Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, affecting nearly 1 in 12 children and 1 in 4 adolescents. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for anxiety disorders in children eight years and older; there is insufficient evidence to support screening in children younger than eight years. […] Several validated screening measures are useful for initial assessment and ongoing monitoring. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents eight to 18 years of age (grade B recommendation). There is insufficient evidence to support screening in children younger than eight years. […] Diagnosis is based on a clinical interview with the child or adolescent and their primary caretakers.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis […] Symptoms meet the criteria for a clinical anxiety disorder when the concerns are unexpected given the child’s developmental level, persistent in the face of reassurance and support, and thus considered excessive. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Anxiety disorders in children (up to 12 years old) and adolescents (13 to 18 years old) are associated with educational underachievement and co-occurring psychiatric conditions, as well as functional impairments that can extend into adulthood. […] This topic describes the assessment and diagnosis of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Screening — We agree with the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation for screening all children and adolescents (age 8 to 18 years) for the presence of an anxiety disorder. […] Given the high rates of anxiety in youth, screening for anxiety whether or not the individual is manifesting signs or has symptoms of an anxiety disorder may have value in identification, early intervention, and the prevention of anxiety-related morbidity.

• #1 Get Your Child Screened for Anxiety – MyHealthfinder | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/myhealthfinder/healthy-living/mental-health-and-relationships/get-your-child-screened-anxiety

  If your child is between ages 8 and 18 years, ask the doctor about screening (testing) for anxiety even if you dont see signs of a problem. […] Anxiety can affect your childs mood and interfere with their usual activities like school or time with family and friends. […] When you ask your childs doctor about screening for anxiety, find out what services are available in case your child needs follow-up care. […] If your child has an anxiety disorder, they may also have headaches, stomachaches, or other types of pain for no clear reason. […] Thats why its so important to have your child screened for anxiety. […] The doctor will ask your child questions about their feelings and behaviors. […] Screening for anxiety usually takes about 10 minutes. It can be part of your childs yearly checkup.

• #1 Iris Telehealth | What Pediatricians Need to Know About Diagnosing and Treating Pediatric Anxiety

  https://iristelehealth.com/blog/what-pediatricians-need-to-know-about-diagnosing-and-treating-pediatric-anxiety/

  Many symptoms of anxiety disorders overlap with other conditions. It can be difficult to determine whether symptoms stem from real anxiety diagnoses or other diagnoses or reactions to acute events. […] The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 is generally the first step for evaluating anxiety and screens for cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in children ages 4-17. If you see a total score of 15+ points, you should conduct a formal assessment. […] An anxiety disorder diagnosis can be scary for families new to mental health discussions. Be patient as you’re determining a treatment plan, and be sure to determine treatment based on the severity of the child’s anxiety disorder. […] SSRIs are the gold standard of care for treating anxiety. Whenever you prescribe SSRIs, you should conduct an in-depth screening for family history of bipolar disorder or suicide, establish a plan for follow-up and emergency access to care, and educate the family about potential side effects and protocols for adequate trials. […] Treating anxiety disorders requires a holistic regimen and candid conversations with children and families throughout the process to provide the best possible care.

• #1 Anxiety Diagnosis: Criteria for Adults and Children

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-diagnosis

  Anxiety diagnosis in children depends a lot on your description of the symptoms you’re experiencing. The same diagnostic criteria and assessments that are used for adults apply to children, too. In the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5), your doctor interviews both you and your child about their symptoms. […] Symptoms in children are similar to those in adults. If you notice anxiety symptoms or any anxious or worrying behaviors that last for more than two weeks, take your child to the doctor. There, they can be checked for an anxiety disorder. […] Some research suggests that anxiety can have a genetic component. If anyone in your family has ever been diagnosed with anxiety or a depressive disorder, get your child evaluated as soon as you notice symptoms. A proper diagnosis can lead to interventions to help them manage anxiety at a young age.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-009-0023-x

  Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and have negative consequences on individual and societal level. […] This study examined the usefulness of screening for anxiety disorders in primary school children. […] The screening method has proven its utility for discriminating between children with and without anxiety disorders when applying the top-15% cut-off. […] Moreover, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia, all known to be prevalent and debilitating childhood anxiety disorders, can be predicted by the corresponding subscale of the screening instrument. […] Anxiety disorders have detrimental effects on an individuals quality of life and functioning. […] The negative consequences of anxiety disorders on a personal and societal level, together with the fact that enduring and early onset anxiety disorders lead individuals to initiate treatment less, add up for the need to detect children with anxiety (disorders) in an early stage.

• #1 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  Among children and adolescents, anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders that confer risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders and social and academic impairment. […] Comprehensive assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders benefits from a multimethod approach to evaluation and diagnosis, including semistructured interviews; child and informant questionnaires; collateral information from parents, teachers, pediatricians, and school psychologists; and behavioral observations. […] Among the available psychosocial interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure-based therapies have emerged as the most well-established treatment approaches for addressing anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. […] Pharmacologically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been established to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of pediatric anxiety and are considered the medications of choice for this population.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed by a mental health clinician who can help determine whether the symptoms your child is experiencing is related to an anxiety disorder or another medical condition. […] The mental health clinician (such as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, child psychologist, psychiatric social worker, or psychiatric nurse practitioner) will make the diagnosis following a comprehensive assessment, which includes a diagnostic with you and your child. […] During the assessment, parents are asked to talk about their child’s anxiety symptoms and related behavior. […] You will also be asked to give an overview of your child’s family history, medical history, social history, and social interactions. […] Sometimes parent or child questionnaires are used to help clarify the diagnosis.

• #1 Diagnosing Anxiety Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-in-children/diagnosis

  To diagnose a childhood anxiety disorder, clinicians from the Child Study Center, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, meet with you and your child to perform a comprehensive evaluation. […] The goal is to determine your childs strengths and the areas in which he or she may need some help. […] You may also be asked to complete questionnaires that can give our psychologists and psychiatrists details about your childs anxiety, the possible causes, and the ways in which it affects his or her daily life. […] Our clinicians also speak with your childs teachers, caregivers, and doctors, if appropriate, to get a more complete picture of the situation. […] After evaluating the information, our psychologists and psychiatrists plan a feedback session to discuss the diagnosis and talk about treatment options.

• #1 Anxiety: Diagnosis | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/anxiety-disorders/anxiety—diagnosis

  Many anxiety disorders have common physical, cognitive and behavioural features. Diagnosis requires that the symptoms be considered excessive and unreasonable, and that they cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. Symptoms are persistent, typically lasting six months or more. […] The following section summarizes each anxiety disorder and provides helpful screening questions. […] In separation anxiety, fear centres on losing or being separated from a significant attachment figure due to illness, injury, accident or kidnapping. Symptoms include avoidance behaviours such as refusing to sleep away from home or go to school, as well as physical complaints such as gastrointestinal problems, headaches and nightmares. Onset is usually in childhood, and lasts for more than four weeks; in adults, symptoms last for more than six months. […] Mood Anxiety Service for Children Youth – offering assessment and treatment for children and youth aged 618 years old (and their parents/caregivers) who are experiencing mood and/or anxiety difficulties.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children vs. Adults | Pyramid Healthcare

  https://www.pyramid-healthcare.com/blog/2018/10/16/anxiety-kids-adults/

  Aside from the inability to communicate anxiety, symptoms of anxiety disorders can differ in children. Signs of an anxiety disorder in a child can include several different symptoms, such as: Frequent nightmares and disturbed sleep, Constant restlessness, Sleepiness or falling asleep in school, Difficulty concentrating, Irritability, Crying, tantrums. […] Separation anxiety disorder is usually more common in children than adults, as they are transitioning from dependence on their parents to being self-sufficient individuals. Note, however, that the current version of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) no longer classifies separation anxiety as only a childhood disorder. This means that it can be diagnosed in children or adults. […] The DSM-5 also utilizes different criteria for diagnosing anxiety disorders in children versus adults. For example, children only need to show one symptom to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, whereas adults need at least three for a diagnosis.

• #1 Anxiety in Children – A Quick Guide – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/anxiety-in-children-quick-guide/

  Anxiety is a very general term used to describe a feeling of extreme worry or unease. Feeling anxious is natural after something upsetting happens. But when a child feels anxiety that lasts a long time and prevents them from doing things like going to school or seeing friends, then it becomes an anxiety disorder. Children can be diagnosed with several different anxiety disorders. The specific disorder depends on what the child is struggling with most, but many of the symptoms overlap. […] Children can be diagnosed with different kinds of anxiety depending on what they are most worried about. […] For a child to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, their worry must be so extreme that it interferes with daily life. […] To get a diagnosis of selective mutism, the child must: Be able to speak in some situations but not others; Have had the problem for at least a month; Have problems with school and social activities as a result.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE

  Assessment should differentiate between developmentally appropriate fears and anxiety disorders. […] It should also consider potential aetiological factors and developmental influences. […] Validated self-report scales, such as the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), have shown correlation with anxiety severity and treatment effects. […] Children and young people with anxiety disorders may not present to services overtly complaining of anxiety. […] Nevertheless, making an early diagnosis is important, as many anxiety disorders remain untreated in the community, causing distress and impeding academic and social functioning. […] The relationship is complex, it varies according to the study and much of the association may lie at the extremes of temperament.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  A detailed psychosocial history and comprehensive picture of current stressors allow for the differentiation of developmentally appropriate worries, fears, and stress responses from an anxiety disorder. […] Physical examination should focus on ruling out medical conditions presenting with anxiety-like symptoms. […] The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) recommends that primary care clinicians work with caregivers to understand the child’s symptoms of anxiety and degree of functional impairment. […] Following assessment and diagnosis, psychological and pharmacologic treatments may be considered based on symptom severity, patient and parent preferences, and availability and quality of psychosocial treatment. […] For mild to moderate symptoms, strong evidence from randomized trials supports the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), delivered individually or in group settings, as a first-line treatment.

• #1 Childhood Anxiety | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/psych/mental-health-professional-resources/primary-care-articles/childhood-anxiety/

  Among anxiety disorders, youth are most likely to experience generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder and phobic disorders. […] The first step in the assessment and treatment of anxiety is ruling out other mental disorders, environmental exposures and physical conditions that present with anxiety disorder-like symptoms. Next, specifying the type of anxiety disorder will direct treatment. Broadly speaking, most anxiety disorders are treated by a combination of family education, psychotherapy and medications. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety seeks to dissipate these concerns with two basic „active ingredients”: cognitive restructuring and exposure. […] Several medications can help children with moderate to severe anxiety. Evidence supports the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) based on their efficacy and relative safety.

• #1 Types of Anxiety Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-in-children/types

  There are several types of anxiety disorders, and children and adolescents often have more than one at a time. […] the specialists at the Child Study Center, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, diagnose the condition and recommend treatment to ease his or her symptoms. […] Generalized anxiety disorder typically affects school-aged children and adolescents. […] For children with OCD, these thoughts and behaviors significantly interfere with their daily functioning and can cause distress and embarrassment. […] Panic disorder tends to begin during adolescence, although it may start during childhood, and sometimes runs in families. […] If a fear is excessive and persistent it may be a phobia, or an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. […] Social phobia can also be limited to specific situations.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-children-and-adolescents

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves excessive and uncontrollable worry about many things such as health, school performance, safety, the future, and family matters. Usually, the child’s worries are not about true-life circumstances or are out-of-proportion compared to actual difficulties. […] A child psychologist or other qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses anxiety disorders in children or adolescents following a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. Parents who note symptoms of severe anxiety in their child or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment as soon as possible. Early treatment may help prevent future problems. […] A diagnosis of GAD requires that the child’s excessive anxiety and worry cause significant distress or impairment in daily life. To receive a diagnosis, the child/adolescent must have shown excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not, for at least 6 months. The anxiety and worry are about a number of events or activities, and are associated with at least one of the physical symptoms listed above.

• #1 Types of Anxiety Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-in-children/types

  Children and teenagers with social phobia typically avoid the situations they fear by staying home from school or shunning parties, for instance. […] This fear affects a childs ability to function socially and academically. […] Selective mutism typically affects preschool-aged children and those in elementary school, usually before age 10.

• #1 Common Mental Health Diagnosis in Children | Children Mental Health Disorders | ACMH

  https://www.acmh-mi.org/get-information/childrens-mental-health-101/common-diagnosis/

  Panic Disorder: Panic disorder may be diagnosed if your child experiences at least two unexpected panic or anxiety attacks followed by at least one month of concern that they may have another one. […] Phobic Disorders: Can be diagnosed when a child has an unrealistic and overwhelming fear of a specific object or situation. […] Specific Phobias: A specific phobia is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object, such as a dog, or a situation, such as flying or being picked for a team. […] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): is the development of symptoms that occur following a traumatic or terrifying event or experience. […] Separation Anxiety Disorder: When a child suffers from separation anxiety they experience excessive anxiety when they are away from home or their parents. […] Social Anxiety Disorder: Social anxiety disorder, or social phobia, occurs when children and youth have an intense, overwhelming fear of social and performance situations and activities such as being called on in class or starting a conversation. […] Selective Mutism: that it interferes with interacting with others and making friends may suffer from selective mutism.

• #1 Anxiety in Children – A Quick Guide – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/anxiety-in-children-quick-guide/

  To be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, children must experience symptoms most days for at least six months. […] When diagnosing a child with panic disorder, a professional also rules out medical causes and other disorders like PTSD. […] Children can be diagnosed with OCD when they have obsessions, compulsions or both.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders can cause people to try to avoid situations that trigger or worsen their symptoms. […] In general, for a person to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, the fear or anxiety must: Be out of proportion to the situation or be age-inappropriate, Hinder their ability to function normally. […] There are several types of anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism. […] The first step is to see your doctor to make sure there is no physical problem causing the symptoms. If an anxiety disorder is diagnosed, a mental health professional can work with you on finding the best treatment. […] Although each anxiety disorder has unique characteristics, most respond well to two types of treatment: psychotherapy or „talk therapy,” and medications. […] Selective mutism usually begins before age 5, but it may not be formally identified until the child enters school.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children | Lehigh Valley Health Network

  https://www.lvhn.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-children

  Anxiety disorders are believed to be caused by biological, family and environmental factors. A chemical imbalance involving two chemicals in the brain (norepinephrine and serotonin) most likely contributes to anxiety disorders. Anxiety also can be learned from others or be triggered by a traumatic experience. […] SAD is defined as excessive worry and fear about being apart from family members or individuals to whom a child is most attached. […] GAD is defined as chronic, excessive worry and fear that seems to have no real cause. […] Children with OCD have unreasonable thoughts, fears or worries that they try to manage by performing a ritual activity to reduce the anxiety. […] A phobia is an excessive, unreasonable fear or anxiety that is provoked by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation. […] PTSD is a debilitating condition that often follows a terrifying physical or emotional event, causing persistent, frightening thoughts and memories (flashbacks) of the ordeal.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE

  Family studies indicate an association between parental anxiety and depression and anxiety disorders in offspring. […] The association appears to be largely non-specific, except for a particular relationship between parental panic disorder and offspring separation anxiety disorder. […] Despite their symptomatic variation, anxiety disorders may share some common aetiological or pathophysiological characteristics. […] Retrospective and observational studies have found that parental over control, rejection and modelling of anxious behaviours are consistently and significantly associated with childhood shyness and paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Such parenting may hinder the development of autonomy, resulting in a child who experiences the environment as more threatening and less safe.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  If your childs anxiety problem has not got better, your doctor may talk to you about trying medication. […] Some children are simply born more nervous and anxious and less able to cope with stress than other children. […] Children with certain conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders may experience anxiety as part of the symptoms of their condition.

• #1 Recommendation: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents

  The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger. Evidence on the accuracy of screening tools and the effects of screening and treatment in this younger age group is lacking, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. […] Anxiety disorders are characterized by greater duration or intensity of impairment of a stress response. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) recognizes 7 different types of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobias, separation anxiety disorder, and selective mutism. […] Risk factors for anxiety disorders include genetic, personality, and environmental factors, such as attachment difficulties, interparental conflict, parental overprotection, early parental separation, and child maltreatment.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  It’s normal for children and young people to feel worried or anxious from time to time such as when they’re starting school or nursery, or moving to a new area. […] But for some children and young people, anxiety affects their behaviour and thoughts every day, interfering with their school, home and social life. […] If the GP thinks your child could have an anxiety disorder, they may refer them for an assessment with your local children and young people’s mental health services (CYPMHS). […] Specialist CYPMHS are NHS mental health services that focus on the needs of children and young people. […] The type of treatment offered will depend on your child’s age and the cause of their anxiety. […] Anxiety medicines may be offered to your child if their anxiety is severe or does not get better with talking therapies. They’re usually only prescribed by doctors who specialise in children and young people’s mental health. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders | RAMP

  https://ramp.luriechildrens.org/en/conditions-and-treatments/diagnoses-and-conditions/anxiety-disorders/

  Despite the high prevalence and early onset, pediatric anxiety disorders remain under-recognized and under-treated. […] Most anxiety disorders have their onset in childhood or adolescence. […] Anxiety disorders commonly co-occur with other anxiety disorders and with ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder and with trauma and stress related disorders. […] Longitudinal studies indicate that among children or adolescents with an anxiety disorder at baseline, only 10-13% will have no mental health disorder at 10-year follow up. […] The anxiety disorders are highly treatable. […] Identified and treated early, many anxiety disorders can be treated by community therapists with pharmacologic management, generally an SSRI, in the pediatric clinic. […] Early screening can help identify children with symptoms and impairment consistent with an anxiety disorder.

• #1

  https://www.aacap.org/aacap/Families_and_Youth/Resource_Centers/Anxiety_Disorder_Resource_Center/Home.aspx

  Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders. […] Not all children who have experienced anxiety will need treatment. However, treatment can help minimize anxiety. […] It is important to find a comfortable match between your child, your family, and the mental health professional. […] A child and adolescent psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of thinking, feeling and behavior that affect children, adolescents, and their families.

• #1 Childhood Anxiety | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/psych/mental-health-professional-resources/primary-care-articles/childhood-anxiety/

  Anxiety is a common emotion that everyone experiences from time to time, but many youth experience persistent fears and worries to the point that it impacts their day-to-day functioning. […] It is likely that pediatricians will encounter a sizable portion of patients who fit within this category and meet criteria for an anxiety disorder. These disorders are the most common mental health conditions among youth, with an estimated 31.9% of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 experiencing an anxiety disorder. […] Given these factors, it is important for primary care practitioners to screen and assess anxiety disorders because they are the health professionals most likely to encounter youth who are experiencing these problems. […] Anxiety symptoms can manifest in a variety of ways including thoughts, emotions, sensations and behaviors. The most common symptoms are recurring fears and worries about everyday life, increased irritability, avoidance of school or friends and trouble sleeping.

• #1 Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Clinic – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/pediatric-anxiety-disorders-clinic/sections/overview/ovc-20575403

  Mayo Clinic’s Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Clinic provides advanced, evidence-based medical and psychological treatment for people with anxiety disorders, including: […] The diagnostic clinic provides a comprehensive, one-day assessment for children and teenagers with heightened anxiety, fears, nervousness and worry. Clinic staff thoroughly evaluates the patient and provides diagnosis and treatment recommendations in a time-efficient manner. A structured diagnostic interview, questionnaires and clinical interviews are used in the evaluation process. […] The clinic is staffed by a clinical child and adolescent psychologist and a psychiatrist who specialize in anxiety disorders. This allows for an integrated medical and psychological understanding of the child’s symptoms. […] Treatment for child and adolescent anxiety disorders also is available in an intensive format for families not able to spend extended time at Mayo Clinic. Treatment can be provided in a nine-session format over five days.

• #1 Improving Diagnostic Strategies for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: Advic | PRBM

  https://www.dovepress.com/improving-diagnostic-strategies-for-pediatric-anxiety-disorders-advice-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PRBM

  The recommended age at which routine screening for anxiety disorders should begin in pediatric populations varies depending on the source, but both the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend routine screening throughout childhood.7,26 The recommendation from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is to screen for anxiety in pediatrics as young as age eight who do not already have a diagnosed anxiety disorder or exhibit typical signs or symptoms.7 […] Early detection and effective intervention for youth with anxiety disorders can lead to improved outcomes in both the short and long term.

• #1 Anxiety and Depression in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-anxiety-and-depression-in-children.html

  Although fears and worries are typical in children, persistent or extreme forms of fear and sadness could be due to anxiety or depression. […] If you’re concerned about anxiety or depression in your child, the first step is to talk with a health care provider such as your child’s primary care provider, or a mental health specialist, about getting an evaluation. […] When a child does not outgrow the fears and worries that are typical in young children, or when there are so many fears and worries that they interfere with school, home, or play activities, the child may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. […] The United States Preventive Services Taskforce recommends screening for anxiety in children ages 8 to 18 years and for depression in adolescents ages 12 to 18 years. […] It is important to get a careful evaluation to get the best diagnosis and treatment. […] A mental health professional can develop a therapy plan that works best for the child and family. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one form of therapy that is used to treat anxiety or depression, particularly in older children.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders | Mental Health in Children

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/anxiety-disorders

  It is normal for children and teens to have some fears and anxieties as they grow. […] When their fears start to get in the way of their daily life and activities, an anxiety disorder may be present. These children should be seen by a doctor. […] A pediatrician, a child psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional diagnose anxiety disorders in children and teens after a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. […] Parents who see symptoms of severe anxiety in their child can seek an evaluation and treatment. Early treatment may help prevent future problems.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment | BJPsych Advances | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-aetiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/4B01CB20878DE968860331F7D31B83AE

  The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline on generalised anxiety and panic disorders in adults covers principles that can be extrapolated to children and adolescents. […] Interventions with a significant evidence base include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and SSRI medication. […] Although NICE guidelines on paediatric social anxiety recommend that medication not be routinely offered, a Cochrane review concludes that several RCTs demonstrate SSRIs to be effective and generally well-tolerated treatments for paediatric anxiety disorders. […] Studies evaluating longitudinal outcomes indicate that childhood anxiety disorders generally remit. […] The prognosis for anxiety disorders depends on type of disorder, comorbidity, age at onset and severity at baseline. […] Overall, adolescent anxiety or depression predicts an approximate two- to threefold increase in risk for adult anxiety disorders. […] Paediatric anxiety disorders are relatively common and often disabling.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  If you suspect your child may have GAD, it is essential to speak with a qualified mental health professional as soon as possible. […] Children with GAD respond well to treatment that is administered by trained mental health clinicians. […] Evidence-based treatments for GAD in children and adolescents includes cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of medication and therapy. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are currently first-line medications in the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children. […] If left untreated, studies show that GAD is often a chronic illness with symptoms that tend to wax and wane across the lifespan. […] The difference between these normal feelings of anxiety and the presence of GAD or another anxiety disorder is that a child with generalized anxiety disorder will experience an extended and extensive period of worry, and the degree of anxiety and fear is notably out of proportion to the reality of the situation.

• #1 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  Research indicates that CBT plus SSRI medication is the most effective treatment of anxiety for youths ages seven to 17, compared with either CBT or medication alone. […] Anxiety disorders are very common psychiatric disorders. […] Between 15% and 30% of youths are diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder before adulthood. […] The onset of anxiety disorders is most commonly in childhood, with a median onset between six and 11 years of age. […] Many childhood anxiety disorders remit within three to four years, and stability rates of anxiety disorders among community youths are only low to moderate. […] Unaddressed or incompletely treated, anxiety disorders among youths predict future anxiety disorders, depression, substance misuse, and psychiatric hospitalization. […] Comprehensive assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders includes use of semistructured interviews; child and informant questionnaires; collateral information from parents, teachers, pediatricians, and school psychologists; and behavioral observations.

• #1 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  it happens very frequently or they feel anxious all the time […] its making them feel physically unwell a lot of the time like feeling sick or having constant headaches […] your child becomes very withdrawn and is anxious about doing things they used to enjoy. […] Long-term anxiety can severely interfere with a childs personal development, family life and schooling. […] Anxiety disorders that start in childhood often persist into the teenage years and early adulthood. […] The type of treatment offered will depend on what is causing your childs anxiety. […] If your child is being seen at CAMHS, they might see a child and adolescent psychotherapist or a clinical psychologist. […] Psychological therapies can really help with anxiety. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy that can help your child manage their problems by changing the way they think and behave.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders Among Children, Assessment and Working with Families — Department of Psychiatry

  https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/news/anxiety-disorders-among-children-assessment-and-working-with-families

  Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health disorders among children, yet there is limited guidance on the process of assessing child anxiety disorders and sharing diagnostic outcomes with families. […] The findings indicate that the process of receiving an anxiety disorder diagnosis can be a very helpful and positive experience for families. […] Parents also said that receiving clear information about their child’s diagnosis and an explanation for their child’s behaviour helped them to feel more in control of the situation and better able to support their child. […] However, parents also expressed some concerns about their child’s future and the negative consequences associated with the diagnostic label. […] Parents’ experiences clearly show that effective communication between clinicians and families is critical. […] Our findings show how assessing and sharing anxiety diagnoses with families can be helpful and importantly highlight ways clinicians can help ensure it is a positive experience for families.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/anxiety

  Anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health disorder in childhood. […] In fact, anxiety disorders are the most common type of mental health disorder in childhood. […] Anxiety disorders affect one out of every eight children. Untreated, young people with anxiety disorders are at a higher risk to struggle in school and in their relationships with adults and peers. […] The first step to successful treatment begins with a diagnostic assessment. These assessments normally include: A review of current symptoms, A thorough review of the child’s development and background, Past medical and psychiatric history, Establishing a picture of the family background, A mental status exam. […] Parents and guardians are included in the evaluation process. They are often encouraged to participate in treatment planning.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  Although CBT is the preferred treatment for mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety disorders, pharmacologic treatment may be considered when the child or adolescent presents with moderate to severe symptoms. […] CBT and CBT combined with medication have been shown to be most effective in treating childhood anxiety disorders. […] There is a sufficient body of empirical evidence that shows significant improvement in childhood anxiety disorders with psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, with a combination of therapies providing the most benefits.

• #1 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  SSRIs have been established to be safe and efficacious monotherapy for the treatment of pediatric anxiety. […] CBT and exposure-based therapies have been established as effective monotherapies for the treatment of pediatric anxiety. […] CBT plus SSRI medication is the most effective treatment of anxiety for youths ages seven to 17.

• #2 Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis […] Symptoms meet the criteria for a clinical anxiety disorder when the concerns are unexpected given the child’s developmental level, persistent in the face of reassurance and support, and thus considered excessive. […] Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Anxiety disorders in children (up to 12 years old) and adolescents (13 to 18 years old) are associated with educational underachievement and co-occurring psychiatric conditions, as well as functional impairments that can extend into adulthood. […] This topic describes the assessment and diagnosis of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. […] Screening — We agree with the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation for screening all children and adolescents (age 8 to 18 years) for the presence of an anxiety disorder. […] Given the high rates of anxiety in youth, screening for anxiety whether or not the individual is manifesting signs or has symptoms of an anxiety disorder may have value in identification, early intervention, and the prevention of anxiety-related morbidity.

• #2 Anxiety and Depression in Children | Children’s Mental Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-anxiety-and-depression-in-children.html

  Although fears and worries are typical in children, persistent or extreme forms of fear and sadness could be due to anxiety or depression. […] If you’re concerned about anxiety or depression in your child, the first step is to talk with a health care provider such as your child’s primary care provider, or a mental health specialist, about getting an evaluation. […] When a child does not outgrow the fears and worries that are typical in young children, or when there are so many fears and worries that they interfere with school, home, or play activities, the child may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. […] The United States Preventive Services Taskforce recommends screening for anxiety in children ages 8 to 18 years and for depression in adolescents ages 12 to 18 years. […] It is important to get a careful evaluation to get the best diagnosis and treatment. […] A mental health professional can develop a therapy plan that works best for the child and family. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one form of therapy that is used to treat anxiety or depression, particularly in older children.

• #2 Recommendation: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents

  The USPSTF found no evidence on appropriate or recommended screening intervals, and the optimal interval is unknown. […] Treatment for anxiety disorders can include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, a combination of both, or collaborative care. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most commonly used approach. […] The evidence on improved functioning with cognitive behavioral therapy in participants with any anxiety was inconsistent. […] The USPSTF found no studies that directly evaluated the benefits of screening for anxiety disorders. […] The evidence on harms of screening for anxiety in children and adolescents relies on linking indirect evidence on the harms of inaccurate screening test results and the harms of treatment. […] The USPSTF has not previously made a recommendation on this topic.

• #2 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  Research indicates that CBT plus SSRI medication is the most effective treatment of anxiety for youths ages seven to 17, compared with either CBT or medication alone. […] Anxiety disorders are very common psychiatric disorders. […] Between 15% and 30% of youths are diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder before adulthood. […] The onset of anxiety disorders is most commonly in childhood, with a median onset between six and 11 years of age. […] Many childhood anxiety disorders remit within three to four years, and stability rates of anxiety disorders among community youths are only low to moderate. […] Unaddressed or incompletely treated, anxiety disorders among youths predict future anxiety disorders, depression, substance misuse, and psychiatric hospitalization. […] Comprehensive assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders includes use of semistructured interviews; child and informant questionnaires; collateral information from parents, teachers, pediatricians, and school psychologists; and behavioral observations.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-009-0023-x

  The Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS) is a well-validated semi-structured diagnostic interview, suitable for measuring all anxiety disorders as listed in the DSM-IV as well as mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in children from 717 years of age. […] The combined diagnosis represents a sum of the diagnoses of the child and the parent interview. […] The predictive value of the screening questionnaires subscales separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and generalised anxiety disorder on their matching diagnosis of the interview was analysed. […] It appeared that the disorders separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia were predicted by their corresponding subscale on the SCARED-71. […] The diagnosis generalised anxiety disorder was not predicted significantly by any of the included subscales of the SCARED-71.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/anxiety-disorders-children-adolescents.html

  A detailed psychosocial history and comprehensive picture of current stressors allow for the differentiation of developmentally appropriate worries, fears, and stress responses from an anxiety disorder. […] Physical examination should focus on ruling out medical conditions presenting with anxiety-like symptoms. […] The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) recommends that primary care clinicians work with caregivers to understand the child’s symptoms of anxiety and degree of functional impairment. […] Following assessment and diagnosis, psychological and pharmacologic treatments may be considered based on symptom severity, patient and parent preferences, and availability and quality of psychosocial treatment. […] For mild to moderate symptoms, strong evidence from randomized trials supports the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), delivered individually or in group settings, as a first-line treatment.

• #2 Diagnosing Anxiety Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/anxiety-disorders-in-children/diagnosis

  To diagnose a childhood anxiety disorder, clinicians from the Child Study Center, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, meet with you and your child to perform a comprehensive evaluation. […] The goal is to determine your childs strengths and the areas in which he or she may need some help. […] You may also be asked to complete questionnaires that can give our psychologists and psychiatrists details about your childs anxiety, the possible causes, and the ways in which it affects his or her daily life. […] Our clinicians also speak with your childs teachers, caregivers, and doctors, if appropriate, to get a more complete picture of the situation. […] After evaluating the information, our psychologists and psychiatrists plan a feedback session to discuss the diagnosis and talk about treatment options.

• #2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  If you suspect your child may have GAD, it is essential to speak with a qualified mental health professional as soon as possible. […] Children with GAD respond well to treatment that is administered by trained mental health clinicians. […] Evidence-based treatments for GAD in children and adolescents includes cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of medication and therapy. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are currently first-line medications in the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children. […] If left untreated, studies show that GAD is often a chronic illness with symptoms that tend to wax and wane across the lifespan. […] The difference between these normal feelings of anxiety and the presence of GAD or another anxiety disorder is that a child with generalized anxiety disorder will experience an extended and extensive period of worry, and the degree of anxiety and fear is notably out of proportion to the reality of the situation.

• #2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/psychiatric-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents

  Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed in children and adolescents who have prominent and impairing anxiety symptoms that are not focused enough to meet criteria for a specific disorder such as social anxiety disorder or panic disorder. […] Specific criteria include the presence of each of the following: Excessive anxiety and worry that patients have difficulty controlling. Symptoms present on more days than not for 6 months. Symptoms cause significant distress or impair functioning socially or at school. […] Diagnose generalized anxiety disorder when symptoms cause significant distress to the child or impair social or academic functioning socially and the child has 1 specific symptoms (eg, restlessness, a keyed-up or on-edge feeling).

• #2 Anxiety in Children – A Quick Guide – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/anxiety-in-children-quick-guide/

  Anxiety is a very general term used to describe a feeling of extreme worry or unease. Feeling anxious is natural after something upsetting happens. But when a child feels anxiety that lasts a long time and prevents them from doing things like going to school or seeing friends, then it becomes an anxiety disorder. Children can be diagnosed with several different anxiety disorders. The specific disorder depends on what the child is struggling with most, but many of the symptoms overlap. […] Children can be diagnosed with different kinds of anxiety depending on what they are most worried about. […] For a child to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, their worry must be so extreme that it interferes with daily life. […] To get a diagnosis of selective mutism, the child must: Be able to speak in some situations but not others; Have had the problem for at least a month; Have problems with school and social activities as a result.

• #2 Anxiety in Children – A Quick Guide – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/guide/anxiety-in-children-quick-guide/

  To be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, children must experience symptoms most days for at least six months. […] When diagnosing a child with panic disorder, a professional also rules out medical causes and other disorders like PTSD. […] Children can be diagnosed with OCD when they have obsessions, compulsions or both.

• #2 Anxiety disorders in children – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/advice-for-parents/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  It’s normal for children and young people to feel worried or anxious from time to time such as when they’re starting school or nursery, or moving to a new area. […] But for some children and young people, anxiety affects their behaviour and thoughts every day, interfering with their school, home and social life. […] If the GP thinks your child could have an anxiety disorder, they may refer them for an assessment with your local children and young people’s mental health services (CYPMHS). […] Specialist CYPMHS are NHS mental health services that focus on the needs of children and young people. […] The type of treatment offered will depend on your child’s age and the cause of their anxiety. […] Anxiety medicines may be offered to your child if their anxiety is severe or does not get better with talking therapies. They’re usually only prescribed by doctors who specialise in children and young people’s mental health. […] Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders are more likely to have problems with anxiety.

• #2 Iris Telehealth | What Pediatricians Need to Know About Diagnosing and Treating Pediatric Anxiety

  https://iristelehealth.com/blog/what-pediatricians-need-to-know-about-diagnosing-and-treating-pediatric-anxiety/

  Many symptoms of anxiety disorders overlap with other conditions. It can be difficult to determine whether symptoms stem from real anxiety diagnoses or other diagnoses or reactions to acute events. […] The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 is generally the first step for evaluating anxiety and screens for cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in children ages 4-17. If you see a total score of 15+ points, you should conduct a formal assessment. […] An anxiety disorder diagnosis can be scary for families new to mental health discussions. Be patient as you’re determining a treatment plan, and be sure to determine treatment based on the severity of the child’s anxiety disorder. […] SSRIs are the gold standard of care for treating anxiety. Whenever you prescribe SSRIs, you should conduct an in-depth screening for family history of bipolar disorder or suicide, establish a plan for follow-up and emergency access to care, and educate the family about potential side effects and protocols for adequate trials. […] Treating anxiety disorders requires a holistic regimen and candid conversations with children and families throughout the process to provide the best possible care.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916933-overview

  According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders. Many patients with anxiety disorders experience physical symptoms related to anxiety and subsequently visit their primary care providers. Despite the high prevalence rates of these anxiety disorders, they often are underrecognized and undertreated clinical problems. […] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. These disorders include separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition.

• #2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-children-and-adolescents

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves excessive and uncontrollable worry about many things such as health, school performance, safety, the future, and family matters. Usually, the child’s worries are not about true-life circumstances or are out-of-proportion compared to actual difficulties. […] A child psychologist or other qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses anxiety disorders in children or adolescents following a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. Parents who note symptoms of severe anxiety in their child or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment as soon as possible. Early treatment may help prevent future problems. […] A diagnosis of GAD requires that the child’s excessive anxiety and worry cause significant distress or impairment in daily life. To receive a diagnosis, the child/adolescent must have shown excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not, for at least 6 months. The anxiety and worry are about a number of events or activities, and are associated with at least one of the physical symptoms listed above.

• #2 Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/separation-anxiety-disorder-in-children

  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a type of mental health problem. A child with SAD worries a lot about being apart from family members or other close people. A child must have symptoms of SAD for at least 4 weeks to be diagnosed with SAD. […] The symptoms of SAD may look like other health problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] If your child has no physical problems, a child psychiatrist or other mental health expert can diagnose SAD. They will do a mental health assessment of your child. For your child to be diagnosed with SAD, their worry or fear about being away from family members must last for at least 4 weeks. […] A mental health evaluation is needed to diagnose SAD.

• #2 Common Mental Health Diagnosis in Children | Children Mental Health Disorders | ACMH

  https://www.acmh-mi.org/get-information/childrens-mental-health-101/common-diagnosis/

  Panic Disorder: Panic disorder may be diagnosed if your child experiences at least two unexpected panic or anxiety attacks followed by at least one month of concern that they may have another one. […] Phobic Disorders: Can be diagnosed when a child has an unrealistic and overwhelming fear of a specific object or situation. […] Specific Phobias: A specific phobia is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object, such as a dog, or a situation, such as flying or being picked for a team. […] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): is the development of symptoms that occur following a traumatic or terrifying event or experience. […] Separation Anxiety Disorder: When a child suffers from separation anxiety they experience excessive anxiety when they are away from home or their parents. […] Social Anxiety Disorder: Social anxiety disorder, or social phobia, occurs when children and youth have an intense, overwhelming fear of social and performance situations and activities such as being called on in class or starting a conversation. […] Selective Mutism: that it interferes with interacting with others and making friends may suffer from selective mutism.

• #2 Anxiety in children and youth: Part 1 – Diagnosis | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/anxiety-in-children-and-youth-diagnosis

  A 2018 study found increasing anxiety across Canada, with professionally diagnosed anxiety disorders in youth 12 to 24 years old doubling from 6.0% in 2011 to 12.9% in 2018. […] Parental anxiety disorder is a specific risk factor for child anxiety. […] A key diagnostic criterion for anxiety disorders is that the symptoms experienced fall well beyond normal fears and inhibitions expected for a child or youths developmental age and stage, causing clinically significant distress or impairment in social or school life, and possibly in other important areas of functioning. […] Assessments for anxiety in children and adolescents must be comprehensive due to the broad range of possible clinical presentations, comorbidities, and differential diagnoses.

• #2 Anxiety disorders in children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/anxiety-disorders-in-children/

  If your childs anxiety problem has not got better, your doctor may talk to you about trying medication. […] Some children are simply born more nervous and anxious and less able to cope with stress than other children. […] Children with certain conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorders may experience anxiety as part of the symptoms of their condition.

• #2 Anxiety disorders | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/mental-and-behavioral-health/conditions/anxiety-disorders

  Occasional fear and worry are a normal part of any child’s life. […] Anxiety disorders occur when fear and worry happen very often, they are severe, and they affect a child’s ability to function in their daily life. If these problems are present for 6 months or longer, a child might be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. […] If anxiety disorders are not treated, they can cause children to be sad, distressed, and have trouble in school, at home, and with peers. […] How are anxiety disorders diagnosed? It is important to discuss your child’s health concerns with their pediatrician. Diagnosis can be made by your pediatrician or by a mental health provider (psychiatrist, psychologist, or therapist). You may be asked to complete questionnaires and answer questions about your child’s emotions and behavior to see if they have the symptoms of an anxiety disorder. […] Treatment will depend on the type of anxiety disorder present and your child’s age. […] You should consider asking for help if: Your child is often worried, scared, or sad […] You should first discuss your concerns with your child’s pediatrician to rule out any medical causes of the symptoms.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders | RAMP

  https://ramp.luriechildrens.org/en/conditions-and-treatments/diagnoses-and-conditions/anxiety-disorders/

  Despite the high prevalence and early onset, pediatric anxiety disorders remain under-recognized and under-treated. […] Most anxiety disorders have their onset in childhood or adolescence. […] Anxiety disorders commonly co-occur with other anxiety disorders and with ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder and with trauma and stress related disorders. […] Longitudinal studies indicate that among children or adolescents with an anxiety disorder at baseline, only 10-13% will have no mental health disorder at 10-year follow up. […] The anxiety disorders are highly treatable. […] Identified and treated early, many anxiety disorders can be treated by community therapists with pharmacologic management, generally an SSRI, in the pediatric clinic. […] Early screening can help identify children with symptoms and impairment consistent with an anxiety disorder.

• #2 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  SSRIs have been established to be safe and efficacious monotherapy for the treatment of pediatric anxiety. […] CBT and exposure-based therapies have been established as effective monotherapies for the treatment of pediatric anxiety. […] CBT plus SSRI medication is the most effective treatment of anxiety for youths ages seven to 17.

• #3 Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526964/

  Among children and adolescents, anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders that confer risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders and social and academic impairment. […] Comprehensive assessment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders benefits from a multimethod approach to evaluation and diagnosis, including semistructured interviews; child and informant questionnaires; collateral information from parents, teachers, pediatricians, and school psychologists; and behavioral observations. […] Among the available psychosocial interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and exposure-based therapies have emerged as the most well-established treatment approaches for addressing anxiety disorders among children and adolescents. […] Pharmacologically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been established to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of pediatric anxiety and are considered the medications of choice for this population.

• #3 Recommendation: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents

  The USPSTF recommends screening for anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years. […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger. […] This recommendation applies to children and adolescents 18 years or younger who do not have a diagnosed anxiety disorder and who are not showing recognized signs or symptoms of anxiety. […] Anxiety disorder is a common mental health condition in the US. According to the 2018-2019 National Survey of Childrens Health, 7.8% of children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years had a current anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased likelihood of a future anxiety disorder or depression.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00787-009-0023-x

  A screening instrument, such as the SCARED-71 can enhance this process. […] Results from this study point to the usefulness of screening procedure, as children with high total scores (high-anxious) had more and more severe anxiety disorders than children with total scores from 2 points below to 2 points above the median (median-anxious). […] In addition, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia, all diagnoses known to be prevalent and debilitating, were predicted by their corresponding subscales of the SCARED-71.

• #3 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed by a mental health clinician who can help determine whether the symptoms your child is experiencing is related to an anxiety disorder or another medical condition. […] The mental health clinician (such as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, child psychologist, psychiatric social worker, or psychiatric nurse practitioner) will make the diagnosis following a comprehensive assessment, which includes a diagnostic with you and your child. […] During the assessment, parents are asked to talk about their child’s anxiety symptoms and related behavior. […] You will also be asked to give an overview of your child’s family history, medical history, social history, and social interactions. […] Sometimes parent or child questionnaires are used to help clarify the diagnosis.

• #3 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders can cause people to try to avoid situations that trigger or worsen their symptoms. […] In general, for a person to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, the fear or anxiety must: Be out of proportion to the situation or be age-inappropriate, Hinder their ability to function normally. […] There are several types of anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism. […] The first step is to see your doctor to make sure there is no physical problem causing the symptoms. If an anxiety disorder is diagnosed, a mental health professional can work with you on finding the best treatment. […] Although each anxiety disorder has unique characteristics, most respond well to two types of treatment: psychotherapy or „talk therapy,” and medications. […] Selective mutism usually begins before age 5, but it may not be formally identified until the child enters school.

• #3 Common Mental Health Diagnosis in Children | Children Mental Health Disorders | ACMH

  https://www.acmh-mi.org/get-information/childrens-mental-health-101/common-diagnosis/

  Anxiety disorders is a term for a variety of mental health problems that may cause children to be fearful, distressed, excessively worried and uneasy. […] Children and youth with anxiety disorders may also feel irritable, restless, nervous and may even suffer from panic attacks where they may experience shortness of breath, a rapid heart rate, and sweaty hands. […] There are several specific types of anxiety disorders, including: […] Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Children with General Anxiety Disorder may worry a lot about everyday things such as family issues, how well they will do on tasks or activities, grades, friendships and they may have trouble controlling their anxiety. […] Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder in which children have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (often called obsessions) that make them feel like they have to perform little rituals (compulsions) in order to control their thoughts and feelings.

• #4 Common Mental Health Diagnosis in Children | Children Mental Health Disorders | ACMH

  https://www.acmh-mi.org/get-information/childrens-mental-health-101/common-diagnosis/

  Panic Disorder: Panic disorder may be diagnosed if your child experiences at least two unexpected panic or anxiety attacks followed by at least one month of concern that they may have another one. […] Phobic Disorders: Can be diagnosed when a child has an unrealistic and overwhelming fear of a specific object or situation. […] Specific Phobias: A specific phobia is an intense, irrational fear of a specific object, such as a dog, or a situation, such as flying or being picked for a team. […] Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): is the development of symptoms that occur following a traumatic or terrifying event or experience. […] Separation Anxiety Disorder: When a child suffers from separation anxiety they experience excessive anxiety when they are away from home or their parents. […] Social Anxiety Disorder: Social anxiety disorder, or social phobia, occurs when children and youth have an intense, overwhelming fear of social and performance situations and activities such as being called on in class or starting a conversation. […] Selective Mutism: that it interferes with interacting with others and making friends may suffer from selective mutism.

• #4

  https://www.aacap.org/aacap/Families_and_Youth/Resource_Centers/Anxiety_Disorder_Resource_Center/Home.aspx

  Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders. […] Not all children who have experienced anxiety will need treatment. However, treatment can help minimize anxiety. […] It is important to find a comfortable match between your child, your family, and the mental health professional. […] A child and adolescent psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of thinking, feeling and behavior that affect children, adolescents, and their families.

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