcomes including peer relationship difficulties, academic failure, and later onset of comorbid disorders including major depression and alcohol abuse. […] A number of factors have been identified as contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders in children. These factors include genetics/temperament, mother-child attachment pattern, presence of parental psychopathology, and parenting style. Behavioral inhibition in young children, characterized as persistent, fearful, avoidant behavior in response to new situations and novel stimuli, increases the likelihood of later developing anxiety disorders, especially social phobia in adolescence. Insecure mother-child attachment pattern has been linked to subsequent onset of anxiety. In addition, offspring of parents with anxiety disorders and of parents who exhibit a controlling, overprotective parenting style are more likely to manifest anxiety disorders themselves. Future research that investigates the interplay of these etiological factors will serve to identify which children are at risk for anxiety. […] Linking neuroscience, genetics, behavioral science, and epidemiology will advance our knowledge of etiology, risk, and protective processes in early-onset mental illnesses and will guide our treatment approaches.
  • #97 Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Causes, Symptoms, and Therap
    https://www.longdom.org/open-access/anxiety-in-children-and-adolescents-causes-symptoms-and-therapies-98281.html
    Anxiety is one of the most common mental health disorders in children and adolescents, affecting up to 20% of youth. […] The causes of anxiety in children and adolescents are complex and multifactorial. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. Children and adolescents with a family history of anxiety or other mental health disorders are at increased risk of developing anxiety themselves. Environmental factors, such as parental stress, trauma, and adverse childhood experiences, can also contribute to the development of anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety is a common and treatable mental health disorder in children and adolescents. Early identification and treatment of anxiety are crucial to improving outcomes and reducing the risk of developing other mental health disorders later in life.