Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pes Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/

  Pes planus is a relatively common foot deformity that refers to the loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, resulting in this region of the foot coming closer to the ground or making contact with the contacting the ground. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a tough, elastic connection of ligaments, tendons, and fascia between the forefoot and the hindfoot. It serves as an adaptive support base for the entire body, functions to dissipate the forces of weight-bearing, and acts to store energy during the gait cycle. Dysfunction of the arch complex is usually asymptomatic but can alter the biomechanics of the lower limbs and lumbar spine, causing an increased risk of pain and injury. […] Pes planus, commonly referred to as flat feet, is a relatively common foot deformity and is defined by the loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot where it contacts or nearly contacts the ground. The arch of the foot is a tough, elastic connection of ligaments, tendons, and fascia between the forefoot and the hindfoot. The talocalcaneal interosseous ligament, tibionavicular portion of the deltoid ligament, spring ligament, and medial talocalcaneal ligament assist in stabilizing the arch of the foot. The arch serves as an adaptive and flexible base for the entire body. It functions to dissipate the forces of weight-bearing and acts to store mechanical energy within the stretched elastic ligaments during the gait cycle. Dysfunction of the arch complex, specifically relating to flexible flat foot, can frequently be asymptomatic but can alter the biomechanics of the lower limbs and lumbar spine, causing an increased risk of pain and injury.

• #1 Flat feet – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feet

  Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. […] There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing on the foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh. […] In pes planus, the head of the talus bone is displaced medially and distal from the navicular bone. As a result, the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) and the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle are stretched to the extent that the individual with pes planus loses the medial longitudinal arch (MLA).

• #1 Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560896/

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch. Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch.

• #1 Flat feet – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_feet

  Research has shown that tendon specimens from people who have adult-acquired flat feet show evidence of increased activity of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can break down the constituents of the involved tendons and cause the foot arch to fall. In the future, these enzymes may become targets for new drug therapies.

• #1 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Insufficiency or dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) has historically been thought to be the most common cause of AAFD. Later research has focused more on the static restraints of the medial longitudinal arch. Patients with PTT insufficiency demonstrate extensive involvement of ligaments, particularly the spring-ligament complex, the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament, and the deltoid ligament. Because ligament pathology is nearly as common as PTT pathology, the authors favor AAFD as the term that most accurately describes this condition. […] Loss of posterior tibial function due to stretching or rupture of the PTT removes the primary inverter of the foot and leaves the primary and secondary everters of the foot, the peroneus brevis and the peroneus longus, relatively unopposed. Thus, posterior tibial dysfunction leads to flattening of the medial longitudinal arch, forefoot abduction, and hindfoot valgus.

• #1 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Considerable controversy exists regarding the timing of the failure of the medial longitudinal arch’s static and active supports. Most orthopedic surgeons support the concept that the primary mode of failure is the loss of dynamic arch support, followed by a tension failure of the static restraints. The deformity involves „shortening” of the lateral column, plantar inclination of the talar head, and lateral subluxation of the navicular on the talar head. […] Clinically, the arch flattens, the forefoot abducts, and heel valgus occurs. This abnormal foot position has a profound negative impact on the gait cycle. The inability of patients with AAFD to lock the transverse tarsal joints prevents the formation of a rigid lever arm and transforms the foot into a „bag of bones.” Patients will be unable to perform a single-leg heel rise. This inability to invert the heel results in chronic heel valgus and subsequent Achilles contracture. Excessive forefoot abduction further stresses the static stabilizers of the midfoot. As the static and dynamic stabilizers of the arch are overloaded, the painful clinical spectrum of AAFD develops.

• #1 Pes Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/

  The medial longitudinal arch is made up of the calcaneus, navicular, talus, first three cuneiforms, and first, second, and third metatarsals. It is supported by the soft tissues of the spring ligament (plantar calcanea navicular ligament), deltoid ligament, posterior tibial tendon, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor hallucis longus and brevis muscles. Dysfunction of any portion of the medial longitudinal arch may result in acquired pes planus. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. It may also result from a tight Achilles tendon or calf muscle.

• #1 Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/posterior-tibial-tendon-dysfunction/

  As the PTT becomes inflamed and weak, it is less able to hold up the arch and support the foot while walking. […] The arch begins to collapse, or sag, putting extra stress on the other structures that support the arch, such as the spring ligament. […] As these structures also become stretched and weakened, the PTT must try to work even harder to support the arch, starting a vicious cycle. […] Eventually the tendon and ligaments may completely tear. Without the support of tendons and ligaments, bones can shift significantly, causing pain from impingement (the bone puts pressure on another structure, such as another bone) and arthritis. […] Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and flatfoot are more common in women and in people over the age of 40. Additional risk factors include obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.

• #1 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  In flexible flat feet, the arch flattens as you stand or walk and returns when off your feet. This flexibility allows some shock absorption while walking, reducing strain on other parts of the foot. […] Rigid flat feet have a permanently flattened arch regardless of weight-bearing status. Unlike flexible flat feet, rigid ones lack mobility in their arches due to structural issues within the foot. […] Conditions like nutritional rickets can contribute to rigid flat feet by affecting bone development. […] With rigid flat feet, there is no natural shock absorption mechanism since the arch remains collapsed at all times. This lack of mobility increases stress on other parts of the foot during movement and can lead to discomfort or pain over time if left unaddressed. […] Flat feet can be inherited, passed down through generations. Family history is a significant factor in the development of flat feet. If your parents have flat feet, you are more likely to have them too.

• #1 Flat Feet (Flatfoot): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/flat-feet

  Flat feet is a condition where the foots arch lays flat against the ground when standing. This common foot deformity can be in one or both feet and cause pain and discomfort when walking. […] Flat feet can develop over time or be partially hereditary. Some people with flat feet never experience any issues, while others may develop foot pain or additional problems. Flat feet pain can be treated with nonsurgical or surgical methods. […] A progressively collapsed or fallen arch can occur later in life. Adult foot arches can collapse due to an injury or from years of use. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, when this specific tendon along the inside of the ankle weakens or tears, is a common cause of collapsed arches in adulthood. […] The primary causes of flat feet include: Genetics. Flat feet can be inherited from a parent. Congenitally tight Achilles tendons or calf muscles can cause the foot to compensate by becoming hypermobile in the arch and, consequently, flattening it. Laxity of ligaments. A congenital looseness or hypermobility of the ligaments and muscles can cause flat feet.

• #1 Flatfeet – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flatfeet/symptoms-causes/syc-20372604

  Flatfeet is a common condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them. When people with flatfeet stand up, the feet point outward, and the entire soles of the feet fall and touch the floor. […] Flatfeet can occur when the arches don’t develop during childhood. It can also develop later in life after an injury or from the simple wear-and-tear stresses of age. […] Arches can collapse abruptly after an injury. Or the collapse can happen over years of wear and tear. Over time, the tendon that runs along the inside of the ankle and helps support the arch can get weakened or tear. As the severity increases, arthritis may develop in the foot.

• #1 Flat Feet’s Impact on Lower Back Pain | Gait Happensplayshopping-cartinstagram

  https://gaithappens.com/flat-feet-lower-back-pain/

  Flat feet, also known as pes planus, is a condition where the arches of the feet are lower or absent, causing the entire foot to come into contact with the ground. Lower back pain, on the other hand, refers to discomfort or stiffness in the area between the ribcage and the pelvis. The connection between flat feet and lower back pain lies in the biomechanical changes that occur in the body when foot strength decreases and we see the consequences above the feet in the rest of the kinetic chain. […] The relationship between flat feet and lower back pain has significant implications for overall well-being. Individuals with flat feet may experience altered foot mechanics and abnormal weight distribution, leading to imbalances and increased stress on the lower back. […] Flat feet can also contribute to altered weight distribution throughout the body. When the arches collapse, the foot’s ability to distribute body weight evenly diminishes, resulting in increased pressure on specific areas, including the lower back. The excessive stress placed on the lower back can lead to muscle imbalances, strain on the supporting structures, and ultimately, the development of lower back pain.

• #1 Unlocking Performance: Understanding the Impact of Flat Feet on Movement Efficiency — KRU Physical Therapy + Performance Lab

  https://www.kruperformance.com/blog/flat-feet-and-implications-on-performance

  Flat foot (pes planus) is a condition in which the arch of the foot collapses and comes in contact with the ground, causing excessive pronation. […] Individuals with flat feet tend to have impaired mechanics of the big toe and little to no Windlass mechanism, which is responsible for allowing the foot to flex during loading phases of gait, supinate, and then become rigid again for push off. This biomechanical default can lead to poor walking and running mechanics, leading to further injury up the chain. Excessive pronation of the foot can lead to internal rotation of the tibia, placing your knee in a weak and unstable position. […] Flexible flatfoot is due to excessive pronation or rolling inward during weight-bearing. The foot appears flatfooted while standing in a full weight bearing position, yet the arch appears as the person extends their big toe. This is not a true collapsed arch, as the Windlass mechanism is still operational.

• #1 Flat feet: Symptoms, exercises, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168608

  Flat feet is when one or both feet have no arches or arches that are very low. This can cause feet to lie fully flat on the ground, which can impair a persons posture. Flat feet may also cause pain and discomfort. […] Flat feet can affect the bodys alignment when a person is standing, walking, or running. As a result, having flat feet can increase the likelihood of developing pain in the hips, knees, and ankles. […] When people have flat feet, their feet may roll to the inner side when they are standing and walking. This is known as overpronation, and it may also cause the feet to point outward. […] The common risks include obesity, pregnancy, diabetes, trauma to the feet, having family members with the condition, developing a condition that can affect the tendons, being of young age or being an older adult.

• #1 Learn Why Flat Feet Are Bad for Your Healthchevron-leftchevron-rightchevron-upchevron-rightchevron-leftarrow-backstarphonequotecheckbox-checkedsearchwrenchinfoshieldplayconnectionmobilecoin-dollarspoon-knifeticketpushpinlocationgiftfirefeedbubbleshomehear

  https://www.advancedfootdocs.com/blog/why-flat-feet-are-bad-for-your-health/

  Flat feet occur when the arch of the foot is too low while in a standing position. Although the foot naturally flattens somewhat when it bears weight, flat feet retain little or no arch at all, putting the entire sole of the foot into contact with the ground. Flat feet are a common cause of foot, ankle, leg, and back pain due to insufficient support of the body’s weight during standing or movement. […] Flat feet are not as proficient at keeping the body stable as feet that have a normal arch. As a consequence, people with flat feet are at a higher risk of developing chronic muscle strain as the muscles of the body are forced to compensate for the foot’s lack of stability. […] Normal feet are designed to keep the entire lower body in the proper configuration when you stand or walk. Flat feet do not provide the same foundation for healthy posture. As the foot collapses toward the ground, the lower legs tend to rotate inward. This inward rotation can affect the entire leg, including the hips, leading to long-term leg and back pain.

• #1 Orthotics: Management of functional flat foot | Lower Extremity Review Magazine

  https://lermagazine.com/article/orthotics-management-of-functional-flat-foot

  It has been speculated that orthotics may realign the lower extremity, decreasing the excessive motion of the rearfoot and tibia that is typically seen among individuals with FFF. […] The results from the running study suggest that as the degree of orthotic intervention (arch insert height) increased, there were significant decreases in maximum rearfoot angle and maximum internal tibial rotation angle among this population. […] The decrease in rearfoot angle (commonly referred to as a good indication of foot pronation) and internal tibial rotation (which has been shown to have a tight relationship with foot pronation) with increased orthotic intervention (arch insert height) during running demonstrates the direct link between orthotic height and foot/leg mechanics. […] These findings emphasize that orthotics are effective in reducing the motions of the foot and lower extremity in FFF individuals. They also indicate that an incremental increase in orthotic height does have a direct relationship to how much change will be observed in terms of maximum rearfoot and tibial internal rotation angles.

• #1 Flat Feet Increases Your Risk For Ankle Sprains | Spinefit Chiro Physio Care

  https://spinefitchiro.com/flat-feet-increases-your-risk-for-ankle-sprains/

  Flat feet can contribute to an increased risk of ankle sprains due to altered foot mechanics and reduced stability. […] The altered foot mechanics in flat feet contribute to instability, impacting the ankles ability to maintain a stable position, thus elevating the risk of sprains. […] Flat feet change the alignment of the foot. The absence or lowering of the arch reduces the foots ability to distribute weight evenly. This altered biomechanics affect the ankles ability to maintain stability, making it more susceptible to rolling or twisting upon sudden movements. […] The arch in the foot acts as a natural shock absorber. In flat feet, this mechanism is compromised. When walking, running, or engaging in physical activities, the lack of arch support reduces the foots ability to absorb shocks effectively. As a result, the impact forces are transmitted differently through the foot and ankle, potentially leading to increased strain on the ankle ligaments.

• #1 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Ligament laxity refers to loose ligaments that affect joint stability and movement control. In individuals with flat feet, ligament laxity can further exacerbate issues related to arch height and overall foot structure. […] Strengthening exercises focusing on stabilizing muscles around the ankle joint are beneficial for individuals with ligament laxity in their feet. These exercises help improve proprioception and enhance overall foot function by providing better support for weakened ligaments. […] Flexible flat feet are characterized by a collapsed arch when weight is placed on the foot, but the arch reappears when not bearing weight. This type of flat foot is often painless and does not typically require treatment. […] Spring ligament damage or laxity can lead to flexible flat feet due to its role in supporting the arch.

• #1 Flat Feet | Tampa Rheumatology

  https://www.tamparheumatology.com/flat-feet.php

  There are two basic types of flat feet: rigid and supple. If the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) is not visible whether the patient is either seated or standing, the condition is called rigid MLA. If, on the other hand, the MLA is present when the patient is seated or standing up on the toes, disappearing only when the patient stands, the condition is known as supple MLA. […] Many individuals with flat feet have no discomfort at all, but some may experience foot fatigue and pain. Some, particularly as they age, develop pain in the heel or arch area, or swelling along the inside of the ankle. […] When the condition of an individual with flat feet deteriorates, the person may suffer from pain not only in the foot, but in the ankle, knee, or back. It is also common for such people to develop bunions, arthritis, or another foot or ankle deformity. In such cases, medical intervention may become necessary.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx

  Flat foot, also known as pes planus or pes valgus, is a condition that is most commonly defined by a collapse in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and sagging of the heel valgus. The condition has two forms: flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. […] In rigid flat foot, no arch is present at all. Rigid flat foot generally occurs due to certain bone or joint disorders. […] Rigid flat foot mostly occurs because of abnormal foot development that can be resulted from congenital defects (vertical talus) or abnormal connection between foot bones (tarsal coalition). […] In vertical talus, the lower bone in the ankle joint (talus) is wrongly positioned with respect to the middle foot bones. It is a birth defect and often associated with neuromuscular disorders, such as arthrogryposis or spina bifida. […] In tarsal coalition, abnormal connections between bones are made during fetal development. The connections can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony. The abnormalities are most commonly seen between the calcaneus and the navicular bones and the talus and calcaneus bones.

• #1 Flat Feet | Osteopathy and Physiotherapy in Jersey and Northampton

  https://osteopathy.colganosteo.com/flat-feet/

  Failure of the ligaments that support this arch can contribute to flatfoot deformity. Injury, laxity (looseness), or other dysfunction of the ligament and tendon structures can result in deformity of the foot and/or ankle resulting in pes planus. […] Biomechanically, many soft tissue structures must connect and support one another to prevent a flatfoot deformity. […] In the flexible flatfoot, the bones are usually normal but the supporting ligaments are lax or loose. The joints are hypermobile. As the soft tissues and joints of the foot and ankle try to maintain a normal foot position, increased stress is placed on them. This can lead to fatigue and loss of strength resulting in a sagging of the arch. […] A tarsal coalition refers to a condition where two or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot fail to form separately during development.

• #1 Flat feet: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001262.htm

  Flat feet (pes planus) refer to a change in foot shape in which the foot does not have a normal arch when standing. […] Flat feet occur because the tissues holding the joints in the foot together (called tendons) are loose. […] Some hereditary conditions cause loose tendons and ligaments. […] Aging, injuries, or illness may harm the tendons and cause flat feet to develop in a person who has already formed arches. […] Rarely, painful flat feet in children may be caused by a condition in which two or more of the bones in the foot grow or fuse together. This condition is called tarsal coalition. […] Rigid or painful flat feet need to be checked by a provider. The treatment depends on the cause of the flat feet. […] For tarsal coalition, treatment starts with rest and possibly a cast. Surgery may be needed if pain does not improve.

• #1

  https://diabeticshoe.in/blogs/orthopedic-footwear-resource-center/understanding-flexible-flat-foot-in-children-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop3JQtit1uCsk5ZYLSuCHeKTHpj0RevItInrLbiuYtQ6JOm0Xlw

  Flexible flat foot is a typical childhood ailment that frequently persists into adulthood. […] Overly flexible arches are typically linked to hypermobility of the subtalar joint in cases with flexible flat foot. […] One important factor in the reduction of flat feet is the plantar fascia’s windlass function. By functioning as a tie-rod from the calcaneus to the phalanges, the plantar fascia elevates the longitudinal arch during toe extension. […] Certain orthopaedic specialists propose that muscle weakness is a contributing factor to the severity of flat feet and suggest strengthening activities to improve the arch. […] Diagnosing and treating youngsters with flexible flat feet can be difficult. Although orthotic therapies can be beneficial in specific situations, it is still unclear how effective they are. To ensure the greatest results for those who are affected, more study is required to clarify the appropriate management practices for flexible flat foot.

• #1 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Progressive pes planus (flatfoot) deformity in adults is a common entity that is encountered by orthopedic surgeons. A deformity that develops after skeletal maturity is reached is commonly referred to as adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD). AAFD should be differentiated from constitutional flatfoot, which is a common congenital nonpathologic foot morphology. The use of the term acquired implies that some physiologic or structural change causes deformity in a foot that previously was structurally normal. […] Over the past few decades, interest in the biomechanics and anatomic contributions to this deformity has led to greater insight into its etiology. Despite the significant incidence of this condition, there is still some debate regarding its pathophysiology. The failure of one anatomic entity alone is unlikely to explain the clinical presentation of AAFD. Instead, a mismatch between active and passive arch stabilizers is a more likely scenario.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/Evidence/14560896

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch. Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch. Treatment of the adult acquired flat foot is often difficult. The clinician should remember the biomechanics of the normal arch and respond with a treatment that strengthens the supporting structures of the arch or weakens the arch-flattening effects on the arch. After osteotomies or certain hindfoot fusions, the role of the supporting muscles of the arch, in particular the PTT, play less of a role in supporting the arch. Rebalancing the forces that act on the arch can improve function and lessen the chance for further or subsequent development of deformity.

• #1 Flat Feet Increases Your Risk For Ankle Sprains | Spinefit Chiro Physio Care

  https://spinefitchiro.com/flat-feet-increases-your-risk-for-ankle-sprains/

  The muscles and tendons supporting the foot and ankle work differently in individuals with flat feet. Over time, this altered function can lead to fatigue and weakness in the muscles that are responsible for maintaining stability around the ankle. Weakened supporting structures can make the ankle more prone to giving way, leading to sprains. […] Flat feet often coincide with overpronation, where the foot rolls excessively inward while walking or running. This excessive inward rolling can place additional stress on the ligaments of the ankle, especially during activities that involve sudden changes in direction or uneven surfaces, increasing the risk of ankle sprains. […] These factors collectively contribute to a scenario where individuals with flat feet may experience reduced ankle stability and increased susceptibility to ankle sprains, especially during activities that involve sudden movements, changes in direction, or uneven surfaces.

• #1 Flat Feet (Pes Planus): Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/flat-feet-pes-planus

  Acquired pes planus happens when your arches fall flat after forming normally. Arch collapse can happen slowly or rapidly. Diseases and injuries can cause them. […] Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. This is the most common cause. Chronic tendonitis can weaken this important tendon until it breaks down and can no longer support your arch. […] Acquired flat foot (fallen arches) causes […] Flat feet (pes planus) dont always cause symptoms for everyone. But they can change the way you walk. They can also transfer too much stress to parts of your lower body that arent prepared to bear it. […] Some types and causes of flat feet are more severe, and they can cause further problems if left untreated.

• #1 Flat Feet | Osteopathy and Physiotherapy in Jersey and Northampton

  https://osteopathy.colganosteo.com/flat-feet/

  The symptom of pain combined with decreased motion and flatfoot deformity should suggest a more serious problem in the foot. […] There may be no treatment needed for mild cases of flatfeet, especially flexible flatfeet. […] Supporting the arch helps decrease the tension in the posterior tibialis tendon. […] These supports will not reverse the structural deformity and they will not build an arch by wearing them over time. […] Surgery is rarely needed for this condition. […] Severe cases of flatfoot (pes planus) may require surgery to reconstruct the arch or fuse the bones. […] Corrective surgery is only done in cases of severe, painful and disabling flatfoot position.

• #1 Flat Feet – Rocky Hill CT, Newington CT, Middletown CT, Glastonbury CT, Bristol CT, and Kensington, CT Foot Doctor

  https://www.ctfootcare.com/flat-feet

  Flatfoot is often a complex disorder, with diverse symptoms and varying degrees of deformity and disability. There are several types of flatfoot, all of which have one characteristic in common: partial or total collapse (loss) of the arch. […] Flexible flatfoot is one of the most common types of flatfoot. It typically begins in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood. It usually occurs in both feet and progresses in severity throughout the adult years. As the deformity worsens, the soft tissues (tendons and ligaments) of the arch may stretch or tear and can become inflamed. […] Flatfoot is common in both children and adults. When this deformity occurs in children, it is referred to as „pediatric flatfoot”. Although there are various forms of flatfoot, they all share one characteristic- partial or total collapse of the arch. […] In some cases, surgery is necessary to relieve the symptoms and improve foot function. The surgical procedure or combination of procedures selected for your child will depend on his or her type of flatfoot and degree of deformity.

• #1 Flat Feet: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/flat-feet-causes-and-associated-medical-problems-1337682

  Faulty foot mechanics can also take their toll on the structure of arch, leading to the progressive loosening of ligaments that support the foot bones. […] A fallen arch (also known as an adult-acquired flat foot) occurs most commonly in women over 40 and people with obesity. Hypertension and diabetes can also contribute by affecting the blood flow to the muscles and connective tissues of the foot. A past injury, such as a stress fracture, may also lead to a fallen arch. […] Among some of the other conditions linked to adult-acquired flat foot: Leg length inequality can cause flat-footedness by forcing the longer limb to compensate by flattening the arch. […] Shoes can also contribute. A compressed toe box (which prevents the toes from resting in a natural position) and an elevated heel (which causes hyperextension of the arch muscles and decreased dorsiflexion of the ankle) all serve to undermine the strength and flexibility of the underside of the foot, increasing the risk of collapse.

• #1 Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560896/

  Treatment of the adult acquired flat foot is often difficult. The clinician should remember the biomechanics of the normal arch and respond with a treatment that strengthens the supporting structures of the arch or weakens the arch-flattening effects on the arch. After osteotomies or certain hindfoot fusions, the role of the supporting muscles of the arch, in particular the PTT, play less of a role in supporting the arch. Rebalancing the forces that act on the arch can improve function and lessen the chance for further or subsequent development of deformity.

• #2 Pes Planus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430802/

  The medial longitudinal arch is made up of the calcaneus, navicular, talus, first three cuneiforms, and first, second, and third metatarsals. It is supported by the soft tissues of the spring ligament (plantar calcanea navicular ligament), deltoid ligament, posterior tibial tendon, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor hallucis longus and brevis muscles. Dysfunction of any portion of the medial longitudinal arch may result in acquired pes planus. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. It may also result from a tight Achilles tendon or calf muscle.

• #2

  https://www.upstep.com/a/blog/weightlifting-with-flat-feet-challenges-and-solutions?srsltid=AfmBOorYQjy06LPsFHhmklfY42F3iOlNXv4MJK7FVIT7eiGbA_Nx5mNo

  Flat feet, also known as pes planus or fallen arches, is a condition where the arch collapses, causing the entire sole to come into contact with the ground. […] The inward rolling of the foot that often accompanies flat feet can lead to misalignment of the ankles, knees, and hips. This can affect a lifter’s ability to generate and transfer force efficiently through the lower body. […] A healthy foot arch acts as a natural shock absorber and energy return system. Flat feet compromise this mechanism, potentially leading to decreased power output and increased fatigue during repetitive lifting movements. […] The lack of a proper arch can affect the foot’s ability to sense and respond to ground contact and pressure changes. This may impact balance and stability, particularly during complex lifts that require precise foot placement and weight shifting.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/Evidence/14560896

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch. Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch. Treatment of the adult acquired flat foot is often difficult. The clinician should remember the biomechanics of the normal arch and respond with a treatment that strengthens the supporting structures of the arch or weakens the arch-flattening effects on the arch. After osteotomies or certain hindfoot fusions, the role of the supporting muscles of the arch, in particular the PTT, play less of a role in supporting the arch. Rebalancing the forces that act on the arch can improve function and lessen the chance for further or subsequent development of deformity.

• #2 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Insufficiency or dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) has historically been thought to be the most common cause of AAFD. Later research has focused more on the static restraints of the medial longitudinal arch. Patients with PTT insufficiency demonstrate extensive involvement of ligaments, particularly the spring-ligament complex, the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament, and the deltoid ligament. Because ligament pathology is nearly as common as PTT pathology, the authors favor AAFD as the term that most accurately describes this condition. […] Loss of posterior tibial function due to stretching or rupture of the PTT removes the primary inverter of the foot and leaves the primary and secondary everters of the foot, the peroneus brevis and the peroneus longus, relatively unopposed. Thus, posterior tibial dysfunction leads to flattening of the medial longitudinal arch, forefoot abduction, and hindfoot valgus.

• #2 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Considerable controversy exists regarding the timing of the failure of the medial longitudinal arch’s static and active supports. Most orthopedic surgeons support the concept that the primary mode of failure is the loss of dynamic arch support, followed by a tension failure of the static restraints. The deformity involves „shortening” of the lateral column, plantar inclination of the talar head, and lateral subluxation of the navicular on the talar head. […] Clinically, the arch flattens, the forefoot abducts, and heel valgus occurs. This abnormal foot position has a profound negative impact on the gait cycle. The inability of patients with AAFD to lock the transverse tarsal joints prevents the formation of a rigid lever arm and transforms the foot into a „bag of bones.” Patients will be unable to perform a single-leg heel rise. This inability to invert the heel results in chronic heel valgus and subsequent Achilles contracture. Excessive forefoot abduction further stresses the static stabilizers of the midfoot. As the static and dynamic stabilizers of the arch are overloaded, the painful clinical spectrum of AAFD develops.

• #2 Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560896/

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch. Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch.

• #2 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Studies have shown a strong genetic link in the occurrence of this condition. […] Genetics play a crucial role in determining the structure of our feet. When certain genes are passed on, they can contribute to having lower arches or even completely flat feet. This inheritance pattern can lead to an increased risk of developing flat feet as we age. […] Carrying excess weight puts additional stress on our feet when walking or standing. Obesity increases the risk of developing flat feet due to this extra pressure placed on the foots arches over time. […] The added weight bearing down on our feet can cause the arches to flatten out, leading to fallen arches. […] As we age, changes occur in our bodies that can affect various aspects of health, including our foot structure. Over time, wear and tear on the ligaments and tendons supporting the foots arches may lead to them weakening or stretching out.

• #2 Flat Feet’s Impact on Lower Back Pain | Gait Happensplayshopping-cartinstagram

  https://gaithappens.com/flat-feet-lower-back-pain/

  Flat feet, also known as pes planus, is a condition where the arches of the feet are lower or absent, causing the entire foot to come into contact with the ground. Lower back pain, on the other hand, refers to discomfort or stiffness in the area between the ribcage and the pelvis. The connection between flat feet and lower back pain lies in the biomechanical changes that occur in the body when foot strength decreases and we see the consequences above the feet in the rest of the kinetic chain. […] The relationship between flat feet and lower back pain has significant implications for overall well-being. Individuals with flat feet may experience altered foot mechanics and abnormal weight distribution, leading to imbalances and increased stress on the lower back. […] Flat feet can also contribute to altered weight distribution throughout the body. When the arches collapse, the foot’s ability to distribute body weight evenly diminishes, resulting in increased pressure on specific areas, including the lower back. The excessive stress placed on the lower back can lead to muscle imbalances, strain on the supporting structures, and ultimately, the development of lower back pain.

• #2 Learn Why Flat Feet Are Bad for Your Healthchevron-leftchevron-rightchevron-upchevron-rightchevron-leftarrow-backstarphonequotecheckbox-checkedsearchwrenchinfoshieldplayconnectionmobilecoin-dollarspoon-knifeticketpushpinlocationgiftfirefeedbubbleshomehear

  https://www.advancedfootdocs.com/blog/why-flat-feet-are-bad-for-your-health/

  Flat feet occur when the arch of the foot is too low while in a standing position. Although the foot naturally flattens somewhat when it bears weight, flat feet retain little or no arch at all, putting the entire sole of the foot into contact with the ground. Flat feet are a common cause of foot, ankle, leg, and back pain due to insufficient support of the body’s weight during standing or movement. […] Flat feet are not as proficient at keeping the body stable as feet that have a normal arch. As a consequence, people with flat feet are at a higher risk of developing chronic muscle strain as the muscles of the body are forced to compensate for the foot’s lack of stability. […] Normal feet are designed to keep the entire lower body in the proper configuration when you stand or walk. Flat feet do not provide the same foundation for healthy posture. As the foot collapses toward the ground, the lower legs tend to rotate inward. This inward rotation can affect the entire leg, including the hips, leading to long-term leg and back pain.

• #2 Flat Feet Increases Your Risk For Ankle Sprains | Spinefit Chiro Physio Care

  https://spinefitchiro.com/flat-feet-increases-your-risk-for-ankle-sprains/

  Flat feet can contribute to an increased risk of ankle sprains due to altered foot mechanics and reduced stability. […] The altered foot mechanics in flat feet contribute to instability, impacting the ankles ability to maintain a stable position, thus elevating the risk of sprains. […] Flat feet change the alignment of the foot. The absence or lowering of the arch reduces the foots ability to distribute weight evenly. This altered biomechanics affect the ankles ability to maintain stability, making it more susceptible to rolling or twisting upon sudden movements. […] The arch in the foot acts as a natural shock absorber. In flat feet, this mechanism is compromised. When walking, running, or engaging in physical activities, the lack of arch support reduces the foots ability to absorb shocks effectively. As a result, the impact forces are transmitted differently through the foot and ankle, potentially leading to increased strain on the ankle ligaments.

• #2 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Ligament laxity refers to loose ligaments that affect joint stability and movement control. In individuals with flat feet, ligament laxity can further exacerbate issues related to arch height and overall foot structure. […] Strengthening exercises focusing on stabilizing muscles around the ankle joint are beneficial for individuals with ligament laxity in their feet. These exercises help improve proprioception and enhance overall foot function by providing better support for weakened ligaments. […] Flexible flat feet are characterized by a collapsed arch when weight is placed on the foot, but the arch reappears when not bearing weight. This type of flat foot is often painless and does not typically require treatment. […] Spring ligament damage or laxity can lead to flexible flat feet due to its role in supporting the arch.

• #2 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  In flexible flat feet, the arch flattens as you stand or walk and returns when off your feet. This flexibility allows some shock absorption while walking, reducing strain on other parts of the foot. […] Rigid flat feet have a permanently flattened arch regardless of weight-bearing status. Unlike flexible flat feet, rigid ones lack mobility in their arches due to structural issues within the foot. […] Conditions like nutritional rickets can contribute to rigid flat feet by affecting bone development. […] With rigid flat feet, there is no natural shock absorption mechanism since the arch remains collapsed at all times. This lack of mobility increases stress on other parts of the foot during movement and can lead to discomfort or pain over time if left unaddressed. […] Flat feet can be inherited, passed down through generations. Family history is a significant factor in the development of flat feet. If your parents have flat feet, you are more likely to have them too.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx

  Flat foot, also known as pes planus or pes valgus, is a condition that is most commonly defined by a collapse in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and sagging of the heel valgus. The condition has two forms: flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. […] In rigid flat foot, no arch is present at all. Rigid flat foot generally occurs due to certain bone or joint disorders. […] Rigid flat foot mostly occurs because of abnormal foot development that can be resulted from congenital defects (vertical talus) or abnormal connection between foot bones (tarsal coalition). […] In vertical talus, the lower bone in the ankle joint (talus) is wrongly positioned with respect to the middle foot bones. It is a birth defect and often associated with neuromuscular disorders, such as arthrogryposis or spina bifida. […] In tarsal coalition, abnormal connections between bones are made during fetal development. The connections can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony. The abnormalities are most commonly seen between the calcaneus and the navicular bones and the talus and calcaneus bones.

• #2

  https://diabeticshoe.in/blogs/orthopedic-footwear-resource-center/understanding-flexible-flat-foot-in-children-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop3JQtit1uCsk5ZYLSuCHeKTHpj0RevItInrLbiuYtQ6JOm0Xlw

  Flexible flat foot is a typical childhood ailment that frequently persists into adulthood. […] Overly flexible arches are typically linked to hypermobility of the subtalar joint in cases with flexible flat foot. […] One important factor in the reduction of flat feet is the plantar fascia’s windlass function. By functioning as a tie-rod from the calcaneus to the phalanges, the plantar fascia elevates the longitudinal arch during toe extension. […] Certain orthopaedic specialists propose that muscle weakness is a contributing factor to the severity of flat feet and suggest strengthening activities to improve the arch. […] Diagnosing and treating youngsters with flexible flat feet can be difficult. Although orthotic therapies can be beneficial in specific situations, it is still unclear how effective they are. To ensure the greatest results for those who are affected, more study is required to clarify the appropriate management practices for flexible flat foot.

• #2 Flat Feet | Osteopathy and Physiotherapy in Jersey and Northampton

  https://osteopathy.colganosteo.com/flat-feet/

  Failure of the ligaments that support this arch can contribute to flatfoot deformity. Injury, laxity (looseness), or other dysfunction of the ligament and tendon structures can result in deformity of the foot and/or ankle resulting in pes planus. […] Biomechanically, many soft tissue structures must connect and support one another to prevent a flatfoot deformity. […] In the flexible flatfoot, the bones are usually normal but the supporting ligaments are lax or loose. The joints are hypermobile. As the soft tissues and joints of the foot and ankle try to maintain a normal foot position, increased stress is placed on them. This can lead to fatigue and loss of strength resulting in a sagging of the arch. […] A tarsal coalition refers to a condition where two or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot fail to form separately during development.

• #2 Pes Planus (Flatfoot): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236652-overview

  Progressive pes planus (flatfoot) deformity in adults is a common entity that is encountered by orthopedic surgeons. A deformity that develops after skeletal maturity is reached is commonly referred to as adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD). AAFD should be differentiated from constitutional flatfoot, which is a common congenital nonpathologic foot morphology. The use of the term acquired implies that some physiologic or structural change causes deformity in a foot that previously was structurally normal. […] Over the past few decades, interest in the biomechanics and anatomic contributions to this deformity has led to greater insight into its etiology. Despite the significant incidence of this condition, there is still some debate regarding its pathophysiology. The failure of one anatomic entity alone is unlikely to explain the clinical presentation of AAFD. Instead, a mismatch between active and passive arch stabilizers is a more likely scenario.

• #2 Flat Feet (Flatfoot): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/flat-feet

  Flat feet is a condition where the foots arch lays flat against the ground when standing. This common foot deformity can be in one or both feet and cause pain and discomfort when walking. […] Flat feet can develop over time or be partially hereditary. Some people with flat feet never experience any issues, while others may develop foot pain or additional problems. Flat feet pain can be treated with nonsurgical or surgical methods. […] A progressively collapsed or fallen arch can occur later in life. Adult foot arches can collapse due to an injury or from years of use. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, when this specific tendon along the inside of the ankle weakens or tears, is a common cause of collapsed arches in adulthood. […] The primary causes of flat feet include: Genetics. Flat feet can be inherited from a parent. Congenitally tight Achilles tendons or calf muscles can cause the foot to compensate by becoming hypermobile in the arch and, consequently, flattening it. Laxity of ligaments. A congenital looseness or hypermobility of the ligaments and muscles can cause flat feet.

• #2 Flat feet: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001262.htm

  Flat feet (pes planus) refer to a change in foot shape in which the foot does not have a normal arch when standing. […] Flat feet occur because the tissues holding the joints in the foot together (called tendons) are loose. […] Some hereditary conditions cause loose tendons and ligaments. […] Aging, injuries, or illness may harm the tendons and cause flat feet to develop in a person who has already formed arches. […] Rarely, painful flat feet in children may be caused by a condition in which two or more of the bones in the foot grow or fuse together. This condition is called tarsal coalition. […] Rigid or painful flat feet need to be checked by a provider. The treatment depends on the cause of the flat feet. […] For tarsal coalition, treatment starts with rest and possibly a cast. Surgery may be needed if pain does not improve.

• #2 Flat Feet Increases Your Risk For Ankle Sprains | Spinefit Chiro Physio Care

  https://spinefitchiro.com/flat-feet-increases-your-risk-for-ankle-sprains/

  The muscles and tendons supporting the foot and ankle work differently in individuals with flat feet. Over time, this altered function can lead to fatigue and weakness in the muscles that are responsible for maintaining stability around the ankle. Weakened supporting structures can make the ankle more prone to giving way, leading to sprains. […] Flat feet often coincide with overpronation, where the foot rolls excessively inward while walking or running. This excessive inward rolling can place additional stress on the ligaments of the ankle, especially during activities that involve sudden changes in direction or uneven surfaces, increasing the risk of ankle sprains. […] These factors collectively contribute to a scenario where individuals with flat feet may experience reduced ankle stability and increased susceptibility to ankle sprains, especially during activities that involve sudden movements, changes in direction, or uneven surfaces.

• #3 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Studies have shown a strong genetic link in the occurrence of this condition. […] Genetics play a crucial role in determining the structure of our feet. When certain genes are passed on, they can contribute to having lower arches or even completely flat feet. This inheritance pattern can lead to an increased risk of developing flat feet as we age. […] Carrying excess weight puts additional stress on our feet when walking or standing. Obesity increases the risk of developing flat feet due to this extra pressure placed on the foots arches over time. […] The added weight bearing down on our feet can cause the arches to flatten out, leading to fallen arches. […] As we age, changes occur in our bodies that can affect various aspects of health, including our foot structure. Over time, wear and tear on the ligaments and tendons supporting the foots arches may lead to them weakening or stretching out.

• #3 Flat Feet Increases Your Risk For Ankle Sprains | Spinefit Chiro Physio Care

  https://spinefitchiro.com/flat-feet-increases-your-risk-for-ankle-sprains/

  Flat feet can contribute to an increased risk of ankle sprains due to altered foot mechanics and reduced stability. […] The altered foot mechanics in flat feet contribute to instability, impacting the ankles ability to maintain a stable position, thus elevating the risk of sprains. […] Flat feet change the alignment of the foot. The absence or lowering of the arch reduces the foots ability to distribute weight evenly. This altered biomechanics affect the ankles ability to maintain stability, making it more susceptible to rolling or twisting upon sudden movements. […] The arch in the foot acts as a natural shock absorber. In flat feet, this mechanism is compromised. When walking, running, or engaging in physical activities, the lack of arch support reduces the foots ability to absorb shocks effectively. As a result, the impact forces are transmitted differently through the foot and ankle, potentially leading to increased strain on the ankle ligaments.

• #3 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Ligament laxity refers to loose ligaments that affect joint stability and movement control. In individuals with flat feet, ligament laxity can further exacerbate issues related to arch height and overall foot structure. […] Strengthening exercises focusing on stabilizing muscles around the ankle joint are beneficial for individuals with ligament laxity in their feet. These exercises help improve proprioception and enhance overall foot function by providing better support for weakened ligaments. […] Flexible flat feet are characterized by a collapsed arch when weight is placed on the foot, but the arch reappears when not bearing weight. This type of flat foot is often painless and does not typically require treatment. […] Spring ligament damage or laxity can lead to flexible flat feet due to its role in supporting the arch.

• #3 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  In flexible flat feet, the arch flattens as you stand or walk and returns when off your feet. This flexibility allows some shock absorption while walking, reducing strain on other parts of the foot. […] Rigid flat feet have a permanently flattened arch regardless of weight-bearing status. Unlike flexible flat feet, rigid ones lack mobility in their arches due to structural issues within the foot. […] Conditions like nutritional rickets can contribute to rigid flat feet by affecting bone development. […] With rigid flat feet, there is no natural shock absorption mechanism since the arch remains collapsed at all times. This lack of mobility increases stress on other parts of the foot during movement and can lead to discomfort or pain over time if left unaddressed. […] Flat feet can be inherited, passed down through generations. Family history is a significant factor in the development of flat feet. If your parents have flat feet, you are more likely to have them too.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx

  Flat foot, also known as pes planus or pes valgus, is a condition that is most commonly defined by a collapse in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and sagging of the heel valgus. The condition has two forms: flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. […] In rigid flat foot, no arch is present at all. Rigid flat foot generally occurs due to certain bone or joint disorders. […] Rigid flat foot mostly occurs because of abnormal foot development that can be resulted from congenital defects (vertical talus) or abnormal connection between foot bones (tarsal coalition). […] In vertical talus, the lower bone in the ankle joint (talus) is wrongly positioned with respect to the middle foot bones. It is a birth defect and often associated with neuromuscular disorders, such as arthrogryposis or spina bifida. […] In tarsal coalition, abnormal connections between bones are made during fetal development. The connections can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony. The abnormalities are most commonly seen between the calcaneus and the navicular bones and the talus and calcaneus bones.

• #3

  https://diabeticshoe.in/blogs/orthopedic-footwear-resource-center/understanding-flexible-flat-foot-in-children-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop3JQtit1uCsk5ZYLSuCHeKTHpj0RevItInrLbiuYtQ6JOm0Xlw

  Flexible flat foot is a typical childhood ailment that frequently persists into adulthood. […] Overly flexible arches are typically linked to hypermobility of the subtalar joint in cases with flexible flat foot. […] One important factor in the reduction of flat feet is the plantar fascia’s windlass function. By functioning as a tie-rod from the calcaneus to the phalanges, the plantar fascia elevates the longitudinal arch during toe extension. […] Certain orthopaedic specialists propose that muscle weakness is a contributing factor to the severity of flat feet and suggest strengthening activities to improve the arch. […] Diagnosing and treating youngsters with flexible flat feet can be difficult. Although orthotic therapies can be beneficial in specific situations, it is still unclear how effective they are. To ensure the greatest results for those who are affected, more study is required to clarify the appropriate management practices for flexible flat foot.

• #3 Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14560896/

  When the foot works properly it is an amazing, adaptive, powerful aid during walking, running, jumping, and in locomotion up or down hill and over uneven ground. Dysfunction of the foot can often arise from the foot losing its normal structural support, thus altering is shape. An imbalance in the forces that tend to flatten the arch and those that support the arch can lead to loss of the medial longitudinal arch. An increase in the arch-flattening effects of the triceps surae or an increase in the weight of the body will tend to flatten the arch. Weakness of the muscular, ligamentous, or bony arch supporting structures will lead to collapse of the arch. The main factors that contribute to an acquired flat foot deformity are excessive tension in the triceps surae, obesity, PTT dysfunction, or ligamentous laxity in the spring ligament, plantar fascia, or other supporting plantar ligaments. Too little support for the arch or too much arch flattening effect will lead to collapse of the arch. Acquired flat foot most often arises from a combination of too much force flattening the arch in the face of too little support for the arch.

• #3 Flat Feet’s Impact on Lower Back Pain | Gait Happensplayshopping-cartinstagram

  https://gaithappens.com/flat-feet-lower-back-pain/

  Flat feet, also known as pes planus, is a condition where the arches of the feet are lower or absent, causing the entire foot to come into contact with the ground. Lower back pain, on the other hand, refers to discomfort or stiffness in the area between the ribcage and the pelvis. The connection between flat feet and lower back pain lies in the biomechanical changes that occur in the body when foot strength decreases and we see the consequences above the feet in the rest of the kinetic chain. […] The relationship between flat feet and lower back pain has significant implications for overall well-being. Individuals with flat feet may experience altered foot mechanics and abnormal weight distribution, leading to imbalances and increased stress on the lower back. […] Flat feet can also contribute to altered weight distribution throughout the body. When the arches collapse, the foot’s ability to distribute body weight evenly diminishes, resulting in increased pressure on specific areas, including the lower back. The excessive stress placed on the lower back can lead to muscle imbalances, strain on the supporting structures, and ultimately, the development of lower back pain.

• #4 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  Studies have shown a strong genetic link in the occurrence of this condition. […] Genetics play a crucial role in determining the structure of our feet. When certain genes are passed on, they can contribute to having lower arches or even completely flat feet. This inheritance pattern can lead to an increased risk of developing flat feet as we age. […] Carrying excess weight puts additional stress on our feet when walking or standing. Obesity increases the risk of developing flat feet due to this extra pressure placed on the foots arches over time. […] The added weight bearing down on our feet can cause the arches to flatten out, leading to fallen arches. […] As we age, changes occur in our bodies that can affect various aspects of health, including our foot structure. Over time, wear and tear on the ligaments and tendons supporting the foots arches may lead to them weakening or stretching out.

• #4 The Science Behind Flat Feet: Understanding Your Foot Structure – The Shoe Doctor

  https://theshoedoctor.biz/the-science-behind-flat-feet%3A-understanding-your-foot-structure/

  In flexible flat feet, the arch flattens as you stand or walk and returns when off your feet. This flexibility allows some shock absorption while walking, reducing strain on other parts of the foot. […] Rigid flat feet have a permanently flattened arch regardless of weight-bearing status. Unlike flexible flat feet, rigid ones lack mobility in their arches due to structural issues within the foot. […] Conditions like nutritional rickets can contribute to rigid flat feet by affecting bone development. […] With rigid flat feet, there is no natural shock absorption mechanism since the arch remains collapsed at all times. This lack of mobility increases stress on other parts of the foot during movement and can lead to discomfort or pain over time if left unaddressed. […] Flat feet can be inherited, passed down through generations. Family history is a significant factor in the development of flat feet. If your parents have flat feet, you are more likely to have them too.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx

  Flat foot, also known as pes planus or pes valgus, is a condition that is most commonly defined by a collapse in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and sagging of the heel valgus. The condition has two forms: flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. […] In rigid flat foot, no arch is present at all. Rigid flat foot generally occurs due to certain bone or joint disorders. […] Rigid flat foot mostly occurs because of abnormal foot development that can be resulted from congenital defects (vertical talus) or abnormal connection between foot bones (tarsal coalition). […] In vertical talus, the lower bone in the ankle joint (talus) is wrongly positioned with respect to the middle foot bones. It is a birth defect and often associated with neuromuscular disorders, such as arthrogryposis or spina bifida. […] In tarsal coalition, abnormal connections between bones are made during fetal development. The connections can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony. The abnormalities are most commonly seen between the calcaneus and the navicular bones and the talus and calcaneus bones.

• #4

  https://diabeticshoe.in/blogs/orthopedic-footwear-resource-center/understanding-flexible-flat-foot-in-children-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOop3JQtit1uCsk5ZYLSuCHeKTHpj0RevItInrLbiuYtQ6JOm0Xlw

  Flexible flat foot is a typical childhood ailment that frequently persists into adulthood. […] Overly flexible arches are typically linked to hypermobility of the subtalar joint in cases with flexible flat foot. […] One important factor in the reduction of flat feet is the plantar fascia’s windlass function. By functioning as a tie-rod from the calcaneus to the phalanges, the plantar fascia elevates the longitudinal arch during toe extension. […] Certain orthopaedic specialists propose that muscle weakness is a contributing factor to the severity of flat feet and suggest strengthening activities to improve the arch. […] Diagnosing and treating youngsters with flexible flat feet can be difficult. Although orthotic therapies can be beneficial in specific situations, it is still unclear how effective they are. To ensure the greatest results for those who are affected, more study is required to clarify the appropriate management practices for flexible flat foot.

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