Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Barrett’s esophagus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352841

  In Barrett’s esophagus, normally flat, pink cells are replaced with a thick, red lining with potential for cancerous changes, thought to be triggered by long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red. […] The development of Barrett’s esophagus is most often attributed to long-standing GERD, which may include these signs and symptoms: Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents, Difficulty swallowing food, Less commonly, chest pain. […] Curiously, approximately half of the people diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux.

• #2 Barrett’s esophagus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus

  Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the mucosal cells that line the lower part of the esophagus. The change from normal to premalignant cells in Barrett’s esophagus usually does not cause specific symptoms. However, Barrett’s esophagus is often associated with the following symptoms due to underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): frequent and longstanding heartburn, trouble swallowing (dysphagia), vomiting blood (hematemesis), pain under the sternum where the esophagus meets the stomach, and pain when swallowing (odynophagia), which can lead to unintentional weight loss. The risk of developing Barrett’s esophagus is increased by central obesity (vs. peripheral obesity). The rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the Western world in recent years. The condition is found in 5-15% of patients who seek medical care for heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD), although a large subgroup of patients with Barrett’s esophagus have no symptoms. In patients with high-grade dysplasia, the risk of developing cancer is estimated to be at least 10% per year. A 2016 study found that the rate of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus patients with no dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, and high-grade dysplasia are around 0.6%, 13.4%, and 25%, respectively. The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma increases based on how severe the Barrett’s esophagus has become. Longer length of the Barrett’s esophagus region is also associated with increased risk of developing cancer. Progression and severity of Barrett’s esophagus is measured by amount of dysplasia the cells show.

• #3 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14432-barretts-esophagus

  Barretts esophagus is a change in the cellular structure of your esophagus lining. Its a risk factor for cancer, but the risk is low. It usually occurs in people with chronic, untreated acid reflux (GERD). Treating the underlying condition can help prevent Barretts esophagus from progressing to cancer. […] On its own, Barretts esophagus doesnt produce any symptoms. But if something is irritating your esophagus lining for a long time, youre likely to have symptoms from that. Chronic esophagitis inflammation in your esophagus may feel like heartburn or chest pain on the lower end, or like a sore throat if its higher. It may make your esophagus feel swollen or cause difficulties swallowing. […] It takes years of chronic esophagitis to damage your esophagus tissues enough to trigger metaplasia. If you have any chronic symptoms, even if theyre mild or they come and go, check in with a healthcare provider. Chronic acid reflux is the most common cause of esophagitis leading to Barretts esophagus.

• #4 Understanding Barrett’s Esophagus Diagnosis and Cancer Risk

  https://castlebiosciences.com/patient-information/gastroenterology/barretts-esophagus/overview

  Barretts esophagus is considered a precancerous condition, because it can progress into esophageal adenocarcinoma, commonly known as esophageal cancer. […] An estimated 5% of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer over the course of their lifetime. While the chances of Barrett’s esophagus becoming cancer are relatively low, the consequences of developing esophageal cancer are very high. The cancer is highly lethal after symptom onset, with less than 20% of patients surviving beyond five years. […] There are no symptoms specific to Barretts esophagus. However, Barretts esophagus patients may experience GERD symptoms, which include heartburn, indigestion, difficulty in swallowing solid foods and nocturnal regurgitation. […] Barretts esophagus is thought to progress sequentially from a change in cell type to abnormal cell growth and then to cancer. The abnormal changes in cell growth are called dysplasia. Detecting and treating dysplastic Barretts esophagus is an extremely effective way to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only treating patients who present with dysplastic Barretts esophagus can result in missing patients who progress to cancer rapidly. In fact, 50% of Barretts esophagus patients who develop cancer were initially treated as if they were low risk because no dysplasia was detected at diagnosis.

• #5 Barrett’s esophagus | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/what-is-esophageal-cancer/precancerous-conditions

  Barrett’s esophagus is the most common precancerous condition of the esophagus. In Barrett’s esophagus, the normal cells lining the esophagus are replaced by cells that are like the lining of the stomach or intestine. This is called intestinal metaplasia. It is most often found in the gastroesophageal (GE) junction, which is where the esophagus joins the stomach. […] People with Barrett’s esophagus have a higher risk of developing abnormal cells, called dysplasia. Dysplasia describes how abnormal cells look. With low-grade dysplasia, the abnormal cells look somewhat different from normal cells. In high-grade dysplasia, the cells look very abnormal. […] Dysplasia increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. High-grade dysplasia increases the risk more than low-grade dysplasia or metaplasia.

• #6 Symptoms & Causes of Barrett’s Esophagus – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes

  Barretts esophagus doesnt cause symptoms. However, many people with Barretts esophagus also have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD symptoms may include heartburn, regurgitation, or stomach contents coming back up into your mouth, chest pain, nausea, problems swallowing or pain while swallowing, chronic cough or hoarseness. […] Barretts esophagus doesnt cause symptoms, but you may experience heartburn or regurgitation if you also have GERD. […] Having GERD increases your chances of developing Barretts esophagus. Researchers estimate about 5% to 15% of people with GERD go on to develop Barretts esophagus.

• #7 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14432-barretts-esophagus

  Barretts esophagus is a change in the cellular structure of your esophagus lining. Its a risk factor for cancer, but the risk is low. It usually occurs in people with chronic, untreated acid reflux (GERD). Treating the underlying condition can help prevent Barretts esophagus from progressing to cancer. […] On its own, Barretts esophagus doesnt produce any symptoms. But if something is irritating your esophagus lining for a long time, youre likely to have symptoms from that. Chronic esophagitis inflammation in your esophagus may feel like heartburn or chest pain on the lower end, or like a sore throat if its higher. It may make your esophagus feel swollen or cause difficulties swallowing. […] It takes years of chronic esophagitis to damage your esophagus tissues enough to trigger metaplasia. If you have any chronic symptoms, even if theyre mild or they come and go, check in with a healthcare provider. Chronic acid reflux is the most common cause of esophagitis leading to Barretts esophagus.

• #8 Symptoms & Causes of Barrett’s Esophagus – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes

  Barretts esophagus doesnt cause symptoms. However, many people with Barretts esophagus also have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD symptoms may include heartburn, regurgitation, or stomach contents coming back up into your mouth, chest pain, nausea, problems swallowing or pain while swallowing, chronic cough or hoarseness. […] Barretts esophagus doesnt cause symptoms, but you may experience heartburn or regurgitation if you also have GERD. […] Having GERD increases your chances of developing Barretts esophagus. Researchers estimate about 5% to 15% of people with GERD go on to develop Barretts esophagus.

• #9 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/barretts-esophagus-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Barrett’s esophagus does not have any specific symptoms, although people with Barrett’s esophagus may have symptoms similar to those who have GERD, which can include: […] Trouble swallowing food […] Frequent heartburn […] Chest pain […] A sour or burning feeling in the throat […] An ongoing cough […] Blood in their poop […] Weight loss […] Nausea […] Laryngitis.

• #10

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/gastroenterology-colorectal-surgery/barretts-esophagus

  Barretts esophagus is a serious complication of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), a chronic regurgitation of stomach acid into the lower esophagus. This is when esophagus tissue changes to intestinal tissue, exposing the esophagus to stomach acid and injuring the lining. Occurring in about 10 percent of people with GERD, it can increase the chance of developing into cancer. […] Barretts esophagus symptoms are usually related to GERD and include: Heartburn, Chest pain, Pain in the upper abdomen, Trouble swallowing food, Dry cough or clearing throat repeatedly, Sour tasting fluid backing up into your mouth, Frequent burping or belching. […] (Chest pain and trouble swallowing can be signs of something more serious and require immediate medical care.) […] If you’ve been diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus, it’s important to have regular checkups to help prevent cancer.

• #11 Barrett Esophagus – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/barrett-esophagus.html

  Signs and symptoms are usually related to the signs and symptoms of GERD. You may have any of the following: […] Heartburn (burning pain in your chest) […] Pain after meals that spreads to your neck, jaw, or shoulder […] Pain that gets better when you change positions […] Bitter or acid taste in your mouth […] A dry cough […] Trouble swallowing or pain with swallowing […] Hoarseness or a sore throat […] Burping or hiccups […] Feeling full soon after you start eating. […] Dysplasia is a term used to describe the condition of having pre-cancer cells.

• #12 Barrett’s esophagus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352841

  If you’ve had trouble with heartburn, regurgitation and acid reflux for more than five years, then you should ask your doctor about your risk of Barrett’s esophagus. […] People with Barrett’s esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal cancer. The risk is small, even in people who have precancerous changes in their esophagus cells.

• #13 3 Barrett’s Esophagus Symptoms You Should Know – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/3-barretts-esophagus-symptoms-you-should-know/

  Do you have heartburn? Do you have more than two episodes a week? Has your heartburn been recurring for more than five years? You might have Barretts esophagus. […] Here are the three symptoms of Barretts esophagus that you need to know. […] A burning sensation after eating is heartburn. If heartburn occurs two or more times a week, its considered gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Along with heartburn or GERD, its typical for those with Barretts esophagus to experience regurgitation of stomach contents. […] Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common side effect of gastrointestinal disorders. Dysphagia in those with Barretts esophagus happens when acid reflux creates scar tissue, which narrows the esophagus, and often occurs when other symptoms peak. […] Though rarer than heartburn or dysphagia, some people with Barretts esophagus experience chest pain.

• #14 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments – Gastroenterology Consultants of Savannah

  https://www.gastrosav.com/blog/barretts-esophagus-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/

  Barrett’s esophagus typically has no specific symptoms of its own. However, most people with Barrett’s esophagus suffer from chronic acid reflux and heartburn caused by GERD. Symptoms of GERD include a sore throat or a burning feeling in the back of the throat, laryngitis, a chronic cough, and sometimes nausea. […] If you experience frequent heartburn, it’s a good idea to make an appointment to talk with your doctor about your symptoms and what treatments are available. If you have difficulty swallowing, experience chest pain, vomit blood or have bloody, black or tarry stools, you should call your doctor right away or go to the nearest emergency medical facility. These symptoms can be signs of more serious complications or conditions and should be addressed right away. […] Because cancer is the biggest risk of Barrett’s esophagus, people with the condition will be monitored for the development of abnormal tissue that indicates cancer. Regular biopsies will allow your doctor to look for dysplasia or the development of abnormal tissue cells. The tissue samples are typically rated as no dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, or high-grade dysplasia.

• #15 Barrett’s Esophagus Symptoms & Treatment | GW Hospital

  https://www.gwhospital.com/conditions-services/digestive-disorder-center/barretts-disease

  Barrett’s Esophagus can develop in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis). The condition is marked by precancerous changes to the lining of the esophagus most commonly caused by acid reflux from GERD. Barrett’s esophagus increases the risk for esophageal cancer, which can grow rapidly. […] While some do not have any symptoms, those who have had regular or daily heartburn for more than five years may be at risk for Barrett’s esophagus and should discuss the possibility with their doctor. Symptoms include waking during the night because of heartburn pain, vomiting, blood in vomit or stool, and difficulty swallowing.

• #16 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/gi/conditions/barretts-esophagus

  While Barretts esophagus itself doesnt cause symptoms, many people with Barretts esophagus have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD causes symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation. […] These symptoms include a burning sensation in the chest and vomit in the back of your throat (acid regurgitation). If you get heartburn at least twice a week, you should consider seeing a doctor. […] Other symptoms to watch for include: heartburn that gets worse or wakes you from sleep, painful or difficult swallowing, feeling like food is stuck in your esophagus, constant sore throat, sour taste in your mouth, or bad breath, weight loss, blood in your stool. […] If Barretts esophagus progresses, it is called dysplasia. Dysplasia can be either low grade or high grade depending on how bad it has gotten. […] You may have Barretts esophagus for many years before cancer develops. For this reason, your doctor may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor your condition.

• #17 Barrett’s Oesophagus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/barretts-oesophagus

  In Barrett’s oesophagus the cells that line the lower gullet (oesophagus) are abnormal. […] People with Barrett’s oesophagus have an increased risk of developing cancer of the oesophagus. […] If you have Barrett’s oesophagus and you develop any new symptoms, such as weight loss, bringing up (vomiting) blood or difficulty swallowing, it is very important that you see a doctor urgently. […] Most people with Barrett’s oesophagus have symptoms of acid reflux. […] The changed cells of Barrett’s oesophagus are not cancerous (malignant). However, these cells have an increased risk, compared with normal gullet (oesophageal) cells, of turning cancerous in time. […] But note: if you have Barrett’s oesophagus, the chance that it will progress to dysplasia, then to high-grade dysplasia, and then to cancer of the oesophagus, is small.

• #18 Barrett’s esophagus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352841

  In Barrett’s esophagus, normally flat, pink cells are replaced with a thick, red lining with potential for cancerous changes, thought to be triggered by long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red. […] The development of Barrett’s esophagus is most often attributed to long-standing GERD, which may include these signs and symptoms: Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents, Difficulty swallowing food, Less commonly, chest pain. […] Curiously, approximately half of the people diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux.

• #19 Barrett’s Esophagus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0501/p2113.html

  Barretts esophagus is a premalignant metaplastic process that typically involves the distal esophagus. […] Although Barretts esophagus rarely progresses to adenocarcinoma, optimal management is a matter of debate. […] The incidence of Barretts esophagus progressing to adenocarcinoma is estimated to be 0.5 per 100 patient-years (i.e., one in 200 patients developing carcinoma per year). […] It is unknown whether the natural course or pathogenesis varies between these two entities or whether short-segment Barretts esophagus progresses to long-segment disease. […] The overall prevalence of Barretts esophagus in the general population is difficult to estimate, because approximately 25 percent of persons with Barretts esophagus have no symptoms of reflux. […] Given the low rate at which Barretts esophagus progresses to adenocarcinoma (0.5 percent per year), low-risk asymptomatic patients (i.e., Asians and blacks, women of any age), patients older than 75 years, and those with precarious health conditions do not need routine surveillance if the initial endoscopy showed no dysplasia.

• #20 Diagnosing Barrett’s Esophagus | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/barretts-esophagus/diagnosis

  Many people who have GERD, Barretts esophagus, or both experience symptoms such as heartburn, or a burning sensation in the chest; sore throat; cough; hoarseness; difficulty swallowing; or chest pain. However, many people with these conditions do not experience any symptoms. […] Most of the time, Barretts esophagus cells pose no health risk. But in a small percentage of people, they may become precancerous. This is called dysplasia. People who have dysplastic esophageal cells are at increased risk of developing a form of cancer called esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has become more prevalent in the past several decades. […] Dysplasia is classified as low-grade or high-grade. In low-grade dysplasia, the cells are abnormal but are at low risk of becoming cancerous and spreading. In high-grade dysplasia, the cells are likely to become cancerous and spread.

• #21 What Should I Know about Barrett’s Esophagus and Risk for Esophageal Cancer? | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/what-should-know-about-barrett-s-esophagus-and-risk-esophageal

  Barretts esophagus results when cells of the esophagus thicken after being bathed in stomach acid. […] After someone has had GERD for many years, it can advance to a condition called Barretts esophagus. Esophageal cells that have been bathed in acid for a long time begin to thicken as a defense mechanism to withstand the acid. […] Barretts esophagus is considered a precancerous condition and increases esophageal cancer risk. While only a small percentage of patients with Barretts esophagus end up developing esophageal cancer, it is important to monitor the condition in case it begins to progress. […] Barretts esophagus can develop after long-standing GERD, so a person with the condition may be used to experiencing heartburn or regurgitation soon after eating. But as GERD progresses to Barretts, sometimes these symptoms disappear, Dr. Molena says. […] In addition, some people with Barretts never have any symptoms. Thats why it can be hard to catch patients early and treat it before it becomes cancer, Dr. Molena says. […] Barrett’s esophagus progresses in a very methodical way, which is why we like to see patients through the whole process.

• #22

  https://6abc.com/post/barretts-esophagus-symptoms-causes-treatments-temple-health-moves/15016740/

  Dr. Mohan says there are risk factors – such as chronic reflux symptoms for more than five years, a family history of Barrett’s esophagus, being male, over 50 years old, Caucasian, or obese. […] „Especially when we talk about central or abdominal obesity, where you carry more of the weight in the belly,” she notes. […] „Smoking is a risk factor as well,” she adds. […] The condition is diagnosed by endoscopy – a thin tube with a camera threaded down the esophagus. […] „We have excellent success of treating and getting rid of the Barrett’s esophagus,” says Dr. Mohan. […] Three years later, Rivera only gets occasional heartburn, and can eat some foods again. […] „Dr. Mohan did say this is the best she’s seen so far,” Alexis says happily. […] He is telling his story so younger men will take reflux seriously, and not ignore it, because it won’t go away.

• #23 Barrett’s Esophagus – American College of Gastroenterology

  https://gi.org/topics/barretts-esophagus/

  Barrett’s esophagus is more commonly seen in people who have frequent, persistent heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD symptoms include heartburn (burning under your breast bone) that may wake you up at night, occur after meals or in between, and may temporarily improve with antacids. Acid regurgitation, or the experience of sour or bitter-tasting fluid coming back up into your mouth, is also a GERD symptom. Some people do not have any of these symptoms and are still at risk of developing Barrett’s esophagus. […] You should ask a doctor about Barrett’s esophagus if you have the risk factors listed earlier (male sex, age 50 or over, obesity, tobacco smoking, positive family history of BE, esophageal cancer in first degree relative, white race, GERD symptoms of longer than 5 years’ duration). If you have alarm symptoms such as trouble swallowing, losing weight without trying, blood in your stool, vomiting, persistent symptoms despite medical therapy, or new chest pain, you should discuss your symptoms with your doctor and have an endoscopic examination.

• #24 Risk Factors for Progression of Barrett’s Esophagus to High Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61874-7

  Barretts esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). […] Clinical predictors of BE progression to HGD or EAC are poorly understood, with multiple contradictory studies. […] Among 460 patients included in the study, 132 BE patients developed HGD and 62 developed EAC. […] Significant EAC risk factors included age, abdominal obesity, caffeine intake, and the presence of HGD. […] Risk factors for HGD or EAC included age, caffeine intake, and low-grade dysplasia while colonic adenomas trended towards significance. […] Notably, a history of statin or SSRI usage reduced the risk of EAC or HGD by 49% or 61%, respectively. […] Low-grade dysplasia was a risk factor for progression but various endoscopic characteristics were not, suggesting that screening strategies should focus on histology instead.

• #25 Understanding Barrett’s Esophagus Diagnosis and Cancer Risk

  https://castlebiosciences.com/patient-information/gastroenterology/barretts-esophagus/overview

  Barretts esophagus is considered a precancerous condition, because it can progress into esophageal adenocarcinoma, commonly known as esophageal cancer. […] An estimated 5% of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer over the course of their lifetime. While the chances of Barrett’s esophagus becoming cancer are relatively low, the consequences of developing esophageal cancer are very high. The cancer is highly lethal after symptom onset, with less than 20% of patients surviving beyond five years. […] There are no symptoms specific to Barretts esophagus. However, Barretts esophagus patients may experience GERD symptoms, which include heartburn, indigestion, difficulty in swallowing solid foods and nocturnal regurgitation. […] Barretts esophagus is thought to progress sequentially from a change in cell type to abnormal cell growth and then to cancer. The abnormal changes in cell growth are called dysplasia. Detecting and treating dysplastic Barretts esophagus is an extremely effective way to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only treating patients who present with dysplastic Barretts esophagus can result in missing patients who progress to cancer rapidly. In fact, 50% of Barretts esophagus patients who develop cancer were initially treated as if they were low risk because no dysplasia was detected at diagnosis.

• #26 Reflux Disease – What is Barrett’s Disease | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/reflux-disease/what-is-barretts.html

  Barretts esophagus is a precancerous disease that affects the lining of the esophagus. […] People with Barretts esophagus may not experience any symptoms. However, chronic heartburn, difficulty swallowing, nausea, chest pain, and other symptoms of GERD may indicate a need for further testing. […] Barretts esophagus can progress to more serious stages, potentially resulting in esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of esophageal cancer. […] There are three stages of Barretts esophagus, which range from intestinal metaplasia without dysplasia to high-grade dysplasia. Dysplasia signifies the presence of abnormal cell growth within bodily tissue. […] The presence of dysplasia is not considered cancer but may increase the risk of developing cancer, so medical guidelines recommend treatment. […] Cells show early signs of precancerous changes that could lead to esophageal cancer. […] Esophagus cells display a high degree of precancerous changes, thought to be the final step before esophageal cancer.

• #27 Barrett’s esophagus – what it is, methods of diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of Barrett’s esophagus

  https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/barretts-esophagus

  Barrett’s esophagus is a precancerous lesion that develops due to a chronic inflammatory process which results in the degeneration of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus into columnar epithelium. There is a high probability that the disease will develop into an adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. […] The manifestations of the disease are very similar to the signs of GERD. This is explained by the fact that the mechanism of their development is the same. The main complaints are: heartburn after eating or on exertion; belching; dry cough; difficulty swallowing food; feeling of heart palpitations; signs of anaemia. […] With significant metaplasia, patients with Barrett’s oesophagus may complain of a feeling of lump in the chest. […] Doctors often prescribe drugs to reduce the concentration of gastric juice, without paying attention to the diagnosis. This leads to progression of Barrett’s syndrome and an increased risk of degeneration into cancer.

• #28 Barrett’s Esophagus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14432-barretts-esophagus

  Because of the small chance it might progress to esophageal cancer, healthcare providers like to keep an eye on Barretts esophagus. But the risk is only about half a percent per year. Cellular changes happen slowly, and metaplasia passes through another precancerous stage (dysplasia) before progressing to cancer. If your provider notices any dysplasia, theyll remove it to stop it from progressing further. […] Dysplasia is the next stage of cellular changes in your tissues between metaplasia and cancer. If a pathologist confirms you have dysplasia, theyll characterize it as either low-grade or high-grade (mild or severe). Your provider may recommend treatment or more frequent surveillance for low-grade dysplasia. For high-grade dysplasia, theyll recommend treatment to remove the affected tissue.

• #29 Barrett’s esophagus | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/esophageal/what-is-esophageal-cancer/precancerous-conditions

  Barrett’s esophagus is the most common precancerous condition of the esophagus. In Barrett’s esophagus, the normal cells lining the esophagus are replaced by cells that are like the lining of the stomach or intestine. This is called intestinal metaplasia. It is most often found in the gastroesophageal (GE) junction, which is where the esophagus joins the stomach. […] People with Barrett’s esophagus have a higher risk of developing abnormal cells, called dysplasia. Dysplasia describes how abnormal cells look. With low-grade dysplasia, the abnormal cells look somewhat different from normal cells. In high-grade dysplasia, the cells look very abnormal. […] Dysplasia increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. High-grade dysplasia increases the risk more than low-grade dysplasia or metaplasia.

• #30 Predictors of Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408387/

  They estimated the risk of progression to EAC to be 0.5% per patient year of follow up. […] The grade of dysplasia remains the most widely used tool to assess the risk of progression in BE. […] The association of smoking with Barretts progression to adenocarcinoma is much weaker than that with squamous cell carcinoma. […] The presence of nodularity or visible endoscopic lesions has been correlated with increased risk of progression to EAC in patients with HGD. […] The grade of dysplasia continues to be the bedrock of risk stratification in patients with BE. […] The currently accepted paradigm attempts to correlate the risk of progression to the grade of dysplasia based on circumstantial evidence that progression occurs in an orderly fashion from no dysplasia to LGD to HGD followed by EAC.

• #31 3 Barrett’s Esophagus Symptoms You Should Know – Gastroenterologist San Antonio

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/3-barretts-esophagus-symptoms-you-should-know/

  The abnormal esophageal lining that is the trademark of Barretts esophagus can develop early precancerous changes. These changes may progress and become advanced precancerous changes and esophageal cancer. If untreated, the cancer can spread to surrounding tissues. […] Developing cancer from Barretts esophagus is rare. Studies found that less than one percent of patients develop esophageal cancer each year. The studies also found that patients with Barretts esophagus live as long as people without the condition, and patients often die from unrelated causes before Barretts esophagus becomes cancer.

• #32 Barrett’s esophagus: best practices for treatment and post-treatment surveillance – Mansour- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14105/html

  Barretts esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). […] The risk for progression to EAC is higher in patients with dysplasia, with an annual risk of approximately 1% in patients with low grade dysplasia (LGD), and 7-19% in patients with high grade dysplasia (HGD). […] EAC is usually identified in patients with BE that was either previously undiagnosed or who have not been in surveillance. Diagnosis under these circumstances is typically at an advanced stage and carries a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival of approximately 17%. […] The principles of endoscopic surveillance in BE include careful inspection of the Barretts mucosa with high-definition white light endoscopy (HDWLE). […] For dysplastic BE of any grade, review by two pathologists (at least one of whom is an expert GI pathologist) is recommended due to the high degree of inter-observer variability among pathologists in diagnosing and classifying dysplasia in BE.

• #33 Common Questions About Barrett Esophagus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0115/p92.html

  Barrett esophagus is a precancerous metaplasia of the esophagus that is more common in patients with chronic reflux symptoms, although it also occurs in patients without symptomatic reflux. […] The annual incidence of progression to esophageal cancer is 0.12% to 0.33%; progression is more common in patients with high-grade dysplasia and long-segment Barrett esophagus. […] Overall, patients with Barrett esophagus are at low absolute risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (0.12% to 0.33% annual incidence). Longer segment length and high-grade dysplasia are associated with higher rates of progression to cancer. […] The likelihood of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma is much higher in patients with high-grade dysplasia, with a progression rate of 42 per 1,000 person-years (extrapolated from reports of 4.2 per 100 person-years). […] The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma was higher among those with low-grade dysplasia on the initial examination compared with those with no dysplasia (five cases per 1,000 patient-years vs. one).

• #34 Predictors of Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408387/

  The reported rate of progression to EAC in patients with LGD has varied from 0.61.2% per year. […] Though there is a better consensus on the rate of progression of HGD to EAC, the reported rates of progression to EAC in patients with HGD varies from 16% over 7 years to over 50% in 5 years. […] In summary, the grade of dysplasia is an imperfect but perhaps the most widely used and accepted marker for risk stratification in BE.

• #35 Understanding Barrett’s Esophagus Diagnosis and Cancer Risk

  https://castlebiosciences.com/patient-information/gastroenterology/barretts-esophagus/overview

  Barretts esophagus is considered a precancerous condition, because it can progress into esophageal adenocarcinoma, commonly known as esophageal cancer. […] An estimated 5% of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer over the course of their lifetime. While the chances of Barrett’s esophagus becoming cancer are relatively low, the consequences of developing esophageal cancer are very high. The cancer is highly lethal after symptom onset, with less than 20% of patients surviving beyond five years. […] There are no symptoms specific to Barretts esophagus. However, Barretts esophagus patients may experience GERD symptoms, which include heartburn, indigestion, difficulty in swallowing solid foods and nocturnal regurgitation. […] Barretts esophagus is thought to progress sequentially from a change in cell type to abnormal cell growth and then to cancer. The abnormal changes in cell growth are called dysplasia. Detecting and treating dysplastic Barretts esophagus is an extremely effective way to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only treating patients who present with dysplastic Barretts esophagus can result in missing patients who progress to cancer rapidly. In fact, 50% of Barretts esophagus patients who develop cancer were initially treated as if they were low risk because no dysplasia was detected at diagnosis.

• #36 Barrett’s Esophagus

  https://drstevewilliams.com/Barretts-Esophagus

  There are no definite symptoms for Barretts Esophagus. In fact, up to 25% of people with Barretts esophagus changes do not have any symptoms. The symptoms are generally due to the underlying cause, GERD, and may include: […] Frequent heartburn […] Regurgitation of undigested food or acid […] Difficulty swallowing […] Chest pain or upper abdominal pressure and pain […] Cough […] Frequent throat clearing […] Persistent hoarseness and/or sore throat. […] It is estimated that 0.5% of people with Barretts Esophagus develop cancer. This is a 1/200 chance which is low, but is present each year the patient lives with the Barretts type changes. Therefore, the risk is cumulative as the patient lives with the condition. It appears that the increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barretts is about 30 times greater than those without Barretts.

• #37 Barrett’s Oesophagus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/barretts-oesophagus

  Studies have shown that, for a person diagnosed with Barrett’s oesophagus, their lifetime risk of developing cancer of the oesophagus is about 1 in 20 for men and about 1 in 33 for women. […] Barrett’s oesophagus increases the risk of oesophageal cancer, but most people with Barrett’s oesophagus will not develop oesophageal cancer. […] It is estimated that, without treatment, between 5 and 10 out of 100 people with Barrett’s oesophagus will develop oesophageal cancer over 10-20 years.

• #38 Risk Factors for Progression of Barrett’s Esophagus to High Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61874-7

  Predictors of neoplastic progression in BE are incompletely understood. […] Proven endoscopic risk factors for BE progression include long BE segment length, hiatal hernia, mucosal abnormalities such as esophagitis, and the presence of BE in a 12- to 6-oclock esophageal hemisphere. […] Histologic factors, including intestinal metaplasia, low-grade dysplasia, and p53 overexpression are also suggested risk factors. […] Significant endoscopic risk factors were long-segment BE, presence of LGD, and development of HGD on subsequent endoscopies. […] LGD was a significant risk factor to the composite outcome of HGD or EAC, and development of HGD during the study period was also a significant risk factor for progression to EAC. […] We also demonstrated protective effects of known chemoprotective medications, particularly statins, as well as several novel medications, notably SSRIs and supplemental calcium and vitamin D.

• #39 Predictors of Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408387/

  They estimated the risk of progression to EAC to be 0.5% per patient year of follow up. […] The grade of dysplasia remains the most widely used tool to assess the risk of progression in BE. […] The association of smoking with Barretts progression to adenocarcinoma is much weaker than that with squamous cell carcinoma. […] The presence of nodularity or visible endoscopic lesions has been correlated with increased risk of progression to EAC in patients with HGD. […] The grade of dysplasia continues to be the bedrock of risk stratification in patients with BE. […] The currently accepted paradigm attempts to correlate the risk of progression to the grade of dysplasia based on circumstantial evidence that progression occurs in an orderly fashion from no dysplasia to LGD to HGD followed by EAC.

• #40 Barrett’s esophagus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus

  Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the mucosal cells that line the lower part of the esophagus. The change from normal to premalignant cells in Barrett’s esophagus usually does not cause specific symptoms. However, Barrett’s esophagus is often associated with the following symptoms due to underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): frequent and longstanding heartburn, trouble swallowing (dysphagia), vomiting blood (hematemesis), pain under the sternum where the esophagus meets the stomach, and pain when swallowing (odynophagia), which can lead to unintentional weight loss. The risk of developing Barrett’s esophagus is increased by central obesity (vs. peripheral obesity). The rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the Western world in recent years. The condition is found in 5-15% of patients who seek medical care for heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD), although a large subgroup of patients with Barrett’s esophagus have no symptoms. In patients with high-grade dysplasia, the risk of developing cancer is estimated to be at least 10% per year. A 2016 study found that the rate of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus patients with no dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, and high-grade dysplasia are around 0.6%, 13.4%, and 25%, respectively. The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma increases based on how severe the Barrett’s esophagus has become. Longer length of the Barrett’s esophagus region is also associated with increased risk of developing cancer. Progression and severity of Barrett’s esophagus is measured by amount of dysplasia the cells show.

• #41 Risk Factors for Progression of Barrett’s Esophagus to High Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61874-7

  Barretts esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). […] Clinical predictors of BE progression to HGD or EAC are poorly understood, with multiple contradictory studies. […] Among 460 patients included in the study, 132 BE patients developed HGD and 62 developed EAC. […] Significant EAC risk factors included age, abdominal obesity, caffeine intake, and the presence of HGD. […] Risk factors for HGD or EAC included age, caffeine intake, and low-grade dysplasia while colonic adenomas trended towards significance. […] Notably, a history of statin or SSRI usage reduced the risk of EAC or HGD by 49% or 61%, respectively. […] Low-grade dysplasia was a risk factor for progression but various endoscopic characteristics were not, suggesting that screening strategies should focus on histology instead.

• #42 Barrett’s esophagus – what it is, methods of diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of Barrett’s esophagus

  https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/barretts-esophagus

  In the course of its development, the disease passes through three stages. Metaplasia (benign changes) without dysplasia (malignization): no visible precancerous changes of cells in the esophageal mucosa. Low-grade dysplasia: cells show early precancerous changes that may lead to cancer. High-grade dysplasia: esophageal cells show a high degree of precancerous changes that are considered the last stage before esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] It is impossible to foresee exactly how Barrett’s oesophagus will develop in a particular patient. In some patients, the condition remains stable for a long time and examination does not reveal signs of malignization. In others, high-grade metaplasia is found several months after diagnosis. In low-grade metaplasia, regression often occurs.

• #43 RWJMG | Home

  https://umg.rwjms.rutgers.edu/departments/medicine/divisions/gastroenterology-barrett-esophagus.html

  If there is no dysplasia, the goal is to treat GERD with medication and lifestyle changes. Periodic endoscopy to monitor for any further changes in the esophagus cells is also recommended. Endoscopy is usually repeated every 3 to 5 years if there is no dysplasia. […] If there is high-grade dysplasia, there is a higher chance of developing esophageal cancer, therefore endoscopic therapy is recommended.

• #44 Barrett’s esophagus – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352846

  Barrett’s esophagus has a distinct appearance when viewed during an endoscopy exam. During endoscopy, the doctor passes a flexible tube with a video camera at the tip (endoscope) down your throat and into the swallowing tube (your esophagus). The video camera detects surface abnormalities, such as acid reflux damage or the presence of a hiatal hernia or ulcers, as well as Barrett’s esophagus. […] High-grade dysplasia is generally thought to be a precursor to esophageal cancer. For this reason, your doctor may recommend endoscopic resection, radiofrequency ablation or cryotherapy. Another option may be surgery, which involves removing the damaged part of your esophagus and attaching the remaining portion to your stomach. […] Recurrence of Barrett’s esophagus is possible after treatment. Ask your doctor how often you need to come back for follow-up testing. If you have treatment other than surgery to remove abnormal esophageal tissue, your doctor is likely to recommend lifelong medication to reduce acid and help your esophagus heal.

• #45 Barrett’s esophagus: best practices for treatment and post-treatment surveillance – Mansour- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14105/html

  Barretts esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). […] The risk for progression to EAC is higher in patients with dysplasia, with an annual risk of approximately 1% in patients with low grade dysplasia (LGD), and 7-19% in patients with high grade dysplasia (HGD). […] EAC is usually identified in patients with BE that was either previously undiagnosed or who have not been in surveillance. Diagnosis under these circumstances is typically at an advanced stage and carries a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival of approximately 17%. […] The principles of endoscopic surveillance in BE include careful inspection of the Barretts mucosa with high-definition white light endoscopy (HDWLE). […] For dysplastic BE of any grade, review by two pathologists (at least one of whom is an expert GI pathologist) is recommended due to the high degree of inter-observer variability among pathologists in diagnosing and classifying dysplasia in BE.

• #46 Barrett’s Esophagus – American College of Gastroenterology

  https://gi.org/topics/barretts-esophagus/

  Barrett’s esophagus is an acquired disorder, meaning it develops over time and is not present at birth. It is usually diagnosed around age 60, although we estimate that half of people with Barrett’s esophagus have it by age 40. […] The key to the management of Barrett’s esophagus is the level of dysplasia that the biopsies show. „Dysplasia” is how much precancerous changes the cells have. „No Dysplasia” means that the Barrett’s cells show no precancerous changes. Low-grade dysplasia means that the cells show some of the early characteristics of cancer. High-grade dysplasia means that the cells show more advanced changes of cancer. The worse the dysplasia, the higher the risk that the Barrett’s will go on to cancer. […] Most people with Barrett’s esophagus and no dysplasia will need to undergo future endoscopies to assure there is no progression of the condition. When the next endoscopy occurs is usually based on recommendations by groups of experts whose opinion is endorsed by The American College of Gastroenterology. Follow up endoscopy for Barrett’s without dysplasia is usually recommended at 3-5 years, but your doctor will help decide what is most appropriate for you. Treatment is not recommended in this population.

• #47 Barrett’s esophagus – Symptoms, Causes, Types and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/barrett-s-esophagus-symptoms-causes-types-and-complications

  Barrett’s oesophagus is asymptomatic, but it can manifest symptoms of long-term GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Along with this, the symptoms might also include: […] Barrett’s oesophagus complication includes oesophageal cancer (rare). However, the probability of having oesophageal cancer is statistically minimal (one in every 860 Barrett’s oesophagus patients). In some patients, Barrett’s oesophagus might be associated with complications such as stricture, ulcer, and dysplasia. […] The severity of the dysplasia will determine how often the patient needs to get checked. It is acceptable to re-evaluate patients with Barrett’s once every two years if they do not have dysplasia. Low-grade dysplasia patients may benefit from having endoscopies performed every three to six months, with additional follow-up at intervals ranging from six months to one year. Due to the higher risk of malignancy, patients with high-grade dysplasia may need to have their oesophagus surgically removed (esophagectomy).

• #48 Five Things You Need to Know About Barrett’s Esophagus | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2019/11/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-barretts-esophagus/

  Not everyone with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. The risk is low, as less than 1 percent of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, it is still important to seek regular check-ups with your doctor to monitor the condition. […] If diagnosed with Barretts esophagus, it is important to maintain regular checkups with your doctor. Your doctor will likely recommend you have periodic endoscopies to examine the esophagus for cancerous or precancerous cells.

• #49 Predictors of Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3408387/

  This evidence from retrospective studies found that patients diagnosed with EAC in BE surveillance programs may have better survival than those diagnosed after the onset of symptoms has led to recommendations for the endoscopic surveillance of patients diagnosed with BE to detect progression to dysplasia and / or EAC. […] The potentially large number of patients with BE, which makes the estimate of subjects requiring surveillance run into millions in the United States, is one of many barriers to efficient and effective surveillance. […] Crucial to the determination of factors predictive of progression is a clear understanding of the rate of progression to EAC and / or high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in patients with BE. […] However, a landmark study by Shaheen et al. revealed a publication bias in the reporting of progression rates in patients with BE.

• #50 Barrett’s esophagus: best practices for treatment and post-treatment surveillance – Mansour- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14105/html

  In patients with confirmed LGD, the risk of progression to HGD/EAC was 9.1% annually, compared with 0.6% in patients with NDBE. […] Recurrence of BE following CE-IM is not uncommon. A meta-analysis of 41 studies published in 2016 reported that the pooled incidence of BE recurrence (with or without dysplasia/EAC) was 9.5% per patient-year, with rates in individual studies ranging from 0.9% to 28.8%. […] The same meta-analysis showed that the pooled incidence of dysplastic BE and HGD/EAC was 2.0% and 1.2% per patient-year, respectively.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Barretts-Esophagus-Preventing-Progression.aspx

  Even years after the success of ablation therapy, there are chances for the development of cancer in the esophagus. It is advisable to make close follow-ups by participating in biopsy or endoscopy at one- to two-year intervals. […] It has been reported that centers performing treatments for greater volumes of Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia patients have attained vast success by making patients avoid progression or surgery of their cancers.

• #52 Understanding Barrett’s Esophagus Diagnosis and Cancer Risk

  https://castlebiosciences.com/patient-information/gastroenterology/barretts-esophagus/overview

  Barretts esophagus is considered a precancerous condition, because it can progress into esophageal adenocarcinoma, commonly known as esophageal cancer. […] An estimated 5% of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer over the course of their lifetime. While the chances of Barrett’s esophagus becoming cancer are relatively low, the consequences of developing esophageal cancer are very high. The cancer is highly lethal after symptom onset, with less than 20% of patients surviving beyond five years. […] There are no symptoms specific to Barretts esophagus. However, Barretts esophagus patients may experience GERD symptoms, which include heartburn, indigestion, difficulty in swallowing solid foods and nocturnal regurgitation. […] Barretts esophagus is thought to progress sequentially from a change in cell type to abnormal cell growth and then to cancer. The abnormal changes in cell growth are called dysplasia. Detecting and treating dysplastic Barretts esophagus is an extremely effective way to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only treating patients who present with dysplastic Barretts esophagus can result in missing patients who progress to cancer rapidly. In fact, 50% of Barretts esophagus patients who develop cancer were initially treated as if they were low risk because no dysplasia was detected at diagnosis.

• #53 Barrett’s Esophagus | Boston Medical Center

  https://www.bmc.org/gastroenterology/barretts-esophagus

  Barrett’s esophagus patients may have symptoms of: […] Typical symptoms of GERD include heartburn and regurgitation. BE occurs in about 10% of U.S. adults with heartburn. GERD however can be silent that is without heartburn or regurgitation, and BE can result in the absence of symptoms. In addition a loss of typical GERD symptoms like heartburn can be suggestive of the development of BE. […] BE is a known risk factor for precancerous dysplasia, which can then progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). EAC develops in about 0.5% of people with BE annually. BE increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma by 11-40 times when compared to patients without BE. When patients are diagnosed with BE, they are advised to enter a surveillance program of repeat endoscopies on a regular schedule to look for precancerous dysplastic changes or early esophageal cancer. The survival rate of all patients presenting with EAC is 15% at five years, but when EAC is diagnosed early, then cure is possible.

• #54 Barrett’s Esophagus – American College of Gastroenterology

  https://gi.org/topics/barretts-esophagus/

  Barrett’s esophagus is more commonly seen in people who have frequent, persistent heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD symptoms include heartburn (burning under your breast bone) that may wake you up at night, occur after meals or in between, and may temporarily improve with antacids. Acid regurgitation, or the experience of sour or bitter-tasting fluid coming back up into your mouth, is also a GERD symptom. Some people do not have any of these symptoms and are still at risk of developing Barrett’s esophagus. […] You should ask a doctor about Barrett’s esophagus if you have the risk factors listed earlier (male sex, age 50 or over, obesity, tobacco smoking, positive family history of BE, esophageal cancer in first degree relative, white race, GERD symptoms of longer than 5 years’ duration). If you have alarm symptoms such as trouble swallowing, losing weight without trying, blood in your stool, vomiting, persistent symptoms despite medical therapy, or new chest pain, you should discuss your symptoms with your doctor and have an endoscopic examination.

• #55 Five Things You Need to Know About Barrett’s Esophagus | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2019/11/five-things-you-need-to-know-about-barretts-esophagus/

  Not everyone with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. The risk is low, as less than 1 percent of people with Barretts esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, it is still important to seek regular check-ups with your doctor to monitor the condition. […] If diagnosed with Barretts esophagus, it is important to maintain regular checkups with your doctor. Your doctor will likely recommend you have periodic endoscopies to examine the esophagus for cancerous or precancerous cells.

• #56 Barrett’s esophagus: best practices for treatment and post-treatment surveillance – Mansour- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/14105/html

  Barretts esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition that increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). […] The risk for progression to EAC is higher in patients with dysplasia, with an annual risk of approximately 1% in patients with low grade dysplasia (LGD), and 7-19% in patients with high grade dysplasia (HGD). […] EAC is usually identified in patients with BE that was either previously undiagnosed or who have not been in surveillance. Diagnosis under these circumstances is typically at an advanced stage and carries a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival of approximately 17%. […] The principles of endoscopic surveillance in BE include careful inspection of the Barretts mucosa with high-definition white light endoscopy (HDWLE). […] For dysplastic BE of any grade, review by two pathologists (at least one of whom is an expert GI pathologist) is recommended due to the high degree of inter-observer variability among pathologists in diagnosing and classifying dysplasia in BE.

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