Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Flat Feet (Pes Planus): Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/flat-feet-pes-planus

  Pes planus means having flat feet or one flat foot with little-to-no arch in the sole. […] If arches never develop, or if they collapse later in life, flat feet can cause pain or other problems with walking. […] Some flat feet causes are congenital (present at birth). Other causes happen later in life, after your arches have formed normally. This is called progressive collapsing foot deformity, or fallen arches. […] Congenital pes planus is due to conditions present at birth. While all babies are flat footed, some won’t ever develop normal arches. The answer to this is in their genes, which determine their physical traits. […] Acquired pes planus happens when your arches fall flat after forming normally. Arch collapse can happen slowly or rapidly. Diseases and injuries can cause them.

• #2 Pes Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/

  Pes planus can either be congenital or acquired. […] Pes planus is fairly common in infants. Infants and young children are prone to absent arches secondary to ligamentous laxity and lack of neuromuscular control. […] Most cases of pes planus in children are flexible. Flexible pes planus describes a normal arch without bearing weight, which disappears with weight-bearing. […] Obesity in children is significantly correlated with the tendency of the longitudinal arch to collapse in early childhood. […] Acquired pes planus is most commonly occurs secondary to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. […] Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is most common in females over the age of 40 with comorbidities, including diabetes and obesity. […] It can also occur in adults with congenital pes planus, especially those who participate in repetitive high-impact sports such as basketball, running, or soccer.

• #3

  https://www.drprasadathreya.com.au/flat-feet

  Flat feet are also commonly referred to as „fallen arches” or „pes planus”, and occur when the feet roll in or over-pronation during standing or walking. […] Flat Foot is a postural deformity in which the arch of the foot that runs lengthwise along the sole has collapsed to the ground or not formed at all. […] Age is also a risk factor for Flat Feet. Arches can fall over time. Years of wear and tear can weaken the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch. […] In children, Flatfoot is often caused by loose connections between joints and excess baby fat deposits between foot bones which make the entire foot touch the floor while standing up. […] However, 1 out of 10 children never develop the arch and they have flat feet through their adult years. […] There are many conditions that can cause flat feet and overpronation. Common foot deformities and flexible muscle structure are the most frequent causes.

• #4 What are the Three Main Causes of Flat Feet? | Blog | Progressive Spine & Orthopaedics

  https://www.newjerseyspinesurgeon.com/blog/what-are-the-three-main-causes-of-flat-feet/

  While you may not realize it, babies are usually born with flat feet. However, as they grow up and their bodies develop more, most childrens feet develop arches and have proper function. […] Chronic inflammation, tears, and any other kind of injury to these tendons can cause the arches to fall. […] When bones in the foot are broken, it can lead to issues in the posterior tibial tendon, causing the arches to fall. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is known to cause pain, swelling, and stiffness, but few are aware of the fact that it can also change the shape of ones feet, resulting in flat feet. […] This condition causes one to lose sensation in their feet, resulting in arch collapse. […] Flat feet can have multiple causes.

• #5 What Causes Adult-Onset Flat Feet? – Advanced Foot & Ankle Care Specialists

  https://afcdallas.com/what-causes-adult-onset-flat-feet/

  It is not unusual for adults to develop flat feet as they age, even though they never had the problem before. Its main cause is changes to the posterior tibial tendon that limit its ability to lift the arch of your foot. Unfortunately, this dysfunction is progressive and usually worsens if not treated. Overuse of the tendon by walking, running, hiking or climbing stairs, is often the main cause. […] About 20-30% of the population generally has flat feet because their arches never formed during growth. […] If you have complications with your knees, flat feet can be a contributor to arthritis in that area.

• #6 Causes and Symptoms of Flat Feet

  https://www.greaterhoustonfootcenters.com/component/k2/item/766-causes-and-symptoms-of-flat-feet.html

  Flat feet, also known as fallen arches, occur when the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole to touch the ground. This condition can be present from birth or develop over time. Flat feet are often caused by genetics, where the individual inherits the condition from family members. Other causes include injury, overuse, or conditions such as arthritis and obesity, which place additional stress on the feet. In some cases, flat feet may also result from weakened or damaged tendons. […] About 20-30% of the population generally has flat feet because their arches never formed during growth. […] If you have complications with your knees, flat feet can be a contributor to arthritis in that area.

• #7 Flat Feet | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/flat-feet-in-children

  Flat feet — or pes planus, pes valgus, overpronation — are exactly what the name implies, the feet are flatter on the bottom and allow the entire sole of the foot to touch the floor when standing. […] The causes of flat feet are varied. Some inherit the condition from their parents as an isolated trait, this is particularly true for children with hypermobility or “double jointed”. Others develop flat feet as part of another genetic condition. Still others develop the condition over time. […] Certain factors can increase the risk of developing flat feet over time including: Obesity, Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Foot or ankle injuries, Aging.

• #8 Flat feet

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flat-feet/

  There’s often no obvious cause for flat feet. It might just be the way your feet are. […] Sometimes flat feet run in families. […] Rarely, flat feet may be caused by: the bones in the feet not growing properly in the womb, stretching of the tissues in your feet (possibly as a result of things like an injury, getting older or being overweight), conditions affecting the muscles, nerves or joints in the whole body like cerebral palsy and spina bifida.

• #9 Flat Feet (Flatfoot): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/flat-feet

  Flat feet can develop over time or be partially hereditary. […] The primary causes of flat feet include: […] Genetics. Flat feet can be inherited from a parent. […] Congenitally tight Achilles tendons or calf muscles can cause the foot to compensate by becoming hypermobile in the arch and, consequently, flattening it. […] Laxity of ligaments. A congenital looseness or hypermobility of the ligaments and muscles can cause flat feet.

• #10

• #11 The Flat Foot – Cambridge Foot and Ankle Clinic

  https://cambridgefootandankle.com/the-flat-foot/

  Most people have an arch along the inside of the foot. […] In some people the arch is minimal or absent, these individuals are said to have flat feet. […] The commonest cause of a flat foot is the so-called physiological flat foot. This means that the flatness is a variation of normal. […] The commonest cause of flat foot in adults is stretching of the tibialis posterior tendon, this tendon lifts the arch of the foot. […] A previous fracture of your heel bone can lead to flat feet; the pain from this is due to wear and tear (osteoarthritis) in the joint below the ankle the subtalar joint. […] All types of arthritis including osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis can cause painful flat feet. […] In children the foot may not develop normally in the womb. […] The tendon works over a very short distance it only has to move about 1cm.

• #12 Pes Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/

  Patients with trauma to the midfoot or hindfoot resulting in navicular, first metatarsal, calcaneal, or Lis-Franc ligament complex demonstrate an increased risk of developing pes planus. […] Other causes include injuries to soft tissues such as plantar fascia or spring ligament. […] Patients with congenital ligamentous laxity secondary to Down syndrome, Marfan, or Ehlers Danos can present with pes planus. […] Patients with arthropathies are at higher risk for acquired pes planus. These can be either degenerative or inflammatory. […] Rigid pes planus is rare. It usually develops during childhood but can occur at any point in life. It develops from the tarsal coalition, accessory navicular bone, congenital vertical talus, or other forms of congenital hindfoot pathology.

• #13 Flat feet: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001262.htm

  Flat feet (pes planus) refer to a change in foot shape in which the foot does not have a normal arch when standing. […] Flat feet occur because the tissues holding the joints in the foot together (called tendons) are loose. […] Some hereditary conditions cause loose tendons and ligaments. […] People born with these conditions may have flat feet. […] Aging, injuries, or illness may harm the tendons and cause flat feet to develop in a person who has already formed arches. […] Rarely, painful flat feet in children may be caused by a condition in which two or more of the bones in the foot grow or fuse together. This condition is called tarsal coalition.

• #14 The Flat Foot – Cambridge Foot and Ankle Clinic

  https://cambridgefootandankle.com/the-flat-foot/

  If it stretches more than 1cm it loses all of its effectiveness, and support of the arch is lost. […] Occasionally individuals are born with an extra bone (accessory navicular) in the tibialis posterior tendon. […] This extra bone is present in about 10% of people. […] The accessory navicular does not need treatment unless it is painful, or symptomatic.

• #15 Painful Flatfoot Guide

  https://www.adamperler.com/services/adult-and-pediatric-deformity-correction/42-adult-deformity-correction/58-painful-flatfoot-guide.html

  Flatfoot is a term used to describe a collapsed arch. Medically, the term is pes planovalgus (for a flattened foot that is pushed outwards). There are a variety of causes of flat feet. Flat feet can be genetic, acquired and develop over time. Injury can lead to flat feet. Tendon problems, and arthritis can lead to flat feet. Rigidly flat feet may occur from a condition called tarsal coalition, where the bones in the back of the foot are genetically fused or locked together. While a number of articles have been written in an attempt to identify the cause of flat feet, most agree that it is multi-factorial meaning that there is more than one cause. […] A flexible flatfoot is a very common form of flatfoot that usually originates in childhood and lasts throughout adulthood, typically worsening without treatment. The deformity in flexible flatfoot involves a mild, gradual collapse of the foots arch, and almost always occurs in both feet. […] Flat feet are also associated with congenitally tight Achilles tendons or calf muscles and develop as the body tries to compensate for this by causing the foot to become hypermobile in the arch, thus flattening it.

• #16 Flatfeet – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604

  Flatfeet can occur when the arches don’t develop during childhood. It can also develop later in life after an injury or from the simple wear-and-tear stresses of age. […] People without flatfeet can also develop the condition. Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury. Or the collapse can happen over years of wear and tear. Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. As the severity increases, arthritis may develop in the foot.

• #17

  https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/midfoot/adult-acquired-flatfoot-deformity

  Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a progressive flattening of the arch of the foot. This flattening occurs as the posterior tibial tendon (a tendon in your lower leg) wears down. […] Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of AAFD. Often there is no specific event or injury that starts the problem. More commonly, the tendon is injured from „wear and tear” over time. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction occurs more commonly in patients who are born with a flat foot or who develop the condition for other reasons. With a relatively flat arch, more stress is placed on the posterior tibial tendon and also on the ligaments on the inside of the foot and ankle. The result is a progressive disorder. Weight also plays a role in the progression of this disorder. For overweight patients, significant weight loss may lead to some improvement of symptoms.

• #18

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/flat-foot/symptoms-causes

  Flat foot or flat feet is a condition where one or both feet have little to no arch. […] In some people, arches will develop normally but later collapse. This is known as fallen arches and is often used as another term for flat feet. […] Adult-acquired flat feet (fallen arches). In this type of flat feet, the arches collapse or drop unexpectedly, causing the foot to turn outwards. It is most commonly caused by inflammation or a tear in the leg tendon that supports the arch, and can be painful. […] Some people have flat feet because it runs in the family (generalised ligamentous laxity). Others develop flat feet later in life. Some factors can increase your risk of flat feet, including: Injuries to the Achilles tendon, foot or ankle, Inflammation (tendonitis) or tearing of the posterior tibial tendon, which is the primary support structure for the foots arch.

• #19 Flat Feet (Pes Planus): Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/flat-feet-pes-planus

  Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. This is the most common cause. Chronic tendonitis can weaken this important tendon until it breaks down and can no longer support your arch. […] Charcot foot. Diabetes-related nerve damage can lead the breakdown of the bones in your foot and compromise the supporting ligaments. This can lead to arch collapse. […] Arthritis. Degenerative types and inflammatory types of arthritis can cause swelling and deformity in the joints of your feet. This can throw off the architecture of your foot arches. […] Injury. Foot fractures or injuries to your foot ligaments may undermine your arch support. Going too long without walking while you recover from an injury can weaken the supporting muscles.

• #20 Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/posterior-tibial-tendon-dysfunction/

  The PTT can tear due to overuse. For example, people who participate in high-impact sports, such as basketball, tennis, or soccer, may have tears of the tendon from repetitive use. Non-athletes can develop similar issues in the tendon over time, especially those who often wear non-supportive footwear like sandals. […] There is likely a strong genetic component to the development of PCFD. […] Regardless of the initial cause: As the PTT becomes inflamed and weak, it is less able to hold up the arch and support the foot while walking. […] The arch begins to collapse, or sag, putting extra stress on the other structures that support the arch, such as the spring ligament. […] As these structures also become stretched and weakened, the PTT must try to work even harder to support the arch, starting a vicious cycle.

• #21 Flat feet: Symptoms, exercises, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168608

  Flat feet is when one or both feet have no arches or arches that are very low. […] Adults who develop flat feet usually have an underlying condition that is affecting their feet. […] The common risks include: obesity, pregnancy, diabetes, trauma to the feet, having family members with the condition, developing a condition that can affect the tendons, being of young age or being an older adult. […] Common causes include: genetic factors, as flat feet can pass from parents to children in the genes; weak arches, meaning that the arch is visible when a person sits but the foot flattens onto the ground when they stand; foot or ankle injuries; stress on the arches of the feet due to excess weight; arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis; damage, dysfunction, or rupture of the posterior tibial tendon; nervous system or muscle diseases, such as spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, or cerebral palsy; tarsal coalition, which causes the bones of the foot to fuse together unusually, resulting in stiff and flat feet; long-term use of the feet, which can cause the posterior tibial tendon, the primary support structure for the foot arch, to weaken in older age; tendonitis, which is a tear due to overuse, or other damage to the tendon; developmental anomalies that can develop in childhood, with age, or after pregnancy. […] When flat feet develop in adulthood, there is usually an underlying medical cause.

• #22 5 Common Causes of Flat Feet: Eric Blanson, DPM: Sports Medicine

  https://www.pmcfootandankleclinic.com/blog/5-common-causes-of-flat-feet

  If you have flat feet, your footprints look more like pancakes with toes. […] Flat feet or fallen arches occur when that arch is very shallow or absent. […] Understanding the causes of flat feet helps us determine the best treatment for you and can also help you take steps to avoid injuries and other risk factors for flat feet. […] Some of the most common causes of flat feet include: […] Babies are born with flat feet, and as they grow and their muscles and tendons develop, their feet change and arches form. However, some babies never grow out of their flat feet. This is a normal foot type variation. […] Inflammation, tears, and other injuries to these tendons can cause your arches to fall. […] If you break or dislocate any of the bones in your foot, it can cause problems in the posterior tibial tendon, and your arches can fall. […] Rheumatoid arthritis can also change the shape of your feet and lead to flat feet. […] Nerve damage in your feet is a common side effect of unmanaged diabetes. You lose sensation in your feet, and your arch collapses, a condition known as Charcot’s foot.

• #23 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Trauma to bone, soft tissue, or both can lead to the development of AAFD. Fracture-dislocation that involves the medial column (navicular and first metatarsal), Lisfranc joints, and calcaneal fractures have been noted to cause AAFD, usually because of malunion or chronic joint subluxation. […] There has also been increasing interest in soft-tissue injury as a cause of flatfoot deformity. Ruptures of either the spring ligament or the plantar fascia (traumatic and iatrogenic) have been reported to lead to progressive collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. […] Arthritides, both inflammatory and degenerative, must also be examined as a possible underlying cause of AAFD. […] Neuropathy-induced pes planus is perhaps the most concerning etiology of this condition, ranging from diabetes mellitus-induced Charcot arthropathy to spinal cord injuries.

• #24

  https://www.southtexaspodiatrist.com/blog/common-causes-of-flat-feet

  Flat feet, also known as fallen arches, is a common condition that not only affects your physical health but can also impact your lifestyle. […] Flat feet can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, injury, and obesity. […] In some cases, RA can lead to flat feet due to the chronic inflammation and damage to the joints and ligaments in the foot. […] Broken bones in the foot, particularly those in the middle or hindfoot, can sometimes cause flat feet. […] Achilles tendon injuries can sometimes cause flat feet due to the biomechanics of the foot and ankle. […] Diabetes can cause muscle weakness and atrophy in the feet, further contributing to the development of flat feet.

• #25 What Causes Flat Feet? | Podiatrist, ABFAS Certified in Foot, Reconstructive Rearfoot and Ankle Surgery & General Podiatrist located in Ventura County, Camarillo, CA | Align Foot & Ankle Center

  https://www.alignfootankle.com/post/what-causes-flat-feet

  If you feel discomfort or pain in your legs, ankles, heels or feet, you might have a form of flat feet. […] There are numerous causes your flat foot may be due to genetics or an undiagnosed birth defect. In other cases, flat feet appear after an injury, such as a torn tendon in your ankle or foot. Your arch may collapse during the trauma or result from poor muscle recovery when you heal. […] Some health conditions can increase your risk of developing flat feet. If you live with diabetes, high blood pressure or rheumatoid arthritis, you may develop flat feet at some point. Excess weight and pregnancy may also increase your risk. In other cases, perfectly healthy individuals may suffer from flat feet due to an Achilles tendon tear.

• #26 Flat Feet Symptoms and Treatment | Foot and Ankle Center of Lake City

  https://www.bergdpm.com/library/flat-feet-symptoms-and-treatment.cfm

  flatfoot is often a complex disorder, with diverse symptoms and varying degrees of deformity and disability. […] flat feet are inherited. […] Injury to the ligaments of the foot can cause those ligaments to lose their ability to maintain the shape of the foot resulting in a collapsed arch. […] The arch of the foot often collapses, and pressure areas develop on the bottom of the foot, leading to open sores or ulcers. […] Risk factors for this condition are obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is an immune disorder that can cause the arch to collapse.

• #27 Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Flat Feet | Red Mountain Footcare

  https://redmountainfootcare.com/flat-feet/flat-feet-symptoms-treatments-more/

  Flat feet, which goes by other names like flatfoot, pronated foot, pes planus, and fallen arches, is a type of deformity with various degrees of physical impact. Flatfoot is a foot condition in which the arch of the foot has either partially or totally dropped or has never developed. […] For adults, the development of flat feet can be brought upon by injury, as a result of pregnancy due to increased elasticity, or obesity. Those who have health concerns such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes may also be at greater risk for developing the condition. […] Flat feet in one or both of your feet can be hereditary and passed down to family members or might simply occur over time. […] Some common causes of flat feet are: Arthritis of rheumatoid arthritis, Ankle or foot injury, Genetic factors, as flat feet could pass to children from parents in the genes, Muscle or nervous system diseases like muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy or spina bifida, Weak arches, which means your arch is noticeable when you sit, but your foot flattens on the ground when you stand, Dysfunction, damage or rupture of your posterior tibial tendon.

• #28 Flat Feet: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/flat-feet

  Flat feet can be present from birth or may develop over time due to various factors. […] In other cases, the causes of flat feet range from pre-existing medical conditions like arthritis and diabetic foot disease to injuries, or even the wear and tear of age. […] Other major factors that may increase your risk for adult flat feet include: Diabetes, High blood pressure (hypertension), Obesity, Traumatic injury, Arthritis, Age. […] Flat feet can cause a number of problems in the ankles and knees because of the altered positioning of the feet and pressure changes of walking and moving.

• #29 Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/posterior-tibial-tendon-dysfunction/

  Eventually the tendon and ligaments may completely tear. Without the support of tendons and ligaments, bones can shift significantly, causing pain from impingement (the bone puts pressure on another structure, such as another bone) and arthritis. […] Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and flatfoot are more common in women and in people over the age of 40. Additional risk factors include obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.

• #30 Flat Feet (Pes Planus) Causes & Treatment Option in Singapore

  https://www.straitspodiatry.com/conditions/flat-feet/

  Flat feet occur when the foot arch either does not develop properly or collapses over time. […] A person can develop flat feet for various reasons, including: […] Genetics: Some individuals inherit the foot structure from their parents. Its often congenital, meaning the condition is present from birth. […] Weak or Stretched Tendons: The posterior tibial tendon supports the arch of the foot. If this tendon becomes weak or damaged, it can cause the arch to collapse. […] Injury: Trauma or injury to the foot or ankle, such as Lisfranc fractures or ankle sprains, can weaken the structure of the foot and lead to arch collapse. […] Ageing: As individuals age, the tendons and ligaments in the feet may lose elasticity and weaken, leading to the collapse of the arch. […] Obesity: High body mass places additional load on the feet, which can lead to the flattening of the arch.

• #31 Flat Feet: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/flat-feet-and-fallen-arches

  Flat feet are more likely to develop in people with obesity – the additional weight will place added strain on the tendons which support the arches and they are more likely to collapse. High blood pressure – this may be an effect on the blood supply to the tendons in the foot. Diabetes – this affects the nerves in the feet and can also lead to weakness of the tendons. Pregnancy – a combination of added weight and the effects of pregnancy hormones which tend to soften supportive ligaments. Rheumatoid arthritis – this may weaken the tendons or affect the joints. A long history of running (straining the posterior tibial tendon). Greater age – the tendency of the tendons to tire and stretch increases with age. Larger feet. Those who have larger feet may be more prone to developing flat feet.

• #32 A Simple Overview of What Causes Flat Foot

  https://www.extendorthopedics.com/2015/06/a-simple-overview-of-what-causes-flat-foot/

  Foot structure Some people have an abnormal foot structure and simply never develop arches. […] Physical conditions Conditions such as tarsal coalition can cause flat foot. […] Foot and ankle injuries Injuries that damage the tendons of your foot or lower leg can lead to flat foot. […] Nerve damage Nerve damage to your foot, whether from injury or due to medical conditions such as diabetes, can also cause flat foot. […] Pregnancy Hormones secreted during pregnancy cause a softening of connective tissue, including tendons and ligaments. […] Other risk factors for flat foot include obesity and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #33 Flat Feet (Pes Planus) Causes & Treatment Option in Singapore

  https://www.straitspodiatry.com/conditions/flat-feet/

  Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause ligaments to be loose, contributing to the development of arch collapse, especially in women with a predisposition. […] Medical Conditions: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, tarsal coalition, and Charcots foot can affect the structure of the foot and contribute to flat feet.

• #34 A Simple Overview of What Causes Flat Foot

  https://www.extendorthopedics.com/2015/06/a-simple-overview-of-what-causes-flat-foot/

  there are several possible answers to what causes flat foot […] Flat foot is exactly what it sounds likeyour foot has no arch and is flat on the bottom. […] Flat foot causes your ankle to over-pronatethat is, your ankle appears to turn inward. Flat foot can also cause toe drift, where your toes and the front of your foot point outward. […] Most feet have an upward curve on the inside, between the heel and the ball of the foot. This is called the arch. […] When the tendons have the proper amount of tension, your foot has a normal arch. When they dont, you have little or no archwhich is called flat foot or fallen arches. […] There are two types of flat foot: flexible and rigid. […] Causes of flat foot include: […] Age Children often have flexible flat foot but outgrow it. Rigid flat foot is more common with age, and often develops due to simple wear and tear.

• #35 Causes and Symptoms of Adult Flat Feet

  https://www.hutchisonfootclinic.com/blogs/item/286-causes-and-symptoms-of-adult-flat-feet

  Adult flat feet occur when the arches of the feet collapse or flatten, leading to a lack of natural arch support. One common cause is excessive body weight, which places extra pressure on the feet and can weaken the arch over time. […] Foot or ankle injuries, such as fractures or sprains, can also damage the structures supporting the arch, leading to flat feet. […] Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is another contributor, as the inflammation it causes can affect the joints in the feet, leading to a collapse of the arch. […] As people age, the tendons and ligaments in the feet naturally weaken, making flat feet more common.

• #36 Causes of Flat Feet

  https://www.summitfootandankle.com/blog/item/271-causes-of-flat-feet

  If the sole of your foot comes in full contact with the ground, you may have a condition referred to as flat feet, or fallen arches. […] Its commonly believed that a predisposed inherited gene may be the cause of this ailment. […] The muscles of the foot may become weakened due to an injury. […] Alternatively, if incorrect shoes have been worn with little or no support, flat feet may often be the result. […] Additional causes may include wearing high heels, how the feet age, and standing for long stretches of time in poorly fitting shoes. […] In some cases, the tendon that connects the heel to the calf is affected. This is called the Achilles tendon, and if this become injured, extreme discomfort is often experienced. […] Having flat feet may also occur as an adult, and contributing factors such as diabetes and obesity may be significant causes. […] About 20-30% of the population generally has flat feet because their arches never formed during growth.

• #37 Flat Feet: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/flat-feet-causes-and-associated-medical-problems-1337682

  Shoes can also contribute. A compressed toe box (which prevents the toes from resting in a natural position) and an elevated heel (which causes hyperextension of the arch muscles and decreased dorsiflexion of the ankle) all serve to undermine the strength and flexibility of the underside of the foot, increasing the risk of collapse. […] Fallen arches are almost always permanent. With that being said, many people will have a condition known as flexible flat foot in which the arch is visible when the foot is lifted but disappears once the foot is placed on the ground. Flexible flat feet can result in pain in the foot, along the shin bone, and in the lower back, hip, or knee. […] However, as a person ages, the condition can worsen and cause the collapse of one or both arches. Over time, this can lead to a condition known as rigid flat foot in which the sole is rigidly flat even when the foot is lifted.

• #37 Flat Feet: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/flat-feet-causes-and-associated-medical-problems-1337682

  The cause and treatment of flat feet differ based on the person’s age. Flat feet in children will often resolve without intervention, while „fallen arches” in adults tend to be permanent and non-reversible. […] „Fallen arches” is a term used to describe the collapse of the bones and connective tissues of the midfoot. It is commonly associated with the deterioration of the posterior tibial tendon, which runs along your inner ankle. […] A fallen arch (also known as an adult-acquired flat foot) occurs most commonly in women over 40 and people with obesity. Hypertension and diabetes can also contribute by affecting the blood flow to the muscles and connective tissues of the foot. A past injury, such as a stress fracture, may also lead to a fallen arch. […] Among some of the other conditions linked to adult-acquired flat foot: Leg length inequality can cause flat-footedness by forcing the longer limb to compensate by flattening the arch.

• #37 Flat Feet: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/flat-feet-causes-and-associated-medical-problems-1337682

  Flat feet, also called pes planus, is a deformity that occurs when the arch of the foot collapses and comes into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. The condition may be congenital (occurring at the time of birth) or acquired (developing over time, most often as a result of age or injury). […] Flat feet are typically associated with excessive pronation of the foot. As opposed to normal pronation (in which the foot rolls evenly from the heel to toe), overpronation causes the ankle side of the foot to roll inward, creating a flat appearance. […] Because of their tendency to overpronate, flat feet are less able to absorb shock, placing persistent stress on the feet, ankles, and knees. Overpronation causes the excessive rotation of the tibia (shin bone), increasing the risk of shin splints.

• #38 Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560896/

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. […] Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch. […] Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch.

• #39 Flat feet – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feet

  Flat feet can also develop as an adult („adult acquired flatfoot”) due to injury, illness, unusual or prolonged stress to the foot, faulty biomechanics, or as part of the normal aging process. This is most common in women over 40 years of age. Known risk factors include obesity, hypertension and diabetes. […] Research has shown that tendon specimens from people who have adult-acquired flat feet show evidence of increased activity of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can break down the constituents of the involved tendons and cause the foot arch to fall. In the future, these enzymes may become targets for new drug therapies. […] Rigid flatfoot, a condition where the sole of the foot is rigidly flat even when a person is not standing, often indicates a significant problem in the bones of the affected feet and can cause pain in about a quarter of those affected. Other flatfoot-related conditions, such as various forms of tarsal coalition (two or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot abnormally joined) or an accessory navicular (extra bone on the inner side of the foot), should be treated promptly, usually by the very early teen years, before a child’s bone structure firms up permanently as a young adult. […] Treatment of flat feet may also be appropriate if there is associated foot or lower-leg pain, or if the condition affects the knees or the lower back. Treatment may include foot gymnastics or other exercises as recommended by a podiatrist or physical therapist.

• #39 Flat feet – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feet

  Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. Sometimes children are born with flat feet (congenital). There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing on the foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh. […] In pes planus, the head of the talus bone is displaced medially and distal from the navicular bone. As a result, the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) and the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle are stretched to the extent that the individual with pes planus loses the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). If the MLA is absent or nonfunctional in both the seated and standing positions, the individual has „sigma” flatfoot. If the MLA is present and functional while the individual is sitting or standing up on their toes, but this arch disappears when assuming a foot-flat stance, the individual has „supple” flatfoot. This latter condition is often treated with arch supports.

• #40

  https://ilfootclinic.com/blog/causes-of-adult-acquired-flat-feet

  Fallen arches is a condition that is termed posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, or PTTD. It also may be referred to as adult-acquired flat feet. […] It is believed to be the result of overuse of the posterior tibial tendon. Other causes include diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. […] Flatfoot is a condition in which the arch of the foot is depressed and the sole of the foot is almost completely in contact with the ground. About 20-30% of the population generally has flat feet because their arches never formed during growth. […] One of the most common types of flatfoot is flexible flatfoot. This variation usually starts in childhood and progresses as one ages into adulthood. Flexible flatfoot presents as a foot that is flat when standing, or weight-bearing. When not standing, the arch returns.

• #41 Patient Education | Concord Orthopaedics

  https://www.concordortho.com/patient-resources/patient-education/topic/5340498006403406826ed7c4b4051950

  Flatfeet (also known as pes planus) describes a condition in which the longitudinal (lengthwise) and/or medial (crosswise) arches of the foot are dropped down or flat. The entire bottom of the bare foot is in contact with the floor or ground surface during standing, walking, and other weight bearing activities. The condition is often present at birth (congenital) in one or both feet. […] There are many possible causes for the flatfoot condition. Biomechanically, many soft tissue structures must connect and support one another to prevent a flatfoot deformity. Tibial (lower leg bone) rotation, hindfoot alignment, and position of the joints of the foot, midfoot, hindfoot, and ankle are all important factors. There is no one cause of flatfoot deformity that can be identified. […] In the flexible flatfoot, the bones are usually normal – but the supporting ligaments are lax or loose. The joints are hypermobile. As the soft tissues and joints of the foot and ankle try to maintain a normal foot position, increased stress is placed on them. This can lead to fatigue and loss of strength resulting in a sagging of the arch. This can affect the chain of anatomical structures all the way up the leg.

• #42 Rigid Flat Feet: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | Advanced Fo

  https://www.advancedfootandankleclinic.com/blog/1215089-understanding-rigid-flat-feet-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options

  Rigid flat feet occur when the arch of the foot is abnormally flat, both while standing and when the foot is at rest. This condition is often caused by structural issues within the foot, such as tarsal coalition (a fusion of bones) or other congenital abnormalities. […] Some individuals are born with rigid flat feet due to inherited structural issues. […] This is a condition where the bones in the foot fuse, causing stiffness and pain. […] Previous injury to the foot or ankle can lead to the development of rigid flat feet. […] Degenerative diseases can contribute to the flattening and rigidity of the foots structure.

• #43

  https://www.southtexaspodiatrist.com/blog/what-causes-flat-feet-and-do-you-have-them

  Flat feet occur when there is little to no arch present in the foot. This can cause the entire sole of your foot to come into complete or near-complete contact with the ground when you stand, which can lead to a number of problems. […] There are a number of different factors that can lead to someone developing flat feet. In some cases, it may be due to genetics or an underlying medical condition. However, one can also develop flat feet as a result of injury or overuse. […] Common causes of flat feet that aren’t congenital include: Pregnancy: The added weight during pregnancy can cause the arch of the foot to collapse. This is usually a temporary condition that improves after the baby is born. […] Arthritis: Arthritis in the foot can lead to inflammation and pain, which can cause the arch of the foot to collapse over time.

• #44 What Causes Flat Feet?

  https://drgeorgeyarnell.com/blog/item/1003-what-causes-flat-feet.html

  What Causes Flat Feet? […] Flat feet, or fallen arches, are a common foot condition where the arches of the feet collapse, resulting in the entire sole of the foot making contact with the ground. Understanding the various causes, including hereditary conditions such as Ehler-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome, may shed light on this condition’s complexity. Genetics can influence the structure and alignment of the foot’s bones, tendons, and ligaments. Individuals with a family history of flat feet are more likely to inherit the trait, predisposing them to this condition from birth. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as arthritis, obesity, and diabetes can contribute to the weakening of the foot’s supportive structures, leading to flat feet over time. Furthermore, injury or trauma to the foot, prolonged standing or walking on hard surfaces, and wearing unsupportive footwear can exacerbate the condition. […] If you have flat feet, it is suggested that you are under the care of a podiatrist who can offer you effective relief and treatment methods.

• #45 Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/posterior-tibial-tendon-dysfunction/

  Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), formerly known as adult acquired flatfoot (AAF), is a complex condition of the foot and ankle that results in flattening of the arch of the foot as well as other less obvious deformities. […] Though likely the result of a connected group of problems, flatfoot is most commonly believed to begin with dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon, an important structure in supporting the arch of the foot. When the tendon becomes inflamed or torn, it may not be able to provide stability and support for the arch of the foot, resulting in flatfoot. […] There are multiple causes of PCFD, and the cause is likely not the same in each patient. These are some potential issues that can result in PCFD: Midfoot arthritis or loose ligaments can lead to increased stress on the posterior tibial tendon and cause it to slowly tear.

• #46 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Many vascular and degenerative etiologies have also been proposed to explain PTT failure. […] In one study, 60% of patients were obese or had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, previous surgery or trauma to the medial foot, or treatment with steroids. […] It was previously postulated that AAFD could be iatrogenically introduced via a PTT transfer utilized for correction of foot drop or cavovarus foot reconstruction.

• #47 What Causes Flat Feet? | Mount Sinai Today

  https://health.mountsinai.org/blog/what-causes-flat-feet/

  “Flat feet are typically caused by a bone inside the foot that is hypermobile and comes out of alignment. It’s called the talus bone. If you use the analogy of a stone bridge, you have stones that come up to the center of the bridge, and you pluck out that middle stone, then the bridge collapses. Well, essentially, in the foot, the talus bone, which is inside the ankle joint, acts like that stone bridge and that center stone. Typically what happens with a flat foot is that the talus bone migrates forward on ambulation. So when a person steps down and puts their full weight, the talus moves forward, which then causes the mid-foot to unlock. Then you have a flat foot. […] Now, we do have treatments for this condition. Typically you want to treat a flat foot because if you don’t, there can be issues with ankle pain, with knee pain, hip pain, and back pain. Because you can imagine if your base is out of alignment, then the rest of your joints can become out of alignment. Our thought is that this can cause arthritis at a premature age and various kinds of joint pains up the extremity, up the kinetic chain.”

• #48 What Kinds of Problems Can Flat Feet Cause?: Beltsville Foot and Ankle Center: Podiatrists

  https://www.beltsvillefootcare.com/blog/what-kinds-of-problems-can-flat-feet-cause

  The excess pressure placed on your foot with flat feet often leads to bunions. These are bony protrusions on the outer part of your big toes that often lead to pain and difficulty wearing shoes. […] The changes in the way you walk puts excess pressure on the muscles in your back and spine. This causes pain and discomfort, most often in your lower back. […] You may also experience pain in your hips or knees due to flat feet. This usually develops over time when your condition is left untreated.

• #49 What Problems Can Flat Feet Cause?: Premier Foot & Ankle: Podiatrists

  https://www.premierfoot.com/blog/what-problems-can-flat-feet-cause

  Its estimated that about 30% of the population has flat feet, or fallen arches, and often its nothing to worry about. […] You can develop flat feet in childhood, as a result of aging, or because of an injury. Other risk factors include living with diabetes, obesity, or rheumatoid arthritis. […] Unfortunately, having flat feet can lead to other problems. […] Arthritis can result from flat feet due to damage that occurs over time to your subtalar joint (the joint below your ankle) and your talonavicular joint (the joint in front of your ankle). […] Flat feet can lead to bone spurs, which are bony growths that develop near your joints. […] Bunions, corns, and calluses can all result from flat feet because the condition causes parts of your feet to rub uncomfortably against your shoes, leading to corns and calluses, while overpronation (when your foot flattens and lands on the ground in an imbalanced way), can lead to the development of a bunion. […] The overpronation caused by flat feet also contributes to shin splints, or pain along your shin bones.

• #50 Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Flat Feet

  https://www.colemanpodiatry.com/blog/item/725-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-flat-feet.html

  Flat feet, medically known as pes planus, is a common condition where the arch of the foot is abnormally low or nonexistent, causing the entire sole to touch the ground when standing. This can be due to various factors, such as genetics, obesity, pregnancy, or repetitive high-impact activities. […] Flatfoot is a condition in which the arch of the foot is depressed and the sole of the foot is almost completely in contact with the ground. About 20-30% of the population generally has flat feet because their arches never formed during growth. […] Having flat feet makes it difficult to run or walk because of the stress placed on the ankles. […] The general alignment of your legs can be disrupted, because the ankles move inward which can cause major discomfort. […] If you have complications with your knees, flat feet can be a contributor to arthritis in that area.

• #51 Flat Feet Facts: Causes, Impact, and Management Techniques

  https://www.footankledc.com/news/flat-feet-facts-causes-impact-and-management-techniques/204

  Flat feet can be caused by a variety of factors. In some people, this condition is inherited and appears during childhood. In others, it develops over time due to aging, obesity, injury, or wear and tear on the feet. Certain conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes can also contribute to the development of flat feet. […] Surgery is indicated when the symptoms of flat feet cause pain and functional limitations and are not improved with noninvasive treatments. The type of surgery and recovery will depend on the cause of the flatfoot. It can involve a tendon and ligament reconstruction with realignment of the foot bones or in severe cases, a fusion of the hindfoot bones.

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