Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en

  RE is a infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of MPP, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in MEI with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in MEI cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #2 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #3 Retrograde Ejaculation – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/retrograde-ejaculation-a-to-z

  Retrograde ejaculation is responsible for about 1% of all cases of male infertility in the United States. […] Retrograde ejaculation does not interfere with a man’s ability to have an erection or to achieve orgasm, but it can cause infertility because the sperm cannot reach the woman’s uterus. […] In men who do not respond to medication, fathering a child may still be possible with the help of assisted fertilization procedures.

• #4 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en

  RE is a infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of MPP, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in MEI with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in MEI cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #5 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #6 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorIoCjvT0RJKCaFOAKCMx6l_tQwcg2DgKEyBlRSjugFL0ivnIYz

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) consists of the reflux backwards, towards the bladder, of the ejaculate, during the emission phase of ejaculation, causing a total or partial absence of sperm emission, with the consequent diversion of semen into the bladder during the emission phase of ejaculation. […] The diagnosis of RE is based on the detection of spermatozoa in post-ejaculatory urine (PEU) in patients with aspermia or oligozoospermia and low or normal seminal volume. Although the presence of sperm in PEU could be sufficient for a diagnosis of RE, there is a lack of consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria for PEU, and the literature available is very limited. […] A significant number of patients with RE may remain undiagnosed. Therefore, it is essential to conduct an RE study in patients with suspicion, through the analysis of PEU, and to properly interpret the results for accurate diagnosis.

• #7 Retrograde Ejaculation: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/retrograde-ejaculation-7106094

  Retrograde ejaculation is when semen moves into the bladder instead of being pushed out of the penis during an orgasm. […] The actual prevalence of retrograde ejaculation is unknown as it is often left unreported. With that said, around 4% of males with infertility are found to have retrograde ejaculation. […] Retrograde ejaculation usually doesn’t require treatment unless it causes infertility. In such cases, the treatment can vary based on the underlying cause. Some „fixes” may be easier than others. […] Causes include prostate or bladder surgery, medication side effects, spinal cord injury, and nerve-related complications of diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease.

• #8 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #9 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #10 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #11 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14–18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.3–2% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #12 Ejaculation Disorders – Types, Causes & Treatment | CCRM Fertility

  https://www.ccrmivf.com/ejaculation-disorders/

  During ejaculation, there are muscles near the neck of the bladder that prevent the ejaculate from entering the bladder. In some instances, the muscles do not contract properly, which causes some or all of the ejaculate to be discharged into the bladder instead of the penis. This condition is known as retrograde ejaculation. While retrograde ejaculation isnt harmful, it can impact fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation can be caused by nerve damage from a medical condition, such as diabetes, surgery, as well as certain medications. […] It isnt necessary to treat retrograde ejaculation unless it is causing infertility and the goal is to achieve pregnancy. Retrograde ejaculation occurs in less than 2% of cases of infertility. Discontinuing use of medications that is causing the retrograde ejaculation is one form of treatment. There are also certain medications that can help the bladder neck muscle remain closed during ejaculation. […] For couples struggling with infertility due to retrograde ejaculation, fertility treatments, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be very effective in helping to achieve pregnancy.

• #13 What Is Retrograde Ejaculation? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-is-retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a relatively rare sexual dysfunction condition, and its prevalence varies based on the risk factors and underlying causes associated with it. In fertility clinics, retrograde ejaculation is estimated to contribute to less than 2% of infertility cases. […] Retrograde ejaculation occurs when sperm enters the bladder instead of being expelled from the penis during ejaculation. Although it does not pose a health risk, it can significantly affect fertility. Common symptoms of the condition include the absence of ejaculate and cloudy urine after sex. […] Management of retrograde ejaculation needs to be highly individualised, taking into consideration the partner’s fertility and investigating the best procedure accordingly.

• #14 Retrograde ejaculation // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] You’re at increased risk of retrograde ejaculation if: […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: […] Retrograde ejaculation typically doesn’t require treatment unless it interferes with fertility. […] If you have retrograde ejaculation, you’ll likely need treatment to get your female partner pregnant. […] Many men with retrograde ejaculation are able to get their partners pregnant once they seek treatment.

• #15 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #16 Low Risk of Retrograde Ejaculation – BPH Treatment – Summit IR

  https://summit-irad.com/ir-for-men/retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation can be a significant side effect. […] One of the most common and inevitable outcomes of most of these procedures is permanent dry ejaculation, also known as retrograde ejaculation. […] Unfortunately, most of the official publications regarding prostate surgeries do not highlight retrograde ejaculation as a significant side effect because it is not harmful to the patient. […] First, retrograde ejaculation is a serious issue for men who still want to preserve fertility. […] In these instances, selecting a treatment for enlarged prostate symptoms that does not cause retrograde ejaculation is important. […] In summary, many men are unaware or feel misled about this side effect of most prostate surgeries.

• #17 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #18 Retrograde ejaculation: Treatment and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320332

  Normal ejaculation forces semensometimes called ejaculatethrough the mans urethra and out of the penis. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a symptom, not a diagnosis. […] Retrograde ejaculation is responsible for just 0.32 percent of infertility cases. […] About 10 to 15 percent of people who undergo this surgery can expect to experience retrograde ejaculation because surgery may damage the muscles and nerves of the bladder. […] A 2017 study detailed a case in which retrograde ejaculation was the first and only symptom of type 1 diabetes. […] Retrograde ejaculation is not entirely preventable. […] Retrograde ejaculation is not always reversible. However, the infertility it can cause is treatable.

• #19 Ejaculation problems

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ejaculation-problems/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a rarer type of ejaculation problem. It happens when semen travels backwards into the bladder instead of through the urethra (the tube that urine passes through). […] Men with retrograde ejaculation still experience the feeling of an orgasm and the condition does not pose a danger to health. However, it can affect the ability to father a child. […] Causes of retrograde ejaculation include prostate gland surgery, bladder surgery, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and a class of medicines known as alpha blockers, which are often used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Most men do not need treatment for retrograde ejaculation because they are still able to enjoy a healthy sex life and the condition does not have adverse effects on their health. […] For example, pseudoephedrine (commonly used as a decongestant) has proved effective in treating retrograde ejaculation caused by diabetes or surgery. […] Men who want to have children can have sperm taken from their urine or testicles for use in intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilisation (IVF).

• #20 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #21 Retrograde ejaculation | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. Treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] You’re at increased risk of retrograde ejaculation if: You have diabetes or multiple sclerosis, You’ve had prostate or bladder surgery, You take certain drugs for high blood pressure or a mood disorder, You had a spinal cord injury. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: Inability to get a woman pregnant (male infertility). […] If you take medications or have health problems that put you at risk of retrograde ejaculation, ask your doctor what you can do to lower your risk. […] Retrograde ejaculation typically doesn’t require treatment unless it interferes with fertility. In such cases, treatment depends on the underlying cause.

• #22 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #23 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  Sexual adverse effects related to antipsychotic medications are not uncommon in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrograde ejaculation (RE) is quite often underreported by patients, which could have an influence on treatment adherence, fertility, and quality of life. Hence, effective identification and appropriate management of RE is essential. […] The RE associated with antipsychotics is an important, underrecognized adverse effect that may have bearing on treatment adherence. Our report highlights the features of RE associated with SGAs such as onset, dose-dependent nature, and management. None of these 4 patients had any prior history of RE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe RE associated with olanzapine. […] Although the exact onset of RE with the SGAs in our report is not known with the exception of case 4, it is evident from all 4 cases that RE occurred within 2 weeks after initiation of SGAs. Similarly, other case reports have also reported the onset of RE with SGAs to be around 2 weeks.

• #24 Retrograde Ejaculation | San Diego,CA

  https://www.sdsm.info/male-issues/retrograde-ejaculation

  TURP procedures for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia cause RE in up to 75% of patients; transurethral incision of the prostate has lower rates but still must be considered as a potential etiology. […] Similar to AE, both neuropathies and surgical disruption of sympathetic ganglia and hypogastric plexus and nerves can reduce neural tone to the bladder neck, leading to incompetence and RE. […] When no offending medication, anatomic abnormality, or neurological cause can be found as the cause of RE, it is considered idiopathic, possibly psychogenic, in nature and accounts for a large percentage of all cases. […] Treatment of RE can be aimed either at simply restoring antegrade ejaculation or allowing for fertility and reproduction. […] If medical management fails to return antegrade ejaculation, then attempts can be made to harvest sperm from urine for later use with ART.

• #25 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Because they keep the internal urethral sphincter intact, the newer minimally invasive techniques for BPH management have lower rates of RE. […] Bladder neck disorders encompass both congenital broad bladder necks and surgically induced injuries to the bladder neck, which can result in insufficient closure and retrograde ejaculation. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] Despite its relatively low prevalence among infertile male cases, RE represents a unique challenge due to its varied etiologies and the intricacies of its diagnosis and management.

• #26 Retrograde Ejaculation: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21870-retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is somewhat common. For instance, it happens after most cases of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) surgeries. TURP is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, also called an enlarged prostate. […] The rate of retrograde ejaculation after TURP is estimated to be as high as 70% to 90%. If the bladder neck is preserved during TURP, there may be less risk of retrograde ejaculation. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a somewhat common occurrence due to many causes, including medication use, surgery and medical conditions. While healthcare providers dont see it as being painful or harmful, it can be a problem for people who want to conceive.

• #27 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #28 Retrograde Ejaculation: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | hims

  https://www.forhims.co.uk/blog/retrograde-ejaculation-causes-treatments

  Retrograde ejaculation is a medical condition characterized by the backflow of semen into the bladder after ejaculating — instead of coming out the tip of the penis. It’s usually not harmful but could impact fertility if you’re trying to have children or are planning to in the future. […] It’s not exactly clear how common retrograde ejaculation is. But in studies looking at its frequency among males visiting fertility clinics, the condition affects up to two percent of men in this demographic. […] Although it’s not entirely clear how common retrograde ejaculation is, some groups may be at a higher risk than others. These people include males with diabetes and males who’ve had bladder or prostate surgery. […] In recent years, the number of retrograde ejaculation cases caused by diabetes seems to be increasing. […] Men who undergo prostate surgery or have surgery in their pelvic area are at a very high risk of developing ejaculatory complications. […] As many as 70 to 90 percent of men who get TURP surgery develop retrograde ejaculation.

• #29 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #30 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #31 Retrograde Ejaculation: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21870-retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is somewhat common. For instance, it happens after most cases of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) surgeries. TURP is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, also called an enlarged prostate. […] The rate of retrograde ejaculation after TURP is estimated to be as high as 70% to 90%. If the bladder neck is preserved during TURP, there may be less risk of retrograde ejaculation. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a somewhat common occurrence due to many causes, including medication use, surgery and medical conditions. While healthcare providers dont see it as being painful or harmful, it can be a problem for people who want to conceive.

• #32 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Because they keep the internal urethral sphincter intact, the newer minimally invasive techniques for BPH management have lower rates of RE. […] Bladder neck disorders encompass both congenital broad bladder necks and surgically induced injuries to the bladder neck, which can result in insufficient closure and retrograde ejaculation. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] Despite its relatively low prevalence among infertile male cases, RE represents a unique challenge due to its varied etiologies and the intricacies of its diagnosis and management.

• #33 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #34 Retrograde Ejaculation | San Diego,CA

  https://www.sdsm.info/male-issues/retrograde-ejaculation

  TURP procedures for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia cause RE in up to 75% of patients; transurethral incision of the prostate has lower rates but still must be considered as a potential etiology. […] Similar to AE, both neuropathies and surgical disruption of sympathetic ganglia and hypogastric plexus and nerves can reduce neural tone to the bladder neck, leading to incompetence and RE. […] When no offending medication, anatomic abnormality, or neurological cause can be found as the cause of RE, it is considered idiopathic, possibly psychogenic, in nature and accounts for a large percentage of all cases. […] Treatment of RE can be aimed either at simply restoring antegrade ejaculation or allowing for fertility and reproduction. […] If medical management fails to return antegrade ejaculation, then attempts can be made to harvest sperm from urine for later use with ART.

• #35 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Because they keep the internal urethral sphincter intact, the newer minimally invasive techniques for BPH management have lower rates of RE. […] Bladder neck disorders encompass both congenital broad bladder necks and surgically induced injuries to the bladder neck, which can result in insufficient closure and retrograde ejaculation. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] Despite its relatively low prevalence among infertile male cases, RE represents a unique challenge due to its varied etiologies and the intricacies of its diagnosis and management.

• #36 Ejaculatory Dysfunction: Retrograde Ejaculation | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction-retrograde-ejaculation/

  A recent review by Marra et al. noted that the overall rate of retrograde ejaculation was 66.1%. […] Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection disrupts the pre-aortic postganglionic sympathetic fibers, which can interfere with ejaculation (but not erection). […] A more recent series by Beck et al. showed preservation of normal ejaculation in 97% of patients undergoing primary RPLND. […] A study of 33 patients with diabetes mellitus and retrograde ejaculation found that imipramine, pseudoephedrine, and a combination of both were able to produce antegrade ejaculation in 38.5, 47.8, and 61.5% of cases, respectively.

• #37 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #38 Retrograde Ejaculation – What Is It, and Why Does It Occur After BPH Treatment?

  https://www.dcurology.net/2024/10/10/retrograde-ejaculation-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-occur-after-bph-treatment/

  Retrograde ejaculation is the process by which semen does not exit the body via the penis but instead gets pushed back into the bladder during ejaculation. […] One of the considerations of any heat-based BPH procedure, however, is retrograde ejaculation. This is a virtual certainty after a bipolar TURP but occurs far less often in a minimally invasive Rezum procedure, where between 1 and 4% of patients will be affected. […] Younger patients who are looking to have children will most certainly have fertility issues because of retrograde ejaculation. Knowing this, patient selection for a specific BPH procedure becomes very important. […] For the less frequent cases of BPH in younger patients, a discussion should be had with Dr. Engel to understand the pros and cons of each BPH treatment and see what makes the most sense for their circumstances.

• #39 Retrograde ejaculation: what causes „dry orgasm”: what causes it and how it affects fertility – Give Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the bladder neck is unable to close during orgasm, allowing semen to travel back into the bladder. […] Causes for retrograde ejaculation include surgeries performed on the bladder or prostate, certain medications, and nerve damage. […] Though painless and generally harmless, retrograde ejaculation can negatively affect fertility. […] Research has shown that retrograde ejaculation can interfere with fertility problems, as it causes low semen volume and a low or absent sperm count with subsequent subfertility. […] In one study of 207 patients with infertility issues, 84 had retrograde ejaculation. These patients also had lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone than those without retrograde ejaculation. […] The bottom line: Retrograde ejaculation is not harmful, but it can negatively affect fertility.

• #40 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #41 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #42 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #43 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #44 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #45 EAU Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/sexual-and-reproductive-health/chapter/epidemiology-and-prevalence-of-sexual-dysfunction-and-disorders-of-male-reproductive-health

  Retrograde ejaculation was reported in studies of patients who had undergone transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy due to disrupted bladder neck integrity. A study of the effect of prostatectomy on QoL in 5,276 men after TURP, found that 68% reported post-surgical RE […] Although RE is generally reported in 0.3-2% of patients attending fertility clinics, diabetes may increase these rates by leading to autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy results in ED and ejaculatory dysfunctions ranging from DE to RE and anejaculation, depending on the degree of sympathetic autonomic neuropathy involved. In 54 diabetic patients with sexual dysfunction, RE was observed with a 6% incidence. In a controlled trial, RE was observed in 34.6% of diabetic men. A trial reported the rate of RE among 57 type-1-diabetes mellitus patients (aged 18-50 years) was at least 8.8%. However, with the development of less invasive techniques, the incidence of RE decreases following the surgical treatment of LUTS.

• #46 Retrograde Ejaculation: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | hims

  https://www.forhims.co.uk/blog/retrograde-ejaculation-causes-treatments

  Retrograde ejaculation is a medical condition characterized by the backflow of semen into the bladder after ejaculating — instead of coming out the tip of the penis. It’s usually not harmful but could impact fertility if you’re trying to have children or are planning to in the future. […] It’s not exactly clear how common retrograde ejaculation is. But in studies looking at its frequency among males visiting fertility clinics, the condition affects up to two percent of men in this demographic. […] Although it’s not entirely clear how common retrograde ejaculation is, some groups may be at a higher risk than others. These people include males with diabetes and males who’ve had bladder or prostate surgery. […] In recent years, the number of retrograde ejaculation cases caused by diabetes seems to be increasing. […] Men who undergo prostate surgery or have surgery in their pelvic area are at a very high risk of developing ejaculatory complications. […] As many as 70 to 90 percent of men who get TURP surgery develop retrograde ejaculation.

• #47 Retrograde ejaculation: Treatment and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320332

  Normal ejaculation forces semensometimes called ejaculatethrough the mans urethra and out of the penis. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a symptom, not a diagnosis. […] Retrograde ejaculation is responsible for just 0.32 percent of infertility cases. […] About 10 to 15 percent of people who undergo this surgery can expect to experience retrograde ejaculation because surgery may damage the muscles and nerves of the bladder. […] A 2017 study detailed a case in which retrograde ejaculation was the first and only symptom of type 1 diabetes. […] Retrograde ejaculation is not entirely preventable. […] Retrograde ejaculation is not always reversible. However, the infertility it can cause is treatable.

• #48 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] The existing literature primarily consists of small case series and randomized trials, highlighting the need for additional research, particularly randomized placebo-controlled studies. […] Treatment options for RE are diverse, ranging from pharmacological interventions, such as sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents, to surgical approaches and ARTs.

• #49 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Because they keep the internal urethral sphincter intact, the newer minimally invasive techniques for BPH management have lower rates of RE. […] Bladder neck disorders encompass both congenital broad bladder necks and surgically induced injuries to the bladder neck, which can result in insufficient closure and retrograde ejaculation. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] Despite its relatively low prevalence among infertile male cases, RE represents a unique challenge due to its varied etiologies and the intricacies of its diagnosis and management.

• #50 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #51 A Guide To Understanding Retrograde Ejaculation – Jupiter Hospital

  https://www.jupiterhospital.com/pune/blog/a-guide-to-understanding-retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a result of some physical problem and has nothing to do with any psychological issue. Anything that affects the reflex of the muscle at the opening of the bladder can cause this problem. […] In the majority of the cases, it is caused by certain medications like antidepressants or medicines taken to treat high blood pressure or enlarged prostate. Nerve damage could also be the reason behind the lack of ejaculate because of retrograde ejaculation. This can even be caused by certain conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease or spinal cord injury. Surgical procedures performed on the bladder and prostate are also known to cause damage to the nerves controlling the contraction of the bladder muscles. […] Retrograde ejaculation is more likely to affect men who have diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, or have had surgery involving your prostate or bladder. The risks are also high in people who are on medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression.

• #52 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #53 A Guide To Understanding Retrograde Ejaculation – Jupiter Hospital

  https://www.jupiterhospital.com/pune/blog/a-guide-to-understanding-retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a result of some physical problem and has nothing to do with any psychological issue. Anything that affects the reflex of the muscle at the opening of the bladder can cause this problem. […] In the majority of the cases, it is caused by certain medications like antidepressants or medicines taken to treat high blood pressure or enlarged prostate. Nerve damage could also be the reason behind the lack of ejaculate because of retrograde ejaculation. This can even be caused by certain conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease or spinal cord injury. Surgical procedures performed on the bladder and prostate are also known to cause damage to the nerves controlling the contraction of the bladder muscles. […] Retrograde ejaculation is more likely to affect men who have diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, or have had surgery involving your prostate or bladder. The risks are also high in people who are on medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression.

• #54 Ejaculation problems

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ejaculation-problems/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a rarer type of ejaculation problem. It happens when semen travels backwards into the bladder instead of through the urethra (the tube that urine passes through). […] Men with retrograde ejaculation still experience the feeling of an orgasm and the condition does not pose a danger to health. However, it can affect the ability to father a child. […] Causes of retrograde ejaculation include prostate gland surgery, bladder surgery, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and a class of medicines known as alpha blockers, which are often used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Most men do not need treatment for retrograde ejaculation because they are still able to enjoy a healthy sex life and the condition does not have adverse effects on their health. […] For example, pseudoephedrine (commonly used as a decongestant) has proved effective in treating retrograde ejaculation caused by diabetes or surgery. […] Men who want to have children can have sperm taken from their urine or testicles for use in intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilisation (IVF).

• #55 Retrograde ejaculation | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. Treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] You’re at increased risk of retrograde ejaculation if: You have diabetes or multiple sclerosis, You’ve had prostate or bladder surgery, You take certain drugs for high blood pressure or a mood disorder, You had a spinal cord injury. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: Inability to get a woman pregnant (male infertility). […] If you take medications or have health problems that put you at risk of retrograde ejaculation, ask your doctor what you can do to lower your risk. […] Retrograde ejaculation typically doesn’t require treatment unless it interferes with fertility. In such cases, treatment depends on the underlying cause.

• #56 Exploring the Causes and Risk Factors of Retrograde Ejaculation

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/exploring-the-causes-and-risk-factors-of-retrograde-ejaculation-99233.html

  When sperm that would normally be ejected through the urethra is diverted to the urinary bladder, it is known as retrograde ejaculation. […] Retrograde ejaculation can happen if the bladder sphincter is not really working properly. […] One sign of male infertility is retrograde ejaculation. […] During a male orgasm, sperm are released from the epididymis and pass into the vas deferens, which are tiny tubes. […] Muscles at the end of the bladder neck contract during climax to prevent retrograde semen flow. […] Autonomic nervous system failure may cause a dysfunctional bladder sphincter, resulting in retrograde ejaculation (Dysautonomia). […] Prostate surgery is a procedure that involves removing the prostate gland. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a typical adverse effect of drugs used to relax the muscles of the urinary system, such as tamsulosin, to treat disorders like benign prostatic hyperplasia. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a consequence of diabetes, especially in diabetics who have had poor blood sugar management for a long time. […] A urinalysis on a urine specimen taken immediately after ejaculation is frequently used to make the diagnosis.

• #57 Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction

  During normal ejaculation, the bladder neck closes so that the ejaculate fluid is pushed forward and out the tip of the penis. However, sometimes the bladder neck does not close completely, thereby allowing semen to flow backward into the bladder during ejaculation. In mild cases, only part of the ejaculate flows backward into the bladder, but in more severe cases all of the semen may be lost into the bladder. Men with retrograde ejaculation may sometimes notice whitish semen in their urine when they urinate after sexual intercourse.[Yavetz H. HumReprod 1994] […] Alpha-blockers are medications used for the treatment of benign enlargement of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH) as well as hypertension. Alpha-blockers treat BPH by relaxing the prostatic capsule and bladder neck, thereby enlarging the channel through which the urine flows. However, when the bladder neck is relaxed, retrograde ejaculation can result.

• #58 Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction

  The diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation is made with a post-ejaculatory urinalysis (PEU). A PEU is performed by having the man provide a urine sample into a separate cup right after giving a semen analysis specimen. In men with neurologic problems who cannot voluntarily urinate (such as spinal cord injuries), the urine may be collected by urinary catheterization following ejaculation. The lab can then evaluate the urine for the presence of sperm. Small numbers of sperm in the urine are normal, as a few sperm can be left behind in the urethra and picked up by the urine on its way out. However, more than 10-15 sperm per high power field (hpf) on microscopic evaluation is consistent with the presence of retrograde ejaculation. […] Tamsulosin (Flomax) and silodosin (Rapaflo) seem to be the alpha-blockers that are most likely to cause ejaculatory problems. If the urinary problems are not severe, then stopping the alpha-blocker until pregnancy is achieved is usually the most effective approach. In men with more severe urinary voiding problems, switching to a less selective alpha-blocker, such as alfuzosin (Uroxatral), can often resolve the ejaculatory problems. [Jeffreys A. FertSteril 2012]

• #59 Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction

  The diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation is made with a post-ejaculatory urinalysis (PEU). A PEU is performed by having the man provide a urine sample into a separate cup right after giving a semen analysis specimen. In men with neurologic problems who cannot voluntarily urinate (such as spinal cord injuries), the urine may be collected by urinary catheterization following ejaculation. The lab can then evaluate the urine for the presence of sperm. Small numbers of sperm in the urine are normal, as a few sperm can be left behind in the urethra and picked up by the urine on its way out. However, more than 10-15 sperm per high power field (hpf) on microscopic evaluation is consistent with the presence of retrograde ejaculation. […] Tamsulosin (Flomax) and silodosin (Rapaflo) seem to be the alpha-blockers that are most likely to cause ejaculatory problems. If the urinary problems are not severe, then stopping the alpha-blocker until pregnancy is achieved is usually the most effective approach. In men with more severe urinary voiding problems, switching to a less selective alpha-blocker, such as alfuzosin (Uroxatral), can often resolve the ejaculatory problems. [Jeffreys A. FertSteril 2012]

• #60 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #61 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #62 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  Sexual adverse effects related to antipsychotic medications are not uncommon in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrograde ejaculation (RE) is quite often underreported by patients, which could have an influence on treatment adherence, fertility, and quality of life. Hence, effective identification and appropriate management of RE is essential. […] The RE associated with antipsychotics is an important, underrecognized adverse effect that may have bearing on treatment adherence. Our report highlights the features of RE associated with SGAs such as onset, dose-dependent nature, and management. None of these 4 patients had any prior history of RE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe RE associated with olanzapine. […] Although the exact onset of RE with the SGAs in our report is not known with the exception of case 4, it is evident from all 4 cases that RE occurred within 2 weeks after initiation of SGAs. Similarly, other case reports have also reported the onset of RE with SGAs to be around 2 weeks.

• #63 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  Sexual adverse effects related to antipsychotic medications are not uncommon in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrograde ejaculation (RE) is quite often underreported by patients, which could have an influence on treatment adherence, fertility, and quality of life. Hence, effective identification and appropriate management of RE is essential. […] The RE associated with antipsychotics is an important, underrecognized adverse effect that may have bearing on treatment adherence. Our report highlights the features of RE associated with SGAs such as onset, dose-dependent nature, and management. None of these 4 patients had any prior history of RE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe RE associated with olanzapine. […] Although the exact onset of RE with the SGAs in our report is not known with the exception of case 4, it is evident from all 4 cases that RE occurred within 2 weeks after initiation of SGAs. Similarly, other case reports have also reported the onset of RE with SGAs to be around 2 weeks.

• #64 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  In general, the strategies to handle antipsychotic-induced RE are as follows: dose reduction of the offending drug, drug holidays wherein the offending drug will be discontinued 2 to 3 days before the anticipated sexual activity, adjunctive treatment with other medications, and switching to another antipsychotic drug. Most of the case reports of antipsychotic-induced RE have employed all 4 of these strategies. […] To summarize, RE is not uncommon among patients taking SGAs, it is generally evident by 2 weeks after its initiation, and certain SGAs could have a dose-dependent effect on RE.

• #65 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  In general, the strategies to handle antipsychotic-induced RE are as follows: dose reduction of the offending drug, drug holidays wherein the offending drug will be discontinued 2 to 3 days before the anticipated sexual activity, adjunctive treatment with other medications, and switching to another antipsychotic drug. Most of the case reports of antipsychotic-induced RE have employed all 4 of these strategies. […] To summarize, RE is not uncommon among patients taking SGAs, it is generally evident by 2 weeks after its initiation, and certain SGAs could have a dose-dependent effect on RE.

• #66 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #67 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #68 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #69 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #70 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #71 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #72 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #73 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #74 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Epidemiologic research into orgasmic disorders must contend with the challenge of poor objective confirmatory evidence of patients’ subjective reports, the value of which is further limited by the fact that such disorders are highly sensitive topics in most cultures. […] Because of the lack of a precise definition of the condition, the true prevalence of delayed ejaculation (DE) is not well defined. This syndrome is considered to be the least common male sexual complaint, with prevalence ranging from 1% (lifelong DE) to 4% (acquired DE). […] However, current studies report higher rates of DE, raising the question of old reports probably underestimating the rates of DE. […] Epidemiologic research in this field continues to be hindered by issues such as the following: Lack of well-controlled studies, Wide variability of diagnostic criteria and definitions, Lack of objective markers for the diagnostic criteria used for male orgasmic disorder (MOD), Lack of incidence data.

• #75 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) consists of the reflux backwards, towards the bladder, of the ejaculate, during the emission phase of ejaculation, causing a total or partial absence of sperm emission, with the consequent diversion of semen into the bladder during the emission phase of ejaculation. […] The diagnosis of RE is based on the detection of spermatozoa in PEU in patients with aspermia or oligozoospermia and low or normal seminal volume. Although the presence of sperm in PEU could be sufficient for a diagnosis of RE, there is a lack of consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria for PEU, and the literature available is very limited. […] A significant number of patients with RE may remain undiagnosed. Therefore, it is essential to conduct an RE study in patients with suspicion, through the analysis of PEU, and to properly interpret the results for accurate diagnosis.

• #76 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) consists of the reflux backwards, towards the bladder, of the ejaculate, during the emission phase of ejaculation, causing a total or partial absence of sperm emission, with the consequent diversion of semen into the bladder during the emission phase of ejaculation. […] The diagnosis of RE is based on the detection of spermatozoa in PEU in patients with aspermia or oligozoospermia and low or normal seminal volume. Although the presence of sperm in PEU could be sufficient for a diagnosis of RE, there is a lack of consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria for PEU, and the literature available is very limited. […] A significant number of patients with RE may remain undiagnosed. Therefore, it is essential to conduct an RE study in patients with suspicion, through the analysis of PEU, and to properly interpret the results for accurate diagnosis.

• #77 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Consequently, the available epidemiologic evidence is, at best, informative. Further epidemiologic research is needed to derive an accurate estimate of the incidence of orgasmic disorder in men across age periods, races, cultures, relationship status, and countries. […] The Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors (GSSAB), which investigated attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and satisfaction among 27,500 men and women aged 40-80 years, reported 13.2% of men as not reaching orgasm. […] The incidence of DE begins to increase after the age of 50 years. Compared with men younger than 59 years, men in their 80s report twice as much difficulty in ejaculating. […] In a review of 52 studies, the estimated rate of MOD among gay men was 38% (notably higher than from other samples), leading the authors to speculate that this difference might reflect a greater recognition of the threat of infection with HIV. […] Reports of DE vary across countries and cultures. In general, this complaint is more commonly reported by men in Asian populations than by men living in the United States, Australia, or Europe. Such variation may be due to cultural or genetic differences.

• #78 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Consequently, the available epidemiologic evidence is, at best, informative. Further epidemiologic research is needed to derive an accurate estimate of the incidence of orgasmic disorder in men across age periods, races, cultures, relationship status, and countries. […] The Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors (GSSAB), which investigated attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and satisfaction among 27,500 men and women aged 40-80 years, reported 13.2% of men as not reaching orgasm. […] The incidence of DE begins to increase after the age of 50 years. Compared with men younger than 59 years, men in their 80s report twice as much difficulty in ejaculating. […] In a review of 52 studies, the estimated rate of MOD among gay men was 38% (notably higher than from other samples), leading the authors to speculate that this difference might reflect a greater recognition of the threat of infection with HIV. […] Reports of DE vary across countries and cultures. In general, this complaint is more commonly reported by men in Asian populations than by men living in the United States, Australia, or Europe. Such variation may be due to cultural or genetic differences.

• #79 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Consequently, the available epidemiologic evidence is, at best, informative. Further epidemiologic research is needed to derive an accurate estimate of the incidence of orgasmic disorder in men across age periods, races, cultures, relationship status, and countries. […] The Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors (GSSAB), which investigated attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and satisfaction among 27,500 men and women aged 40-80 years, reported 13.2% of men as not reaching orgasm. […] The incidence of DE begins to increase after the age of 50 years. Compared with men younger than 59 years, men in their 80s report twice as much difficulty in ejaculating. […] In a review of 52 studies, the estimated rate of MOD among gay men was 38% (notably higher than from other samples), leading the authors to speculate that this difference might reflect a greater recognition of the threat of infection with HIV. […] Reports of DE vary across countries and cultures. In general, this complaint is more commonly reported by men in Asian populations than by men living in the United States, Australia, or Europe. Such variation may be due to cultural or genetic differences.

• #80 Retrograde ejaculation – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354890

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. Treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful and requires treatment only if you’re attempting to father a child. However, if you have dry orgasms, see your doctor to be sure your condition isn’t caused by an underlying problem that needs attention. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: inability to get a woman pregnant (male infertility). […] If you take medications or have health problems that put you at risk of retrograde ejaculation, ask your doctor what you can do to lower your risk. […] If you need to have surgery that might affect the bladder neck muscle, such as prostate or bladder surgery, ask about the risk of retrograde ejaculation.

• #81 Retrograde ejaculation – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354890

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. Treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful and requires treatment only if you’re attempting to father a child. However, if you have dry orgasms, see your doctor to be sure your condition isn’t caused by an underlying problem that needs attention. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: inability to get a woman pregnant (male infertility). […] If you take medications or have health problems that put you at risk of retrograde ejaculation, ask your doctor what you can do to lower your risk. […] If you need to have surgery that might affect the bladder neck muscle, such as prostate or bladder surgery, ask about the risk of retrograde ejaculation.

• #82 Retrograde ejaculation: what causes „dry orgasm”: what causes it and how it affects fertility – Give Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the bladder neck is unable to close during orgasm, allowing semen to travel back into the bladder. […] Causes for retrograde ejaculation include surgeries performed on the bladder or prostate, certain medications, and nerve damage. […] Though painless and generally harmless, retrograde ejaculation can negatively affect fertility. […] Research has shown that retrograde ejaculation can interfere with fertility problems, as it causes low semen volume and a low or absent sperm count with subsequent subfertility. […] In one study of 207 patients with infertility issues, 84 had retrograde ejaculation. These patients also had lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone than those without retrograde ejaculation. […] The bottom line: Retrograde ejaculation is not harmful, but it can negatively affect fertility.

• #83 Retrograde ejaculation | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  If you have retrograde ejaculation, you’ll likely need treatment to get your female partner pregnant. In order to achieve a pregnancy, you need to ejaculate enough semen to carry your sperm into your partner’s vagina and into her uterus. […] Many men with retrograde ejaculation are able to get their partners pregnant once they seek treatment.

• #84 Retrograde ejaculation: what causes „dry orgasm”: what causes it and how it affects fertility – Give Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the bladder neck is unable to close during orgasm, allowing semen to travel back into the bladder. […] Causes for retrograde ejaculation include surgeries performed on the bladder or prostate, certain medications, and nerve damage. […] Though painless and generally harmless, retrograde ejaculation can negatively affect fertility. […] Research has shown that retrograde ejaculation can interfere with fertility problems, as it causes low semen volume and a low or absent sperm count with subsequent subfertility. […] In one study of 207 patients with infertility issues, 84 had retrograde ejaculation. These patients also had lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone than those without retrograde ejaculation. […] The bottom line: Retrograde ejaculation is not harmful, but it can negatively affect fertility.

• #85 Retrograde ejaculation: what causes „dry orgasm”: what causes it and how it affects fertility – Give Legacy

  https://www.givelegacy.com/resources/retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when the bladder neck is unable to close during orgasm, allowing semen to travel back into the bladder. […] Causes for retrograde ejaculation include surgeries performed on the bladder or prostate, certain medications, and nerve damage. […] Though painless and generally harmless, retrograde ejaculation can negatively affect fertility. […] Research has shown that retrograde ejaculation can interfere with fertility problems, as it causes low semen volume and a low or absent sperm count with subsequent subfertility. […] In one study of 207 patients with infertility issues, 84 had retrograde ejaculation. These patients also had lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone than those without retrograde ejaculation. […] The bottom line: Retrograde ejaculation is not harmful, but it can negatively affect fertility.

• #86 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #87 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents have demonstrated some success but are limited by side effects and variability in outcomes. ARTs, particularly with sperm retrieved from post-ejaculatory urine, offer a viable alternative for conception, with techniques such as urine alkalization and advanced sperm processing showing promising results. Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #88 Retrograde Ejaculation – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/retrograde-ejaculation-a-to-z

  Retrograde ejaculation is responsible for about 1% of all cases of male infertility in the United States. […] Retrograde ejaculation does not interfere with a man’s ability to have an erection or to achieve orgasm, but it can cause infertility because the sperm cannot reach the woman’s uterus. […] In men who do not respond to medication, fathering a child may still be possible with the help of assisted fertilization procedures.

• #89 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  Sexual adverse effects related to antipsychotic medications are not uncommon in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrograde ejaculation (RE) is quite often underreported by patients, which could have an influence on treatment adherence, fertility, and quality of life. Hence, effective identification and appropriate management of RE is essential. […] The RE associated with antipsychotics is an important, underrecognized adverse effect that may have bearing on treatment adherence. Our report highlights the features of RE associated with SGAs such as onset, dose-dependent nature, and management. None of these 4 patients had any prior history of RE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe RE associated with olanzapine. […] Although the exact onset of RE with the SGAs in our report is not known with the exception of case 4, it is evident from all 4 cases that RE occurred within 2 weeks after initiation of SGAs. Similarly, other case reports have also reported the onset of RE with SGAs to be around 2 weeks.

• #90 Retrograde Ejaculation With Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Case Series and Literature Review

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/retrograde-ejaculation-second-generation-antipsychotics-schizophrenia/

  Sexual adverse effects related to antipsychotic medications are not uncommon in patients with schizophrenia. However, retrograde ejaculation (RE) is quite often underreported by patients, which could have an influence on treatment adherence, fertility, and quality of life. Hence, effective identification and appropriate management of RE is essential. […] The RE associated with antipsychotics is an important, underrecognized adverse effect that may have bearing on treatment adherence. Our report highlights the features of RE associated with SGAs such as onset, dose-dependent nature, and management. None of these 4 patients had any prior history of RE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe RE associated with olanzapine. […] Although the exact onset of RE with the SGAs in our report is not known with the exception of case 4, it is evident from all 4 cases that RE occurred within 2 weeks after initiation of SGAs. Similarly, other case reports have also reported the onset of RE with SGAs to be around 2 weeks.

• #91 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #92

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11930-006-0016-4

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a well-known cause of male factor infertility. […] Diagnosis of RE is generally based on thorough history, limited physical evaluation, and focused laboratory testing. […] A number of therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of RE or RE-related infertility. […] The management goal of RE is either to induce spontaneous antegrade ejaculation or to provide sufficient quantities of motile sperm for use in assisted reproductive techniques. […] This article summarizes the etiology, evaluation, and management of RE.

• #93 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #94 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #95 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14–18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.3–2% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #96 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en

  RE is a infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of MPP, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in MEI with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in MEI cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #97 Patient Basics: Retrograde Ejaculation | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-basics-retrograde-ejaculation/

  In most cases, the diagnosis will be made by a primary care doctor or a urologist, a doctor who specializes in male reproductive disorders and urinary tract problems. The doctor will ask questions about your medical history, previous surgery, sexual history and current medications. These questions will be followed by a thorough physical examination. The diagnosis usually can be confirmed if many sperm are found in a urine sample after ejaculation. […] When retrograde ejaculation is treated with medication, up to 40% of men experience normal ejaculation. […] In men who do not respond to medication, fathering a child may still be possible with the help of assisted fertilization procedures.

• #98 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #99 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14–18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.3–2% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #100 Patient Basics: Retrograde Ejaculation | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-basics-retrograde-ejaculation/

  In most cases, the diagnosis will be made by a primary care doctor or a urologist, a doctor who specializes in male reproductive disorders and urinary tract problems. The doctor will ask questions about your medical history, previous surgery, sexual history and current medications. These questions will be followed by a thorough physical examination. The diagnosis usually can be confirmed if many sperm are found in a urine sample after ejaculation. […] When retrograde ejaculation is treated with medication, up to 40% of men experience normal ejaculation. […] In men who do not respond to medication, fathering a child may still be possible with the help of assisted fertilization procedures.

• #101 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #102 Retrograde Ejaculation – Men’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/men-s-health-issues/sexual-function-and-dysfunction-in-men/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation is a condition in which semen is ejaculated backward into the bladder rather than out through the penis. […] One of the most common causes is prostate surgery for noncancerous prostate enlargement. Other common causes of retrograde ejaculation include diabetes, spinal cord injuries, certain medications, and some surgical operations (including major abdominal or pelvic surgery). […] The condition can cause infertility but is otherwise not harmful. […] A doctor makes the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation by finding a large amount of sperm in a urine sample taken shortly after orgasm. […] About one-third of men with retrograde ejaculation improve after treatment with medications that close the bladder neck (such as pseudoephedrine or imipramine). […] Use of these medications is limited to men seeking fertility. […] If infertility requires treatment and medications do not help, doctors can sometimes collect a man’s sperm for insemination. […] Artificial insemination may be possible if infertility is caused by retrograde ejaculation or inability to ejaculate.

• #103 Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction

  The diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation is made with a post-ejaculatory urinalysis (PEU). A PEU is performed by having the man provide a urine sample into a separate cup right after giving a semen analysis specimen. In men with neurologic problems who cannot voluntarily urinate (such as spinal cord injuries), the urine may be collected by urinary catheterization following ejaculation. The lab can then evaluate the urine for the presence of sperm. Small numbers of sperm in the urine are normal, as a few sperm can be left behind in the urethra and picked up by the urine on its way out. However, more than 10-15 sperm per high power field (hpf) on microscopic evaluation is consistent with the presence of retrograde ejaculation. […] Tamsulosin (Flomax) and silodosin (Rapaflo) seem to be the alpha-blockers that are most likely to cause ejaculatory problems. If the urinary problems are not severe, then stopping the alpha-blocker until pregnancy is achieved is usually the most effective approach. In men with more severe urinary voiding problems, switching to a less selective alpha-blocker, such as alfuzosin (Uroxatral), can often resolve the ejaculatory problems. [Jeffreys A. FertSteril 2012]

• #104 Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Male Infertility — Male Infertility Guide

  https://www.maleinfertilityguide.com/ejaculatory-dysfunction

  The diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation is made with a post-ejaculatory urinalysis (PEU). A PEU is performed by having the man provide a urine sample into a separate cup right after giving a semen analysis specimen. In men with neurologic problems who cannot voluntarily urinate (such as spinal cord injuries), the urine may be collected by urinary catheterization following ejaculation. The lab can then evaluate the urine for the presence of sperm. Small numbers of sperm in the urine are normal, as a few sperm can be left behind in the urethra and picked up by the urine on its way out. However, more than 10-15 sperm per high power field (hpf) on microscopic evaluation is consistent with the presence of retrograde ejaculation. […] Tamsulosin (Flomax) and silodosin (Rapaflo) seem to be the alpha-blockers that are most likely to cause ejaculatory problems. If the urinary problems are not severe, then stopping the alpha-blocker until pregnancy is achieved is usually the most effective approach. In men with more severe urinary voiding problems, switching to a less selective alpha-blocker, such as alfuzosin (Uroxatral), can often resolve the ejaculatory problems. [Jeffreys A. FertSteril 2012]

• #105 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorIoCjvT0RJKCaFOAKCMx6l_tQwcg2DgKEyBlRSjugFL0ivnIYz

  RE is an infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of men with proven paternity, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in men with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in male infertility cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #106 Retrograde ejaculation – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retrograde-ejaculation/symptoms-causes/syc-20354890

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility. Treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful and requires treatment only if you’re attempting to father a child. However, if you have dry orgasms, see your doctor to be sure your condition isn’t caused by an underlying problem that needs attention. […] Retrograde ejaculation might be the cause of your problem if you ejaculate very little or no semen. […] Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful. However, potential complications include: inability to get a woman pregnant (male infertility). […] If you take medications or have health problems that put you at risk of retrograde ejaculation, ask your doctor what you can do to lower your risk. […] If you need to have surgery that might affect the bladder neck muscle, such as prostate or bladder surgery, ask about the risk of retrograde ejaculation.

• #107 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorIoCjvT0RJKCaFOAKCMx6l_tQwcg2DgKEyBlRSjugFL0ivnIYz

  RE is an infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of men with proven paternity, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in men with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in male infertility cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #108 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #109 A Guide To Understanding Retrograde Ejaculation – Jupiter Hospital

  https://www.jupiterhospital.com/pune/blog/a-guide-to-understanding-retrograde-ejaculation/

  Retrograde ejaculation is a result of some physical problem and has nothing to do with any psychological issue. Anything that affects the reflex of the muscle at the opening of the bladder can cause this problem. […] In the majority of the cases, it is caused by certain medications like antidepressants or medicines taken to treat high blood pressure or enlarged prostate. Nerve damage could also be the reason behind the lack of ejaculate because of retrograde ejaculation. This can even be caused by certain conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease or spinal cord injury. Surgical procedures performed on the bladder and prostate are also known to cause damage to the nerves controlling the contraction of the bladder muscles. […] Retrograde ejaculation is more likely to affect men who have diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, or have had surgery involving your prostate or bladder. The risks are also high in people who are on medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression.

• #110 SMSNA – Retrograde Ejaculation

  https://www.smsna.org/patients/conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen goes into the bladder instead of leaving the penis during ejaculation. […] The condition is relatively uncommon, accounting for only 0.3% – 2% of male fertility problems. […] Men often first become aware that they have retrograde ejaculation when fertility problems arise. […] In most cases, the diagnosis will be made by a family doctor or a urologist, a doctor who specializes in male reproductive disorders and urinary tract problems. […] Since retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, it typically doesn’t require treatment unless it interferes with fertility. […] If the above measures are not options or are not successful and fertility is still a concern, it is also possible for a urologist to retrieve sperm from a man’s urine following an orgasm and use it for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

• #111 Patient Basics: Retrograde Ejaculation | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/patient-basics-retrograde-ejaculation/

  In most cases, the diagnosis will be made by a primary care doctor or a urologist, a doctor who specializes in male reproductive disorders and urinary tract problems. The doctor will ask questions about your medical history, previous surgery, sexual history and current medications. These questions will be followed by a thorough physical examination. The diagnosis usually can be confirmed if many sperm are found in a urine sample after ejaculation. […] When retrograde ejaculation is treated with medication, up to 40% of men experience normal ejaculation. […] In men who do not respond to medication, fathering a child may still be possible with the help of assisted fertilization procedures.

• #112 SMSNA – Retrograde Ejaculation

  https://www.smsna.org/patients/conditions/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen goes into the bladder instead of leaving the penis during ejaculation. […] The condition is relatively uncommon, accounting for only 0.3% – 2% of male fertility problems. […] Men often first become aware that they have retrograde ejaculation when fertility problems arise. […] In most cases, the diagnosis will be made by a family doctor or a urologist, a doctor who specializes in male reproductive disorders and urinary tract problems. […] Since retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, it typically doesn’t require treatment unless it interferes with fertility. […] If the above measures are not options or are not successful and fertility is still a concern, it is also possible for a urologist to retrieve sperm from a man’s urine following an orgasm and use it for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

• #113 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation impairs your fertility, but its not a common cause of infertility. It causes only about 0.3 to 2 percent of infertility problems. […] Retrograde ejaculation is a potential side effect of some medications, including those prescribed to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] The most common causes of retrograde ejaculation are prostate surgery and bladder surgery. […] These factors may put you at higher risk of developing retrograde ejaculation: diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, a spinal cord injury, surgery involving your prostate or bladder, certain medications to treat enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, or depression. […] If youre having frequent dry orgasms, it might be a good idea to see your doctor. […] A urine test is a good way to find out if the lack of ejaculate is due to retrograde ejaculation.

• #114 Retrograde Ejaculation: Treatment, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/retrograde-ejaculation

  Retrograde ejaculation doesnt necessarily require treatment. […] The major complication is infertility, and thats only a problem if you want to father a child. […] If youre having orgasms without ejaculate, its worth checking it out with your doctor to examine the cause and rule out underlying disease.

• #115 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #116 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] The existing literature primarily consists of small case series and randomized trials, highlighting the need for additional research, particularly randomized placebo-controlled studies. […] Treatment options for RE are diverse, ranging from pharmacological interventions, such as sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents, to surgical approaches and ARTs.

• #117 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  The majority of men undergoing transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using classical techniques experience permanent RE. […] Men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) may experience retrograde ejaculation at a higher rate, ranging from 8% to 37%. […] The existing literature primarily consists of small case series and randomized trials, highlighting the need for additional research, particularly randomized placebo-controlled studies. […] Treatment options for RE are diverse, ranging from pharmacological interventions, such as sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents, to surgical approaches and ARTs.

• #118 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14-18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.32% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #119 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Estimating the prevalence of RE is challenging; however, studies suggest that it affects approximately 14–18% of individuals with ejaculatory disorders and contributes to 0.3–2% of male infertility cases. Prevalence rates of RE in infertility evaluations vary widely; for example, studies conducted in Northern Italy have reported rates ranging from 1.4% to 16%. […] The diagnosis of RE is relatively simple and relies on a combination of patient history and laboratory testing. Patients typically report low seminal volume (partial) or a total lack of ejaculation (complete) following orgasm. Confirmation involves analyzing a post-masturbatory or post-orgasmic urine sample. […] Although research has shown some success in retrieving sperm from individuals with retrograde ejaculation, there remain notable gaps in understanding related to diagnosis, recovery methods, handling procedures, and in vitro fertilization treatments.

• #120 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorIoCjvT0RJKCaFOAKCMx6l_tQwcg2DgKEyBlRSjugFL0ivnIYz

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) consists of the reflux backwards, towards the bladder, of the ejaculate, during the emission phase of ejaculation, causing a total or partial absence of sperm emission, with the consequent diversion of semen into the bladder during the emission phase of ejaculation. […] The diagnosis of RE is based on the detection of spermatozoa in post-ejaculatory urine (PEU) in patients with aspermia or oligozoospermia and low or normal seminal volume. Although the presence of sperm in PEU could be sufficient for a diagnosis of RE, there is a lack of consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria for PEU, and the literature available is very limited. […] A significant number of patients with RE may remain undiagnosed. Therefore, it is essential to conduct an RE study in patients with suspicion, through the analysis of PEU, and to properly interpret the results for accurate diagnosis.

• #121 Sperm recovery from urine in men with retrograde ejaculation

  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/almed-2024-0109/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorIoCjvT0RJKCaFOAKCMx6l_tQwcg2DgKEyBlRSjugFL0ivnIYz

  RE is an infrequent cause of infertility, accounting for 0.32% of male infertility cases. However, this disorder is involved in 14-18% of cases of aspermia. […] The presence of aspermia or detection of hypospermia associated with oligozoospermia should raise suspicion of RE. […] Although diagnosis is established upon confirmation of the presence of sperm in PEU, it has been shown that this also occurs in 60-70% of men with proven paternity, which casts doubt on the validity of this criterion. […] The recovery of sperm in men with complete RE is unpredictable and highly variable. For this reason, cryopreservation of sperm from PEU prior to the ART is recommended. […] PEU screening should be performed in male infertility cases including aspermia, hypospermia with associated azoospermia, hypospermia with associated oligozoospermia, and in patients with a history of urological surgery or distal urethral stenosis.

• #122 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #123 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents have demonstrated some success but are limited by side effects and variability in outcomes. ARTs, particularly with sperm retrieved from post-ejaculatory urine, offer a viable alternative for conception, with techniques such as urine alkalization and advanced sperm processing showing promising results. Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #124 Delayed Ejaculation: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184956-overview

  Consequently, the available epidemiologic evidence is, at best, informative. Further epidemiologic research is needed to derive an accurate estimate of the incidence of orgasmic disorder in men across age periods, races, cultures, relationship status, and countries. […] The Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors (GSSAB), which investigated attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and satisfaction among 27,500 men and women aged 40-80 years, reported 13.2% of men as not reaching orgasm. […] The incidence of DE begins to increase after the age of 50 years. Compared with men younger than 59 years, men in their 80s report twice as much difficulty in ejaculating. […] In a review of 52 studies, the estimated rate of MOD among gay men was 38% (notably higher than from other samples), leading the authors to speculate that this difference might reflect a greater recognition of the threat of infection with HIV. […] Reports of DE vary across countries and cultures. In general, this complaint is more commonly reported by men in Asian populations than by men living in the United States, Australia, or Europe. Such variation may be due to cultural or genetic differences.

• #125 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11941111/

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

• #126 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Retrograde Ejaculation: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/6/726

  Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition where the forward expulsion of seminal fluid is impaired, leading to infertility and psychological distress in affected individuals. This narrative review examines the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RE, emphasizing its impact on male fertility. RE may result in the partial or complete absence of the ejaculate. Causes of RE include anatomical, neurological, pharmacological, and endocrine factors, with common triggers such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and prostate surgery. Diagnosis primarily involves the patient history, a laboratory analysis of post-ejaculatory urine samples, and advanced imaging techniques. Management strategies for RE include pharmacological interventions, surgical approaches, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents have demonstrated some success but are limited by side effects and variability in outcomes. ARTs, particularly with sperm retrieved from post-ejaculatory urine, offer a viable alternative for conception, with techniques such as urine alkalization and advanced sperm processing showing promising results. Despite these advancements, treatment efficacy remains inconsistent, with many studies relying on small sample sizes and lacking robust clinical trials. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic tools, optimizing ART protocols, and developing minimally invasive treatments. By addressing these gaps, healthcare providers can improve fertility outcomes and the quality of life for patients with RE.

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