Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pilonidal disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is a suppurative condition of the skin and soft tissue involving the sacrococcygeal cleft (sometimes referred to as the natal or gluteal cleft). It is an inflammatory condition that can be acute or chronically recurrent, and this condition may result in soft tissue infections, most often in the form of an abscess. Pilonidal disease is a common reason for seeking medical attention and can be a source of chronic debilitation due to symptoms of pain and drainage that diminish quality of life and interfere with activities of daily living. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pilonidal disease are presented below. […] Pilonidal disease can be confused with other conditions, which are discussed in other topics (see 'Differential diagnosis’ below): […] The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pilonidal disease are presented below.

• #2 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #3 Pilonidal disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is a suppurative condition of the skin and soft tissue involving the sacrococcygeal cleft (sometimes referred to as the natal or gluteal cleft). It is an inflammatory condition that can be acute or chronically recurrent, and this condition may result in soft tissue infections, most often in the form of an abscess. Pilonidal disease is a common reason for seeking medical attention and can be a source of chronic debilitation due to symptoms of pain and drainage that diminish quality of life and interfere with activities of daily living. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pilonidal disease are presented below. […] Pilonidal disease can be confused with other conditions, which are discussed in other topics (see 'Differential diagnosis’ below): […] The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of pilonidal disease are presented below.

• #4

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/pilonidal-disease

  Diagnosis is typically confirmed by a physician examining the buttock area. […] Nearly all patients are initially diagnosed by having an acute abscess episode (the area is swollen, tender, and pus may drain from it).

• #5 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #6 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #7 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27223

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. […] Methylene blue has been used to evaluate the extent of pilonidal sinuses and can be used in conjunction with surgery. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #8 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-workup

  No specific laboratory studies or tests are needed to diagnose pilonidal disease and its sequelae or differentiate it from other disease entities; it is a clinical diagnosis best elicited by history and physical examination findings. Culture of the cyst contents is not typically necessary, as it does not change management. […] Imaging is typically unnecessary for diagnosis; however, bedside ultrasound may be utilized to optimize incision and drainage by evaluating the size and specific location of the abscess and/or sinus tract. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be pursued. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate sinus tracts and inflammation of the soft tissues, though CT is a reasonable alternative.

• #9

  https://www.drrailyamousina.com.au/pilonidal-sinus

  Diagnosis of Pilonidal Sinus: […] – Physical Examination: The doctor will inspect the area for signs of pilonidal sinus, such as pits (small holes in the skin), swelling, redness, and discharge. They will also check for any abscess formation or sinus tracts. […] […] – Medical History: The patients symptoms, lifestyle factors (like sitting habits and occupation), and any history of similar issues are discussed to aid in diagnosis. […] […] – Further Testing: In most cases, additional imaging tests are unnecessary unless the diagnosis is unclear or there is a suspicion of other conditions. However, in cases of recurrent or complex pilonidal disease, an MRI or ultrasound might be used to better understand the extent of the sinus tracts.

• #10 Pilonidal disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pilonidal-disease/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis. […] Examine the gluteal cleft for midline pits and sinus tracts. […] Evaluate for an acute pilonidal abscess and/or cellulitis, e.g., soft tissue POCUS. […] Perform an anorectal examination to rule out anorectal abscess and fistula. […] Imaging (e.g., CT, US) is typically reserved for complex pilonidal disease to determine the extent of disease and rule out complications.

• #11 Pilonidal Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is diagnosed based on symptoms such as swelling and pain in the tailbone region. Carefully examining the buttocks crease may reveal holes in the skin. […] There are a few different treatment options for children with pilonidal disease, depending on the severity. Sometimes when a pilonidal abscess first appears, doctors treat it with antibiotics and suggest home hygiene, including shaving and regularly cleaning the infected area. If there is an infected pocket present, it may need to be drained. This can resolve the infection when combined with antibiotics.

• #12 Pilonidal Sinus Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/our-specialities/minimal-access-laparoscopic-surgery/conditions-treatments/pilonidal-sinus

  Pilonidal sinus diagnosis typically begins with a thorough physical examination. A doctor will inspect the affected area near the tailbone for signs of swelling, redness, tenderness, or a visible sinus opening. If pus or fluid discharge is present, it may indicate an active infection. […] Understanding a patient’s medical history is essential in determining the severity and recurrence of the condition. Doctors may ask about previous episodes of pilonidal sinus, lifestyle factors such as prolonged sitting, hygiene habits, and family history to assess potential risk factors. […] In most cases, a physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. However, if the sinus is deep or recurrent, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI may be recommended. These tests help identify hidden abscesses or multiple sinus tracts that may not be visible externally, ensuring a precise treatment approach.

• #13 Pilonidal disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pilonidal-disease/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis. […] Examine the gluteal cleft for midline pits and sinus tracts. […] Evaluate for an acute pilonidal abscess and/or cellulitis, e.g., soft tissue POCUS. […] Perform an anorectal examination to rule out anorectal abscess and fistula. […] Imaging (e.g., CT, US) is typically reserved for complex pilonidal disease to determine the extent of disease and rule out complications.

• #14 Pilonidal disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pilonidal-disease/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis. […] Examine the gluteal cleft for midline pits and sinus tracts. […] Evaluate for an acute pilonidal abscess and/or cellulitis, e.g., soft tissue POCUS. […] Perform an anorectal examination to rule out anorectal abscess and fistula. […] Imaging (e.g., CT, US) is typically reserved for complex pilonidal disease to determine the extent of disease and rule out complications.

• #15 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #16 Pilonidal Sinus Disease (Pilonidal Cyst) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/pilonidal-sinus-disease-pilonidal-cyst/

  The development of a pilonidal cyst or pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) most commonly occurs along the upper portion of the gluteal cleft, especially when there is an extraneous congenital invagination or sinus tract near the apex of the natal crease. […] Physical examination reveals a painful, edematous, erythematous inflamed nodule or abscess at the base of the spine that is situated at the upper pole of the gluteal cleft. […] There is no other disorder that can produce such physical findings and no other diagnostic procedures are necessary to make the diagnosis of a pilonidal cyst. […] A culture of the purulent discharge can be done to identify the incidental aggravating infectious organisms. […] Other similar types of hair granulomatous disorders should be differentiated from PSD.

• #17 Pilonidal Sinus Disease (Pilonidal Cyst) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/pilonidal-sinus-disease-pilonidal-cyst/

  The development of a pilonidal cyst or pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) most commonly occurs along the upper portion of the gluteal cleft, especially when there is an extraneous congenital invagination or sinus tract near the apex of the natal crease. […] Physical examination reveals a painful, edematous, erythematous inflamed nodule or abscess at the base of the spine that is situated at the upper pole of the gluteal cleft. […] There is no other disorder that can produce such physical findings and no other diagnostic procedures are necessary to make the diagnosis of a pilonidal cyst. […] A culture of the purulent discharge can be done to identify the incidental aggravating infectious organisms. […] Other similar types of hair granulomatous disorders should be differentiated from PSD.

• #18 Pilonidal cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332

  Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: Have you had a fever? Is the pain keeping you awake at night? What is your occupation? Do you sit all day?

• #19 Pilonidal Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/pilondial-cyst

  Pilonidal Cyst Diagnosis Your doctor will examine you and look at the crease of your buttocks to check for signs of a pilonidal cyst. If they see a pimple or dimple there, or a bump that is oozing fluid, they may ask you: […] Does the cyst look different than when you first noticed it? […] Is there liquid leaking from the cyst? […] Do you have other symptoms?

• #20 All about pilonidal sinus, the condition a 21-year-old UPSC aspirant has been diagnosed with | Health News – The Indian Express

  https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/pilonidal-sinus-21-year-old-upsc-aspirant-diagnosed-symptoms-causes-9502343/

  The diagnosis of pilonidal sinus often begins with a thorough clinical evaluation involving a detailed examination, explained Dr Kapoor. […] According to Dr Kapoor, the patients may be asked about their symptoms such as pain, swelling, or discharge. „An MRI can also be done to confirm the diagnosis of this condition. However, the symptoms are excruciating pain while sitting or standing, a cyst, and an unpleasant odour that will distress you,” said Dr Kapoor. […] The exact cause of a pilonidal sinus is not entirely understood, but several factors are believed to contribute. Dr Rajiv Kumar Bansal, senior consultant, general, Laparoscopic & Minimal Access Surgery, Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, Delhi said one leading theory is that loose hairs penetrate the skin, causing an inflammatory response.

• #21 Pilonidal cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332

  Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: Have you had a fever? Is the pain keeping you awake at night? What is your occupation? Do you sit all day?

• #22 Pilonidal cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332

  Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: Have you had a fever? Is the pain keeping you awake at night? What is your occupation? Do you sit all day?

• #23 Pilonidal cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332

  Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin. […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: Have you had a fever? Is the pain keeping you awake at night? What is your occupation? Do you sit all day?

• #24 Pilonidal Sinus Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/our-specialities/minimal-access-laparoscopic-surgery/conditions-treatments/pilonidal-sinus

  Pilonidal sinus diagnosis typically begins with a thorough physical examination. A doctor will inspect the affected area near the tailbone for signs of swelling, redness, tenderness, or a visible sinus opening. If pus or fluid discharge is present, it may indicate an active infection. […] Understanding a patient’s medical history is essential in determining the severity and recurrence of the condition. Doctors may ask about previous episodes of pilonidal sinus, lifestyle factors such as prolonged sitting, hygiene habits, and family history to assess potential risk factors. […] In most cases, a physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. However, if the sinus is deep or recurrent, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI may be recommended. These tests help identify hidden abscesses or multiple sinus tracts that may not be visible externally, ensuring a precise treatment approach.

• #25 Pilonidal Sinus Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/our-specialities/minimal-access-laparoscopic-surgery/conditions-treatments/pilonidal-sinus

  Pilonidal sinus diagnosis typically begins with a thorough physical examination. A doctor will inspect the affected area near the tailbone for signs of swelling, redness, tenderness, or a visible sinus opening. If pus or fluid discharge is present, it may indicate an active infection. […] Understanding a patient’s medical history is essential in determining the severity and recurrence of the condition. Doctors may ask about previous episodes of pilonidal sinus, lifestyle factors such as prolonged sitting, hygiene habits, and family history to assess potential risk factors. […] In most cases, a physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. However, if the sinus is deep or recurrent, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI may be recommended. These tests help identify hidden abscesses or multiple sinus tracts that may not be visible externally, ensuring a precise treatment approach.

• #26 Pilonidal Sinus Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/our-specialities/minimal-access-laparoscopic-surgery/conditions-treatments/pilonidal-sinus

  Pilonidal sinus diagnosis typically begins with a thorough physical examination. A doctor will inspect the affected area near the tailbone for signs of swelling, redness, tenderness, or a visible sinus opening. If pus or fluid discharge is present, it may indicate an active infection. […] Understanding a patient’s medical history is essential in determining the severity and recurrence of the condition. Doctors may ask about previous episodes of pilonidal sinus, lifestyle factors such as prolonged sitting, hygiene habits, and family history to assess potential risk factors. […] In most cases, a physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. However, if the sinus is deep or recurrent, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI may be recommended. These tests help identify hidden abscesses or multiple sinus tracts that may not be visible externally, ensuring a precise treatment approach.

• #27 Pilonidal Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/pilondial-cyst

  Pilonidal Cyst Diagnosis Your doctor will examine you and look at the crease of your buttocks to check for signs of a pilonidal cyst. If they see a pimple or dimple there, or a bump that is oozing fluid, they may ask you: […] Does the cyst look different than when you first noticed it? […] Is there liquid leaking from the cyst? […] Do you have other symptoms?

• #28 Pilonidal Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/pilondial-cyst

  Pilonidal Cyst Diagnosis Your doctor will examine you and look at the crease of your buttocks to check for signs of a pilonidal cyst. If they see a pimple or dimple there, or a bump that is oozing fluid, they may ask you: […] Does the cyst look different than when you first noticed it? […] Is there liquid leaking from the cyst? […] Do you have other symptoms?

• #29 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #30 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #31 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #32 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #33 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #34 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #35 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #36 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146?locale=ko

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever. […] The first investigations to order for diagnosis are clinical diagnosis.

• #37 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. […] The signs of an infection include: pain when sitting or standing, swelling of the cyst, reddened, sore skin around the area, pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor, hair protruding from the lesion, formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin. […] If your case is diagnosed early on, you aren’t experiencing severe pain, and there’s no sign of inflammation, it’s likely that your doctor will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic. […] This procedure alleviates symptoms from an abscess, or a collection of pus inside the sinus. […] If you have a recurring pilonidal sinus infection or if you have more than one sinus tract, your doctor will recommend a surgical procedure.

• #38 Pilonidal sinus

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pilonidal-sinus/

  A pilonidal sinus is a small hole or tunnel at the top of your bottom, between your buttocks. Treatment is usually only needed if it becomes infected. […] Most people with a pilonidal sinus do not notice it unless it becomes infected and causes symptoms. An infection will cause pain and swelling at the top of the cleft in your buttocks, and a pus-filled skin abscess can develop. […] If you keep getting infections you may have ongoing problems, like discomfort or pain, and regularly seeping pus or blood. […] Treatment for an infected pilonidal sinus will depend on your symptoms, the size of the pilonidal sinus, whether it’s your first infected pilonidal sinus or it keeps coming back. […] If you have a painful, swollen abscess, it usually needs to be cut and the pus drained. You may also need antibiotics.

• #39 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #40 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #41 Pilonidal sinus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pilonidal-sinus?lang=us

  Pilonidal sinuses result from skin and subcutaneous tissue infections, typically occurring at or near the upper part of the natal (gluteal) cleft of the buttocks. As such it is often also termed an intergluteal pilonidal sinus, colloquially known as jeep bottom. […] An ultrasound may show sinus anatomy to a reasonable degree in superficial cases. […] MRI permits visualization of tract anatomy and is also useful in the assessment of associated inflammation. […] An intergluteal pilonidal sinus can be clinically difficult to differentiate from a fistula-in-ano, although on imaging it is usually straightforward to distinguish between them.

• #42 Pilonidal sinus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pilonidal-sinus?lang=us

  Pilonidal sinuses result from skin and subcutaneous tissue infections, typically occurring at or near the upper part of the natal (gluteal) cleft of the buttocks. As such it is often also termed an intergluteal pilonidal sinus, colloquially known as jeep bottom. […] An ultrasound may show sinus anatomy to a reasonable degree in superficial cases. […] MRI permits visualization of tract anatomy and is also useful in the assessment of associated inflammation. […] An intergluteal pilonidal sinus can be clinically difficult to differentiate from a fistula-in-ano, although on imaging it is usually straightforward to distinguish between them.

• #43 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-workup

  No specific laboratory studies or tests are needed to diagnose pilonidal disease and its sequelae or differentiate it from other disease entities; it is a clinical diagnosis best elicited by history and physical examination findings. Culture of the cyst contents is not typically necessary, as it does not change management. […] Imaging is typically unnecessary for diagnosis; however, bedside ultrasound may be utilized to optimize incision and drainage by evaluating the size and specific location of the abscess and/or sinus tract. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be pursued. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate sinus tracts and inflammation of the soft tissues, though CT is a reasonable alternative.

• #44 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.freefrompiles.com/health-tips/pilonidal-sinus/

  Diagnosing Pilonidal Sinus typically involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, and, in some cases, imaging studies. Here are common methods used for diagnosis: […] The first step in diagnosing Pilonidal Sinus is a thorough physical examination. A healthcare provider will examine the affected area, looking for signs of a pilonidal dimple, sinus tract, or abscess. They will check for redness, swelling, tenderness, and any discharge from the sinus. […] Gathering a detailed patient history is crucial for diagnosis. The healthcare provider will inquire about the patients symptoms, including the duration of pain, any recent infections, and any previous occurrences of similar symptoms. […] In some cases, imaging studies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or evaluate the extent of the condition. Ultrasound or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) can be helpful in identifying sinus tracts, abscesses, or underlying structures involved.

• #45 Pilonidal sinus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pilonidal-sinus?lang=us

  Pilonidal sinuses result from skin and subcutaneous tissue infections, typically occurring at or near the upper part of the natal (gluteal) cleft of the buttocks. As such it is often also termed an intergluteal pilonidal sinus, colloquially known as jeep bottom. […] An ultrasound may show sinus anatomy to a reasonable degree in superficial cases. […] MRI permits visualization of tract anatomy and is also useful in the assessment of associated inflammation. […] An intergluteal pilonidal sinus can be clinically difficult to differentiate from a fistula-in-ano, although on imaging it is usually straightforward to distinguish between them.

• #46 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #47 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27223

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. […] Methylene blue has been used to evaluate the extent of pilonidal sinuses and can be used in conjunction with surgery. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #48 Pilonidal Sinus – Clinical Features – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/anorectal/pilonidal-sinus/

  The majority of cases of pilonidal disease can be diagnosed and managed without any further investigations required. […] However, in cases of extensive or complex disease (e.g. multiple pit openings, previous surgery), an MRI of the sacrum can help delineate the extent of the disease, which will help in any operative planning required.

• #49

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-023-10018-2

  The overall agreement for the lateral extension of the natal cleft sepsis to the gluteal region was substantial, with kappa of 0.64. […] The overall agreement regarding the proximity of natal cleft sepsis to the coccyx was substantial (k=0.62). […] The results of our study revealed that the overall agreement for the extensions, branching, and relationship to the coccyx of the PSD using MRI was substantial. […] MRI is superior in describing the deep extensions of sepsis with better reliability than assessing the number and locations of the external openings. […] To our knowledge, no prior studies have evaluated the inter-rater agreement for PSD on MRI or proposed a reporting checklist for this condition.

• #50

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-023-10018-2

  The overall agreement for the lateral extension of the natal cleft sepsis to the gluteal region was substantial, with kappa of 0.64. […] The overall agreement regarding the proximity of natal cleft sepsis to the coccyx was substantial (k=0.62). […] The results of our study revealed that the overall agreement for the extensions, branching, and relationship to the coccyx of the PSD using MRI was substantial. […] MRI is superior in describing the deep extensions of sepsis with better reliability than assessing the number and locations of the external openings. […] To our knowledge, no prior studies have evaluated the inter-rater agreement for PSD on MRI or proposed a reporting checklist for this condition.

• #51 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-workup

  No specific laboratory studies or tests are needed to diagnose pilonidal disease and its sequelae or differentiate it from other disease entities; it is a clinical diagnosis best elicited by history and physical examination findings. Culture of the cyst contents is not typically necessary, as it does not change management. […] Imaging is typically unnecessary for diagnosis; however, bedside ultrasound may be utilized to optimize incision and drainage by evaluating the size and specific location of the abscess and/or sinus tract. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be pursued. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate sinus tracts and inflammation of the soft tissues, though CT is a reasonable alternative.

• #52 Pilonidal Sinus Differential Diagnosis: What Else Could It Be?

  https://www.adlermicromed.com/pilonidal-sinus-differential-diagnosis/

  You probably can’t tell just by looking whether you have a pilonidal sinus. In fact, even doctors can’t always tell with a physical exam alone. That’s because the pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis list is extensive. […] The primary means used for diagnosing pilonidal disease is a physical examination by a doctor. The doctor will look for an opening at the skin and should be able to feel a mass beneath the skin. […] In some cases, the doctor may need more information before returning a diagnosis. A CT scan may help distinguish pilonidal disease from other conditions. […] Pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis is important because many conditions have similar symptoms, but their necessary treatments are quite different. After proper diagnosis, a doctor can perform laser treatment to heal a pilonidal sinus or treat a different condition with medication, surgery or other therapies.

• #53 Pilonidal disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pilonidal-disease/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis. […] Examine the gluteal cleft for midline pits and sinus tracts. […] Evaluate for an acute pilonidal abscess and/or cellulitis, e.g., soft tissue POCUS. […] Perform an anorectal examination to rule out anorectal abscess and fistula. […] Imaging (e.g., CT, US) is typically reserved for complex pilonidal disease to determine the extent of disease and rule out complications.

• #54 Pilonidal Sinus Differential Diagnosis: What Else Could It Be?

  https://www.adlermicromed.com/pilonidal-sinus-differential-diagnosis/

  You probably can’t tell just by looking whether you have a pilonidal sinus. In fact, even doctors can’t always tell with a physical exam alone. That’s because the pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis list is extensive. […] The primary means used for diagnosing pilonidal disease is a physical examination by a doctor. The doctor will look for an opening at the skin and should be able to feel a mass beneath the skin. […] In some cases, the doctor may need more information before returning a diagnosis. A CT scan may help distinguish pilonidal disease from other conditions. […] Pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis is important because many conditions have similar symptoms, but their necessary treatments are quite different. After proper diagnosis, a doctor can perform laser treatment to heal a pilonidal sinus or treat a different condition with medication, surgery or other therapies.

• #55 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  Location of the disease process is the best way to confirm the diagnosis of pilonidal disease, although several other disease entities should be considered: […] Pilonidal disease may result in sinuses that reach the perianal region and simulate an anal fistula. […] A valuable clinical observation in establishing diagnosis of anal fistula is palpation of the tract leading to the secondary opening to the anus. […] When no primary opening is observed and no tract is palpable, the possibility of an extra-anal source of the infection must be considered. […] Consider hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands in which folliculitis and local friction also play a role, in patients aged 30 years or older, especially with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

• #56 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  Location of the disease process is the best way to confirm the diagnosis of pilonidal disease, although several other disease entities should be considered: […] Pilonidal disease may result in sinuses that reach the perianal region and simulate an anal fistula. […] A valuable clinical observation in establishing diagnosis of anal fistula is palpation of the tract leading to the secondary opening to the anus. […] When no primary opening is observed and no tract is palpable, the possibility of an extra-anal source of the infection must be considered. […] Consider hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands in which folliculitis and local friction also play a role, in patients aged 30 years or older, especially with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

• #57 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  Location of the disease process is the best way to confirm the diagnosis of pilonidal disease, although several other disease entities should be considered: […] Pilonidal disease may result in sinuses that reach the perianal region and simulate an anal fistula. […] A valuable clinical observation in establishing diagnosis of anal fistula is palpation of the tract leading to the secondary opening to the anus. […] When no primary opening is observed and no tract is palpable, the possibility of an extra-anal source of the infection must be considered. […] Consider hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands in which folliculitis and local friction also play a role, in patients aged 30 years or older, especially with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

• #58 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  Location of the disease process is the best way to confirm the diagnosis of pilonidal disease, although several other disease entities should be considered: […] Pilonidal disease may result in sinuses that reach the perianal region and simulate an anal fistula. […] A valuable clinical observation in establishing diagnosis of anal fistula is palpation of the tract leading to the secondary opening to the anus. […] When no primary opening is observed and no tract is palpable, the possibility of an extra-anal source of the infection must be considered. […] Consider hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands in which folliculitis and local friction also play a role, in patients aged 30 years or older, especially with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

• #59 Pilonidal sinus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pilonidal-sinus?lang=us

  Pilonidal sinuses result from skin and subcutaneous tissue infections, typically occurring at or near the upper part of the natal (gluteal) cleft of the buttocks. As such it is often also termed an intergluteal pilonidal sinus, colloquially known as jeep bottom. […] An ultrasound may show sinus anatomy to a reasonable degree in superficial cases. […] MRI permits visualization of tract anatomy and is also useful in the assessment of associated inflammation. […] An intergluteal pilonidal sinus can be clinically difficult to differentiate from a fistula-in-ano, although on imaging it is usually straightforward to distinguish between them.

• #60 Pilonidal Cyst & Sinus: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pilonidal-cyst-and-sinus/?srsltid=AfmBOoqyH-3xLpx_zruDY5Q4ju0qlpFYT1oENq3dYPphfT91hERdkYJI

  Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Diagnosis: Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on physical findings (DynaMed, 2018). Differential diagnoses include hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis, and perianal abscess. Imaging, though not usually necessary, can delineate the extent of the sinus tract and help in surgical planning. Common imaging studies include ultrasonography and MRI. […] Treatment varies depending on the extent and severity of symptoms. Asymptomatic cases may not require treatment, while abscessed cysts necessitate drainage (DynaMed, 2018). Pain management includes analgesics and NSAIDs. Phenol injections can aid healing in non-abscessed cases (Johnson et al., 2019).

• #61 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  Location of the disease process is the best way to confirm the diagnosis of pilonidal disease, although several other disease entities should be considered: […] Pilonidal disease may result in sinuses that reach the perianal region and simulate an anal fistula. […] A valuable clinical observation in establishing diagnosis of anal fistula is palpation of the tract leading to the secondary opening to the anus. […] When no primary opening is observed and no tract is palpable, the possibility of an extra-anal source of the infection must be considered. […] Consider hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands in which folliculitis and local friction also play a role, in patients aged 30 years or older, especially with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity.

• #62 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #63 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #64 Pilonidal Cyst & Sinus: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pilonidal-cyst-and-sinus/?srsltid=AfmBOoqyH-3xLpx_zruDY5Q4ju0qlpFYT1oENq3dYPphfT91hERdkYJI

  Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Diagnosis: Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on physical findings (DynaMed, 2018). Differential diagnoses include hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis, and perianal abscess. Imaging, though not usually necessary, can delineate the extent of the sinus tract and help in surgical planning. Common imaging studies include ultrasonography and MRI. […] Treatment varies depending on the extent and severity of symptoms. Asymptomatic cases may not require treatment, while abscessed cysts necessitate drainage (DynaMed, 2018). Pain management includes analgesics and NSAIDs. Phenol injections can aid healing in non-abscessed cases (Johnson et al., 2019).

• #65 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #66 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #67 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #68 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #69 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #70 Pilonidal Sinus Disease (Pilonidal Cyst) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/pilonidal-sinus-disease-pilonidal-cyst/

  When hair shaft fragments pierce the skin they act as foreign body material and induce a foreign body granulomatous reaction. […] Roughly 20-30% of those with a pilonidal sinus will develop PSD. […] The development of PSD is predicated on some known and unknown factors. […] Not all men and women who have pilonidal sinus tracts and hairy backs and buttocks are predestined to develop PSD. […] It has been suggested that gravity and intergluteal motion together create a type of vacuum that directs loose hair into the funnel of the pilonidal sinus. […] Because this is a localized cutaneous disorder, there are no systemic associated findings, except when there is an acute exacerbation of a foreign body abscess, the patient may develop a fever and attendant malaise and myalgias. […] Malignant transformation is rare, but cases of squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma have also been reported.

• #71 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #72 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-differential

  This disease often affects the groin, axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. […] These patients need surgical referral because this condition is likely to be a long-term concern. […] In some congenital lesions, a continuous tract with the central cord of the spinal cord may occur, and discharge of CSF fluid may be present. […] It is likely that diagnosis of this variant will have occurred before an ED presentation. […] Differentiation and post-primary presentation referral to a surgeon are critical, as treatment of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is en bloc excision and appropriate oncologic care. […] Location of the lesion is the best means to differentiate this entity from pilonidal disease. […] Perirectal abscesses frequently require surgical consultation in the ED for formal drainage in the operating room. […] Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative lesion also generally seen in the fourth decade of life with other comorbidities. […] All of the above are rarely seen but should be considered in the face of atypical or variant history or physical examination findings.

• #73 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-workup

  No specific laboratory studies or tests are needed to diagnose pilonidal disease and its sequelae or differentiate it from other disease entities; it is a clinical diagnosis best elicited by history and physical examination findings. Culture of the cyst contents is not typically necessary, as it does not change management. […] Imaging is typically unnecessary for diagnosis; however, bedside ultrasound may be utilized to optimize incision and drainage by evaluating the size and specific location of the abscess and/or sinus tract. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be pursued. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate sinus tracts and inflammation of the soft tissues, though CT is a reasonable alternative.

• #74 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788127-workup

  No specific laboratory studies or tests are needed to diagnose pilonidal disease and its sequelae or differentiate it from other disease entities; it is a clinical diagnosis best elicited by history and physical examination findings. Culture of the cyst contents is not typically necessary, as it does not change management. […] Imaging is typically unnecessary for diagnosis; however, bedside ultrasound may be utilized to optimize incision and drainage by evaluating the size and specific location of the abscess and/or sinus tract. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be pursued. MRI is the modality of choice to evaluate sinus tracts and inflammation of the soft tissues, though CT is a reasonable alternative.

• #75 Pilonidal Sinus Disease (Pilonidal Cyst) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/pilonidal-sinus-disease-pilonidal-cyst/

  The development of a pilonidal cyst or pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) most commonly occurs along the upper portion of the gluteal cleft, especially when there is an extraneous congenital invagination or sinus tract near the apex of the natal crease. […] Physical examination reveals a painful, edematous, erythematous inflamed nodule or abscess at the base of the spine that is situated at the upper pole of the gluteal cleft. […] There is no other disorder that can produce such physical findings and no other diagnostic procedures are necessary to make the diagnosis of a pilonidal cyst. […] A culture of the purulent discharge can be done to identify the incidental aggravating infectious organisms. […] Other similar types of hair granulomatous disorders should be differentiated from PSD.

• #76 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.freefrompiles.com/health-tips/pilonidal-sinus/

  If there is a visible abscess, the healthcare provider may perform a needle aspiration to extract fluid from the abscess for examination. This procedure helps determine the type of bacteria causing the infection and assists in selecting the appropriate antibiotic treatment. […] Sometimes, other conditions may present with similar symptoms to Pilonidal Sinus, such as an infected hair follicle or a pilonidal cyst. Its essential to differentiate between these conditions to provide the most appropriate treatment.

• #77 Pilonidal Cyst Pain, Treatment, Surgery, Causes, Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pilonidal_cyst/article.htm

  How do doctors diagnose a pilonidal cyst? A doctor will diagnose a pilonidal cyst by first doing a physical examination. A pilonidal cyst looks like a lump, swelling, or abscess at the cleft of the buttock with tenderness, and possibly a draining or bleeding area (sinus). The location of the cyst at the top of the buttocks makes it characteristic of a pilonidal cyst. […] If the infection is severe, blood tests may be performed for diagnosis. There is usually no need for imaging tests in cases of pilonidal cysts.

• #78 Pilonidal Sinus – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the affected region around the gluteal fold and the coccyx is palpated to check for swelling, overheating, or sensitivity to pain and pressure. […] A blood test reveals changes that indicate inflammation: Elevated white blood cells, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, a general inflammatory marker) and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] These examinations are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. We rarely probe the fistula with a special, blunt instrument (button probe) due to the pain involved. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound, computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are usually not necessary.

• #79 Pilonidal Sinus – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the affected region around the gluteal fold and the coccyx is palpated to check for swelling, overheating, or sensitivity to pain and pressure. […] A blood test reveals changes that indicate inflammation: Elevated white blood cells, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, a general inflammatory marker) and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] These examinations are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. We rarely probe the fistula with a special, blunt instrument (button probe) due to the pain involved. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound, computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are usually not necessary.

• #80 Pilonidal Sinus – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the affected region around the gluteal fold and the coccyx is palpated to check for swelling, overheating, or sensitivity to pain and pressure. […] A blood test reveals changes that indicate inflammation: Elevated white blood cells, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, a general inflammatory marker) and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] These examinations are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. We rarely probe the fistula with a special, blunt instrument (button probe) due to the pain involved. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound, computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are usually not necessary.

• #81 Pilonidal Sinus – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the affected region around the gluteal fold and the coccyx is palpated to check for swelling, overheating, or sensitivity to pain and pressure. […] A blood test reveals changes that indicate inflammation: Elevated white blood cells, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, a general inflammatory marker) and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] These examinations are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. We rarely probe the fistula with a special, blunt instrument (button probe) due to the pain involved. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound, computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are usually not necessary.

• #82 Pilonidal disease

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pilonidal-disease

  How is the diagnosis made? The clinical features of pilonidal sinus is usually straightforward. If necessary, skin biopsy can be undertaken. The histopathological features of pilonidal sinus characteristically show foreign body reaction.

• #83 Pilonidal disease

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pilonidal-disease

  How is the diagnosis made? The clinical features of pilonidal sinus is usually straightforward. If necessary, skin biopsy can be undertaken. The histopathological features of pilonidal sinus characteristically show foreign body reaction.

• #84 Causes, symptoms and details of Pilonidal sinus – Pulse Reference

  https://pulsereference.com/diagnoses/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus is a chronic skin condition characterised by the development of a sinus tract or cavity in the natal cleft, near the top of the buttocks. […] Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic location and appearance of the lesion, as well as the patients symptoms. […] In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, or if there are atypical features suggesting an alternative diagnosis (such as Crohns disease or malignancy), further investigations may be warranted. These can include ultrasound, MRI, or biopsy of the lesion.

• #85 Pilonidal Cyst: Firm Nodule Near Anus – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/ddi/pilonidal-cyst/

  The diagnosis is often made clinically based on location, identification of risk factors, and physical examination, which may range from pits or dimples at the base of the spine to large tracking sinuses and/or abscesses accompanied by pain, erythema, edema, and foul drainage. Chronic cases may be associated with visible tracks. Histology often reveals cystic cavities containing hair and cellular debris lined with granulation tissue.3 […] Persistent and infected pilonidal cysts require incision and drainage. In cases of acute infection, treatment plans are often staged with the infection addressed first.3

• #86 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27223

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. […] Methylene blue has been used to evaluate the extent of pilonidal sinuses and can be used in conjunction with surgery. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #87 Pilonidal Cyst Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pilonidal-cyst-6890779

  A pilonidal cyst is usually diagnosed by examining the area of the natal cleft for a cyst. Other symptoms can be major clues in the diagnosis, including. […] Imaging tests like endoscopy (using a flexible tube with a camera to see inside the body) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are usually not needed to diagnose a pilonidal cyst. However, they may be used if another condition is a suspected cause of the cyst. […] If the cyst is in an unusual location or has other features that dont seem related to a cyst, other diagnoses might be considered.

• #88 Pilonidal Cyst Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pilonidal-cyst-6890779

  A pilonidal cyst is usually diagnosed by examining the area of the natal cleft for a cyst. Other symptoms can be major clues in the diagnosis, including. […] Imaging tests like endoscopy (using a flexible tube with a camera to see inside the body) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are usually not needed to diagnose a pilonidal cyst. However, they may be used if another condition is a suspected cause of the cyst. […] If the cyst is in an unusual location or has other features that dont seem related to a cyst, other diagnoses might be considered.

• #89 Pilonidal Sinus – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pilonidal-sinus/

  Pilonidal sinus can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the affected region around the gluteal fold and the coccyx is palpated to check for swelling, overheating, or sensitivity to pain and pressure. […] A blood test reveals changes that indicate inflammation: Elevated white blood cells, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, a general inflammatory marker) and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] These examinations are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. We rarely probe the fistula with a special, blunt instrument (button probe) due to the pain involved. Imaging procedures such as ultrasound, computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are usually not necessary.

• #90 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/pilonidal-sinus-8651656

  If you think you may have a pilonidal sinus, seeing a healthcare provider can help you get started on treatment sooner and relieve discomfort sooner. At your appointment, your provider will ask about your medical history and perform a physical exam. The physical exam is enough to receive a diagnosis and you won’t need additional testing unless your provider thinks you have another condition. […] Pilonidal sinus is a skin infection that causes a cyst near the buttocks, just beneath the tailbone. The infection often occurs when an ingrown hair grows internally and infects the skin. As a result of the infection, symptoms like pain, swelling, and a pus-filled bump can develop. Fortunately, treatment is available to reduce symptoms. Your provider may recommend medications, hair removal, and surgical methods to clean out the infection and prevent further inflammation.

• #91 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.miracleshealth.com/blog/pilonidal-sinus-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you observe any signs of pilonidal sinus, prompt consultation with experienced doctors is essential. […] The diagnosis of pilonidal sinus involves different steps including: […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, past medical history, and family history. […] The doctor will inspect the area around your tailbone. They may gently press on the area to check for tenderness, swelling, pain, and discharge. […] In most cases, a diagnosis is made based on the physical examination. However, in some cases, the doctor may order imaging procedures such as ultrasound or MRI to get a clearer picture of the sinus tract.

• #92 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.miracleshealth.com/blog/pilonidal-sinus-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you observe any signs of pilonidal sinus, prompt consultation with experienced doctors is essential. […] The diagnosis of pilonidal sinus involves different steps including: […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, past medical history, and family history. […] The doctor will inspect the area around your tailbone. They may gently press on the area to check for tenderness, swelling, pain, and discharge. […] In most cases, a diagnosis is made based on the physical examination. However, in some cases, the doctor may order imaging procedures such as ultrasound or MRI to get a clearer picture of the sinus tract.

• #93 Pilonidal Sinus Treatment London | Pilonidal Sinus Causes Essex, UK

  https://www.laparoscopicsurgeon.org.uk/pilonidal-sinus-mr-tan-arulampalam-essex.html

  When you present with symptoms of a pilonidal sinus, your doctor will perform a detailed physical examination. […] Your doctor will perform a visual examination to look for tenderness, redness, swelling and inflammation around your affected area. […] Your doctor may also order a blood test to check for increased white blood cells, which may be an indication of an infection. […] In rare cases, your doctor will recommend a CT scan to confirm on your condition. […] Your doctor may conduct tests to rule out other conditions such as a dermoid cyst (tumour of the germ cell) that can resemble a pilonidal cyst.

• #94 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/pilonidal-sinus-8651656

  If you think you may have a pilonidal sinus, seeing a healthcare provider can help you get started on treatment sooner and relieve discomfort sooner. At your appointment, your provider will ask about your medical history and perform a physical exam. The physical exam is enough to receive a diagnosis and you won’t need additional testing unless your provider thinks you have another condition. […] Pilonidal sinus is a skin infection that causes a cyst near the buttocks, just beneath the tailbone. The infection often occurs when an ingrown hair grows internally and infects the skin. As a result of the infection, symptoms like pain, swelling, and a pus-filled bump can develop. Fortunately, treatment is available to reduce symptoms. Your provider may recommend medications, hair removal, and surgical methods to clean out the infection and prevent further inflammation.

• #95 What is Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, Stages and Treatment | Max Lab

  https://www.maxlab.co.in/blogs/what-is-pilonidal-sinus-causes-symptoms-stages-and-treatment

  There are no tests required for the diagnosis of pilonidal sinus. Generally, a doctor can easily diagnose this inflammatory condition by looking at the affected area.

• #96 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/pilonidal-sinus-8651656

  If you think you may have a pilonidal sinus, seeing a healthcare provider can help you get started on treatment sooner and relieve discomfort sooner. At your appointment, your provider will ask about your medical history and perform a physical exam. The physical exam is enough to receive a diagnosis and you won’t need additional testing unless your provider thinks you have another condition. […] Pilonidal sinus is a skin infection that causes a cyst near the buttocks, just beneath the tailbone. The infection often occurs when an ingrown hair grows internally and infects the skin. As a result of the infection, symptoms like pain, swelling, and a pus-filled bump can develop. Fortunately, treatment is available to reduce symptoms. Your provider may recommend medications, hair removal, and surgical methods to clean out the infection and prevent further inflammation.

• #97 Pilonidal Cyst | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/dermatology/pilonidal-cyst

  Your provider will take a look at the area and assess what stage it is in. There are three possible stages: […] Treatment will depend on your pilonidal defect’s stage and your level of comfort. […] For immediate relief, your doctor may offer a lancing. A numbing agent is applied, and then the area is lanced so the pus can be drained. […] If this is a recurring issue or the infection has spread, your doctor will talk to you about surgery. […] The only true cure for this condition is surgery. An excision removes all affected tissue. This prevents it from coming back. Though more extensive, for many this is the better option.

• #98 Pilonidal sinus disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003253.htm

  Pilonidal sinus disease is an inflammatory condition involving the hair follicles that can occur anywhere along the crease between the buttocks, which runs from the bone at the bottom of the spine (sacrum) to the anus. The disease is benign and has no association with cancer. […] You will be asked for your medical history and given a physical examination. Sometimes you may be asked for the following information: Has there been any change in the appearance of the pilonidal sinus disease? […] Pilonidal disease that causes no symptoms does not need to be treated. […] A pilonidal abscess may be opened, drained, and packed with gauze. Antibiotics may be used if there is an infection spreading in the skin or you also have another, more severe illness.

• #99 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] An acute pilonidal abscess should undergo drainage, ideally unroofing and curettage. […] Currently, there is no consensus on the optimal surgical treatment and many different techniques are available. […] Diagnostic investigations include clinical diagnosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever.

• #100 Pilonidal disease – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1146

  Pilonidal disease may be asymptomatic or present with an acute abscess or a chronic cyst and/or sinus with persistent drainage. […] An acute pilonidal abscess should undergo drainage, ideally unroofing and curettage. […] Currently, there is no consensus on the optimal surgical treatment and many different techniques are available. […] Diagnostic investigations include clinical diagnosis. […] Key diagnostic factors include sacrococcygeal discharge, sacrococcygeal pain and swelling, and sacrococcygeal sinus tracts. […] Other diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, modifiable risk factors (prolonged sitting, perineal hygiene), history of prior rupture of fluid into the natal cleft, skin maceration, acutely increased natal cleft pain and swelling, and fever.

• #101 Pilonidal Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is diagnosed based on symptoms such as swelling and pain in the tailbone region. Carefully examining the buttocks crease may reveal holes in the skin. […] There are a few different treatment options for children with pilonidal disease, depending on the severity. Sometimes when a pilonidal abscess first appears, doctors treat it with antibiotics and suggest home hygiene, including shaving and regularly cleaning the infected area. If there is an infected pocket present, it may need to be drained. This can resolve the infection when combined with antibiotics.

• #102 Pilonidal Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is diagnosed based on symptoms such as swelling and pain in the tailbone region. Carefully examining the buttocks crease may reveal holes in the skin. […] There are a few different treatment options for children with pilonidal disease, depending on the severity. Sometimes when a pilonidal abscess first appears, doctors treat it with antibiotics and suggest home hygiene, including shaving and regularly cleaning the infected area. If there is an infected pocket present, it may need to be drained. This can resolve the infection when combined with antibiotics.

• #103 Pilonidal Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pilonidal-disease

  Pilonidal disease is diagnosed based on symptoms such as swelling and pain in the tailbone region. Carefully examining the buttocks crease may reveal holes in the skin. […] There are a few different treatment options for children with pilonidal disease, depending on the severity. Sometimes when a pilonidal abscess first appears, doctors treat it with antibiotics and suggest home hygiene, including shaving and regularly cleaning the infected area. If there is an infected pocket present, it may need to be drained. This can resolve the infection when combined with antibiotics.

• #104 Pilonidal Sinus | Diagnosis, Surgery | General Surgeon — Intus Specialist Health Care

  https://www.intus.co.nz/articles/pilonidal-sinus

  A pilonidal sinus is a small hole or tunnel in the skin at the top of the buttocks, where they divide (the natal cleft). […] A pilonidal sinus is a chronic infection beneath the skin, usually of the natal cleft (between the buttocks). […] Often the first indication of a pilonidal sinus is an acute episode of infection with an abscess. After the abscess resolves (either spontaneously or with antibiotics), a pilonidal sinus may develop. A sinus is a cavity beneath the skin surface that connects with the surface of the skin with one or more openings or tracts. […] Treatment depends largely on the pattern of the disease. […] If the disease is complex, recurrent or chronic, it requires surgical treatment performed in an operating theatre. This will involve excision of the sinus tracts, which may be simple or extensive. […] Your surgeon will discuss the options with you and help you select the appropriate operation.

• #105 Pilonidal Sinus Cyst | FAQs, Causes, Symptoms, and Risk FactorsTikTok

  https://www.ibihealthcare.com/cyst-and-abscesses/pilonidal-sinus-cyst/

  Pilonidal cysts can be painful and annoying but not life-threatening. But if left open and untreated can lead to abscesses and chronic infection. Treatment is key to preventing these complications. […] A pilonidal cyst can make you feel unwell, especially if it becomes infected. Symptoms and signs of infection from an infected pilonidal cyst include fever, chills, and general malaise. The area around the infected cyst may also become extremely painful and swollen. […] You can self-diagnose a pilonidal cyst by checking for a tender lump at the base of your tailbone. The area might be red and swollen. If you notice pus or drain from a small opening, it’s likely a pilonidal cyst. However, always seek professional medical advice for an accurate diagnosis. […] Doctors diagnose it through a physical examination. The doctor will look for signs of swelling, redness, and discharge near the buttocks crease or tailbone. […] In some cases, doctors diagnose it through imaging tests like ultrasound. To further assess the extent of the pilonidal cyst and any associated abscesses.

• #106 Pilonidal Sinus Cyst | FAQs, Causes, Symptoms, and Risk FactorsTikTok

  https://www.ibihealthcare.com/cyst-and-abscesses/pilonidal-sinus-cyst/

  Pilonidal cysts can be painful and annoying but not life-threatening. But if left open and untreated can lead to abscesses and chronic infection. Treatment is key to preventing these complications. […] A pilonidal cyst can make you feel unwell, especially if it becomes infected. Symptoms and signs of infection from an infected pilonidal cyst include fever, chills, and general malaise. The area around the infected cyst may also become extremely painful and swollen. […] You can self-diagnose a pilonidal cyst by checking for a tender lump at the base of your tailbone. The area might be red and swollen. If you notice pus or drain from a small opening, it’s likely a pilonidal cyst. However, always seek professional medical advice for an accurate diagnosis. […] Doctors diagnose it through a physical examination. The doctor will look for signs of swelling, redness, and discharge near the buttocks crease or tailbone. […] In some cases, doctors diagnose it through imaging tests like ultrasound. To further assess the extent of the pilonidal cyst and any associated abscesses.

• #107 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. […] The signs of an infection include: pain when sitting or standing, swelling of the cyst, reddened, sore skin around the area, pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor, hair protruding from the lesion, formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin. […] If your case is diagnosed early on, you aren’t experiencing severe pain, and there’s no sign of inflammation, it’s likely that your doctor will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic. […] This procedure alleviates symptoms from an abscess, or a collection of pus inside the sinus. […] If you have a recurring pilonidal sinus infection or if you have more than one sinus tract, your doctor will recommend a surgical procedure.

• #108 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. […] The signs of an infection include: pain when sitting or standing, swelling of the cyst, reddened, sore skin around the area, pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor, hair protruding from the lesion, formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin. […] If your case is diagnosed early on, you aren’t experiencing severe pain, and there’s no sign of inflammation, it’s likely that your doctor will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic. […] This procedure alleviates symptoms from an abscess, or a collection of pus inside the sinus. […] If you have a recurring pilonidal sinus infection or if you have more than one sinus tract, your doctor will recommend a surgical procedure.

• #109 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. […] The signs of an infection include: pain when sitting or standing, swelling of the cyst, reddened, sore skin around the area, pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor, hair protruding from the lesion, formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin. […] If your case is diagnosed early on, you aren’t experiencing severe pain, and there’s no sign of inflammation, it’s likely that your doctor will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic. […] This procedure alleviates symptoms from an abscess, or a collection of pus inside the sinus. […] If you have a recurring pilonidal sinus infection or if you have more than one sinus tract, your doctor will recommend a surgical procedure.

• #110 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. […] The signs of an infection include: pain when sitting or standing, swelling of the cyst, reddened, sore skin around the area, pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor, hair protruding from the lesion, formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin. […] If your case is diagnosed early on, you aren’t experiencing severe pain, and there’s no sign of inflammation, it’s likely that your doctor will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic. […] This procedure alleviates symptoms from an abscess, or a collection of pus inside the sinus. […] If you have a recurring pilonidal sinus infection or if you have more than one sinus tract, your doctor will recommend a surgical procedure.

• #111 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  Depending on the severity of the disorder and the type of treatment, an infected pilonidal sinus will usually clear up within 4 to 10 weeks. […] There are a number of complications that may arise from pilonidal sinus infection. These include wound infection and a recurrence of the infection even after surgery.

• #112 Pilonidal Sinus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pilonidal-cyst

  Depending on the severity of the disorder and the type of treatment, an infected pilonidal sinus will usually clear up within 4 to 10 weeks. […] There are a number of complications that may arise from pilonidal sinus infection. These include wound infection and a recurrence of the infection even after surgery.

• #113 Pilonidal Sinus M008 | CLIK

  https://clik.dva.gov.au/ccps-medical-research-library/sops-grouped-icd-body-system/n-p/pilonidal-sinus-m008-l05

  A pilonidal sinus is a small hole, tunnel or pit of the skin. It is usually located in the fold between the buttocks but can develop elsewhere, including the hands and feet (interdigital spaces). It generally contains embedded hair and can become infected, resulting in abscess formation with pain and discharge. It is most common in young adult males. […] The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, from the history and findings on examination. The diagnosis can be made by a treating GP. […] The relevant medical specialist is a general surgeon.

• #114 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #115 Pilonidal Sinus – Evergreen Surgical Pilonidal Clinic

  https://pilonidal.com/pilonidal-sinus/

  When a patient develops pilonidal disease it begins as a midline pore, and then progresses to a pilonidal cyst as hairs and debris collect under the skin. If this cyst becomes inflamed and starts tunneling, we now call that a pilonidal sinus. The typical symptoms of a sinus are that it intermittently becomes swollen and painful. Patients often call this a flair up. It then drains and feels better and may even seem to completely heal, until the cycle of pain and drainage begins again. In general, once a sinus forms it will not resolve without surgical treatment. At the Evergreen Surgical Pilonidal Clinic we only perform the cleft-lift procedure because of its very high success rate. […] Just treating the secondary sinus tract opening with surgical removal, silver nitrate, steroid injections, antiseptics, antibiotic ointment, or any kind of local wound care will not solve the problem without removing the entire sinus from the midline pit to the secondary sinus tract opening. There are also minimally invasive pilonidal operations that do not flatten the cleft, but remove the pilonidal sinus. These are reasonable procedures, but do have a high failure rate due to the fact that they do not address the reason for the pilonidal disease which is the shape and depth of the gluteal cleft.

• #116 Pilonidal Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/anal-and-rectal-disorders/pilonidal-disease

  The diagnosis is based on an examination. […] To distinguish pilonidal disease from other infections, a doctor looks for tiny holes in or next to the infected area (pits).

• #117 Pilonidal Sinus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.miracleshealth.com/blog/pilonidal-sinus-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you observe any signs of pilonidal sinus, prompt consultation with experienced doctors is essential. […] The diagnosis of pilonidal sinus involves different steps including: […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, past medical history, and family history. […] The doctor will inspect the area around your tailbone. They may gently press on the area to check for tenderness, swelling, pain, and discharge. […] In most cases, a diagnosis is made based on the physical examination. However, in some cases, the doctor may order imaging procedures such as ultrasound or MRI to get a clearer picture of the sinus tract.

• #118 Pilonidal Disease Management: Guidelines from the ASCRS | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1101/p582.html

  Pilonidal disease is a reaction to hair in the gluteal cleft, in which unattached hairs injure or pierce the skin, resulting in a foreign body reaction. […] The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) has released a clinical practice guideline to provide physicians with diagnosis and treatment options. […] The differential diagnosis includes hidradenitis suppurativa, infected skin furuncles, Crohn disease, and perianal fistula. Most patients with pilonidal disease will present with midline pits in the gluteal cleft, although they also may have surrounding cellulitis or abscess. Patients with chronic disease will most often present with chronic draining sinus disease in the intergluteal fold. The physical examination for suspected pilonidal disease should involve an anal examination to rule out fistula. […] Surgical approaches should be selected based on whether there is an acute abscess or chronic disease and surgeon expertise. When treating patients for a recurrence, physicians should exclude other etiologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, immunosuppression, and cutaneous neoplasms.

• #119 Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK557770/

  Pilonidal disease is a clinical diagnosis based on history, physical exam (including anorectal exam), and evaluation of symptoms and risk factors. […] Diagnosing pilonidal disease is clinical, and no further labs, tests, or imaging is required. However, imaging may be helpful in cases where the diagnosis is less clear. Imaging modalities have been used to differentiate and/or rule out more significant disease processes and can aid in determining the extent of disease and required excision when combined with surgical treatment. […] Ultrasound can be used to evaluate pilonidal disease. […] MRI is more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasound but may aid in diagnosis when there is a concern for inflammatory bowel disease, fistula in ano, pelvic sepsis, or neoplastic processes. […] Pilonidal disease is diagnosed clinically, through history and physical, and the treatment is surgical. If there is concern for other differential diagnoses, imaging modalities can be used.

• #120 How do I know if I have a Pilonidal Cyst or something else?Accessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://pilonidalinstitute.com/how-do-i-know-if-i-have-a-pilonidal-cyst-or-something-else/

  Pilonidal cysts, though relatively uncommon, can cause discomfort and distress for those affected. Recognizing the symptoms of a pilonidal cyst is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment. […] If you experience symptoms suggestive of a pilonidal cyst or are unsure of the cause of your symptoms, it’s essential to seek medical evaluation. A healthcare provider can perform a physical examination, review your medical history, and order imaging studies if necessary to confirm the diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment. […] Recognizing the symptoms of pilonidal cysts and distinguishing them from similar conditions is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. If you suspect you have a pilonidal cyst or are experiencing symptoms suggestive of this condition, don’t hesitate to seek medical attention. Early intervention can help alleviate discomfort, prevent complications, and promote optimal healing.

• #121 How do I know if I have a Pilonidal Cyst or something else?Accessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://pilonidalinstitute.com/how-do-i-know-if-i-have-a-pilonidal-cyst-or-something-else/

  Pilonidal cysts, though relatively uncommon, can cause discomfort and distress for those affected. Recognizing the symptoms of a pilonidal cyst is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment. […] If you experience symptoms suggestive of a pilonidal cyst or are unsure of the cause of your symptoms, it’s essential to seek medical evaluation. A healthcare provider can perform a physical examination, review your medical history, and order imaging studies if necessary to confirm the diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment. […] Recognizing the symptoms of pilonidal cysts and distinguishing them from similar conditions is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. If you suspect you have a pilonidal cyst or are experiencing symptoms suggestive of this condition, don’t hesitate to seek medical attention. Early intervention can help alleviate discomfort, prevent complications, and promote optimal healing.

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