Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2020, an estimated 228,820 persons were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135,720 persons died of the disease. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking is estimated to account for about 90% of all lung cancer cases, with a relative risk of lung cancer approximately 20-fold higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Increasing age is also a risk factor for lung cancer. The median age of diagnosis of lung cancer is 70 years. Lung cancer has a generally poor prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 20.5%. However, early-stage lung cancer has a better prognosis and is more amenable to treatment. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT has a moderate net benefit in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age, total cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, and years since quitting smoking.

• #1 Lung Cancer Early Detection | Lung Cancer Screening | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  Screening is the use of tests or exams to find a disease in people who dont have symptoms. […] Regular chest x-rays have been studied as a screening test for people at higher risk for lung cancer, but they havent been shown to help most people live longer, and therefore they arent recommended for lung cancer screening. […] At present, a test known as a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan is used to screen people at higher risk (mainly because they smoke or used to smoke) for lung cancer. LDCT scans can help find abnormal areas in the lungs that may be cancer. […] If lung cancer is found at an earlier stage, when it is small and before it has spread, it is more likely to be treated successfully. Lung cancer screening is recommended for certain people who smoke or used to smoke, but who don’t have any signs or symptoms.

• #1 Lung cancer screening – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-cancer-screening/about/pac-20385024

  Lung cancer screening is a process that’s used to detect the presence of lung cancer in otherwise healthy people with a high risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer screening is recommended for older adults who are longtime smokers and who don’t have any signs or symptoms of lung cancer. […] The goal of lung cancer screening is to detect lung cancer at a very early stage when it’s more likely to be cured. By the time lung cancer signs and symptoms develop, the cancer is usually too advanced for curative treatment. Studies show lung cancer screening reduces the risk of dying of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer screening carries several risks, such as: Finding cancer that’s too advanced to cure. Advanced lung cancers, such as those that have spread, may not respond well to treatment, so finding these cancers on a lung cancer screening test might not improve or extend your life.

• #1 Low-Dose CT Scan for Lung Cancer Screening | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/imaging/services/lung-screening

  Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of both men and women in the United States. Lung cancer screening looks for potentially cancerous spots in the lung. The name for these spots is pulmonary nodules. […] Screening is best with a low-dose CT scan. This imaging test can detect nodules up to 10 times smaller than those seen on an x-ray. It offers the best chance of finding lung cancer in its earliest, most curable stages. […] You should think about getting lung cancer screening if you have no present symptoms of lung cancer. Symptoms include coughing up blood and chest pain. […] Symptoms of lung cancer include: Persistent cough. Sudden or ongoing chest, back, or shoulder pain. Shortness of breath. Coughing up blood. Fatigue. Asthma. […] Lung cancer often doesn’t show symptoms until the later stages. When it shows signs, lung cancer may have spread to other body parts.

• #1 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Smoking and older age are the 2 most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care.

• #1 Low Dose CT Scan | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/low-dose-ct-scan

  Low-Dose CT (LDCT) is an effective tool in screening for lung cancer and is done before a person has any symptoms. The goal of conducting an LDCT lung screening is to save lives. Without this screening test, lung cancer is usually not found until a person develops symptoms. At that time, the cancer is much harder to treat. […] Certain symptoms can be a sign that you have a condition in your lungs that should be evaluated and treated, if necessary, by your health care provider. These symptoms include fever, chest pain, a new or changing cough, shortness of breath that you have never felt before, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss. […] Studies have shown that LDCT lung screening may lower the risk of death from lung cancer by 20% in people at high risk.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/lung/screening.htm

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths for all people in the United States and New York State. Lung cancer screening means checking the lungs with a low dose computed tomography scan (CT scan) before any symptoms of lung cancer begin. Screening does not prevent lung cancer but can help find it early when its easier to treat. Finding lung cancer early can increase a persons chance of being alive at five years to nearly 60% compared to less than 10% when the cancer is found late and has spread to other areas of the body. […] Lung cancer screening is recommended for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] Lung cancer screening has some risks, but studies show screening is more helpful than harmful. Some risks include: Finding something that could be cancer, but it turns out not to be. This is called a false positive or false alarm. […] Cigarette smoking causes 80-90% of all lung cancers. The most effective way to reduce your risk of lung cancer is to quit smoking. Lung cancer screening is not a replacement for quitting smoking.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening: Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/15031-lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer screening is a tool healthcare providers use to detect lung cancer early, when its more easily treated. They take images of your lungs once a year with a low-dose CT scan. Lung cancer screening is recommended for people between the ages of 50 and 80 who smoke or who quit less than 15 years ago. […] You might wonder why youd look for cancer if you dont have any symptoms. But lung cancer rarely causes symptoms in the early stages, when its easier to treat. Lung cancer is often found in later stages, when survival rates are lower. […] Lung cancer screening increases the likelihood that if you do develop lung cancer, youll be diagnosed at an early stage when its more treatable. Studies suggest that over 50% of people (or 1 in 2) diagnosed with lung cancer through annual screening are diagnosed at an early stage, compared to about 28% of all people diagnosed with lung cancer at an early stage.

• #1 Lung Cancer Signs & Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Most lung cancers do not cause any symptoms until they have spread, but some people with early lung cancer do have symptoms. […] The most common symptoms of lung cancer are: A cough that does not go away or gets worse, Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm), Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, Hoarseness, Loss of appetite, Unexplained weight loss, Shortness of breath, Feeling tired or weak, Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that dont go away or keep coming back, New onset of wheezing. […] If lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it may cause: Bone pain (like pain in the back or hips), Nervous system changes (such as headache, weakness or numbness of an arm or leg, dizziness, balance problems, or seizures), from cancer spread to the brain, Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), from cancer spread to the liver, Swelling of lymph nodes (collection of immune system cells) such as those in the neck or above the collarbone.

• #1 Lung Cancer Signs & Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Many of these symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than lung cancer. Still, if you have any of these problems, its important to see your doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed. […] If you go to your doctor when you first notice lung cancer symptoms, your cancer might be diagnosed at an earlier stage, when treatment is more likely to be effective.

• #1 Lung Cancer: Types, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer

  Depending on where in your lungs cancer starts, some of these symptoms can happen early (in stages I or II) but often they dont happen until cancer has progressed to later stages. Thats why its important to get screened for lung cancer if youre at higher risk. […] Cancer can grow in your body for a long time years before you know its there. Lung cancer often doesnt cause symptoms in early stages. […] How fast lung cancer spreads depends on the type. Of the main types, small cell lung cancer tends to spread faster than non-small cell lung cancer. By the time lung cancer is found, it may have already started spreading to lymph nodes or other organs.

• #1 Lung Cancer Symptoms, Screening, Stages | Sarah Cannon

  https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death. It occurs in both men and women. It is more common in older adults. […] Early stage lung cancer is usually asymptomatic, meaning the person has no symptoms. Some common symptoms of lung cancer include: A persistent cough, Coughing up blood, Chest pains, Difficulty breathing or swallowing, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Pneumonia, Wheezing, Hoarseness, Weight loss or loss of appetite. […] Sarah Cannon recommends Low-Dose CT Scan every year for people who meet the following criteria: Age 50-80*; Those who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and are current smokers or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The TNM staging system is used for all types of cancer, not just lung cancer. The letters TNM describe the tumor size and if the cancer has spread to other areas: T: indicates how big the tumor is; N: indicates number of lymph nodes with cancer cells in them; M: indicates metastasis, which means that cancer has spread to other body parts.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/diagnosis/

  See a GP if you have symptoms of lung cancer, such as breathlessness or a persistent cough. […] If a chest X-ray suggests you may have lung cancer, you should be referred to a specialist in chest conditions. […] A biopsy from a lymph node can show if cancerous cells are growing there and what type they are. […] Once tests have been completed, it should be possible for doctors to know what stage your cancer is, what this means for your treatment and whether it’s possible to completely cure the cancer. […] Small-cell lung cancer only has 2 possible stages: limited disease where the cancer is only in 1 lung and may be in nearby lymph nodes; extensive disease where the cancer has spread to the other lung, to lymph nodes that are further away, or to other parts of your body. […] If you’re aged between 55 and 74 and have ever smoked, you may be offered an NHS lung health check (lung cancer screening).

• #1 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer typically doesn’t cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of lung cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced. […] Signs and symptoms of lung cancer that happen in and around the lungs may include: A new cough that doesn’t go away. Chest pain. Coughing up blood, even a small amount. Hoarseness. Shortness of breath. Wheezing. […] Signs and symptoms that happen when lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body may include: Bone pain. Headache. Losing weight without trying. Loss of appetite. Swelling in the face or neck. […] Lung cancer can cause complications, such as: Shortness of breath. People with lung cancer can experience shortness of breath if cancer grows to block the major airways. Lung cancer also can cause fluid to collect around the lungs and heart. The fluid makes it harder for the affected lung to expand fully when you inhale.

• #1 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway. This can cause you to cough up blood. Sometimes bleeding can become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding. […] Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads can cause pain. It may spread to the lining of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone. Tell your healthcare professional if you experience pain. Many treatments are available to control pain. […] Fluid in the chest. Lung cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid collects in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity, called the pleural space. […] Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer may spread to the brain and the bones. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it’s generally not curable. Treatments are available to decrease symptoms and to help you live longer.

• #1 Lung Cancer Early Detection | Lung Cancer Screening | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  Usually symptoms of lung cancer dont appear until the disease is already at an advanced stage. Even when lung cancer does cause symptoms, many people may mistake them for other problems, such as an infection or long-term effects from smoking. This may delay the diagnosis. If you have symptoms that could be from lung cancer, see your doctor right away. […] The main benefit of screening is finding the cancer earlier and thus, lowering the chance of dying from lung cancer. […] Not all of the cancers that are found will be found at an early stage. Some people with lung cancer that is found by screening will still die from that cancer. […] To get the most benefit from screening, people need to be in fairly good health. For example, they need to be healthy enough to have surgery and receive other treatments if lung cancer is found.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/screening-lung

  Screening exams find disease before symptoms begin. The goal of screening is to detect disease at its earliest and most treatable stage. […] In lung cancer screening, individuals who have a high risk of developing lung cancer but no signs or symptoms of the disease undergo low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scanning of the chest. […] Lung cancer that is detected early before spreading to other areas of the body is more often successfully treated. Unfortunately, when lung cancer is diagnosed, occasionally the disease has already spread outside the lung. […] Studies prove that lung cancer screening with LDCT reduces the number of deaths from lung cancer in patients at high risk. […] When cancer is found with screening, it is often at an early stage. Patients can more often undergo minimally invasive surgery and have less lung tissue removed.

• #1 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] Screening means testing for a disease when there are no symptoms or history of that disease. […] Lung cancer screening has at least three risks: […] A lung cancer screening test can suggest that a person has lung cancer when no cancer is present. This is called a false-positive result. […] A lung cancer screening test can find cases of cancer that may never have caused a problem for the patient. This is called overdiagnosis. […] Radiation from repeated LDCT tests can cause cancer in otherwise healthy people.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/screening-lung

  False positive results occur when a test appears to be abnormal, but no lung cancer is found. Abnormal findings may require additional testing to determine whether cancer is present. […] Test results that appear to be normal even when lung cancer is present are called false-negative results. A person who receives a false-negative test result may delay seeking medical care. […] Not all cancers detected by LDCT will be found in the early stage of the disease. Screening that detects lung cancer may not improve your health or help you live longer if the disease has already spread beyond the lungs to other areas of the body. […] Lung cancer typically occurs in the form of a lung nodule, an area of abnormal tissue within the lung. Most nodules (more than 95%) are not cancer. If your LDCT scan detects a nodule larger than a certain size, your doctor will likely recommend a follow-up LDCT scan several months later to check that the nodule does not change in size. If the nodule grows or looks suspicious, your doctor may recommend further evaluation with a contrast-enhanced CT and/or removal of a small piece of the nodule (called a lung biopsy). A pathologist can analyze the cells from the biopsy under a microscope to determine whether the nodule is malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous).

• #1 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The 2 lung cancer screening trials that showed a benefit of lung cancer screening used different screening intervals. The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) screened annually for 3 years. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] The USPSTF recommends that screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Harms of screening can include false-positive results leading to unnecessary tests and invasive procedures, overdiagnosis, radiation-induced cancer, incidental findings, and increases in distress or anxiety.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor in the development of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all lung cancer-related deaths. […] A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung cancer risk, and this association may be largely caused by smoking. […] Patients with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis seem to be at a higher risk for lung cancer even after age, gender, and a history of smoking are taken into consideration. […] Evidence shows an increased risk of new primary cancers among patients who survive lung cancer, lymphomas, cancers of the head and neck, or smoking-related cancers. […] The NCCN Lung Cancer Screening Panel recommends lung cancer screening using helical LDCT for individuals with a 30 or more pack-year history of smoking tobacco.

• #1 What Happens After a Screen – Lung Cancer | UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center

  https://www.uclahealth.org/cancer/cancer-services/lung-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/lung-cancer-screening/what-happens-after-screen

  Lung screening is performed with the goal of finding lung cancer in its early stages, before it causes symptoms. […] The Radiologist will write a report that summarizes important findings, and send it to your referring doctor. Each report includes recommendations for follow up. In most cases, this recommendation is for another screen in 12 months. In some cases, the recommendation may be to receive early follow up (1-6 months), a different type of imaging exam (e.g. CT Chest with contrast or PET/CT), or to consider a biopsy. In these cases, a multidisciplinary team will work to provide the care that you need.

• #1 Screening & Early Detection | LUNGevity Foundation

  https://www.lungevity.org/lung-cancer-basics/screening-early-detection

  A low-dose CT scan can detect lung (pulmonary) nodules small and roundish or oval growths of tissues in the lung that appear white with great accuracy. However, a low-dose CT scan does not indicate whether the nodule is cancerous or not. […] If at baseline or at a follow-up scan, a nodule’s characteristics make it of high concern for lung cancer, either a biopsy or surgical removal of the nodule will be done to confirm whether the nodule is cancerous. If the patient does have lung cancer, further tests may be needed to determine the stage. […] For early-stage patients, treatment will be surgery or SBRT. For advanced-stage patients, treatment will begin, ideally after comprehensive biomarker testing. […] Advances in imaging techniques, such as the low-dose CT scan, have improved the chances of finding lung cancer early.

• #1 caret_down icon

  https://www.spectrumhealth.org/services/cancer/symptoms-and-screenings/lung-cancer-screenings

  Early detection is the most powerful tool against a lung cancer diagnosis. […] Lung cancer screening is a preventive health check, much like a mammogram or colonoscopy, to test for cancer before you have symptoms. It can save lives by finding cancer early, when it is easiest to treat. […] Lung cancer screening can help detect cancer early, when it is the most treatable, and increases the likelihood of a positive outcome. […] Early detection: Lung cancer often presents with minimal or no symptoms in its early stages, making it challenging to diagnose until it has progressed. Screening allows for identification of lung cancer at an earlier stage when treatment options are more effective. […] Improves survival rates: By detecting lung cancer at an early stage, treatment interventions can be implemented promptly, leading to better survival rates and improved long-term prognosis.

• #2 Lung Cancer Early Detection | Lung Cancer Screening | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  Screening is the use of tests or exams to find a disease in people who dont have symptoms. […] Regular chest x-rays have been studied as a screening test for people at higher risk for lung cancer, but they havent been shown to help most people live longer, and therefore they arent recommended for lung cancer screening. […] At present, a test known as a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan is used to screen people at higher risk (mainly because they smoke or used to smoke) for lung cancer. LDCT scans can help find abnormal areas in the lungs that may be cancer. […] If lung cancer is found at an earlier stage, when it is small and before it has spread, it is more likely to be treated successfully. Lung cancer screening is recommended for certain people who smoke or used to smoke, but who don’t have any signs or symptoms.

• #2 Lung Cancer: Types, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer

  Depending on where in your lungs cancer starts, some of these symptoms can happen early (in stages I or II) but often they dont happen until cancer has progressed to later stages. Thats why its important to get screened for lung cancer if youre at higher risk. […] Cancer can grow in your body for a long time years before you know its there. Lung cancer often doesnt cause symptoms in early stages. […] How fast lung cancer spreads depends on the type. Of the main types, small cell lung cancer tends to spread faster than non-small cell lung cancer. By the time lung cancer is found, it may have already started spreading to lymph nodes or other organs.

• #2 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway. This can cause you to cough up blood. Sometimes bleeding can become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding. […] Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads can cause pain. It may spread to the lining of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone. Tell your healthcare professional if you experience pain. Many treatments are available to control pain. […] Fluid in the chest. Lung cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid collects in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity, called the pleural space. […] Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer may spread to the brain and the bones. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it’s generally not curable. Treatments are available to decrease symptoms and to help you live longer.

• #2 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] Screening means testing for a disease when there are no symptoms or history of that disease. […] Lung cancer screening has at least three risks: […] A lung cancer screening test can suggest that a person has lung cancer when no cancer is present. This is called a false-positive result. […] A lung cancer screening test can find cases of cancer that may never have caused a problem for the patient. This is called overdiagnosis. […] Radiation from repeated LDCT tests can cause cancer in otherwise healthy people.

• #2 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Smoking and older age are the 2 most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care.

• #2 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor in the development of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all lung cancer-related deaths. […] A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung cancer risk, and this association may be largely caused by smoking. […] Patients with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis seem to be at a higher risk for lung cancer even after age, gender, and a history of smoking are taken into consideration. […] Evidence shows an increased risk of new primary cancers among patients who survive lung cancer, lymphomas, cancers of the head and neck, or smoking-related cancers. […] The NCCN Lung Cancer Screening Panel recommends lung cancer screening using helical LDCT for individuals with a 30 or more pack-year history of smoking tobacco.

• #2 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/screening-lung

  False positive results occur when a test appears to be abnormal, but no lung cancer is found. Abnormal findings may require additional testing to determine whether cancer is present. […] Test results that appear to be normal even when lung cancer is present are called false-negative results. A person who receives a false-negative test result may delay seeking medical care. […] Not all cancers detected by LDCT will be found in the early stage of the disease. Screening that detects lung cancer may not improve your health or help you live longer if the disease has already spread beyond the lungs to other areas of the body. […] Lung cancer typically occurs in the form of a lung nodule, an area of abnormal tissue within the lung. Most nodules (more than 95%) are not cancer. If your LDCT scan detects a nodule larger than a certain size, your doctor will likely recommend a follow-up LDCT scan several months later to check that the nodule does not change in size. If the nodule grows or looks suspicious, your doctor may recommend further evaluation with a contrast-enhanced CT and/or removal of a small piece of the nodule (called a lung biopsy). A pathologist can analyze the cells from the biopsy under a microscope to determine whether the nodule is malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous).

• #3 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway. This can cause you to cough up blood. Sometimes bleeding can become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding. […] Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads can cause pain. It may spread to the lining of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone. Tell your healthcare professional if you experience pain. Many treatments are available to control pain. […] Fluid in the chest. Lung cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid collects in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity, called the pleural space. […] Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer may spread to the brain and the bones. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it’s generally not curable. Treatments are available to decrease symptoms and to help you live longer.

• #3 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] Screening means testing for a disease when there are no symptoms or history of that disease. […] Lung cancer screening has at least three risks: […] A lung cancer screening test can suggest that a person has lung cancer when no cancer is present. This is called a false-positive result. […] A lung cancer screening test can find cases of cancer that may never have caused a problem for the patient. This is called overdiagnosis. […] Radiation from repeated LDCT tests can cause cancer in otherwise healthy people.

• #3 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Smoking and older age are the 2 most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care.

• #3 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor in the development of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all lung cancer-related deaths. […] A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung cancer risk, and this association may be largely caused by smoking. […] Patients with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis seem to be at a higher risk for lung cancer even after age, gender, and a history of smoking are taken into consideration. […] Evidence shows an increased risk of new primary cancers among patients who survive lung cancer, lymphomas, cancers of the head and neck, or smoking-related cancers. […] The NCCN Lung Cancer Screening Panel recommends lung cancer screening using helical LDCT for individuals with a 30 or more pack-year history of smoking tobacco.

• #4 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway. This can cause you to cough up blood. Sometimes bleeding can become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding. […] Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads can cause pain. It may spread to the lining of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone. Tell your healthcare professional if you experience pain. Many treatments are available to control pain. […] Fluid in the chest. Lung cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid collects in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity, called the pleural space. […] Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer may spread to the brain and the bones. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it’s generally not curable. Treatments are available to decrease symptoms and to help you live longer.

• #4 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor in the development of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all lung cancer-related deaths. […] A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung cancer risk, and this association may be largely caused by smoking. […] Patients with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis seem to be at a higher risk for lung cancer even after age, gender, and a history of smoking are taken into consideration. […] Evidence shows an increased risk of new primary cancers among patients who survive lung cancer, lymphomas, cancers of the head and neck, or smoking-related cancers. […] The NCCN Lung Cancer Screening Panel recommends lung cancer screening using helical LDCT for individuals with a 30 or more pack-year history of smoking tobacco.

• #5 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Coughing up blood. Lung cancer can cause bleeding in the airway. This can cause you to cough up blood. Sometimes bleeding can become severe. Treatments are available to control bleeding. […] Pain. Advanced lung cancer that spreads can cause pain. It may spread to the lining of a lung or to another area of the body, such as a bone. Tell your healthcare professional if you experience pain. Many treatments are available to control pain. […] Fluid in the chest. Lung cancer can cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid collects in the space that surrounds the affected lung in the chest cavity, called the pleural space. […] Cancer that spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer may spread to the brain and the bones. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. Once lung cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it’s generally not curable. Treatments are available to decrease symptoms and to help you live longer.

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