Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Basal Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482439/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), previously known as basal cell epithelioma, is the most common cancer in Humans. BCC mostly arises on sun-damaged skin and rarely develops on the mucous membranes or palms and soles. The prime etiological factor in the development of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV light, particularly the UVB wavelengths, but UVA wavelengths can also be a factor. A detailed review of the literature with meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis show a significantly higher risk for outdoor workers, with an inverse relationship between occupational UV exposure and BCC risk with latitude. Cumulative UV dose and skin type are not sole predictors; exposure duration and intensity, particularly in early childhood and adolescence, also plays a role in BCC development. Recreational sunlight exposure and the use of indoor tanning salons are a contributing factor for the development of BCCs. Ultraviolet light exposure is not the only risk factor as 20% of BCC arise on nonsun-exposed skin. BCCs also occur due to various other factors such as ionizing radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, immunosuppression, and genetic predisposition. Some genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of BCCs are xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin syndrome), BazexDupreChristol syndrome, and Rombo syndrome. […] There is no association with diet, but smoking also appears to be a risk factor in females.

• #2 Basal Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of all cancers. In the U.S. alone, an estimated 3.6 million cases are diagnosed each year. BCCs arise from abnormal, uncontrolled growth of basal cells. […] Understanding BCC causes, risk factors and warning signs can help you detect them early, when they are easiest to treat and cure. […] BCC most often occurs when DNA damage from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or indoor tanning triggers changes in basal cells in the outermost layer of skin (epidermis), resulting in uncontrolled growth. […] BCCs rarely spread beyond the original tumor site. But these lesions can grow and become disfiguring and dangerous. Untreated BCCs can become locally invasive, grow wide and deep into the skin and destroy skin, tissue and bone.

• #3 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is caused by damage and subsequent DNA changes to the basal cells in the outermost layer of skin. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and indoor tanning is the major cause of BCCs and most skin cancers. […] Understanding what causes BCC and the factors that increase your risk of getting it can help you prevent the disease or detect it in its earliest stages, when it’s easiest to treat. […] Almost all BCCs occur on parts of the body excessively exposed to the sun. Occasional extended, intense sun exposure that leads to sunburn and cumulative sun exposure over your lifetime are the main causes of skin damage that can lead to BCCs. […] 90% of nonmelanoma skin cancers (mainly BCCs and SCCs) are associated with exposure to UV radiation from the sun.

• #4 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Exposure to UV radiation (UVA and UVB wavebands) promotes skin cancer development by direct cell damage, including DNA mutations (e.g., pyrimidine substitutions), induction of oxidative stress, and generation of an energy crisis that impairs effective DNA repair, activation of local inflammatory processes, and suppression of cutaneous antitumor immunity. […] BCC incidence was generally higher in men than in women probably due to increased recreational and occupational exposure to the sun. […] Immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients increases the risk of NMSC and the increase depends on the duration of the immunosuppressive therapy. Notably, BCCs incidence increases 10-fold in transplant recipients. […] Several genetic syndromes are associated with BCCs development. The most common is the basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome or Gorlin syndrome, characterized by multiple BCCs development in childhood, most commonly in the face, followed by chest, back, and scalp.

• #5 Skin cancer types: Basal cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/diseases/skin-cancer/basal-cell-carcinoma-causes

  The cause of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common type of skin cancer, is well known. Most people develop it because their skin has been badly damaged by ultraviolet (UV) light from: […] People who have lighter skin tones have a higher risk of developing UV-damaged skin. […] Indoor tanning can increase your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma by 24%. […] Each time you go outdoors without protecting your skin from the sun or use a tanning bed, you increase your risk of getting skin cancer. […] This skin cancer develops in skin damaged by UV light, and skin is more easily damaged by UV light if you have a light skin tone and one or more of the following: Skin that burns easily and rarely tans, Sun-sensitive skin that freckles easily, Naturally blonde or red hair, Blue or green eyes.

• #6 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] Genes often mutated in basal cell cancers include the PTCH1 or PTCH2 genes, which are part of the hedgehog signaling pathway inside cells. These are tumor suppressor genes that normally help keep cell growth in check, so changes in one of these genes can allow cells to grow out of control.

• #7 Basal Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482439/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), previously known as basal cell epithelioma, is the most common cancer in Humans. BCC mostly arises on sun-damaged skin and rarely develops on the mucous membranes or palms and soles. The prime etiological factor in the development of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV light, particularly the UVB wavelengths, but UVA wavelengths can also be a factor. A detailed review of the literature with meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis show a significantly higher risk for outdoor workers, with an inverse relationship between occupational UV exposure and BCC risk with latitude. Cumulative UV dose and skin type are not sole predictors; exposure duration and intensity, particularly in early childhood and adolescence, also plays a role in BCC development. Recreational sunlight exposure and the use of indoor tanning salons are a contributing factor for the development of BCCs. Ultraviolet light exposure is not the only risk factor as 20% of BCC arise on nonsun-exposed skin. BCCs also occur due to various other factors such as ionizing radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, immunosuppression, and genetic predisposition. Some genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of BCCs are xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin syndrome), BazexDupreChristol syndrome, and Rombo syndrome. […] There is no association with diet, but smoking also appears to be a risk factor in females.

• #8 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  The exact cause of BCC is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are believed to predispose patients to BCC. […] Sunlight, particularly long-term exposure, is the most frequent association with development of BCC; risk correlates with the amount and nature of accumulated exposure, especially during childhood. […] The prevalence of BCC increases in areas of higher altitude and in areas of lower latitude. […] Radiation exposure that contributes to BCC development may also include tanning booths and UV light therapy. […] Studies have demonstrated a high incidence of TP53 gene mutations in BCC. […] Inappropriate activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway is found in both sporadic and familial cases of BCC. […] Arsenic particularly in the form of inorganic arsenic compounds has been identified as carcinogenic in humans.

• #9 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  The exact cause of BCC is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are believed to predispose patients to BCC. […] Sunlight, particularly long-term exposure, is the most frequent association with development of BCC; risk correlates with the amount and nature of accumulated exposure, especially during childhood. […] The prevalence of BCC increases in areas of higher altitude and in areas of lower latitude. […] Radiation exposure that contributes to BCC development may also include tanning booths and UV light therapy. […] Studies have demonstrated a high incidence of TP53 gene mutations in BCC. […] Inappropriate activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway is found in both sporadic and familial cases of BCC. […] Arsenic particularly in the form of inorganic arsenic compounds has been identified as carcinogenic in humans.

• #10 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  There are many known risk factors for basal and squamous cell skin cancers, but its not always clear exactly how these factors might cause cancer. […] Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers are caused by repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight, as well as from man-made sources such as tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA inside skin cells and cause changes in genes. […] Researchers dont yet know all of the DNA changes that result in basal or squamous cell skin cancer, but they have found that in many skin cancers the cells have changes in tumor suppressor genes or DNA repair genes. […] Genes often mutated in basal cell cancers include the PTCH1 or PTCH2 genes, which are part of the hedgehog signaling pathway inside cells. These are tumor suppressor genes that normally help keep cell growth in check, so changes in one of these genes can allow cells to grow out of control.

• #11 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar pits, calcification of the falx cerebri and rib abnormalities. […] The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. […] A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.

• #12 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  A modest increase in the lifetime risk of BCC has been noted in chronically immunosuppressed patients, such as recipients of organ or stem cell transplants and people with AIDS. […] Persons who have been diagnosed with one nonmelanoma skin cancer are at increased risk of developing tumors in the future. […] Albinism has been implicated in BCC. […] A study among adults in the United States reports a strong association between excessive alcohol drinking and higher incidence of sunburn, suggesting a linkage between alcohol consumption and skin cancer. […] The widely used diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a potent photosensitizer. […] The following inherited conditions are associated with increased risk of BCC: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Rombo syndrome.

• #13 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  Inherited pathogenic variants in the gene coding for the transmembrane receptor protein PTCH1, or PTCH, are associated with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), and somatic variants are associated with sporadic cutaneous BCCs. […] Pathogenic variants in the BAP1 gene are associated with an increased risk of a variety of cancers, including cutaneous melanoma and uveal melanoma. Although the BCC penetrance in individuals with pathogenic variants in BAP1 is not known, there are several BAP1 families that report diagnoses of BCC. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a hereditary disorder of nucleotide excision repair that results in cutaneous malignancies in the first decade of life. Affected individuals have an increased sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in a markedly increased risk of SCCs, BCCs, and melanomas.

• #14 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Exposure to UV radiation (UVA and UVB wavebands) promotes skin cancer development by direct cell damage, including DNA mutations (e.g., pyrimidine substitutions), induction of oxidative stress, and generation of an energy crisis that impairs effective DNA repair, activation of local inflammatory processes, and suppression of cutaneous antitumor immunity. […] BCC incidence was generally higher in men than in women probably due to increased recreational and occupational exposure to the sun. […] Immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients increases the risk of NMSC and the increase depends on the duration of the immunosuppressive therapy. Notably, BCCs incidence increases 10-fold in transplant recipients. […] Several genetic syndromes are associated with BCCs development. The most common is the basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome or Gorlin syndrome, characterized by multiple BCCs development in childhood, most commonly in the face, followed by chest, back, and scalp.

• #15 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar pits, calcification of the falx cerebri and rib abnormalities. […] The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. […] A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.

• #16 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  People with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have a high risk for skin cancer. XP is a rare, inherited condition resulting from a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which leads to a defect in one of the proteins that normally helps repair DNA damage. […] The link between squamous cell skin cancer and infection with some types of HPV (human papillomavirus) also involves DNA and genes. These viruses have genes that affect growth-regulating proteins of infected skin cells. This can cause skin cells to grow too much and to not die when theyre supposed to.

• #17 Skin cancer types: Basal cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/diseases/skin-cancer/basal-cell-carcinoma-causes

  If you’ve had sunburns, especially blistering ones in your youth, you have a higher risk of developing this skin cancer. […] Living in an area that gets intense sunlight year-round, such as Florida or California, increases your risk of getting skin cancer. […] People in certain occupations have a higher risk of developing this skin cancer. […] If you’ve had any type of skin cancer, you have a greater risk of getting another one. […] Anything that weakens your immune system increases your risk of getting this skin cancer. […] If you have one of the following medical conditions, you have an increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (aka Gorlin syndrome), Xeroderma pigmentosum, Rombo syndrome, Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome. […] Research indicates that your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma increases if you’ve had 100 or more PUVA treatments. […] People who are receiving dialysis have a much greater risk of developing basal cell carcinoma. […] Many researchers have found that the more arsenic found in your food or water, the greater your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma.

• #18 Skin cancer types: Basal cell carcinoma causes

  https://www.aad.org/diseases/skin-cancer/basal-cell-carcinoma-causes

  If you’ve had sunburns, especially blistering ones in your youth, you have a higher risk of developing this skin cancer. […] Living in an area that gets intense sunlight year-round, such as Florida or California, increases your risk of getting skin cancer. […] People in certain occupations have a higher risk of developing this skin cancer. […] If you’ve had any type of skin cancer, you have a greater risk of getting another one. […] Anything that weakens your immune system increases your risk of getting this skin cancer. […] If you have one of the following medical conditions, you have an increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (aka Gorlin syndrome), Xeroderma pigmentosum, Rombo syndrome, Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome. […] Research indicates that your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma increases if you’ve had 100 or more PUVA treatments. […] People who are receiving dialysis have a much greater risk of developing basal cell carcinoma. […] Many researchers have found that the more arsenic found in your food or water, the greater your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma.

• #19 Causes and Risks of Basal Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.sanovadermatology.com/skin-cancer-blog-cat/causes-and-risks-of-basal-cell-carcinoma/

  Basal Cell Carcinoma is most commonly caused by long-term sun exposure, or possibly intense but short-term exposure, such as a long day at the beach which leads to sunburn. As a result, most cases of Basal Cell Carcinoma occur on areas of the body which have been directly exposed to the sun, like the arms, shoulders, scalp, neck, and back. However, tumors have also occurred on sun-protected areas. […] While not causes of non-melanoma skin cancer in and of themselves, exposure to radiation, contact with arsenic, chronic inflammatory skin conditions, open sores which are resistant to healing, and complications with burns, scars, infections, vaccinations, or in some cases even tattoos can all be considered contributing factors in come cases. […] “While anyone with a history of sun exposure can potentially develop Basal Cell Carcinoma, individuals are generally more at risk if they have lightly pigmented skin which burns easily, have blue, green, or grey eyes, and have either natural red or natural blond hair,” says Dr. Mamelak. There have also been studies which suggest that a tendency to develop BCC may be inherited, so knowing your family history is important in determining your potential risk factor in this area.

• #20 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5261/5/2/10

  Tanning beds are blamed for a one-and-a-half-fold rise in the risk of BCC. […] The Protein patched homolog (PTCH) gene mutation is identified in BCC. […] Furthermore, other cutaneous cancers are more likely to develop in those with a history of BCC—an approximate 10-fold increased risk. […] BCCs have also been linked to several hereditary disorders. The commonest among them is basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), characterized by many such tumours developing in children, particularly on the face; however, the trunk and scalp might also be involved.

• #21 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. […] Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one.

• #22 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing BCC. […] If you’ve already had a BCC, you are at risk for developing others over the years, either in the same area or elsewhere on the body. You are also at increased risk of developing other forms of skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. […] As you age, you accumulate sun exposure and sun damage, raising your risk of developing BCC. […] However, people with a light skin type, blond or red hair, blue, green or grey eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns are at highest risk. […] Men with BCC continue to outnumber women with the disease, but more women are now getting BCCs than in the past. […] On rare occasions, BCCs develop on areas unexposed to UV radiation. In very rare cases, exposure to other forms of radiation or certain chemicals, chronic inflammatory skin conditions and complications of burns, scars or infections can be contributing factors.

• #23 Skin Cancer: Types, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-cancer-7371283

  Basal cell carcinoma is cancer that begins in your skin’s basal cells in the middle layer of your epidermis. It ranks as the most common type of skin cancer and the most common form of all cancers. […] The most common cause of skin cancer is ultraviolet rays from the sun or tanning beds. […] Over 80% of skin cancers are caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation comes from sources such as the sun, tanning beds, and tanning lamps. […] UV light damages the DNA inside our skin whenever it comes in contact with it. The longer time and severity of sun exposure increase your risk of skin cancer. The more sunburns you get, the more damage occurs. This damage accumulates over time, increasing your risk of having the genetic mutations that cause skin cancer. […] Having certain factors can also increase your chances of having skin cancer: A previous case of nonmelanoma cancer, A family history of skin cancer, A large number of moles and freckles, Naturally red or blond hair, Pale skin that easily burns and rarely tans, Blue, green, or light-colored eyes, A weakened immune system due to medication or certain medical conditions, Past treatment with radiation, Exposure to arsenic, History of sunburns.

• #24 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing BCC. […] If you’ve already had a BCC, you are at risk for developing others over the years, either in the same area or elsewhere on the body. You are also at increased risk of developing other forms of skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. […] As you age, you accumulate sun exposure and sun damage, raising your risk of developing BCC. […] However, people with a light skin type, blond or red hair, blue, green or grey eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns are at highest risk. […] Men with BCC continue to outnumber women with the disease, but more women are now getting BCCs than in the past. […] On rare occasions, BCCs develop on areas unexposed to UV radiation. In very rare cases, exposure to other forms of radiation or certain chemicals, chronic inflammatory skin conditions and complications of burns, scars or infections can be contributing factors.

• #25 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://urologyku.com/resources/basal-cell-carcinoma-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer, primarily arising from the basal cells located in the outer layer of the skin. […] The primary cause of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or tanning beds. UV rays damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations that can result in cancerous growth. […] Individuals with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes are at a higher risk. People with a history of sunburns, particularly in childhood, are also more susceptible. […] The risk of developing BCC increases with age. Most cases are diagnosed in individuals over 50, although younger individuals can be affected, especially those with significant sun exposure. […] Certain genetic conditions, such as Gorlin syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome), can predispose individuals to BCC. A family history of skin cancer can also increase risk. […] People with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing organ transplants or living with HIV/AIDS, have a higher risk of developing BCC. […] Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic, or radiation therapy for other conditions can increase the risk of basal cell carcinoma.

• #26 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Exposure to UV radiation (UVA and UVB wavebands) promotes skin cancer development by direct cell damage, including DNA mutations (e.g., pyrimidine substitutions), induction of oxidative stress, and generation of an energy crisis that impairs effective DNA repair, activation of local inflammatory processes, and suppression of cutaneous antitumor immunity. […] BCC incidence was generally higher in men than in women probably due to increased recreational and occupational exposure to the sun. […] Immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients increases the risk of NMSC and the increase depends on the duration of the immunosuppressive therapy. Notably, BCCs incidence increases 10-fold in transplant recipients. […] Several genetic syndromes are associated with BCCs development. The most common is the basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome or Gorlin syndrome, characterized by multiple BCCs development in childhood, most commonly in the face, followed by chest, back, and scalp.

• #27 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing BCC. […] If you’ve already had a BCC, you are at risk for developing others over the years, either in the same area or elsewhere on the body. You are also at increased risk of developing other forms of skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. […] As you age, you accumulate sun exposure and sun damage, raising your risk of developing BCC. […] However, people with a light skin type, blond or red hair, blue, green or grey eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns are at highest risk. […] Men with BCC continue to outnumber women with the disease, but more women are now getting BCCs than in the past. […] On rare occasions, BCCs develop on areas unexposed to UV radiation. In very rare cases, exposure to other forms of radiation or certain chemicals, chronic inflammatory skin conditions and complications of burns, scars or infections can be contributing factors.

• #28 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms and Causes – Pi Health Cancer Hospital

  https://www.pihealthcancerhospital.com/blog/basal-cell-carcinoma-symptoms-and-causes/

  AgeOlder Age: BCC is more common in older adults due to cumulative sun exposure over the years. […] GenderMale Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop BCC, possibly due to higher rates of occupational sun exposure. […] Geographic LocationLiving in Sunny Climates: People who live in regions with high levels of year-round sunlight, such as near the equator, have a higher risk. […] Previous Skin CancerHistory of BCC or Other Skin Cancers: Individuals who have had BCC or other types of skin cancer are at a higher risk of developing new BCCs. […] Radiation TherapyPrevious Radiation Therapy: Exposure to radiation for the treatment of other conditions can increase the risk of developing BCC in the treated areas. […] Immune System SuppressionImmunosuppressive Conditions and Treatments: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, have a higher risk. […] Exposure to Toxic SubstancesArsenic Exposure: Chronic exposure to arsenic, found in some pesticides and contaminated water, can increase the risk of BCC. […] Chronic Inflammatory Skin ConditionsChronic Skin Inflammation: Long-term skin inflammation or injuries can increase the risk of BCC.

• #29 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  A modest increase in the lifetime risk of BCC has been noted in chronically immunosuppressed patients, such as recipients of organ or stem cell transplants and people with AIDS. […] Persons who have been diagnosed with one nonmelanoma skin cancer are at increased risk of developing tumors in the future. […] Albinism has been implicated in BCC. […] A study among adults in the United States reports a strong association between excessive alcohol drinking and higher incidence of sunburn, suggesting a linkage between alcohol consumption and skin cancer. […] The widely used diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a potent photosensitizer. […] The following inherited conditions are associated with increased risk of BCC: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Rombo syndrome.

• #30 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  The exact cause of BCC is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are believed to predispose patients to BCC. […] Sunlight, particularly long-term exposure, is the most frequent association with development of BCC; risk correlates with the amount and nature of accumulated exposure, especially during childhood. […] The prevalence of BCC increases in areas of higher altitude and in areas of lower latitude. […] Radiation exposure that contributes to BCC development may also include tanning booths and UV light therapy. […] Studies have demonstrated a high incidence of TP53 gene mutations in BCC. […] Inappropriate activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway is found in both sporadic and familial cases of BCC. […] Arsenic particularly in the form of inorganic arsenic compounds has been identified as carcinogenic in humans.

• #31 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms and Causes – Pi Health Cancer Hospital

  https://www.pihealthcancerhospital.com/blog/basal-cell-carcinoma-symptoms-and-causes/

  AgeOlder Age: BCC is more common in older adults due to cumulative sun exposure over the years. […] GenderMale Gender: Men are more likely than women to develop BCC, possibly due to higher rates of occupational sun exposure. […] Geographic LocationLiving in Sunny Climates: People who live in regions with high levels of year-round sunlight, such as near the equator, have a higher risk. […] Previous Skin CancerHistory of BCC or Other Skin Cancers: Individuals who have had BCC or other types of skin cancer are at a higher risk of developing new BCCs. […] Radiation TherapyPrevious Radiation Therapy: Exposure to radiation for the treatment of other conditions can increase the risk of developing BCC in the treated areas. […] Immune System SuppressionImmunosuppressive Conditions and Treatments: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, have a higher risk. […] Exposure to Toxic SubstancesArsenic Exposure: Chronic exposure to arsenic, found in some pesticides and contaminated water, can increase the risk of BCC. […] Chronic Inflammatory Skin ConditionsChronic Skin Inflammation: Long-term skin inflammation or injuries can increase the risk of BCC.

• #32 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview

  A modest increase in the lifetime risk of BCC has been noted in chronically immunosuppressed patients, such as recipients of organ or stem cell transplants and people with AIDS. […] Persons who have been diagnosed with one nonmelanoma skin cancer are at increased risk of developing tumors in the future. […] Albinism has been implicated in BCC. […] A study among adults in the United States reports a strong association between excessive alcohol drinking and higher incidence of sunburn, suggesting a linkage between alcohol consumption and skin cancer. […] The widely used diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a potent photosensitizer. […] The following inherited conditions are associated with increased risk of BCC: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Rombo syndrome.

• #33 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/basal-cell-carcinoma

  There are other, nongenetic risk factors. These include: age, with increased age correlating with increased risk, chronic sun exposure, severe sunburn, especially during childhood, living in a higher altitude or sunny location, exposure to radiation therapy, exposure to arsenic, taking immunosuppressing drugs, especially after a transplant surgery.

• #34 Basal Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482439/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), previously known as basal cell epithelioma, is the most common cancer in Humans. BCC mostly arises on sun-damaged skin and rarely develops on the mucous membranes or palms and soles. The prime etiological factor in the development of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV light, particularly the UVB wavelengths, but UVA wavelengths can also be a factor. A detailed review of the literature with meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis show a significantly higher risk for outdoor workers, with an inverse relationship between occupational UV exposure and BCC risk with latitude. Cumulative UV dose and skin type are not sole predictors; exposure duration and intensity, particularly in early childhood and adolescence, also plays a role in BCC development. Recreational sunlight exposure and the use of indoor tanning salons are a contributing factor for the development of BCCs. Ultraviolet light exposure is not the only risk factor as 20% of BCC arise on nonsun-exposed skin. BCCs also occur due to various other factors such as ionizing radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, immunosuppression, and genetic predisposition. Some genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of BCCs are xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin syndrome), BazexDupreChristol syndrome, and Rombo syndrome. […] There is no association with diet, but smoking also appears to be a risk factor in females.

• #35 Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Tanning beds emit UV radiation that is dangerous and raises your risk of developing BCC. […] If you’ve already had a BCC, you are at risk for developing others over the years, either in the same area or elsewhere on the body. You are also at increased risk of developing other forms of skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. […] As you age, you accumulate sun exposure and sun damage, raising your risk of developing BCC. […] However, people with a light skin type, blond or red hair, blue, green or grey eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns are at highest risk. […] Men with BCC continue to outnumber women with the disease, but more women are now getting BCCs than in the past. […] On rare occasions, BCCs develop on areas unexposed to UV radiation. In very rare cases, exposure to other forms of radiation or certain chemicals, chronic inflammatory skin conditions and complications of burns, scars or infections can be contributing factors.

• #36 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  Basal-cell carcinoma is named after the basal cells that form the lowest layer of the epidermis. […] Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, having lighter skin, radiation therapy, long-term exposure to arsenic and poor immune-system function. […] Exposure to UV light during childhood is particularly harmful. […] It has been suggested that lesions diagnosed as 'trichoblastic carcinoma’ may actually themselves be basal-cell carcinoma. […] Overexposure to the sun leads to the formation of thymine dimers, a form of DNA damage. […] Studies of the role of DNA repair in susceptibility to sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma indicated that reduced DNA repair capacity is one of the underlying molecular mechanisms for sunlight-induced skin carcinogenesis in the general population.

• #37 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. […] BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. […] Risk factors for BCC include age, exposure to UV light (including professional and leisure-time exposures), skin phototype, gender, pharmacological therapy, radiation therapy, family history of skin tumors, long-term exposure to arsenic, immunosuppression, and some genetic syndromes. […] Age-related deterioration of biological functions results in decline of DNA repair capacity, genomic instability, decline of immune system function, and chronic inflammation.

• #38 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  Basal-cell carcinoma is named after the basal cells that form the lowest layer of the epidermis. […] Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, having lighter skin, radiation therapy, long-term exposure to arsenic and poor immune-system function. […] Exposure to UV light during childhood is particularly harmful. […] It has been suggested that lesions diagnosed as 'trichoblastic carcinoma’ may actually themselves be basal-cell carcinoma. […] Overexposure to the sun leads to the formation of thymine dimers, a form of DNA damage. […] Studies of the role of DNA repair in susceptibility to sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma indicated that reduced DNA repair capacity is one of the underlying molecular mechanisms for sunlight-induced skin carcinogenesis in the general population.

• #39 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar pits, calcification of the falx cerebri and rib abnormalities. […] The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. […] A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.

• #40 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. […] BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. […] Risk factors for BCC include age, exposure to UV light (including professional and leisure-time exposures), skin phototype, gender, pharmacological therapy, radiation therapy, family history of skin tumors, long-term exposure to arsenic, immunosuppression, and some genetic syndromes. […] Age-related deterioration of biological functions results in decline of DNA repair capacity, genomic instability, decline of immune system function, and chronic inflammation.

• #41 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Causes | What Causes Skin Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  People with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have a high risk for skin cancer. XP is a rare, inherited condition resulting from a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which leads to a defect in one of the proteins that normally helps repair DNA damage. […] The link between squamous cell skin cancer and infection with some types of HPV (human papillomavirus) also involves DNA and genes. These viruses have genes that affect growth-regulating proteins of infected skin cells. This can cause skin cells to grow too much and to not die when theyre supposed to.

• #42 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  BCNS is primarily associated with germline pathogenic variants in PTCH1, but families with this phenotype have also been associated with alterations in PTCH2 and SUFU. […] The true cytologic origin of BCC is unclear. BCC and basal cell keratinocytes share many histological similarities, as is reflected in the name. Alternatively, the outer root sheath cells of the hair follicle have also been proposed as the cell of origin for BCC. […] A study of 61 individuals with a high number of BCCs (mean, 11 BCCs; range, 6-65) underwent genetic testing for 29 high-penetrance cancer susceptibility genes. Thirteen pathogenic variants were found in 12 of 61 individuals (19.7%). This was higher than expected compared with individuals in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database (3%). All of the genes with pathogenic variants were involved in DNA repair, suggesting that defects in DNA repair pathways may increase the risk of BCC.

• #43 Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7690754/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. […] BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. […] Risk factors for BCC include age, exposure to UV light (including professional and leisure-time exposures), skin phototype, gender, pharmacological therapy, radiation therapy, family history of skin tumors, long-term exposure to arsenic, immunosuppression, and some genetic syndromes. […] Age-related deterioration of biological functions results in decline of DNA repair capacity, genomic instability, decline of immune system function, and chronic inflammation.

• #44 Basal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Management and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5261/5/2/10

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a slow-growing, locally aggressive, rarely metastasizing, low-grade cutaneous neoplasm that arises from the epidermal basal layer and invades the adjoining tissues. […] The most important causal factors appear to be radiation exposure and genetic predisposition. […] Primarily, radiation and genetic makeup are thought to be responsible for the tumours. […] Some other contributing factors include fair complexion (Fitzpatrick skin type I-II-III), immunosuppression, trauma to the anatomical location, ionizing radiation, genodermatoses and arsenic exposure. […] The radiation effect results from a blend of cumulative doses of UV light radiation received over years with occasional, intermittent, exposure to intense UV light and subjection to various other radionucleotide agents.

• #45 Basal Cell Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482439/

  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), previously known as basal cell epithelioma, is the most common cancer in Humans. BCC mostly arises on sun-damaged skin and rarely develops on the mucous membranes or palms and soles. The prime etiological factor in the development of basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV light, particularly the UVB wavelengths, but UVA wavelengths can also be a factor. A detailed review of the literature with meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis show a significantly higher risk for outdoor workers, with an inverse relationship between occupational UV exposure and BCC risk with latitude. Cumulative UV dose and skin type are not sole predictors; exposure duration and intensity, particularly in early childhood and adolescence, also plays a role in BCC development. Recreational sunlight exposure and the use of indoor tanning salons are a contributing factor for the development of BCCs. Ultraviolet light exposure is not the only risk factor as 20% of BCC arise on nonsun-exposed skin. BCCs also occur due to various other factors such as ionizing radiation exposure, arsenic exposure, immunosuppression, and genetic predisposition. Some genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of BCCs are xeroderma pigmentosum, basal cell nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin syndrome), BazexDupreChristol syndrome, and Rombo syndrome. […] There is no association with diet, but smoking also appears to be a risk factor in females.

Zobacz więcej