Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Screening for Lung Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3749713/

  Lung cancer is by far the major cause of cancer deaths largely because in the majority of patients it is at an advanced stage at the time it is discovered, when curative treatment is no longer feasible. This article examines the data regarding the ability of screening to decrease the number of lung cancer deaths. […] Several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including a recent one, have demonstrated that screening for lung cancer using a chest radiograph does not reduce the number of deaths from lung cancer. One large RCT involving low-dose CT (LDCT) screening demonstrated a significant reduction in lung cancer deaths, with few harms to individuals at elevated risk when done in the context of a structured program of selection, screening, evaluation, and management of the relatively high number of benign abnormalities.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lung-Cancer-Pathogenesis.aspx

  The pathogenesis of lung cancer is initiated the either by the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which leads to uncontrolled replication and growth of the cells in the lungs. […] Each of the different types of lung cancer has certain gene mutations that are associated with its pathogenesis. […] Genetic mutations that lead to the upregulation of EGFR are commonly observed in non-small cell lung carcinoma, which explains the use of EGFR-inhibitors in the treatment of the disease. […] Other genes that are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer include c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3CA and BRAF. […] Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer and is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of many cases of the disease. […] Asbestos can also lead to an increased risk of lung cancer and exposure to both asbestos and tobacco smoke has a synergistic effect of the pathogenesis. […] We currently have a relatively good understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis, including the cellular and molecular genetic changes that are associated with the disease.

• #1 Lung Cancer—Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Molecular Aspect (Review of Literature)

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/5/2049

  Lung cancer can develop as a consequence of several genetic factors and epigenetic changes (for example, point mutations, amplifications, insertions, deletions and translocations). This is particularly associated with the activation of a pathway that promotes growth and inhibition of the tumor suppressor pathways. […] The molecular basis of lung cancer should be understood as the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes in the nucleus of the cell, which occur over a long period of time. The cancer process is initiated when a given cell breaks out of the control of the mechanisms that determine its division and location. Its cell cycle is similar to that of normal cells, with the difference that this cell does not submit to regulatory mechanisms and becomes insensitive to signals from other cells. Disorders in the expression of genes regulating the cell cycle play a key role in any neoplastic transformation.

• #1 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Researchers believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. Cigarette smoke is full of cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens. When you inhale cigarette smoke, the carcinogens cause changes in the lung tissue almost immediately. […] At first your body may be able to repair this damage. But with each repeated exposure, healthy cells that line your lungs become more damaged. Over time, the damage causes cells to change and eventually cancer may develop.

• #1 Lung Cancer—Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Molecular Aspect (Review of Literature)

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/5/2049

  The instability of the entire cell genome, which occurs at the beginning of the carcinogenesis process, also plays an important role. It is the result of the gradual accumulation of various genetic abnormalities. This leads to a weakening of the DNA structure and its greater susceptibility to further mutations. […] Disorders of cell cycle regulation concern mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Lack of proliferation inhibition or accelerated proliferation so that the cell is not sensitive to inhibitory signals is the essence of any cancer process. The tumor suppressor genes in which mutations in lung cancer cells are most common include TP53, RB and p16. The proto-oncogenes that most often mutate in lung cancer are the MYC, RAS and HER gene families. The process of ALK gene rearrangement is also of great importance.

• #1 Lung cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer

  Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. […] As with all cancers, lung cancer is triggered by mutations that allow tumor cells to endlessly multiply, stimulate blood vessel growth, avoid apoptosis (programmed cell death), generate pro-growth signalling molecules, ignore anti-growth signalling molecules, and eventually spread into surrounding tissue or metastasize throughout the body. […] Different tumors can acquire these abilities through different mutations, though generally cancer-contributing mutations activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressors. […] Some mutations called „driver mutations” are particularly common in adenocarcinomas, and contribute disproportionately to tumor development. These typically occur in the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR, BRAF, MET, KRAS, and PIK3CA.

• #1 Lung cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer

  Similarly, some adenocarcinomas are driven by chromosomal rearrangements that result in overexpression of tyrosine kinases ALK, ROS1, NTRK, and RET. […] A given tumor will typically have just one driver mutation. […] In contrast, SCLCs rarely have these driver mutations, and instead often have mutations that have inactivated the tumor suppressors p53 and RB. […] A cluster of tumor suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 3 are often lost early in the development of all lung cancers.

• #1 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279960-overview

  Both exposure (environmental or occupational) to particular agents and an individuals susceptibility to these agents are thought to contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer. In the United States, active smoking is responsible for approximately 90% of lung cancer cases. Occupational exposures to carcinogens account for approximately 9-15% of lung cancer cases. […] Tobacco smoke contains more than 300 harmful substances with at least 40 known potent carcinogens. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) are known to cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts in animal models. Benzo-A-pyrine also appears to induce molecular signaling such as AKT, as well as inducing mutations in p53 and other tumor suppressor genes. […] The current multiple hit theory suggests that a series of toxic cellular insults disrupts orderly genetic reproduction. Symptoms ultimately develop from the uncontrolled disorganized growth that interferes with local or distant anatomy or physiologic processes.

• #1 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2020, an estimated 228,820 persons were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135,720 persons died of the disease. The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking is estimated to account for about 90% of all lung cancer cases, with a relative risk of lung cancer approximately 20-fold higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Increasing age is also a risk factor for lung cancer. The median age of diagnosis of lung cancer is 70 years. Lung cancer has a generally poor prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 20.5%. However, early-stage lung cancer has a better prognosis and is more amenable to treatment. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes with moderate certainty that annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT has a moderate net benefit in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age, total cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, and years since quitting smoking. The moderate net benefit of screening depends on limiting screening to persons at high risk, the accuracy of image interpretation being similar to or better than that found in clinical trials, and the resolution of most false-positive results with serial imaging rather than invasive procedures.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If you are at risk for lung cancer, a simple 15-minute screening could protect your health. Screening can detect cancer early when its easier to treat. Studies show that regular screening can help people live longer, healthier lives. […] If you decide to go ahead with screening, your doctor will send us a referral. Well set up an appointment for a scan known as low-dose CT, or low-dose computed tomography. The scanners use low-dose X-rays to make detailed images of your lungs. […] If lung cancer is found early, before it spreads to other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate is 8 times higher. According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival rate rises to 64% if lung cancer is caught before it spreads. […] In early stages, lung cancer may have no symptoms, so screening is the best way to catch it.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening | Catholic Health – The Right Way To Care

  https://www.chsbuffalo.org/services/lung-cancer-screening/

  Screenings are vital to catching lung cancer early so that treatment can begin as soon as possible. Lung cancer is the deadliest form of cancer because our lung tissue has no nerves, and symptoms generally do not occur until the cancer has spread. […] The best way to detect lung cancer is through a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan. Unlike chest x-rays, a low-dose CT scan has higher quality imaging for easier detection of abnormalities. […] When caught early, lung cancer is highly treatable, between 80%-90%. When the cancer becomes regional or spreads into areas surrounding the lungs, 5-year survival rates drop to 37%. When lung cancer is distant, meaning it has spread further into the bones or other organs, the 5-year survival rate becomes only 8%. […] We have access to some of the most sophisticated technology available including robotic-assisted bronchoscopy, a procedure that allows us to diagnose small nodules that would otherwise be difficult to biopsy, leading to earlier diagnosis and faster treatment.

• #1 Lung cancer screening – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-cancer-screening/about/pac-20385024

  Lung cancer screening is a process that’s used to detect the presence of lung cancer in otherwise healthy people with a high risk of lung cancer. […] The goal of lung cancer screening is to detect lung cancer at a very early stage when it’s more likely to be cured. By the time lung cancer signs and symptoms develop, the cancer is usually too advanced for curative treatment. Studies show lung cancer screening reduces the risk of dying of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer screening carries several risks, such as: […] Finding cancer that’s too advanced to cure. Advanced lung cancers, such as those that have spread, may not respond well to treatment, so finding these cancers on a lung cancer screening test might not improve or extend your life. […] Finding cancer that may never hurt you. Some lung cancers grow slowly and may never cause symptoms or harm. It’s difficult to know which cancers will never grow to hurt you and which ones must be removed quickly to avoid harm. If you’re diagnosed with lung cancer, your doctor will likely recommend treatment. Treatment for cancers that would have remained small and confined the rest of your life may not help you and may be unnecessary.

• #1 Screening & Early Detection | LUNGevity Foundation

  https://www.lungevity.org/lung-cancer-basics/screening-early-detection

  Finding lung cancer early, when it is easiest to treat, can save lives. […] Early detection of lung cancer is defined as strategies that can detect lung cancer at a stage the extent of cancer in the body where surgery or stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) can be offered with the goal of a cure. […] However, lung cancer is most easily and effectively treated when it is found at an early stage. […] Statistically, those with lung cancer caught early on have a much higher likelihood of surviving at least five years after diagnosis than those diagnosed when the lung cancer is more advanced. […] Lung cancer can be detected early via screening. […] Screening for lung cancer means checking for cancer before there are any symptoms. […] For lung cancer, early-detection screening by a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan has proven to be effective among individuals considered to be at high risk.

• #1 Screening & Early Detection | LUNGevity Foundation

  https://www.lungevity.org/lung-cancer-basics/screening-early-detection

  The usefulness of CT scans in high-risk individuals was demonstrated by the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and confirmed by the Nederlands-Leuvent Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON) trial. […] CT scans are much more sensitive than chest X-rays and can detect smaller abnormalities that may be lung cancer. […] A low-dose CT scan can detect lung (pulmonary) nodules with great accuracy. […] However, a low-dose CT scan does not indicate whether the nodule is cancerous or not. […] If at baseline or at a follow-up scan, a nodule’s characteristics make it of high concern for lung cancer, either a biopsy or surgical removal of the nodule will be done to confirm whether the nodule is cancerous. […] For early-stage patients, treatment will be surgery or SBRT. […] For advanced-stage patients, treatment will begin, ideally after comprehensive biomarker testing and a personalized treatment plan is developed. […] Advances in imaging techniques, such as the low-dose CT scan, have improved the chances of finding lung cancer early. […] Researchers continue to look for other techniques that could help identify lung cancer at an early stage.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/lung-screening-pdq

  Two randomized trials have reported statistically significant reductions in lung cancer mortality associated with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. One trial reported that screening higher-risk individuals (30+ pack-years and either current smokers or quit within the past 15 years) aged 55 to 74 years three times, once annually, with LDCT reduced lung cancer mortality by 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8%26.7%; P = .004) and all-cause mortality by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2%13.6%; P = .02) over screening with chest radiographs. An updated analysis showed that the estimated reduction in lung cancer mortality was 16% (95% CI, 5%25%). The other trial reported that among high-risk current and former smokers, men who were randomly assigned to four rounds of LDCT screening had a 24% reduction (95% CI, 6%39%) in lung cancer mortality, compared with men who were randomly assigned to no screening.

• #1 Lung cancer screening – Imaging | Northwell Health

  https://www.northwell.edu/imaging/services/lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer screening is a regular preventive health check, much like a mammogram or colonoscopy. It is used to test for lung cancer before you have symptoms. […] Lung cancer is detected using a test called lung cancer screening. Lung cancer screening utilizes low-dose CT scan technology that has the potential to detect lung cancer at earlier stages when it is more likely to be cured. […] Studies have shown that when compared to single-view chest X-ray screening, low-dose CT lung screening can lower the risk of death from lung cancer by 20 percent in smokers or ex-smokers who are at risk. […] A recent study funded by the National Cancer Institute, the National Lung Screening Trial, found that low-dose CT lung cancer screening resulted in 20 percent fewer lung cancer deaths compared to screening with a standard chest X-ray. More of the lung cancers detected by low-dose CT were at an earlier stage than those detected by chest X-ray.

• #1 Lung cancer screening – Imaging | Northwell Health

  https://www.northwell.edu/imaging/services/lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer screening is recommended for people who are at high risk. You may be eligible for a lung cancer screening if you are: 50 to 80 years old, a smoker or former smoker who quit within the last 15 years. […] A lung cancer screening test uses radiation to create images of your lungs. Radiation can increase a person’s risk of cancer. By using special techniques, the amount of radiation in low-dose CT lung cancer screening is minimized about the normal amount received from the sun in a year. Further, your physician has determined the benefits of the screening outweigh the risks of being exposed to the small amount of radiation from this exam.

• #1 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Smoking and older age are the 2 most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. The USPSTF considers adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years to be at high risk and recommends screening for lung cancer with annual LDCT in this population. […] Low-dose computed tomography has high sensitivity and reasonable specificity for the detection of lung cancer, with demonstrated benefit in screening persons at high risk. Other potential screening modalities that are not recommended because they have not been found to be beneficial include sputum cytology, chest radiography, and measurement of biomarker levels.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening Program | Stanford Health Care | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/lung-cancer-screening-program.html

  Based on USPSTF 2021 Guidelines guidelines, we recommend screening if you meet all of the following criteria: Individuals between the ages of 50 and 80 years; Individuals who are currently smoking or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once the individual has not smoked for 15 years; History of at least 20 „pack years” of smoking. […] Your doctor may recommend screening if you have other risk factors for lung cancer, such as: Exposure to radon, a radioactive gas found in soil or rock; Exposure to cancer-causing substances including asbestos, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, coal smoke, diesel fumes, nickel, silica, and soot; Personal history of other cancers such as lymphomas (cancer of cells that are part of the immune system), head and neck, or esophageal cancers; Personal or family history of lung cancer; History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis.

• #1 Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/lung-screening-pdq

  Based on fair evidence, some lung cancers detected by LDCT screening appear to represent overdiagnosed cancer. However, estimates of overdiagnosis rates, derived typically by using data from randomized trials of LDCT screening, vary greatly. Therefore, the magnitude of overdiagnosis with LDCT screening is not clear. Overdiagnosed cancers result in unnecessary diagnostic procedures and also lead to unnecessary treatment. The harms of diagnostic procedures and treatment occur at the highest rate among long-term and/or heavy smokers because of smoking-associated comorbidities that increase risk propagation. […] Based on solid evidence, screening with chest x-ray and/or sputum cytology does not reduce mortality from lung cancer in the general population or in ever-smokers.

• #1 What to Expect from a Lung Cancer Screening | Saved By The Scan | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/screening-resources/what-to-expect-from-lung-cancer-screening

  If you are worried about your lung cancer risk, you should consider talking to your doctor about lung cancer screening. Annual lung cancer screenings with low-dose CT scans (LDCT) has been shown to reduce deaths from lung cancer. It catches lung cancer earlier when it is more curable. […] The main benefit of lung cancer screening is preventing death from lung cancer. Lung cancer screening finds over half of lung cancer at an early stage when it is more curable, compared to only about 25% without screening. […] Like all screening tests, lung cancer screening does have risks. There is a low radiation exposure risk. […] False positives are not uncommon in screening tests. For lung cancer screening, about 12-14 percent of the initial screenings will have a false positive. […] The good news is that both the rate of false positives and overdiagnosis is decreasing in lung cancer screening due to new tools that help physicians better decide who should go on for more testing and who should not. […] If a screening test result is abnormal you might need to have more tests to find out if you have lung cancer. […] If you do have cancer, your doctor will likely recommend treatment which could include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy or targeted therapies.

• #1 Review of the future of lung cancer screening – Yip – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/54527/html

  Lung cancer screening has progressed greatly in the last two decades since the initial publication of Early Lung Cancer Action Project (ELCAP) in 1999. […] There are many areas for improving the benefit of screening by refining the eligibility criteria, continued optimization of the screening regimen, identifying other related diseases, and improved treatment. […] New screening tests are being developed for lung cancer including blood-based tests. […] There is growing recognition that use of risk factor-based criteria which dichotomize age and pack-years of smoking to select eligible individuals for screening may not be the most efficient and may also lead to increased lung cancer disparity. […] Continued research will focus on optimal approaches for selecting high risk individuals for lung cancer screening and thus hopefully expand eligibility criteria beyond the current criteria which include only 20% of lung cancer patients.

• #1 Review of the future of lung cancer screening – Yip – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/54527/html

  With the increase in early stage lung cancers identified from lung cancer screening, a key focus of ongoing research is the treatment of these cancers. […] The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and NELSON trial showed that LDCT screening decreases lung cancer mortality rates for current and former smokers when compared with chest radiographic screening or no screening, respectively. […] The authors have previously shown that women are at higher risk to develop lung cancer than equally smoking men. […] This finding corroborates other studies that women with lung cancer are diagnosed at a younger age than men. […] Expansion of eligibility criteria for individuals who never smoked is becoming an important issue. […] Results from Eastern Asian countries showed that LDCT screening can detect a significant number of lung cancers in never smokers, most of them in early stage; approximately 70% of these lung cancers would have been missed using the NLST selection criteria for screening.

• #1 Review of the future of lung cancer screening – Yip – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/54527/html

  Through better risk assessment, the effectiveness of screening can be increased by identifying those never smokers who have as high a risk of developing lung cancer as some heavy smokers. […] In the era of precision medicine, there is growing recognition that use of these risk factor-based criteria which dichotomize age and pack-years of smoking to select eligible individuals for screening may not be the most efficient and may also lead to increase lung cancer disparity. […] A few studies are currently underway to prospectively evaluate the use of risk prediction models and to determine the optimal approach for selecting high risk individuals for lung cancer screening. […] The future of AI in lung cancer screening lies in the integration of algorithms that detect and diagnose all diseases visible in a LDCT, not only lung cancer but emphysema, interstitial lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease to automatically produce a report of everything that is visible on a LDCT chest scan.

• #1 Review of the future of lung cancer screening – Yip – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/54527/html

  The regimen should strive to maximize the likelihood of early diagnosis of lung cancer while minimizing unnecessary invasive workup. […] Integration of new image analytic tools being developed should further improve the diagnostic interpretation and lead to a reduction of unnecessary further testing and reduce the frequency of surgical resection of benign nodules. […] Development of blood-based tests will continue to develop and, when proven to be useful, should be integrated into the screening process. […] In conclusion, the field is rapidly progressing towards the goal of automatically producing a report of everything that is visible in the lung, not only related to lung cancer, but also other diseases.

• #1

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/lung-cancer/screening.php

  In addition to the use of low-dose CT technology, its important that lung cancer screening scans are read by experienced radiologists. […] Researchers at Winship are currently studying the potential of blood-based tests to screen for lung and other cancers. Once developed, a blood test could be used in combination with low-dose CT screening to catch even more lung cancers at earlier stages.

• #1 Association of computed tomography screening with lung cancer stage shift and survival in the United States: quasi-experimental study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj-2021-069008

  The introduction of lung cancer screening in the US in December 2013 was associated with a stage shift toward stage I non-small cell lung cancer and improvements in survival. […] The findings of this study show the impact of lung cancer screening in the US on population level lung cancer stage shifts and survival. However, given the low adoption of screening previously reported, considering whether low adoption of screening could result in a meaningful stage shift and improvement in survival is important.

• #1 Screening for Lung Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3749713/

  A systematic review of LDCT screening for lung cancer from 1996 to 2011 identified eight RCTs and 13 prospective cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria. […] Results mature enough to evaluate the effect of LDCT screening on the rate of death from lung cancer in the screened population is available from only three RCTs. The NLST found a dramatic 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality in participants screened by LDCT scan compared with those screened with CXR. […] The most serious concern is the risk of death or major complications as a result of screening. […] The potential to achieve a 20% reduction in deaths from the cancer that accounts for almost one-third of cancer deaths is a tremendous step forward and may well represent the largest impact on cancer deaths resulting from a single intervention in several decades. […] The multitude of additional questions creates a compelling argument that the implementation of CT screening should include a registry; the relatively low event rate for many of the outcomes argues that this should be done as a mandatory, more or less uniform component of screening programs.

• #1 Screening for Lung Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3749713/

  Screening is a complex interplay of selection (a population with sufficient risk and few serious comorbidities), the value of the screening test, the interval between screening tests, the availability of effective treatment, the risk of complications or harms as a result of screening, and the degree with which the screened individuals comply with screening and treatment recommendations. Screening with LDCT of appropriate individuals in the context of a structured process is associated with a significant reduction in the number of lung cancer deaths in the screened population. […] Although lung cancer has a similar incidence as other common cancers (ie, breast, prostate, and colorectal), it causes 3 to 4 times as many deaths. This discrepancy is often attributed in part to the fact that screening for breast, prostate, and colon cancer has been commonly practiced, whereas it is not for lung cancer.

• #1 Lung Cancer Early Detection | Lung Cancer Screening | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  The main benefit of screening is finding the cancer earlier and thus, lowering the chance of dying from lung cancer. […] LDCT scans can also find things that turn out not to be cancer, but that still have to be checked out with more tests to know what they are. […] Screening should only be done at facilities that have the right type of CT scanner and that have experience in LDCT scans for lung cancer screening. […] By quitting, people who smoke can lower their risk of getting and dying from lung cancer. […] To get the most benefit from screening, people need to be in fairly good health. For example, they need to be healthy enough to have surgery and receive other treatments if lung cancer is found.

• #1 3 Things to Know About Lung Cancer Screening > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/3-things-to-know-about-lung-cancer-screening

  Importantly, in the original National Lung Screening Trial, which was a large study proving the benefit of lung cancer screening, Black men not only had an improvement in terms of fewer deaths from lung cancer, they also had fewer deaths from all causes, including cardiovascular disease, which suggests even more benefit from the screening. […] The potential downsides of screening, mostly related to false positive findings that are not cancer but create worry and may trigger more evaluation, become magnified if the chance of developing lung cancer is low. […] Screening is performed with a low-dose radiation CT scan, which can detect abnormalities before symptoms occur, when there is the best chance for a cure compared to more advanced-stage lung cancers. […] In some cases, lung nodules might signal the need for more testing to make sure they aren’t cancerous, and this could include additional imaging, evaluation by a specialist, or a biopsy. […] But when screening is used appropriately and in the right setting by experienced clinicians, the need for additional testing is low. […] The USPSTF stresses that the best way to reduce a person’s risk of lung cancer is to quit smoking and stay smoke-free.

• #1 What doctors wish patients knew about lung cancer screening | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-lung-cancer-screening

  But it is generally accepted by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Cancer Society and other experts in the lung cancer field that in the right population, lung cancer screening has been shown to reduce deaths, Dr. Atiq said. Because you can find many of them at an earlier stage when theyre potentially curable as opposed to finding them in advanced stages when they are symptomatic and incurable. […] Prevention of cancer with minimizing exposure to known carcinogens along with appropriate screening helps reduce our risk of death from lung cancer, said Dr. Atiq. It is a very individualized decision and screening should be recommended unless there are reasons that a physician and a patient decide the benefits of screening dont outweigh the risks.

• #1 Recommendations for the implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Portugal—A consensus statement | Pulmonology

  https://www.journalpulmonology.org/en-recommendations-for-implementation-national-lung-articulo-S2531043724000485

  Furthermore, LCS has proven to be cost-effective in the European population, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ranging between approximately 14,000 and 17,000 per additional quality-adjusted life years (QALY), a value lower than the Portuguese willingness to pay. […] The task force recommends that individuals with current or recent (within 5 years) treatment of advanced-stage non-lung cancer should not be included in a national LCS process. […] Smoking cessation is the most cost-effective measure for reducing LC mortality and is associated with better therapeutic responses and fewer complications from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. […] This task force strongly recommends that LCS combined with evidence-based smoking cessation should be the standard care in a high-quality screening program. […] The role of AI in lung cancer screening has been a promising research area, with the potential to transform the effectiveness and efficiency of early detection processes significantly. […] There is an urgent need to implement the LCS in Portugal in accordance with European recommendations.

• #1 About Screening – GO2 for Lung Cancer

  https://go2.org/risk-early-detection/about-screening/

  Lung cancer screening with a low-dose tomography (also known as low-dose CT or LDCT) scan is the only current, proven method that can detect lung cancer earlier, before symptoms occur, when it is more treatable and even curable. […] Annual lung cancer screening is recommended and covered by Medicare and most private insurers for individuals whose age and smoking history place them at higher risk for lung cancer. […] Annual screening helps find lung cancer early when it is easier to treat and more likely to be cured. […] You should be screened for lung cancer in an experienced center that follows approved guidelines for lung cancer screening.

Zobacz więcej