Wysoki poziom cholesterolu
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Podwyższone stężenia cholesterolu całkowitego (TC) oraz LDL-C są silnie skorelowane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zgonu z powodu chorób sercowo-naczyniowych (CVD), podczas gdy HDL-C wykazuje efekt ochronny. Meta-analizy wskazują, że każde obniżenie LDL-C o 1 mmol/l (39 mg/dl) w terapii statynami redukuje ryzyko zdarzeń miażdżycowych o około 22%. Szczególnie istotnym wskaźnikiem prognostycznym jest stosunek trójglicerydów do HDL-C (TG/HDL-C), gdzie wyższe wartości (np. 3,38 w IV kwartylu) wiążą się z niemal dwukrotnym wzrostem ryzyka zawału serca i złożonych punktów końcowych. Dodatkowo, parametry takie jak stosunek cholesterolu nie-HDL do HDL-C oraz indeks lipemii koronarowej (LCI) korelują z ryzykiem udarów niedokrwiennych mózgu, zwłaszcza u pacjentów dializowanych, wpływając na gorsze wyniki funkcjonalne po udarze.

Prognozy dla pacjentów z wysokim poziomem cholesterolu (Wysoki poziom cholesterolu)

Podwyższony poziom cholesterolu całkowitego (TC) oraz cholesterolu LDL (LDL-C) jest bezsprzecznie związany ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zgonu z powodu chorób sercowo-naczyniowych (CVD), podczas gdy poziom cholesterolu HDL (HDL-C) wykazuje odwrotną zależność z umieralnością z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych.12 Istnieją niezaprzeczalne dowody na to, że podwyższone stężenie cholesterolu w surowicy zwiększa ryzyko miażdżycowych chorób sercowo-naczyniowych (ASCVD), a związek między poziomem cholesterolu a ryzykiem ASCVD ma charakter dwukierunkowy – podwyższenie poziomu cholesterolu zwiększa ryzyko, natomiast jego obniżenie zmniejsza to ryzyko.3 Zależność ta jest obserwowana zarówno w krajach rozwijających się, jak i rozwiniętych.

Ryzyko powikłań sercowo-naczyniowych

Hyperlipidemia nieleczona może mieć bardzo poważne konsekwencje. Gdy wysoki poziom cholesterolu pozostaje bez leczenia, dochodzi do akumulacji blaszek miażdżycowych wewnątrz naczyń krwionośnych. Może to prowadzić do zawału serca lub udaru mózgu, ponieważ krew ma trudności z przepływem przez naczynia krwionośne, co powoduje niedotlenienie i niedobór składników odżywczych w mózgu i sercu.4 Meta-analiza badań prospektywnych wykazała istotny log-liniowy związek między stężeniem cholesterolu całkowitego w surowicy a śmiertelnością z powodu CVD (p<0,01).5

Wykazano, że wysokie stężenie TC i LDL-C wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zgonu z powodu CVD (odpowiednio HR 1,24, 95% CI 1,16-1,32 oraz HR 1,21, 95% CI 1,09-1,35), natomiast stężenie HDL-C jest odwrotnie skorelowane z ryzykiem zgonu z powodu CVD.6 Podwyższony poziom cholesterolu całkowitego w surowicy jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka choroby wieńcowej serca.7

Znaczenie wskaźników lipidowych w prognozowaniu ryzyka

Szczególnie ważnym wskaźnikiem prognostycznym jest stosunek trójglicerydów do HDL-C (TG/HDL-C). Wyższy wskaźnik TG/HDL-C (3,38, IV kwartyl) wiąże się z prawie dwukrotnym wzrostem ryzyka zawału serca niezakończonego zgonem oraz złożonego punktu końcowego (zgonu z jakiejkolwiek przyczyny i zawału serca niezakończonego zgonem).8 U pacjentów ze stabilną dławicą piersiową, wysokie poziomy TG i niskie poziomy HDL-C są związane z występowaniem chorób związanych z CAD, niezależnie od poziomu LDL-C i stosowanych terapii.9

Inne parametry lipidowe, takie jak stosunek cholesterolu nie-HDL do HDL-C oraz indeks lipemii koronarowej (LCI), również wykazują dodatnią korelację z występowaniem udarów niedokrwiennych mózgu (AIS), szczególnie u pacjentów poddawanych hemodializie.10 Podwyższone poziomy tych wskaźników lipidowych wiążą się z gorszymi wynikami funkcjonalnymi po udarze niedokrwiennym mózgu u pacjentów dializowanych.11

Leczenie i jego wpływ na prognozę

Najsilniejsze dowody na skuteczność terapii statynami pochodzą z meta-analizy badań RTC przeprowadzonych u pacjentów z ustaloną ASCVD. Każde zmniejszenie stężenia LDL-C o 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dl) podczas terapii statynami wiąże się z około 22% zmniejszeniem liczby zdarzeń ASCVD.12 Statyny są najczęściej klasyfikowane według procentowego zmniejszenia LDL-C.13

Niedawne badania RCT wykazały, że dodanie leków nie będących statynami do terapii statynami może zwiększyć redukcję ryzyka.14 Pacjenci z ciężką hipercholesterolemią są znani jako grupa o stosunkowo wysokim ryzyku rozwoju ASCVD.15 Wdrożenie zaleceń NHLBI-NCEP powinno prowadzić do zmniejszenia częstości występowania choroby wieńcowej serca wśród dorosłych, którzy obecnie mają graniczne wysokie lub wysokie poziomy cholesterolu.16

Głównym wyzwaniem związanym ze stosowaniem leków obniżających poziom cholesterolu jest problem długoterminowego nieprzestrzegania zaleceń terapeutycznych.17 Pomimo częstszego stosowania leków kardiologicznych i kontrolujących czynniki ryzyka, w tym statyn i leków przeciwcukrzycowych, oraz poprawy poziomu krążącego LDL-C, specyficzne zaburzenia lipidowe i glukozowe związane z wyższym wskaźnikiem TG/HDL-C mogą pozostać niezmienione lub ulec pogorszeniu.18

Szczególny przypadek – chorzy z niewydolnością serca

Interesujące jest, że w przypadku pacjentów z niewydolnością serca (HF) zaobserwowano odmienną zależność. Niskie poziomy cholesterolu LDL są powiązane ze zmniejszonym wskaźnikiem przeżycia u starszych pacjentów z klinicznie kontrolowaną umiarkowaną i ciężką skurczową i rozkurczową niewydolnością serca.19 Według badania Flammera i wsp., pacjenci z niewydolnością serca, którzy mają wewnętrznie niskie poziomy cholesterolu, mają podwójne ryzyko zgonu w ciągu 5 lat w porównaniu do pacjentów z farmakologicznie indukowanym niskim poziomem cholesterolu.20

Horwich i wsp. doszli do wniosku, że niski poziom cholesterolu całkowitego w surowicy jest niekorzystnym czynnikiem w niekorzystnym rokowaniu u pacjentów z niewydolnością serca.21 Wyniki 6-letniego badania podłużnego wykazały, że niskie początkowe poziomy cholesterolu LDL były istotnym predyktorem pogorszonego wyniku zarówno w niedokrwiennej, jak i nie-niedokrwiennej niewydolności serca u osób starszych.22

Relacja między poziomami LDL a wynikami HF wśród osób starszych, udokumentowana w obecnym badaniu, wydaje się być sprzeczna z ustaleniami u pacjentów z chorobą wieńcową i u pacjentów włączonych do innych badań HF.23 Chociaż związek między cholesterolem a miażdżycą jest niepodważalny, pytania, czy pacjenci z HF potrzebują leczenia obniżającego poziom lipidów i jakie powinny być optymalne poziomy LDL, pozostają bez odpowiedzi.24

Modele predykcyjne ryzyka

W celu lepszego przewidywania długoterminowego rokowania u pacjentów z ostrym zespołem wieńcowym (ACS) po przezskórnej interwencji wieńcowej (PCI) opracowano wielowymiarowe modele predykcyjne. Modele te integrują odpowiedź zapalną po wystąpieniu, wydolność fizyczną i tolerancję wysiłku przed wypisem oraz codzienną aktywność po wypisie.25 Wykazano, że wielowymiarowy model jest bardziej skuteczny niż model jednoczynnikowy w ocenie ryzyka u pacjentów z ACS.26

W badaniu zaobserwowano istotne zwiększenie masy ciała, glukozy na czczo (FPG), cholesterolu całkowitego, cholesterolu HDL, cholesterolu LDL, liczby białych krwinek (WBC), liczby granulocytów neutrofilowych, liczby monocytów, poziomów hemoglobiny (Hb), aminotransferazy asparaginianowej (AST) i aminotransferazy alaninowej (ALT) w kohorcie ostrego zawału mięśnia sercowego (AMI) w porównaniu do kohorty niestabilnej dławicy piersiowej (UA).27

Całkowity wynik oceny ryzyka prognostycznego dla ostrego zawału mięśnia sercowego (AMI) wynosi 5 punktów, przy czym 0 punktów oznacza niskie ryzyko, 2-3 punkty reprezentują ryzyko pośrednie, a 5 punktów wskazuje na wysokie ryzyko. Ogólny wynik oceny ryzyka prognostycznego dla UA wynosi 7 punktów, przy czym 0-3 punkty klasyfikowane są jako niskie ryzyko, 4-5 jako ryzyko pośrednie, a 6-7 jako wysokie ryzyko.28

Podsumowanie prognozy

Chociaż wysoki poziom cholesterolu naraża pacjentów na ryzyko zawałów serca i udarów mózgu, można się przed nimi chronić, prowadząc zdrowszy styl życia i przyjmując leki, jeśli jest to konieczne.29 Wiedza i wykorzystanie prognoz może zwiększyć wpływ tych zaleceń, zapewniając wczesne ostrzeżenie osobom, które mogą być narażone na wysokie ryzyko w przyszłości.30

Wytyczne z 2018 roku definiują bardzo wysokie ryzyko przyszłych zdarzeń ASCVD jako historię wielu zdarzeń ASCVD lub jedno główne zdarzenie plus wiele stanów wysokiego ryzyka.31 Połączony model uwzględniający wskaźnik TG/HDL-C i wynik CTA przewiduje rezydualne ryzyko CHD również niezależnie od procedur rewaskularyzacji i leczenia farmakologicznego.32

Wpływ na ogólnoustrojowy stan zapalny i wzorzec ryzyka miażdżycowego tętnic wieńcowych był jeszcze bardziej wyraźny u pacjentów ze wskaźnikiem TG/HDL-C już podwyższonym na początku badania, którzy byli prawdopodobnie narażeni na niekorzystny stan kardiometaboliczny przez dłuższe okresy.33

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9316578/
    Serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level is associated with increased CVD mortality, but HDL-C level is inversely associated with CVD mortality. […] We found a significant log-linear dose-response association between serum total cholesterol level and CVD death (p 0.01) and moderate heterogeneity across studies. […] The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that TC and LDL-C are associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.161.32/1.21, 95% CI 1.091.35, respectively), and HDL-C is inversely associated with a risk of CVD mortality. […] In our meta-analysis, high serum levels of TC and LDL-C increased the CVD mortality above the reference level, and low HDL-C was associated with an increased CVD mortality.
  • #2 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The LDL-C hypothesis holds that high blood LDL-C levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and lowering LDL-C levels will reduce the risk for ASCVD. […] Following these general principles will help clinicians make informed decisions in deciding on their approach to lowering LDL-C levels and will facilitate discussions with patients on the benefits and risks of treatment. […] There is now indisputable evidence that elevated serum cholesterol levels increase the risk of ASCVD. […] The relationship between cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk is bidirectional; raising cholesterol levels increases risk, whereas reducing levels decreases risk. […] A relationship between cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk is observed in both developing and developed countries.
  • #3 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The LDL-C hypothesis holds that high blood LDL-C levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and lowering LDL-C levels will reduce the risk for ASCVD. […] Following these general principles will help clinicians make informed decisions in deciding on their approach to lowering LDL-C levels and will facilitate discussions with patients on the benefits and risks of treatment. […] There is now indisputable evidence that elevated serum cholesterol levels increase the risk of ASCVD. […] The relationship between cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk is bidirectional; raising cholesterol levels increases risk, whereas reducing levels decreases risk. […] A relationship between cholesterol levels and ASCVD risk is observed in both developing and developed countries.
  • #4 Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol): Levels, Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21656-hyperlipidemia
    Hyperlipidemia can be very serious if its not managed. As long as high cholesterol is untreated, youre letting plaque accumulate inside of your blood vessels. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke because your blood has a hard time getting through your blood vessels. This deprives your brain and heart of the nutrients and oxygen they need to function. […] Although high cholesterol puts you at risk for heart attacks and stroke, you can protect yourself by living a healthier lifestyle and taking medicine if needed.
  • #5 Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9316578/
    Serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level is associated with increased CVD mortality, but HDL-C level is inversely associated with CVD mortality. […] We found a significant log-linear dose-response association between serum total cholesterol level and CVD death (p 0.01) and moderate heterogeneity across studies. […] The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that TC and LDL-C are associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.161.32/1.21, 95% CI 1.091.35, respectively), and HDL-C is inversely associated with a risk of CVD mortality. […] In our meta-analysis, high serum levels of TC and LDL-C increased the CVD mortality above the reference level, and low HDL-C was associated with an increased CVD mortality.
  • #6 Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9316578/
    Serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level is associated with increased CVD mortality, but HDL-C level is inversely associated with CVD mortality. […] We found a significant log-linear dose-response association between serum total cholesterol level and CVD death (p 0.01) and moderate heterogeneity across studies. […] The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that TC and LDL-C are associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.161.32/1.21, 95% CI 1.091.35, respectively), and HDL-C is inversely associated with a risk of CVD mortality. […] In our meta-analysis, high serum levels of TC and LDL-C increased the CVD mortality above the reference level, and low HDL-C was associated with an increased CVD mortality.
  • #7
    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001399.htm
    Elevated total serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] Implementation of the recent NHLBI-NCEP recommendations should lead to a reduction in coronary heart disease among adults who currently have borderline high or high cholesterol levels. […] Knowledge and use of the projections could enhance the impact of these recommendations by providing an early warning to persons who could be at high risk in the future.
  • #8 Triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol predict coronary heart disease risk in patients with stable angina | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00020-3
    A higher TG/HDL-C ratio (3.38, IV quartile) was associated with an almost twofold increase in the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and of the composite outcome end-point (all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction). […] The combined model including TG/HDL-C ratio and the CTA score predicted residual CHD risk also independently of revascularization procedures and medical treatments. […] Despite a more frequent use of cardioactive and risk controlling medications, including statins and anti-diabetics, and the improvement of circulating LDL-C levels, the specific lipid and glucose disorder associated with higher TG/HDL-C ratio either remained unaltered or worsened. […] The effects on systemic inflammation and coronary atherosclerotic risk pattern were even more pronounced in patients with a TG/HDL-C ratio already elevated at baseline who were possibly exposed to an adverse cardio-metabolic condition for longer periods.
  • #9 Triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol predict coronary heart disease risk in patients with stable angina | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00020-3
    We assessed whether high triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, expressed by an increased TG/HDL-C ratio, predict coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) outcomes in patients with stable angina. […] In patients with stable angina, high TG and low HDL-C levels are associated with CAD related outcomes independently of LDL-C and treatments. […] The TG/HDL-C ratio describes a specific lipid and glucose metabolic profile which was able to predict CHD events and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable angina and without known disease enrolled in a prospective, multicenter international study. […] Both a higher TG/HDL-C ratio and the coronary CTA score were additional predictors of worse outcome, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of obstructive CAD or ischemia.
  • #10 The predictive value of multiple lipid-derived indices | CIA
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-predictive-value-of-atherogenic-index-of-plasma-non–high-density–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA
    The four lipid-derived parameters are effective predictors of AIS in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and AIP has a strongest correlation with the risk of AIS. […] Hemodialysis patients with elevated levels of the four lipid-derived indices had a higher incidence of AIS and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with lower levels. […] The study revealed that older hemodialysis patients with an extensive history of diabetes, AIS, CAD, smoking, and greater dialysis ultrafiltration volume were more prone to AIS. […] This study indicated that dyslipidemia is risk factors for AIS in hemodialysis patients. […] This study found a positive association between the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio and AIS occurrence. […] Our study found a positive association between LCI and the risk of AIS in hemodialysis patients.
  • #11 The predictive value of multiple lipid-derived indices | CIA
    https://www.dovepress.com/the-predictive-value-of-atherogenic-index-of-plasma-non–high-density–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CIA
    Results indicated a significantly higher proportion of patients with a good outcome (mRS 02) in the Q1 group compared to the Q2-Q3 group for all lipid-derived parameters. […] This suggests that higher levels of the four lipid-derived indices are associated with worse functional outcomes of AIS in hemodialysis patients.
  • #12 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #13 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #14 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #15 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #16
    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001399.htm
    Elevated total serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] Implementation of the recent NHLBI-NCEP recommendations should lead to a reduction in coronary heart disease among adults who currently have borderline high or high cholesterol levels. […] Knowledge and use of the projections could enhance the impact of these recommendations by providing an early warning to persons who could be at high risk in the future.
  • #17 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #18 Triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol predict coronary heart disease risk in patients with stable angina | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00020-3
    A higher TG/HDL-C ratio (3.38, IV quartile) was associated with an almost twofold increase in the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and of the composite outcome end-point (all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction). […] The combined model including TG/HDL-C ratio and the CTA score predicted residual CHD risk also independently of revascularization procedures and medical treatments. […] Despite a more frequent use of cardioactive and risk controlling medications, including statins and anti-diabetics, and the improvement of circulating LDL-C levels, the specific lipid and glucose disorder associated with higher TG/HDL-C ratio either remained unaltered or worsened. […] The effects on systemic inflammation and coronary atherosclerotic risk pattern were even more pronounced in patients with a TG/HDL-C ratio already elevated at baseline who were possibly exposed to an adverse cardio-metabolic condition for longer periods.
  • #19 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    Low LDL cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced rate of survival in elderly patients with clinically controlled moderate and severe systolic and diastolic HF. […] Sufficient data have been now provided to show that low cholesterol levels have a negative influence on the outcome in HF patients. […] According to Flammer et al., patients with HF who have intrinsically low cholesterol levels have a double risk of death up to 5 years compared to patients with pharmacologically induced low cholesterol. […] Horwich et al., concluded that low serum total cholesterol is a detrimental factor in the unfavorable prognosis of HF patients. […] Our 6-year longitudinal study results showed that low initial LDL cholesterol levels were a significant predictor of aggravated outcome in both ischemic and non-ischemic HF in the elderly.
  • #20 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    Low LDL cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced rate of survival in elderly patients with clinically controlled moderate and severe systolic and diastolic HF. […] Sufficient data have been now provided to show that low cholesterol levels have a negative influence on the outcome in HF patients. […] According to Flammer et al., patients with HF who have intrinsically low cholesterol levels have a double risk of death up to 5 years compared to patients with pharmacologically induced low cholesterol. […] Horwich et al., concluded that low serum total cholesterol is a detrimental factor in the unfavorable prognosis of HF patients. […] Our 6-year longitudinal study results showed that low initial LDL cholesterol levels were a significant predictor of aggravated outcome in both ischemic and non-ischemic HF in the elderly.
  • #21 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    Low LDL cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced rate of survival in elderly patients with clinically controlled moderate and severe systolic and diastolic HF. […] Sufficient data have been now provided to show that low cholesterol levels have a negative influence on the outcome in HF patients. […] According to Flammer et al., patients with HF who have intrinsically low cholesterol levels have a double risk of death up to 5 years compared to patients with pharmacologically induced low cholesterol. […] Horwich et al., concluded that low serum total cholesterol is a detrimental factor in the unfavorable prognosis of HF patients. […] Our 6-year longitudinal study results showed that low initial LDL cholesterol levels were a significant predictor of aggravated outcome in both ischemic and non-ischemic HF in the elderly.
  • #22 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    Low LDL cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced rate of survival in elderly patients with clinically controlled moderate and severe systolic and diastolic HF. […] Sufficient data have been now provided to show that low cholesterol levels have a negative influence on the outcome in HF patients. […] According to Flammer et al., patients with HF who have intrinsically low cholesterol levels have a double risk of death up to 5 years compared to patients with pharmacologically induced low cholesterol. […] Horwich et al., concluded that low serum total cholesterol is a detrimental factor in the unfavorable prognosis of HF patients. […] Our 6-year longitudinal study results showed that low initial LDL cholesterol levels were a significant predictor of aggravated outcome in both ischemic and non-ischemic HF in the elderly.
  • #23 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    The relationship between LDL levels and HF outcomes among the elderly, which was documented in the current study, seems to be contradictory to the findings in patients with coronary artery disease and in patients enrolled in other HF studies. […] While the relation between cholesterol and atherosclerosis is indisputable, the questions of whether patients with HF need lipid-lowering treatment and what should be the optimal LDL levels remain unanswered. […] Statins were independently and significantly associated with a higher mortality risk.
  • #24 LDL-cholesterol and outcome prediction in patients with congestive heart failure – MedCrave online
    https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/ldl-cholesterol-and-outcome-prediction-in-patients-with-congestive-heart-failure.html
    The relationship between LDL levels and HF outcomes among the elderly, which was documented in the current study, seems to be contradictory to the findings in patients with coronary artery disease and in patients enrolled in other HF studies. […] While the relation between cholesterol and atherosclerosis is indisputable, the questions of whether patients with HF need lipid-lowering treatment and what should be the optimal LDL levels remain unanswered. […] Statins were independently and significantly associated with a higher mortality risk.
  • #25 Development of a multidimensional prediction model for long-term prognostic risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective observational cohort study | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318445
    This study developed a multimodal predictive model that integrates the inflammatory response after onset, physical performance and exercise tolerance before discharge, and daily activity after discharge to predict the long-term prognosis of patients with ACS. […] The multidimensional model is more effective than the single-factor model for assessing risk in ACS patients. […] This study found that the inflammatory response after onset, physical performance and exercise tolerance before discharge, and daily activity after discharge were the independent risk factors for predicting the long-term prognosis of patients with ACS. The multidimensional prognostic model to risk-stratify for the patients with ACS, was better than the single factor model.
  • #26 Development of a multidimensional prediction model for long-term prognostic risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective observational cohort study | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318445
    This study developed a multimodal predictive model that integrates the inflammatory response after onset, physical performance and exercise tolerance before discharge, and daily activity after discharge to predict the long-term prognosis of patients with ACS. […] The multidimensional model is more effective than the single-factor model for assessing risk in ACS patients. […] This study found that the inflammatory response after onset, physical performance and exercise tolerance before discharge, and daily activity after discharge were the independent risk factors for predicting the long-term prognosis of patients with ACS. The multidimensional prognostic model to risk-stratify for the patients with ACS, was better than the single factor model.
  • #27 Development of a multidimensional prediction model for long-term prognostic risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective observational cohort study | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318445
    The aim of this study is to examine the critical variables that impact the long-term prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to create a multidimensional predictive risk assessment model that can serve as a theoretical basis for accurate cardiac rehabilitation. […] We observed substantial increases in weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil granulocyte count, monocyte count, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cohort relative to the unstable angina (UA) cohort. […] The whole prognostic risk assessment score for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is 5 points, with 0 points signifying low risk, 23 points representing intermediate risk, and 5 points indicating high risk. The overall prognostic risk assessment score for UA is 7 points, with 03 classified as low risk, 45 as intermediate risk, and 67 as high risk.
  • #28 Development of a multidimensional prediction model for long-term prognostic risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective observational cohort study | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318445
    The aim of this study is to examine the critical variables that impact the long-term prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to create a multidimensional predictive risk assessment model that can serve as a theoretical basis for accurate cardiac rehabilitation. […] We observed substantial increases in weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil granulocyte count, monocyte count, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cohort relative to the unstable angina (UA) cohort. […] The whole prognostic risk assessment score for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is 5 points, with 0 points signifying low risk, 23 points representing intermediate risk, and 5 points indicating high risk. The overall prognostic risk assessment score for UA is 7 points, with 03 classified as low risk, 45 as intermediate risk, and 67 as high risk.
  • #29 Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol): Levels, Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21656-hyperlipidemia
    Hyperlipidemia can be very serious if its not managed. As long as high cholesterol is untreated, youre letting plaque accumulate inside of your blood vessels. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke because your blood has a hard time getting through your blood vessels. This deprives your brain and heart of the nutrients and oxygen they need to function. […] Although high cholesterol puts you at risk for heart attacks and stroke, you can protect yourself by living a healthier lifestyle and taking medicine if needed.
  • #30
    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001399.htm
    Elevated total serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. […] Implementation of the recent NHLBI-NCEP recommendations should lead to a reduction in coronary heart disease among adults who currently have borderline high or high cholesterol levels. […] Knowledge and use of the projections could enhance the impact of these recommendations by providing an early warning to persons who could be at high risk in the future.
  • #31 Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Cholesterol – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305897/
    The strongest evidence for efficacy of statin therapy is a meta-analysis of RTCs carried out in patients with established ASCVD. […] For every mmol/L (39 mg/dL) reduction in LDL-C with statin therapy there is an approximate 22% reduction in ASCVD events. […] Statins are best classified according to percentage reductions in LDL-C. […] The 2018 guidelines defined very high risk of future ASCVD events as a history of multiple ASCVD events or one major event plus multiple high-risk conditions. […] Recent RCTs have demonstrated that the addition of non-statins to statin therapy can enhance risk reduction. […] In patients with severe hypercholesterolemia are known to be at relatively high risk for developing ASCVD. […] A major challenge for use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is the problem of long-term non-adherence.
  • #32 Triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol predict coronary heart disease risk in patients with stable angina | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00020-3
    A higher TG/HDL-C ratio (3.38, IV quartile) was associated with an almost twofold increase in the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and of the composite outcome end-point (all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction). […] The combined model including TG/HDL-C ratio and the CTA score predicted residual CHD risk also independently of revascularization procedures and medical treatments. […] Despite a more frequent use of cardioactive and risk controlling medications, including statins and anti-diabetics, and the improvement of circulating LDL-C levels, the specific lipid and glucose disorder associated with higher TG/HDL-C ratio either remained unaltered or worsened. […] The effects on systemic inflammation and coronary atherosclerotic risk pattern were even more pronounced in patients with a TG/HDL-C ratio already elevated at baseline who were possibly exposed to an adverse cardio-metabolic condition for longer periods.
  • #33 Triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol predict coronary heart disease risk in patients with stable angina | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00020-3
    A higher TG/HDL-C ratio (3.38, IV quartile) was associated with an almost twofold increase in the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and of the composite outcome end-point (all-cause death and non-fatal myocardial infarction). […] The combined model including TG/HDL-C ratio and the CTA score predicted residual CHD risk also independently of revascularization procedures and medical treatments. […] Despite a more frequent use of cardioactive and risk controlling medications, including statins and anti-diabetics, and the improvement of circulating LDL-C levels, the specific lipid and glucose disorder associated with higher TG/HDL-C ratio either remained unaltered or worsened. […] The effects on systemic inflammation and coronary atherosclerotic risk pattern were even more pronounced in patients with a TG/HDL-C ratio already elevated at baseline who were possibly exposed to an adverse cardio-metabolic condition for longer periods.