Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, affecting nearly 1 in 12 children and 1 in 4 adolescents. […] Cognitive behavior therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment and may be used as monotherapies or in combination. […] For mild to moderate symptoms, strong evidence from randomized trials supports the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), delivered individually or in group settings, as a first-line treatment, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 6 for the primary outcome of remission of any anxiety disorder diagnosis vs. wait-list controls. […] Although CBT is the preferred treatment for mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety disorders, pharmacologic treatment may be considered when the child or adolescent presents with moderate to severe symptoms (e.g., presence of panic attacks, inability or refusal to go to school), is unwilling or unable to participate in psychotherapy, or has shown a poor response to CBT.

• #2 Anxiety in Children: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/anxiety-in-children

  Up to 1 in 5 kids will develop what healthcare providers consider anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety disorders are fairly common in children. They affect about 15% to 20% of children and adolescents. […] There are two main ways to treat anxiety in children: cognitive behavioral therapy and medication therapy. Both of these treatments may work on their own, but they seem to work better together. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps children learn coping skills that help with calming body reactions, thinking differently and facing fears and challenges in smaller steps. […] Your child’s healthcare provider may prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) like: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), Sertraline (Zoloft). […] Many families begin with CBT and add additional therapies if needed. […] If your child has an anxiety disorder, they may act out or be irritable. They may cling to you or refuse to leave the house. Although treatment for childhood anxiety can take time to work, it generally reduces symptoms.

• #3 Anxiety disorders in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/anxiety-disorders-in-children

  Anxiety disorders can have significant effects on social functioning and educational attainment, with the potential for lifelong consequences. Having an anxiety disorder as a child increases the risk of having anxiety or depression as an adult. Additionally, experiencing anxiety in childhood also increases the risk of later suicide attempts, psychiatric admissions and abuse of alcohol or substances. […] An understanding of these conditions and how they are treated is essential for any healthcare professional working with children and their families, regardless of specialty. […] UK guidance is limited to the social anxiety disorder clinical guideline published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). This guideline applies to all ages from school age to adults and recommends cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as the first-line treatment, advising against routinely offering pharmacological interventions for children and adolescents.

• #4 Current and Future Approaches to Pediatric Anxiety Disorder Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256210/

  This overview critically appraises literature on the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders. The two established treatments for these conditions comprise cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medications. […] Clinicians approaching the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders can rely on two established treatments: antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). […] Pharmacological treatment represents one of two established therapies for pediatric anxiety disorders. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an established first-line treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders, manifesting effect sizes comparable to those for antidepressants. […] More research is needed comparing SSRI and CBT monotherapy to each other and to combined SSRI/CBT therapy. […] The availability of CBT, antidepressants, and their combination creates situations well-suited for precision-medicine approaches. […] Research on mechanisms contributing to pediatric anxiety disorders provides insights on a multi-phased approach involving scenarios depicted in Figure 1. […] This overview summarizes evidence on CBT and SSRI treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders.

• #5 Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents – James, AC – 2020 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013162.pub2/full

  Previous Cochrane Reviews have shown that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in treating childhood anxiety disorders. […] To examine the effect of CBT for childhood anxiety disorders, in comparison with waitlist/no treatment, treatment as usual (TAU), attention control, alternative treatment, and medication. […] Compared with waitlist/no treatment, CBT probably increases posttreatment remission of primary anxiety diagnoses (CBT: 49.4%, waitlist/no treatment: 17.8%; OR 5.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.90 to 7.60; n = 2697, 39 studies, moderate quality); NNTB 3 (95% CI 2.25 to 3.57) and all anxiety diagnoses (OR 4.43, 95% CI 2.89 to 6.78; n = 2075, 28 studies, moderate quality). […] Low-quality evidence did not show a difference between CBT and TAU in posttreatment primary anxiety disorder remission (OR 3.19, 95% CI 0.90 to 11.29; n = 487, 8 studies), but did suggest CBT may increase remission from all anxiety disorders compared to TAU (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.16 to 6.46; n = 203, 5 studies).

• #6 Psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/psychotherapy-for-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents […] Pediatric anxiety disorders are associated with functional difficulty in childhood and tend to persist into adulthood, where they are associated with functional impairment and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. […] The development and testing of psychotherapies for pediatric anxiety disorders has largely been limited to cognitive-behavioral therapy and more recent advances in parent-child therapy in very young children. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on the interplay between cognitions, behaviors, and emotions, helping patients to recognize and modify maladaptive anxiety-provoking thoughts and to change patterns of avoidance. […] CBT is indicated for all of the childhood anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia in adolescents and children age seven and older.

• #7 Behavioral Treatment for Kids With Anxiety | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/behavioral-treatment-kids-anxiety/

  One of the most important techniques in CBT for children with anxiety is called exposure and response prevention. […] Exposure therapy is effective on many different kinds of anxiety, including separation anxiety, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social anxiety. […] Exposure therapy slowly and systematically helps a child face their fears, so they can learn to tolerate their anxiety until it subsides rather than reacting by seeking reassurance, escaping, avoidance or engaging in ritualistic behaviors such as hand washing. […] Treatment for mild to moderate levels of severity usually takes eight to 12 sessions, and some kids make more progress if they are also taking medication to reduce their anxiety, which can make them more able to engage in therapy. […] You treat anxiety in children with exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP). ERP involves exposing kids to the things that trigger their anxiety in structured, incremental steps, and in a safe setting. The idea is that the anxiety will fade over time and kids will learn to take on increasingly powerful triggers.

• #8 The Management of Anxiety and Depression in Pediatrics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9650927/

  Combination therapies consisting of a psychotherapy plus an SSRI have produced greater therapeutic effects than either treatment alone. In particular, CBT plus sertraline is most effective in those with anxiety, whereas combining CBT or IPT with fluoxetine has been identified as the most effective treatment for depression in this population. […] A physician should also recommend lifestyle alterations to aid in the management of anxiety and depression, including diet, exercise, adequate sleep, limiting screen time, and spending time in nature. When used to complement standard treatment approaches, these interventions may provide the patient with additional symptom reduction while decreasing the return of symptoms in the long term. […] Among the therapeutic approaches used in the treatment of this population, current evidence offers the most support to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which is recommended as a first-line intervention due to its well-established efficacy and limited side effects.

• #9 How Can I Help My Anxious Child? :: The Baker Center For Children and Families

  https://www.bakercenter.org/anxiety3

  If you notice that your child is often nervous or worried, has a hard time separating from caregivers, acts differently around peers, or cant speak in school or in public, it might be time to seek out some support from mental health professionals. […] An assessment with a mental health professional can provide some clarity on whether your child qualifies for an anxiety disorder diagnosis, and if so, what exactly makes them anxious. Following an assessment, your clinician will help to identify a treatment plan that will work best for your individual child and family. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often the first treatment recommendation for children with anxiety, and it is consistently an effective approach. […] Treatment will also include psychoeducation about what anxiety is, and how children can recognize it.

• #10 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 2 – The management of anxiety disorders | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-management

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns affecting Canadian children and adolescents. […] The objectives of Part 2, which focuses on management, are to: […] Describe the roles of education and psychotherapy in the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders. […] The most common and effective approaches to anxiety management include psychoeducation, psychotherapy (parenting programs, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and family-based interventions), and pharmacotherapy. […] Psychotherapy with a trained therapist is recommended as the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is the most common evidence-based treatment modality for anxiety disorders. […] While psychotherapy is first-line treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with mild to moderate anxiety symptoms, medication can be also considered for children with acute or moderate symptoms and partial response to psychotherapy.

• #11 Anxiety Disorders Program | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/departments/anxiety-disorders-program

  Anxiety disorders remain one of the most common forms of mental health problems among youth and can have a debilitating impact on a child or adolescents ability to function. The Anxiety Disorders Program at Childrens National Hospital is a specialized treatment clinic devoted to carefully assessing and effectively treating a wide range of anxiety disorders common among children and adolescents. […] Our team of clinicians conducts thorough assessments and implements individualized treatment programs with the goal of reducing the strain of your childs anxiety as quickly and successfully as possible. Clinicians in our program rely upon the most effective psychotherapeutic techniques available to achieve our treatment goals. […] We offer anxiety groups for children of various ages throughout the year. This allows children and adolescents the opportunity to build skills and practice with their same age peers.

• #12 Anxiety in children | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anxiety-in-children

  Anxiety disorders in children have ongoing fears and worries that cause distress. […] Treatment for anxiety disorders in children includes psychological therapy and lifestyle adjustments. […] Medicines are rarely recommended to treat anxiety in children. […] Anxiety disorders in children can be often managed with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for children. CBT is a type of psychological therapy. […] Therapy for anxiety disorders can be individual, in a group, or with family members. […] Rarely, medicines may be recommended to help treat anxiety in children.

• #13 Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/99/7/674

  Two low-intensity approaches have been subjected to systematic evaluation: (i) brief treatments in which parents are guided to work through a book that instructs them on how to help their child overcome their difficulties with anxiety (bibliotherapy) and (ii) treatments delivered via computerised platforms (e-therapies). […] Promising evidence is emerging of impressive clinical gains using low-intensity CBT for child anxiety delivered by parents. […] Together these studies suggest that therapist guided bibliotherapy, delivered via parents, is an effective and efficient treatment for child anxiety. […] Two computerised treatment programmes for childhood anxiety disorders have been developed and systematically evaluated: BRAVE for Children-Online and Camp-Cope-A-Lot: The Coping Cat. […] More intensive treatments for childhood anxiety, typically involving 9-20 face-to-face CBT treatment sessions, have been subjected to extensive evaluation.

• #14 Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners – Patel – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/16525/html

  Anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents with reported prevalence rates between 10% and 30%. A combined approach to treatment has been found to be the most effective for optimal outcomes and is typically comprised of psychotherapy (especially exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy), family and patient education, and use of medication if indicated. […] In children and adolescents who might benefit from use of medications, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the drugs of choice. […] SSRIs are the recommended drugs of choice for pediatric anxiety disorders and found to be effective alone or in combination with cognitive behavior therapy. […] Behavioral treatment modalities are the mainstay of treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, which requires effective participation by the patient and family in behavioral treatment. However, for many children and adolescents the symptoms of anxiety are severe enough to preclude effective participation in behavioral treatment. In these children and adolescents, SSRIs are indicated in order to first ameliorate anxiety symptoms to a sufficient level to allow for effective participation in behavioral treatment.

• #15 Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/overview-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Anxiety disorders are characterized by fear, worry, or dread that greatly impairs the ability to function normally and that is disproportionate to the circumstances at hand. […] Treatment is with behavioral therapy and medications, usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). […] Anxiety disorders in children are treated with behavioral therapy (using principles of exposure and response prevention), sometimes in conjunction with drug therapy. […] In exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), children are systematically exposed to the anxiety-provoking situation in a graded fashion. […] Behavioral therapy is most effective when an experienced therapist knowledgeable in child development individualizes these principles. […] SSRIs are usually the first choice for long-term treatment.

• #16 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/anxiety-disorders-children-and-adolescents

  Placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated short-term effectiveness of SSRIs for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. SSRIs are the first-line pharmacological treatment for anxiety disorders in this population. […] SSRIs have been well tolerated by children with anxiety disorders. Common adverse effects include GI symptoms, headache, increased motor activity, and insomnia. […] Clinicians can consider increasing the SSRI dose by the fourth week of medication treatment if significant improvement in anxiety severity or impairment is not achieved. […] The safety and efficacy of medications other than SSRIs for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders have not been established.

• #17 Six decades of preventing and treating childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform policy and practice | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/22/3/103

  For medications, the SSRI fluoxetine successfully reduced diagnoses at post-test in 1 RCT with 7-17-year-old children. […] Based on this review, there is good evidence for making targeted prevention investments using CBT programmes such as Coping and Promoting Strength. […] Therefore, CBT should be made readily available for all children with anxiety disorders, with a focus on the 9 successful interventions. […] Based on this review, there is also evidence that the SSRI fluoxetine is effective in reducing childhood anxiety diagnoses. […] Overall, the data suggest that effective prevention programming should be offered to all at-risk children and CBT should be offered to all children with anxiety disorders as first-line treatment.

• #18 University of Illinois Chicago

  https://illinoisdocassist.uic.edu/news-stories/medication-treatment-options-for-pediatric-anxiety-disorders/

  The mounting pressure of school and social stressors may lead to an increase in pediatric patients presenting to your care with anxiety. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) treatment should be offered first for mild to moderate anxiety disorders. For moderate to severe anxiety disorders, The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), recommends a combination of CBT and medication treatment as the most effective treatment for anxiety disorders. The first-line medication for the treatment of pediatric anxiety is a SSRI. Prozac, Lexapro, Celexa, and Zoloft have the best evidence for treating anxiety in children. While these are some general guidelines in treating pediatric anxiety disorders, each case is nuanced. […] Illinois DocAssist is here to help you in your clinical decision-making and assist you in locating local treatment resources. Our psychiatrists and social workers are available for free consultation during normal business hours and can be reached at 866-986-2778 or by submitting an online consultation request.

• #19 Anxiety disorders in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/anxiety-disorders-in-children

  CBT is well established and the most widely available psychological therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders globally. CBT is based on the premise that thoughts, feelings and behaviours are all connected. Challenging maladaptive thoughts through a gradual process of graded exposure, followed by reflection, facilitates new learning and allows the child to adapt and alter the way they perceive themselves and the world around them. […] There is evidence that pharmacological interventions are effective and generally well tolerated in children and adolescents. […] SSRIs are generally well tolerated by children and adolescents with potential side effects similar to those seen in adults; however, behavioural activation and agitation occur with a higher frequency. […] An effective medication should be continued for at least 12 months following remission of symptoms.

• #20 Anxiety: Pediatric Mental Health Minute Series

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/mental-health-minute/anxiety/?srsltid=AfmBOoqFHnrcxfLfqnHGDmrDYzL1G7qWYNugngXycYJl3_1ky-CSvM4o

  Anxiety disorders first present prior to puberty and are arguably the most common psychiatric disorder in children. […] Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs) are effective and most effective when CBT and medication are combined. […] Combined medication treatment and CBT offer substantially better short term and long-term outcomes. […] SSRIs are the medication treatment of choice for anxiety disorders. They are safe and effective. Benefit outweighs the risk. NNT = 2-3; Suicidal thoughts NNH = 140.

• #21 Treating Anxiety in Children: Treatment Options & Tips | Wake Forest University

  https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/treating-anxiety-children/

  The first category is antidepressants. […] The second category is Benzodiazepine, which is a medication noteworthy for its ability to reduce intense activity without any serious side effects. […] Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) is a newer, promising treatment option thats also been found effective by numerous studies. […] Parents can take steps to help reduce their childrens anxiety. […] Parents should encourage children to face their fears. […] Additionally, parents can help children learn how to solve problems. […] Finally, parents can practice relaxation exercises with children. […] There are several key resources parents can utilize to help them develop positive strategies that can help their children cope with anxiety. […] Though statistics of anxiety among children can be disheartening, mental health professionals should encourage parents to take steps to empower their children and pursue a healthier future together.

• #22 Anxiety Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders can make it difficult to get through the day. Fortunately, there are several effective treatments for these conditions. […] Your healthcare provider will tailor a treatment plan that works for you. Your plan may include a combination of medication and psychotherapy (talk therapy). […] Medications for anxiety disorders often include: Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Beta-blockers. […] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help you identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and behaviors. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common type of psychotherapy to help manage anxiety disorders. […] Exposure therapy helps show you that you’re capable of confronting your fears.

• #23

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Anxiety-Disorders-and-ADHD.aspx

  Behavior therapies are among the most proven and effective non-medication treatments for anxiety disorders. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques help children restructure their thoughts into a more positive framework so that they can become more assertive and increase their level of positive functioning. […] Decisions about medication treatment of ADHD and a coexisting anxiety disorder depend largely on the relative strength of each condition. […] If your childs ADHD symptoms impede her functioning more than the anxiety does, and a medication approach is recommended, her pediatrician may choose to begin treating her with stimulants first. […] If the ADHD symptoms improve but your childs anxiety remains, her pediatrician may decide to add another type of medication.

• #24 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  CBT and CBT combined with medication have been shown to be most effective in treating childhood anxiety disorders. […] The AACAP recommends that children and adolescents six to 18 years of age diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, or panic disorder receive treatment with CBT or an SSRI. […] There is a sufficient body of empirical evidence that shows significant improvement in childhood anxiety disorders with psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, with a combination of therapies providing the most benefits.

• #25 Study IDs three effective treatments for childhood anxiety disorders | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/study-ids-three-effective-treatments-for-childhood-anxiety-disorders

  Piacentini and colleagues found that 81 percent of the children and adolescents who received the combination treatment improved, compared with 60 percent in the therapy-only group, 55 percent in the sertraline-only group and 24 percent in the placebo group. […] The study’s results also provide further evidence that high-quality cognitive behavioral therapy, with or without medication, can effectively treat anxiety disorders in children, according to the researchers.

• #26 Three Effective Treatments Identified For Childhood Anxiety Disorders | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/three-effective-treatments-identified-childhood-anxiety-disorders

  Treatment that combines a certain type of psychotherapy with an antidepressant medication is most likely to help children with anxiety disorders, but each of the treatments alone are also effective, according to a new study led by researchers from Columbia University Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Temple University. […] Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders affecting children and adolescents. […] This study provides strong evidence and reassurance to parents that a well-designed, two-pronged treatment approach is the gold standard, while a single line of treatment is still effective. […] This important data will help physicians and parents determine appropriate treatment for children and adolescents with these anxiety disorders, which can be debilitating.

• #27 The Management of Anxiety and Depression in Pediatrics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9650927/

  The combination of pharmacology and psychotherapy interventions […] Current treatment guidelines recommend CBT as the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents experiencing mild symptoms. However, in more severe cases, the recommended treatment approach is CBT plus an SSRI, as numerous studies have indicated that this combination is the most effective intervention for anxiety in patients of ages 7-17 years old. […] In moderate to severe cases of MDD, clinical practice guidelines recommend that the patient be treated with a combination of fluoxetine plus CBT or IPT. Interventions that couple fluoxetine with psychotherapies have been found to produce the greatest therapeutic effects in young patients, with some evidence suggesting that the addition of CBT may help reduce the risk of treatment-induced suicidality.

• #28 Anxiety and Depression in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-anxiety-and-depression-in-children.html

  The first step to treatment is to talk with a health care provider such as your child’s primary care provider, or a mental health specialist, about getting an evaluation. […] A mental health professional can develop a therapy plan that works best for the child and family. […] Behavior therapy includes child therapy, family therapy, or a combination of both. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one form of therapy that is used to treat anxiety or depression, particularly in older children. […] Behavior therapy for anxiety may involve helping children cope with and manage anxiety symptoms while gradually exposing them to their fears to help them learn that bad things do not occur. […] Treatments can also include a variety of ways to help the child feel less stressed and be healthier like nutritious food, physical activity, sufficient sleep, predictable routines, and social support.

• #29 Behavioral Treatment for Kids With Anxiety | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/behavioral-treatment-kids-anxiety/

  Kids learn to handle the bully in the brain. […] While medication can help anxious kids, it isn’t the treatment experts recommend most for children with mild or moderate anxiety. A kind of therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first choice. And for kids with severe anxiety, the recommendation is CBT combined with medication. […] CBT helps kids stop avoiding their fears. […] The basic idea is that kids are exposed to the things that trigger their anxiety in small steps and in a safe setting. […] Treatment for moderate anxiety usually takes 8 to 12 sessions. Some kids make more progress if they are also taking medication to reduce their anxiety at the same time. […] For children with mild to moderate anxiety, the recommended treatment is CBT. For children with severe anxiety, experts recommend CBT plus medication.

• #30 Anxiety Disorders Program | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/departments/anxiety-disorders-program

  Many youth with anxiety disorders benefit from medication to help manage symptoms. The Anxiety Disorders Program team includes two psychiatrists who specialize in treating children and adolescents with a range of presenting problems. […] We recognize that children and adolescents affected by anxiety benefit from strong family functioning. As a means to promote healthy family environments, clinicians in our program often suggest including parents and caregivers in the treatment of the children and adolescents we see. This strategy allows parents and caregivers to better understand how anxiety impacts their child as well as how to best support their child as they work to overcome anxiety.

• #30 Anxiety Disorders Program | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/departments/anxiety-disorders-program

  Anxiety disorders remain one of the most common forms of mental health problems among youth and can have a debilitating impact on a child or adolescents ability to function. The Anxiety Disorders Program at Childrens National Hospital is a specialized treatment clinic devoted to carefully assessing and effectively treating a wide range of anxiety disorders common among children and adolescents. […] Our team of clinicians conducts thorough assessments and implements individualized treatment programs with the goal of reducing the strain of your childs anxiety as quickly and successfully as possible. Clinicians in our program rely upon the most effective psychotherapeutic techniques available to achieve our treatment goals. […] We offer anxiety groups for children of various ages throughout the year. This allows children and adolescents the opportunity to build skills and practice with their same age peers.

• #31 Fear, Worry, & Anxiety Disorders – Effective Child Therapy

  https://effectivechildtherapy.org/concerns-symptoms-disorders/disorders/fear-worry-and-anxiety/

  Below are different therapies for anxiety that have been well-established in research to work. These therapies have been tested by researchers and child psychologists and ranked based on how well they work for children with anxiety. […] Treatments that work well, include: CBT, Exposure, Modeling, CBT with parents, Education, CBT with medication. […] The chart below includes more information on the various forms of evidence-based child and adolescent therapies for anxiety. These therapies have been tested by researchers and clinical child and adolescent psychologists and ranked based on the evidence that shows how effective they have been in the treatment of anxiety. […] Level One: Works Well – CBT, Exposure, Modeling, CBT with parents, Education, CBT with medication. Level Two: Works – Family psychoeducation, Relaxation; assertiveness training, Attention control, CBT for child and parent, Cultural storytelling, Hypnosis, Stress inoculation. Level Three: Might Work – Contingency management, Group therapy. Level Four: Experimental – Biofeedback, CBT with parents only, Play therapy, Psychodynamic, Rational emotive therapy, Social skills. Level Five: Tested and Does Not Work – Assessment/monitoring, Attachment therapy, Client-centered therapy, Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, Peer pairing, Psychoeducation, Relationship counseling, Teacher psychotherapy.

• #32 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/anxiety-disorders-children-and-adolescents

  CBT (60% improved) and sertraline (55% improved) showed relatively equal efficacy and were superior to placebo (24% improved) for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders, and the combination of CBT and sertraline (81% improved) had a response rate superior to either modality alone. […] Exposure-based CBT has empirical support from wait-list controlled studies for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders and is the psychotherapy of choice for this population. […] Family interventions that strengthen family problem-solving skills and communication, reduce parental anxiety, and foster parenting skills that decrease avoidant coping and encourage self-efficacy in the child can be helpful for anxious children. […] Classroom-based accommodations can assist the child when anxiety disorders impair school functioning.

• #33 Anxiety disorders in children – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/anxiety-disorders-in-children

  It is important to involve parents and carers in anxiety management strategies, particularly with younger children. Children may benefit from social skills training and being taught coping skills. As parental anxiety can contribute to a child’s anxiety, it is also important to address this and any other needs of the parent or caregiver. Psycho-education is helpful for both the child and parent/caregiver, and providing guidance to parents/caregivers about how they can help their child’s anxiety, including positive parenting styles, is important.

• #34 How Can I Help My Anxious Child? :: The Baker Center For Children and Families

  https://www.bakercenter.org/anxiety3

  The goal of CBT is to teach a child how to approach their fears rather than avoid them. […] In this strategy, kids will be encouraged to face their fears in small steps and in a safe environment. […] Anxious children often come with caregivers who face their own experiences of anxiety. […] In fact, there are parent-based anxiety interventions, such as SPACE (Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions), that work solely with the caregiver to help a child face their fears while reducing accommodations to anxious behaviors. […] If the symptoms are inhibiting the functioning of daily life to the point where CBT alone isnt effective, medication for anxiety may be recommended. […] While these at-home tools can work for some children, others may need a higher level of support.

• #35 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE

  The presentation of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents shares similarities and differences with that in adults, and may vary significantly, depending on the age of the individual. […] Recommended interventions include both cognitive-behavioural therapy and pharmacology. […] Assessment should differentiate between developmentally appropriate fears and anxiety disorders. […] The evidence base for other forms of psychological therapy is less robust. Family therapy may help where dysfunctional patterns of family interaction influence the child’s anxiety symptoms. […] As already mentioned, the NICE guideline recommends CBT for anxiety disorders. […] Interventions with a significant evidence base include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and SSRI medication. […] Pharmacotherapy practice has shifted away from tricyclic antidepressants towards SSRIs for childhood anxiety disorders.

• #36 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: How to Prevent Anxiety in Kids | TIME

  https://time.com/4806209/anxiety-kids-cognitive-behavioral-therapy/

  Part of the answer soon may be to start putting more at-risk preschoolers and their parents in therapy. […] Researchers are developing programs with the aim of preventing anxiety disorders. At-risk children are usually taught social skills and how to approach the situations they already fear. This exposure is the main component of cognitive behavioral therapy, the most evidence-based non-drug treatment for anxiety disorders. […] Researchers are also developing programs for preschool children who, because of their shy, socially reticent temperaments, are at greater risk of developing anxiety. […] Parents of anxious kids often become controlling and overprotective in an attempt to ease their children’s distress. […] The researchers take pains to emphasize that they are not trying to change these kids’ personalities to turn shy and introverted children into extroverts. […] In an earlier small pilot study, the Turtle Program reduced anxiety symptoms in behaviorally inhibited kids. Before the treatment, nearly three-quarters of the kids met criteria for social anxiety disorder. Afterward less than a third did.

• #37 How to Cope With an Anxious Child | Anxiety in Children

  https://childmind.org/article/what-to-do-and-not-do-when-children-are-anxious/

  Encourage your child to talk about their feelings, but try not to ask leading questions. […] Let your child know that you appreciate the work it takes to tolerate anxiety in order to do what they want or need to do. […] When we’re afraid of something, the hardest time is really before we do it. […] Sometimes it helps to talk through what would happen if a child’s fear came true—how would they handle it? […] There are multiple ways you can help kids handle anxiety by letting them see how you cope with anxiety yourself. […] One of the best ways to deal with anxiety in kids is to help them confront worries rather than avoiding the things that cause them. […] It’s helpful for parents to let kids with anxiety know that they’re going to be okay, even if they’re scared.

• #38 How to Cope With an Anxious Child | Anxiety in Children

  https://childmind.org/article/what-to-do-and-not-do-when-children-are-anxious/

  When kids are anxious, it’s natural to want to help them feel better. But by trying to protect kids from the things that upset them, you can accidentally make anxiety worse. The best way to help kids overcome anxiety is to teach them to deal with anxiety as it comes up. With practice, they will be less anxious. […] The goal isn’t to eliminate anxiety, but to help a child manage it. […] Helping children avoid the things they are afraid of will make them feel better in the short term, but it reinforces the anxiety over the long run. […] You can express confidence that they’re going to be okay, that they will be able to manage it. And you can let them know that as they face those fears, the anxiety level will drop over time. […] It’s important to understand that validation doesn’t always mean agreement.

• #39 Separation anxiety disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377457

  Sometimes, combining medicine with CBT may be helpful if anxiety symptoms are severe and a child isn’t making progress in therapy alone. Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be an option for older children and adults. […] Ask your child’s therapist for advice on coping and support. […] Encourage your child to try new experiences, experience separation and develop independence with your support. Model bravery when facing your own distress to help when your child is facing fears. […] Practice goodbyes. Leave your child with a trusted caregiver for short periods of time to help your child learn that you will return.

• #40 Anxiety | Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics & Psychology | University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-developmental-and-behavioral-issues/conditions-and-treatments/anxiety

  All kids experience fear, worry, or shyness at different times in their lives. […] For some kids, however, anxiety is persistent and overwhelming. […] When anxiety gets in the way of normal activities and your child or teens enjoyment of life, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies Childrens Hospitals Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology is here to help. […] Anxiety is a treatable disorder; the most common approaches involve cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of the two. […] Our team of developmental pediatricians, child psychologists, clinical social workers and nurses will work with you and your child to develop a personalized treatment plan. […] We also offer partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs, both of which are valuable for children and adolescents not responding to traditional outpatient care. […] Through comprehensive, child-centered care, our goal is to work with families to ease childrens symptoms, give kids the tools to manage and overcome their anxiety, and get them back to participating in and enjoying life.

• #41 Anxiety – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/anxiety/

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are common medicines used to treat anxiety in youth. They are often helpful when combined with CBT. Other medicines can also be helpful. Many families start with CBT and then consider adding medicine if needed. […] Seattle Childrens Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine providers specialize in short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children and teens. We have a stepped-care approach to our program that features many levels of care, including group-based therapy, individual therapy and intensive outpatient programs. Our goal is to help your child face their fears and live a full and active life.

• #42 Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Clinic – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/pediatric-anxiety-disorders-clinic/sections/overview/ovc-20575403

  Mayo Clinic’s Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Clinic provides advanced, evidence-based medical and psychological treatment for people with anxiety disorders, including: […] Cognitive behavioral therapy and medicine management are available on an outpatient basis. Psychotherapy treatment consists primarily of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy. This treatment teaches children skills to manage their anxiety and teaches parents to effectively provide support. […] Treatment for child and adolescent anxiety disorders also is available in an intensive format for families not able to spend extended time at Mayo Clinic. Treatment can be provided in a nine-session format over five days. The goals of these intensive treatments are to: […] Teach the child and parents to be experts on anxiety and how behavioral treatment works. […] Decrease the child’s symptoms through successful completion of exposures to anxiety-inducing situations. […] Teach the child and parents how to conduct exposure therapy on their own so they can continue working at home.

• #43 The Management of Anxiety and Depression in Pediatrics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9650927/

  While CBT remains the evidence-based current standard, other psychotherapies have also been effective in treating these patients, including social effectiveness therapy (SET) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). […] Treatment with CBT focuses on cultivating mechanisms of modifying these thoughts and beliefs so as to alter maladaptive behaviors in response to distressing conditions. […] ACT intervention has been proven to be effective in treating anxiety and depression with positive treatment outcomes comparable to those achieved by traditional CBT, which is the current standard for the treatment of anxiety disorders. […] SSRIs are the recommended first-line pharmacologic treatment for children with MDD. Fluoxetine has been observed to be efficacious in treating pediatric MDD and is well tolerated in children.

• #44 Anxiety Disorders in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/anxiety/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  Anxiety disorders in children can prevent a child from participating normally in their daily activities. […] Treating anxiety disorders in children can include several different strategies. This often includes learning about anxiety and developing strategies to reduce anxious feelings. Treatment approaches also usually include a psychological component, as well as developing social skills. […] Several types of therapy have been shown to be effective for children with anxiety. These include individual or group cognitive behavioral therapy, therapy including parents, social effectiveness training (specifically for children with social phobia), mindfulness-based therapies, and in some cases, medication. […] These treatments can be used on their own or in combination. Medication for anxiety disorders in children should not be used as a front-line treatment but may be appropriate in severe or persistent cases. Seeking professional help can be an important step in establishing how to reduce anxiety in children.

• #45 Anxiety Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-in-children

  Anxiety can be a normal part of growing up, but when your childs worries become overwhelming and interfere with his or her quality of life, experts at the Child Study Center, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, can help. […] Our team of child and adolescent psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers diagnoses these conditions and offers personalized treatment plans to meet your childs needs. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy can be an effective treatment for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. […] Antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and blood pressure medications can help manage symptoms of childhood anxiety disorders. […] Our doctors may recommend dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with complex anxiety or mood disorders.

• #46 Assessment and management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/99/7/674

  The majority of randomised controlled trials to evaluate CBT for anxiety disorders in young people have included children over 7 years of age. […] There is some evidence that medication can be effective in treating anxiety in children and adolescents, at least in the short term. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are regarded as the pharmacological treatment of choice for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents because of their effectiveness and safety profile. […] The relative effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders in children and young people has been assessed in two trials. […] These recent findings suggest that CBT, sertraline and their combination are all possible options for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders.

• #47 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2022/january/feature-article/anxiety-disorders-children-and-adolescents

  Exposure (i.e. facing anxiety-provoking situations) is the active ingredient of CBT and should be included in all standard CBT practices for young people with anxiety disorders. […] Parents are usually included in CBT sessions for children. […] CBT is typically delivered in around 10 weekly face-to-face (individual or group) one-hour sessions with a mental health professional, such as a psychologist. […] Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of low-intensity CBT options, such as digital CBT, in preventing and treating anxiety disorders in young people. […] There is evidence for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Therefore, we suggest that, if CBT has achieved only a limited response, the patient be referred to a specialist, such as a developmental paediatrician or child and adolescent psychiatrist, for pharmacotherapy considerations.

• #48 Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacotherapy-for-anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents

  Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents […] Pediatric anxiety disorders are associated with increased difficulty in school performance and peer relationships. […] When left untreated, anxiety disorders starting in childhood tend to persist into adulthood, and are frequently associated with depression, substance use disorder, occupational impairment, and suicidal behavior. […] Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children will be discussed here. […] Psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children is also discussed separately.

• #49

  https://www.counseling.org/publications/counseling-today-magazine/article-archive/article/legacy/treating-anxiety-in-children

  The counselors interviewed for this article agree that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders because it helps children become familiar with their distressing thoughts and learn how to replace them with healthy thinking patterns. It can also help them learn to become more aware of their emotions and how they influence their behavior. […] Counselors should also consider working with parents during therapy because family members can be helpful in teaching children how to recognize anxiety and implement the coping skills and behaviors they learn in treatment. […] When a child’s home is an open place to talk about their needs, they are better able to manage their anxiety, Pitman adds. […] With treatment, children can learn to feel more at ease with themselves and the world around them. Helping clients build a strong social network outside their family and school is pivotal in helping them learn how to better manage anxious thoughts and emotions, Jozwicki says. […] Elsaesser says when children learn what anxiety is, how it shows up in their bodies and what skills they can use to manage their anxious thoughts and behaviors, it sets them up for success in handling anxiety throughout their lifetime.

• #50 Mood & Anxiety Program | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/mood-anxiety-program/

  The Mood and Anxiety Program provides evidence-based assessment and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Our services within the program include: […] Therapy is provided in individual, family and group formats as needed and relies heavily on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. […] Upon completion of the diagnostic evaluation, a multidisciplinary team of clinicians reviews each case and provides treatment recommendations. As an evidence-based clinic, we are interested in treatment response and collect ongoing information from parents and children about symptom changes throughout treatment.

• #51 I Think My Child Has Anxiety. What Are the Treatment Options?

  https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/anxiety/i-think-my-child-has-anxiety-what-are-the-treatment-options/

  Antidepressant medications can be highly effective for childhood anxiety but can also cause side effects, so they are often used when psychological therapies have not been effective. […] It’s important to be supportive and listen to your child when they are distressed, while encouraging them to face their fears. […] A psychologist with specific clinical training, experience in CBT and child anxiety can be a good place to start. […] The main way to know if your child is getting better is if they are resuming their normal life. […] Childhood anxiety is distressing for your child and for the whole family, however, there is reason to be hopeful: there are effective treatments and these problems often pass with time.

• #52 Anxiety in Children | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/anxiety-children/research-2017

  To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of psychotherapy and medications for childhood anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety). […] Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces anxiety symptoms based on child, parent, and clinician reports, improves functioning, and leads to clinical response. […] Medications (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) are also effective in reducing anxiety symptoms but not based on all three reporters (child, parent, and clinician) and are more likely to cause short-term adverse events. Long-term adverse events require further study. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy reduced primary anxiety symptoms and improved function more than fluoxetine and increased remission more than sertraline.

• #53 Anxiety Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders

  There are many different medications used to help control anxiety. A prescribing clinician (psychiatrist or nurse practitioner) will choose a medication that will work best to help your child. […] With proper treatment, the majority of children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder experience a reduction or elimination of symptoms within several months.

• #54 Separation Anxiety Disorder | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/separation-anxiety-disorder

  There are many different medications used to help control anxiety. A prescribing clinician (psychiatrist or nurse practitioner) will choose a medication if needed that will work best to help your child. […] With proper treatment, the majority of children diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder experience a reduction or elimination of symptoms. Symptoms of SAD can recur when new developmental challenges emerge. When treatment is started early and involves the parent as well as the child, the child’s chance of recovery without multiple recurrences improves.

• #55 Anxiety in Children | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/child-psychiatry/anxiety-children

  Everyone experiences anxiety, including children. […] If your child is showing extreme worry that is interfering with their normal life and functioning, Duke’s behavioral health team can help them learn to cope effectively with anxiety. […] We can evaluate whether treatment might help your child manage these fears. […] Our team can work with your child to identify strategies to help them increase their confidence and comfort in interacting with peers. […] We can help manage the constant worry associated with generalized anxiety that can lead to poor sleep, irritability, and problems with concentration. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders. […] Therapy generally requires a series of weekly sessions with a Duke behavioral health provider who specializes in anxiety.

• #56 Pediatric Anxiety | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/anxiety

  Pediatric anxiety is a condition that causes intense feelings that are often overwhelming, frightening and difficult to control. […] Diagnosis of pediatric anxiety is best made by a trained mental health professional who can determine the specifics of your condition and develop a personalized treatment plan to address your individual needs. […] The specialists at Penn State Health Children’s Hospital offer innovative treatment options that can help you manage your anxiety and its impact on your life. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy that focuses on changing the thoughts and behaviors that lead to anxiety. […] There are different types of medications used to treat anxiety disorders. […] Your child may benefit from a combination of both treatments.

• #57 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  The type of treatment offered will depend on your child’s age and the cause of their anxiety. […] Counselling can help your child understand what’s making them anxious and allow them to work through the situation. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help your child manage their anxiety by changing the way they think and behave. This could be in person or as self-help online. […] Anxiety medicines may be offered to your child if their anxiety is severe or does not get better with talking therapies. They’re usually only prescribed by doctors who specialise in children and young people’s mental health.

• #58 Anxiety Disorders | Mental Health in Children

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/anxiety-disorders

  What Are Anxiety Disorders? It is normal for children and teens to have some fears and anxieties as they grow. […] When their fears start to get in the way of their daily life and activities, an anxiety disorder may be present. These children should be seen by a doctor. […] A treatment plan for generalized anxiety disorder will be determined by your child’s clinician. It will be based on: Your child or teens age, health and medical history. Your child’s symptoms. Your child or teens tolerance for specific medicines, procedures, or therapies. Expectations for the course of the condition. […] Anxiety disorders can be treated. Treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the child or teen and family. Treatment recommendations may include cognitive behavioral therapy for the child or teen. The focus is to help the child or teen learn skills to manage their anxiety and to help them master the situations that contribute to the anxiety. […] Many children and teens may benefit from treatment with antidepressant or antianxiety medicine. Parents play an important, supportive role in any treatment process. Family therapy and consultation with the child or teens school may also be recommended.

• #59 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 2 – The management of anxiety disorders | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-management

  A number of medications are used to treat anxiety, with the most effective being selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). […] Combination therapy using SSRIs in conjunction with CBT should be considered at treatment onset for children and adolescents with moderate to severe anxiety disorders because this two-pronged approach has been shown to improve global functioning, response to treatment, and achievement of remission. […] Psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders. […] For children and adolescents with co-occurring conditions, particularly those with a neurodevelopmental or learning disorder, ensure access to evidence-informed anxiety treatment programs, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

• #60 Three Effective Treatments Identified For Childhood Anxiety Disorders | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/three-effective-treatments-identified-childhood-anxiety-disorders

  CAMS clearly showed that combination treatment is the most effective for these children. But sertraline alone or CBT alone showed a good response rate as well. This suggests that clinicians and families have three good options to consider for young people with anxiety disorders, depending on treatment availability and costs, said Walkup. […] The studys results also add more evidence that high-quality CBT, with or without medication, can effectively treat anxiety disorders in children, according to the researchers. […] But in the meantime, we can be assured that we already have good treatments at our disposal.

• #61 Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/generalized-anxiety-disorder

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a serious mental health problem. A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose GAD, before coming up with a treatment plan. […] Treatment includes therapy and medicines. […] Treatment and family involvement can help reduce generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and improve your child’s quality of life. […] Children and teens with general anxiety can’t just pull themselves together and get better. They often need treatment. In many cases, treatment is key to recovery. […] Treatment for GAD may include: Cognitive behavioral therapy. This helps a child learn how to better manage anxiety. The goal is also to help a child master the situations that may lead to the anxiety. […] Medicines. Antidepressant or anti-anxiety medicine may help some children feel calmer.

• #62

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/Anxiety-Disorders-and-ADHD.aspx

  Anxiety disorders are often more difficult to recognize than disruptive behavior disorders because the formers symptoms are internalizedthat is, they often exist within the mind of the child rather than in such outward behavior as verbal outbursts or pushing others to be first in line. […] It is important to ask your childs pediatrician or psychologist to talk with your child directly if you suspect the presence of persistent anxiety in addition to her ADHD. […] Treatment for children with ADHD and an anxiety disorder relies on a combination of approaches geared to each childs specific situationincluding educating the child and her family about the condition, encouraging ongoing input from school personnel, initiating behavior therapy including cognitive behavioral techniques, as well as traditional psychotherapy, family therapy, and medication management.

• #63 Pediatric Anxiety Disorders | UVA Health Children’s

  https://childrens.uvahealth.com/services/mental-behavioral-health/anxiety-disorders

  Your child may benefit from antidepressant or antianxiety medicines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (help raise levels of serotonin in the brain), and antibiotics for OCD, if linked to a streptococcal infection. […] Stress management techniques can enhance treatment and include regular physical activity, meditation, adequate amounts of sleep, and healthy food.

• #64 Anxiety in Children | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/anxiety-children/research-2017

  The combination of medications and cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective than either treatment alone, but the benefits and risks of each need to be considered. […] To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of treatments for childhood anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety. […] CBT is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms and improving function. Medications, primarily those targeting serotonin, are also effective and were associated with various short-term adverse events, which were mostly not serious, but studies were too small or too short to assess suicidality with SSRI or SNRI. The combination of medications and CBT is likely more effective than either treatment alone. Comparative effectiveness evidence between various medications and comparing CBT versus medications, or the combination, is limited and represents a need for research in this field. Future research is needed to evaluate components of CBT, effect modifiers of treatment, and long-term safety of drugs, and needs to be more inclusive of underserved populations and minorities.

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