Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology and Screening – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671760/

  Lung Cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and Worldwide. Incidence and mortality have been on the decline in the United States, while worldwide cases continue to increase. Risk factor modification and screening are critical to improving survival in patients with lung cancer. Identifying at-risk populations for access to care and screening programs will improve overall outcomes. Understanding environmental and carcinogenic sources are integral to public health policy and education. Innovations in population health and translational research will be essential in the future to improve lung cancer survival.

• #2 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2020, an estimated 228,820 persons were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135,720 persons died of the disease.

• #3 Lung and Bronchus Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 226,650. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 124,730. […] Lung and bronchus cancer represents 11.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 226,650 new cases of lung and bronchus cancer and an estimated 124,730 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of lung and bronchus cancer was 47.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Lung cancer is more common in men than women, particularly non-Hispanic Black men. […] Death rates for lung cancer are higher among the middle-aged and older populations. […] Lung and bronchus cancer is the first leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 31.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #4 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology-2024

  Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide (after breast cancer), and its incidence continues to grow. Since 1987, lung cancer has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer mortality among women, accounting for an estimated 1.4 times more deaths than breast cancer. The risk of developing lung cancer remains higher among men in all age groups after age 40 years. The ACS also states that lung cancer accounts for nearly 20% of all cancer deaths, and annually, more individuals die from lung cancer than from the three most common cancers (colon, breast, and prostate) combined. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), one in 18 persons in the U.S. will be diagnosed with lung cancer in his or her lifetime. The NCI also notes that while lung cancer accounts for 12% of all new cancer diagnoses, it is responsible for 20% of all cancer deaths. The ACS estimates that the probability that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about one in 15; for a woman, the risk is about one in 17. These figures include both individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke, but for persons who smoke, the risk is much greater compared with those who do not smoke.

• #5 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology-2024

  Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide (after breast cancer), and its incidence continues to grow. Since 1987, lung cancer has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer mortality among women, accounting for an estimated 1.4 times more deaths than breast cancer. The risk of developing lung cancer remains higher among men in all age groups after age 40 years. The ACS also states that lung cancer accounts for nearly 20% of all cancer deaths, and annually, more individuals die from lung cancer than from the three most common cancers (colon, breast, and prostate) combined. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), one in 18 persons in the U.S. will be diagnosed with lung cancer in his or her lifetime. The NCI also notes that while lung cancer accounts for 12% of all new cancer diagnoses, it is responsible for 20% of all cancer deaths. The ACS estimates that the probability that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about one in 15; for a woman, the risk is about one in 17. These figures include both individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke, but for persons who smoke, the risk is much greater compared with those who do not smoke.

• #6 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Internationally, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women. […] Lung cancer incidence and mortality are tightly linked to cigarette smoking patterns. […] These trends have occurred earlier in industrialized countries as compared with the developing world. […] In the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), lung cancer incidence and mortality rates have in fact been falling since the 1990s. […] Lung cancer deaths in men are now declining at an average of 2.9% annually with a percent decrease roughly double that of women. […] These racial and ethnic disparities are largely due to differences in cigarette smoking prevalence, as well as lower rates of resection and higher probability of advanced stage at diagnosis in minorities. […] The UK has similar smoking and lung cancer incidence trends to the US.

• #7 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Internationally, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women. […] Lung cancer incidence and mortality are tightly linked to cigarette smoking patterns. […] These trends have occurred earlier in industrialized countries as compared with the developing world. […] In the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), lung cancer incidence and mortality rates have in fact been falling since the 1990s. […] Lung cancer deaths in men are now declining at an average of 2.9% annually with a percent decrease roughly double that of women. […] These racial and ethnic disparities are largely due to differences in cigarette smoking prevalence, as well as lower rates of resection and higher probability of advanced stage at diagnosis in minorities. […] The UK has similar smoking and lung cancer incidence trends to the US.

• #8 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  In general, rates are highest in central and eastern Europe, but incidence throughout the continent has been declining in men since the early 1990s. […] In women, rising lung cancer incidence has slowed in the US and UK, but rates continue to increase in central and eastern Europe. […] In Asia, Japan has high incidence and mortality rates from lung cancer, comparable to those of the US and Europe. […] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are recognized by their large and fast-growing economies. […] In 2005, the total number of new lung cancer cases in China was over 500,000. […] Reporting of cancer epidemiology in Africa is limited by the lack of reliable registries. […] Lung cancer does have a high incidence in certain regions including the northern African countries of Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, and it is the leading cause of cancer death in men in northern and southern Africa. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology.

• #9 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  In general, rates are highest in central and eastern Europe, but incidence throughout the continent has been declining in men since the early 1990s. […] In women, rising lung cancer incidence has slowed in the US and UK, but rates continue to increase in central and eastern Europe. […] In Asia, Japan has high incidence and mortality rates from lung cancer, comparable to those of the US and Europe. […] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are recognized by their large and fast-growing economies. […] In 2005, the total number of new lung cancer cases in China was over 500,000. […] Reporting of cancer epidemiology in Africa is limited by the lack of reliable registries. […] Lung cancer does have a high incidence in certain regions including the northern African countries of Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, and it is the leading cause of cancer death in men in northern and southern Africa. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology.

• #10 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking is estimated to account for about 90% of all lung cancer cases, with a relative risk of lung cancer approximately 20-fold higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT has a moderate net benefit in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age, total cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, and years since quitting smoking. […] This recommendation applies to adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care.

• #11 Screening for Lung Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p79.html

  S.J. is concerned about his risk for lung cancer and asks whether he should be screened. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose CT in adults 50 to 80 years of age who have at least a 20-pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] Smoking and older age are the two most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. […] The USPSTF considers adults 50 to 80 years of age who have a 20-pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years to be at high risk and recommends screening for lung cancer with annual low-dose CT in this population.

• #12 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology-2024

  Nearly 65% of all new lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked or are former smokers. Recent data from the CDC indicate that in the U.S., about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, are diagnosed in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. […] The NCI indicates that if detected early before metastases, an estimated 64% of all people diagnosed with lung cancer will survive 5 years or more. Additionally, in the U.S., lung cancer death rates have been declining at an accelerated rate, and from 2019 to 2021, mortality rates diminished by more than 3.7% per year in men and 2.6% per year in women.

• #13 Screening for Lung Cancer | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0700/p79.html

  S.J. is concerned about his risk for lung cancer and asks whether he should be screened. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose CT in adults 50 to 80 years of age who have at least a 20-pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] Smoking and older age are the two most important risk factors for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer in persons who smoke increases with cumulative quantity and duration of smoking and with age but decreases with increasing time since quitting for persons who formerly smoked. […] The USPSTF considers adults 50 to 80 years of age who have a 20-pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years to be at high risk and recommends screening for lung cancer with annual low-dose CT in this population.

• #14 Lung Cancer Screening | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/getting-diagnosed/screening

  Lung cancer screening aims to find lung cancer early. This is when there are more treatment options available and there is the best chance of treating it successfully. […] In the UK, the National Screening Committee recommends that people at high risk of lung cancer are invited to screening. This is called targeted lung cancer screening. […] The UK National Screening Committee is an independent organisation. They look at the research and advise on screening programmes. The committee has recently recommended that a targeted lung cancer screening programme is offered across the UK. […] Lung cancer screening pilots started in some areas of England in 2019 and Wales in 2023. Experts have now looked at the evidence from these pilots and other studies. They found that screening people at high risk of lung cancer saves lives from the disease and the benefits outweigh the harms.

• #15 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (Task Force) recommends yearly lung cancer screening with LDCT for people who: Have a 20 pack-year or more smoking history, and Smoke now or have quit within the past 15 years, and Are between 50 and 80 years old. […] That is why lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age, and who do not have a health problem that substantially limits their life expectancy or their ability or willingness to have lung surgery, if needed. […] Most insurance plans and Medicare help pay for recommended lung cancer screening tests.

• #16 Low-Dose CT for Lung Cancer Screening

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/low-dose-ct-for-lung-cancer-screening/

  Low Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) generates images of the lungs (chest) and is used to screen for and detect lung cancer in high-risk patients and/or patients with a history of lung cancer. […] The use of low-dose, non-contrast spiral (helical) multi-detector CT imaging as a screening technique for lung cancer is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY ONLY when used to screen for lung cancer for certain high-risk, asymptomatic individuals, i.e., no acute lung-related symptoms, when ALL of the following criteria are met. […] Low Dose CT is indicated for surveillance of non-small cell lung cancer as follows: Annually starting 3 years after the end of treatment if stage I II and no history of radiation Annually starting 6 years after end of treatment if EITHER stage I II with history of radiation OR stage III or IV.

• #17 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the US. In 2020, an estimated 228,820 persons were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135,720 persons died of the disease.

• #18 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Low-dose computed tomography has high sensitivity and reasonable specificity for the detection of lung cancer, with demonstrated benefit in screening persons at high risk. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] All persons enrolled in a screening program who are current smokers should receive smoking cessation interventions. […] Shared decision-making is important when clinicians and patients discuss screening for lung cancer. The benefit of screening varies with risk because persons at higher risk are more likely to benefit. […] The randomized clinical trials that provide evidence for the benefit of screening for lung cancer with LDCT were primarily conducted in academic centers with expertise in the performance and interpretation of LDCT and the management of lung lesions seen on LDCT.

• #19 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF has made recommendations on interventions to prevent the initiation of tobacco use in children and adolescents, and on behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant women. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT for adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The 2021 USPSTF recommendation would be associated with an estimated 38.6 vs 20.6 radiation-related lung cancer deaths per 100,000 persons in the total population aged 45 to 90 years, or 1 death caused for every 13.0 vs 18.5 lung cancer deaths avoided by screening. […] The American Association for Thoracic Surgery recommends annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for North Americans aged 55 to 79 years with a 30 pack-year history of smoking.

• #20 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The American Cancer Society recommends annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for persons aged 55 to 74 years who are in fairly good health, have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history, and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The American College of Chest Physicians suggests that annual screening with LDCT should be offered to asymptomatic smokers and former smokers aged 55 to 77 years who have smoked 30 pack-years or more and either continue to smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons aged 55 to 77 years who have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years or in persons 50 years or older who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and have at least 1 additional risk factor for lung cancer. […] The American Academy of Family Physicians has concluded that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age and smoking history.

• #21 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The American Cancer Society recommends annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for persons aged 55 to 74 years who are in fairly good health, have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history, and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The American College of Chest Physicians suggests that annual screening with LDCT should be offered to asymptomatic smokers and former smokers aged 55 to 77 years who have smoked 30 pack-years or more and either continue to smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons aged 55 to 77 years who have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years or in persons 50 years or older who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and have at least 1 additional risk factor for lung cancer. […] The American Academy of Family Physicians has concluded that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age and smoking history.

• #22 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The American Cancer Society recommends annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for persons aged 55 to 74 years who are in fairly good health, have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history, and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The American College of Chest Physicians suggests that annual screening with LDCT should be offered to asymptomatic smokers and former smokers aged 55 to 77 years who have smoked 30 pack-years or more and either continue to smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons aged 55 to 77 years who have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years or in persons 50 years or older who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and have at least 1 additional risk factor for lung cancer. […] The American Academy of Family Physicians has concluded that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for lung cancer with LDCT in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age and smoking history.

• #23 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (Task Force) recommends yearly lung cancer screening with LDCT for people who: Have a 20 pack-year or more smoking history, and Smoke now or have quit within the past 15 years, and Are between 50 and 80 years old. […] That is why lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age, and who do not have a health problem that substantially limits their life expectancy or their ability or willingness to have lung surgery, if needed. […] Most insurance plans and Medicare help pay for recommended lung cancer screening tests.

• #24 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Low-dose computed tomography has high sensitivity and reasonable specificity for the detection of lung cancer, with demonstrated benefit in screening persons at high risk. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] All persons enrolled in a screening program who are current smokers should receive smoking cessation interventions. […] Shared decision-making is important when clinicians and patients discuss screening for lung cancer. The benefit of screening varies with risk because persons at higher risk are more likely to benefit. […] The randomized clinical trials that provide evidence for the benefit of screening for lung cancer with LDCT were primarily conducted in academic centers with expertise in the performance and interpretation of LDCT and the management of lung lesions seen on LDCT.

• #25 Lung Cancer Screening – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-screening-pdq

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] Three screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. […] Screening with LDCT scans has been shown to decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers. […] Screening with chest x-rays and/or sputum cytology does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. […] Screening tests for lung cancer are being studied in clinical trials. […] The risks of lung cancer screening tests include the following: Finding lung cancer may not improve health or help you live longer. […] False-negative test results can occur. […] False-positive test results can occur. […] Chest x-rays and CT scans expose the chest to radiation. […] Talk to your doctor about your risk for lung cancer and your need for screening tests.

• #26 The US national lung cancer screening programme – The Lung Cancer Policy Network

  https://www.lungcancerpolicynetwork.com/the-us-national-lung-cancer-screening-programme/

  There are over 4,000 sites in the US that offer annual LDCT screening as part of the national programme. […] The US has a long history of researching the utility of lung cancer screening. […] The US National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was a landmark randomised controlled trial with 55,000 participants that compared LDCT screening with CXR. In 2011, the results from the NLST reported that LDCT screening reduced lung cancer mortality in high-risk individuals by 20%. […] Results from this study led several organisations, including the US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, to formally recommend a nationally organised LDCT lung cancer screening programme. […] The national programme was implemented for a high-risk population in 2015. […] Current guidelines used to determine who is eligible for screening were updated by the USPSTF in 2021.

• #27 Targeting lung cancer screening to individuals at greatest risk: the role of genetic factors | Journal of Medical Genetics

  https://jmg.bmj.com/content/58/4/217

  Evidence of a disease-specific mortality reduction from lung cancer screening was first demonstrated by the USA-based National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). This large study randomised 53454 current or former smokers (30 pack-years, smoked within 15 years), age 55-74 years at recruitment, to either annual LDCT or CXR over three screening rounds. LDCT screening detected lung cancer at an earlier stage (50% stage I) compared with the CXR arm (31% stage I). This resulted in a 20% reduction in lung cancer specific mortality and 6.7% reduction in all-cause mortality. […] While there is significant evidence for the benefit of lung cancer screening, potential harms of screening must be considered. Overdiagnosis occurs when tumours are detected through screening that have no clinical consequence.

• #28 Evidence Review Examines Both Benefits and Harms For Lung Cancer Screening | Department of Medicine

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/news/evidence-review-examines-both-benefits-and-harms-for-lung-cancer-screening/

  A comprehensive review by University of North Carolina researchers and colleagues of hundreds of publications, incorporating more than two dozen articles on prevention screening for lung cancer with low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT), shows there are both benefits and harms from screening. […] The results of the decade long National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) showed that LDCT could detect lung cancer better than conventional X-rays in current or previous heavy smokers. […] NELSON also found a reduction in deaths due to lung cancer because of screening. […] New recommendations, based on this evidence review, broaden the criteria for screening eligibility by lowering the screening age from 55 to 50 and reducing the pack-year requirement from 30 to 20 pack-years. […] Two large studies have now confirmed that screening can lower the chance of dying of lung cancer in high-risk people. However, people considering screening should know that a relatively small number of people who are screened benefit, and that screening can also lead to real harms.

• #29 Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary14/lung-cancer-screening

  Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. […] To review the evidence on screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). […] This review included 223 publications. Seven randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (N = 86,486) evaluated lung cancer screening with LDCT; the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST, N = 53,454) and Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON, N = 15,792) were the largest RCTs. […] The NLST found a reduction in lung cancer mortality (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75-0.96]; number needed to screen [NNS] to prevent 1 lung cancer death, 323 over 6.5 years of follow-up) with 3 rounds of annual LDCT screening compared with chest radiograph for high-risk current and former smokers aged 55 to 74 years. NELSON found a reduction in lung cancer mortality (IRR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.61-0.90]; NNS to prevent 1 lung cancer death of 130 over 10 years of follow-up) with 4 rounds of LDCT screening with increasing intervals compared with no screening for high-risk current and former smokers aged 50 to 74 years.

• #30 Lung Cancer Screening Prevalence Among Eligible US Individuals – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/june-2024/lung-cancer-screening-prevalence-among-eligible-us-individuals/

  In a study reported in JAMA Internal Medicine, Bandi et al found that only 18% of eligible individuals in the United States were considered up to date defined as undergoing screening within the past year for recommended annual lung cancer screening in 2022. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in high-risk individuals (age 50-80 years, 20 pack-years currently smoking or formerly smoked, and quit 15 years ago) for early detection of lung cancer. […] Overall, the up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence rate was 18.1% in the United States, with rates ranging across states from 9.7% (Wyoming) to 31.0% (Rhode Island). […] Up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence rates increased with age, from 6.7% among individuals aged 50 to 54 years to 27.1% among those aged 70 to 79 years, and with number of comorbidities, from 8.7% for those with no comorbidities to 24.6% for those with three or more comorbidities.

• #31 Lung Cancer Screening in the US, 2022 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38856988/

  Importance: The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose computed tomography in high-risk individuals (age 50-80 years, 20 pack-years currently smoking or formerly smoked, and quit 15 years ago) for early detection of LC. However, representative state-level LCS data are unavailable nationwide. […] Objective: To estimate the contemporary prevalence of up-to-date (UTD) LCS in the US nationwide and across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. […] Results: Among 25 958 sample respondents eligible for LCS (median [IQR] age, 62 [11] years), 61.5% reported currently smoking, 54.4% were male, 64.4% were aged 60 years or older, and 53.0% had a high school education or less. The UTD-LCS prevalence was 18.1% overall, but varied across states (range, 9.7%-31.0%), with relatively lower levels in southern states characterized by high LC mortality burden.

• #32 Lung Cancer Screening Prevalence Among Eligible US Individuals – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/june-2024/lung-cancer-screening-prevalence-among-eligible-us-individuals/

  In a study reported in JAMA Internal Medicine, Bandi et al found that only 18% of eligible individuals in the United States were considered up to date defined as undergoing screening within the past year for recommended annual lung cancer screening in 2022. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in high-risk individuals (age 50-80 years, 20 pack-years currently smoking or formerly smoked, and quit 15 years ago) for early detection of lung cancer. […] Overall, the up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence rate was 18.1% in the United States, with rates ranging across states from 9.7% (Wyoming) to 31.0% (Rhode Island). […] Up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence rates increased with age, from 6.7% among individuals aged 50 to 54 years to 27.1% among those aged 70 to 79 years, and with number of comorbidities, from 8.7% for those with no comorbidities to 24.6% for those with three or more comorbidities.

• #33 Data & Progress – National Lung Cancer Roundtable

  https://nlcrt.org/data-progress/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and the leading cause of cancer death among men and women, but it doesn’t have to be. Few preventive interventions are as reliably effective in reducing avoidable death as screening for lung cancer. […] It takes time to introduce a new screening test, and current self-reported rates of having undergone a low-dose C.T. examination for lung cancer are very low. We are tracking all major measures to assess our progress in uptake of lung cancer screening (LCS) among eligible adults. […] A recent study led by the American Cancer Society examined annual LCS rates before (2019) and during (2020) the COVID-19 pandemic nationally and by state. The data show that national LCS rates remained stable between 2019 and 2020, and just under 1 in 15 eligible persons were screened.

• #34 A narrative review of lung cancer screening in underserved populations – Toubat – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/49348/html

  Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is an effective approach for the early detection of lung cancer and the reduction of lung cancer specific mortality in high risk individuals. […] Despite recommendations for LDCT screening by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the United States Preventive Services Task Force, the utilization of LDCT screening in clinical practice has been low. […] Moreover, significant disparities in the use of LDCT have been described in underserved populations, including African American or black patients, rural patients with limited access to LDCT screening facilities, and other vulnerable patient groups with known risk factors for developing lung cancer. […] Several patient, provider, and healthcare systems level approaches have been proposed to mitigate lung cancer screening disparities.

• #35 Low Lung Cancer Screening Rates Persist | Respiratory Therapy

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/cardiopulmonary-thoracic/lung-cancer/low-lung-cancer-screening-rates-persist/

  Up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence was 18.1% overall but varied three-fold across states (range, 31% to 9.7%) with relatively lower levels in Southern states characterized by a high lung cancer mortality burden. […] Just 1 in 20 persons without insurance or a usual source of care were up-to-date with lung cancer screening, but state-level Medicaid expansions and higher screening capacity levels were associated with a higher up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence. […] National and state-based initiatives to expand access to healthcare and screening facilities are needed to continue to improve, prevention, early detection and treatment for lung cancer to help save lives. […] Expanding Medicaid in the 10 states that have yet to do so would significantly improve access to these lifesaving screenings and decrease lung cancer deaths.

• #36 A narrative review of lung cancer screening in underserved populations – Toubat – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/49348/html

  In particular, several previous studies have shown that underrepresented minority populations experience a higher incidence of lung cancer and are less likely to receive guideline concordant treatment at various stages of disease. […] Recently, there has been accumulating evidence to suggest that this pattern of racial disparities may extend into the receipt of LDCT screening. […] In addition to racial/ethnic disparities, differences in LDCT screening availability and access to LDCT screening centers have been described for patients living in rural areas. […] This study showed that despite an 8.6-fold increase in the total number of active LDCT screening centers in the United States, pronounced disparities continued to exist in the distribution of these centers between rural and urban areas.

• #37 A narrative review of lung cancer screening in underserved populations – Toubat – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/49348/html

  One of the most critical factors limiting the utilization of LDCT screening is the lack of familiarity with the guidelines among members of the medical community. […] An additional approach to improving screening rates has been to directly familiarize patients with LDCT screening. […] To combat this financial burden, some groups have trialed free screening services for at-risk patients. […] Collectively, these studies demonstrate that with appropriate patient follow-up, free or mobile LDCT screening programs can potentially serve as clinically effective and commercially viable options to improve lung cancer screening availability for underserved patients. […] LDCT screening is an effective approach for the early detection of lung cancer and the reduction of lung cancer specific mortality in high risk individuals.

• #38 The US national lung cancer screening programme – The Lung Cancer Policy Network

  https://www.lungcancerpolicynetwork.com/the-us-national-lung-cancer-screening-programme/

  Broadly speaking, both sets of guidelines currently recommend screening for people aged 50 years and over who currently smoke, used to smoke (equivalent to 20 pack-years), or have quit smoking within the past 15 years. […] Despite this being one of the first national LDCT screening programmes, participation rates remain an important challenge. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, lung cancer screening was underutilised, with only 56% of eligible adults receiving screening in 2018. […] Reasons behind low participation are complex, but include difficulties around insurance coverage and low awareness of the programme among those at the highest risk of lung cancer, especially minority ethnic groups. […] Given these challenges, there is still a wealth of ongoing research in the US to try and optimise the implementation of screening within the national programme.

• #39 Screening for lung cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-lung-cancer

  Screening for lung cancer […] INTRODUCTION […] Prevention, rather than screening, is the most effective strategy for reducing the burden of lung cancer in the long term. Most lung cancer is attributed to smoking, including lung cancer in nonsmokers in whom a significant proportion of cancer is attributed to environmental smoke exposure. The promotion of smoking cessation is essential, as cigarette smoking is thought to be causal in 85 to 90 percent of all lung cancer. Progress in smoking cessation is now reflected in declining lung cancer rates and mortality in men in the United States. However, the smoking rate in the United States remains high, at 15 percent in 2015, and is increasing in many parts of the world. In addition, a high percentage of lung cancer occurs in former smokers, since the risk for lung cancer does not decline for many years following smoking cessation. Given these facts, screening for lung cancer has been recommended broadly by many expert panels since 2014 for risk groups meeting specific smoking and demographic parameters. However, despite broad recommendations from almost all expert panels, lung cancer screening has been poorly adopted. In fact, it is estimated that only approximately 15 percent of eligible candidates have been screened. This review provides information on the current status of lung cancer screening.

• #40 Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary14/lung-cancer-screening

  Screening high-risk persons with LDCT can reduce lung cancer mortality but also causes false-positive results leading to unnecessary tests and invasive procedures, overdiagnosis, incidental findings, increases in distress, and, rarely, radiation-induced cancers. […] Most studies reviewed did not use current nodule evaluation protocols, which might reduce false-positive results and invasive procedures for false-positive results.

• #41 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If the nodule is bigger or seems to be changing, we may recommend a procedure called a bronchoscopy to rule out cancer. […] Risks are low, but its important to know that screening can result in: […] – False positives: There is a small chance that screening will detect a lung nodule that is not cancer. This could lead to more tests or invasive procedures. […] – False negatives: There is a small chance that screening will miss cancer, delaying treatment. […] – Overdiagnosis: There is a small chance that screening will find lung cancer that would have stopped growing or vanished on its own. This could lead to unnecessary treatments and anxiety. […] – Radiation exposure: Radiation from a CT scan raises the risk, by a tiny amount, of developing cancer later. […] Talk with your doctor before you decide to get screened. […] OHSU has been designated as a Lung Cancer Screening Center by the American College of Radiology. […] To earn this award, OHSU met rigorous requirements for quality and safety. Learn more about ACR accreditation.

• #42 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If the nodule is bigger or seems to be changing, we may recommend a procedure called a bronchoscopy to rule out cancer. […] Risks are low, but its important to know that screening can result in: […] – False positives: There is a small chance that screening will detect a lung nodule that is not cancer. This could lead to more tests or invasive procedures. […] – False negatives: There is a small chance that screening will miss cancer, delaying treatment. […] – Overdiagnosis: There is a small chance that screening will find lung cancer that would have stopped growing or vanished on its own. This could lead to unnecessary treatments and anxiety. […] – Radiation exposure: Radiation from a CT scan raises the risk, by a tiny amount, of developing cancer later. […] Talk with your doctor before you decide to get screened. […] OHSU has been designated as a Lung Cancer Screening Center by the American College of Radiology. […] To earn this award, OHSU met rigorous requirements for quality and safety. Learn more about ACR accreditation.

• #43 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If the nodule is bigger or seems to be changing, we may recommend a procedure called a bronchoscopy to rule out cancer. […] Risks are low, but its important to know that screening can result in: […] – False positives: There is a small chance that screening will detect a lung nodule that is not cancer. This could lead to more tests or invasive procedures. […] – False negatives: There is a small chance that screening will miss cancer, delaying treatment. […] – Overdiagnosis: There is a small chance that screening will find lung cancer that would have stopped growing or vanished on its own. This could lead to unnecessary treatments and anxiety. […] – Radiation exposure: Radiation from a CT scan raises the risk, by a tiny amount, of developing cancer later. […] Talk with your doctor before you decide to get screened. […] OHSU has been designated as a Lung Cancer Screening Center by the American College of Radiology. […] To earn this award, OHSU met rigorous requirements for quality and safety. Learn more about ACR accreditation.

• #44 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If the nodule is bigger or seems to be changing, we may recommend a procedure called a bronchoscopy to rule out cancer. […] Risks are low, but its important to know that screening can result in: […] – False positives: There is a small chance that screening will detect a lung nodule that is not cancer. This could lead to more tests or invasive procedures. […] – False negatives: There is a small chance that screening will miss cancer, delaying treatment. […] – Overdiagnosis: There is a small chance that screening will find lung cancer that would have stopped growing or vanished on its own. This could lead to unnecessary treatments and anxiety. […] – Radiation exposure: Radiation from a CT scan raises the risk, by a tiny amount, of developing cancer later. […] Talk with your doctor before you decide to get screened. […] OHSU has been designated as a Lung Cancer Screening Center by the American College of Radiology. […] To earn this award, OHSU met rigorous requirements for quality and safety. Learn more about ACR accreditation.

• #45 A narrative review of lung cancer screening in underserved populations – Toubat – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/49348/html

  While much of the lung cancer screening literature has focused on racial/ethnic and geographic inequities, there is an emerging interest in studying screening outcomes in other vulnerable patient groups, including the uninsured/Medicaid insured and sexual minorities. […] The concern for LDCT screening disparities in these groups largely stems from previous studies demonstrating a disproportionately high prevalence of tobacco smoking and poor screening uptake for other cancer types in these cohorts. […] In addition to the study of LDCT screening disparities, several reports have sought to evaluate methods of improving rates of screening in clinical practice. […] These approaches include patient-, provider-, and system-level interventions intended to increase awareness of LDCT screening efficacy and/or lower barriers to accessing this technology.

• #46 Screening for Lung Cancer — 10 States, 2017 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6908a1.htm

  Annual lung cancer screening is a secondary preventive health care strategy. […] The most effective primary preventive measures for lung cancer are to never start smoking and for smokers to stop cigarette smoking as soon as possible. […] The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. […] Public health initiatives to prevent cigarette smoking, increase smoking cessation, and increase lung cancer screening among those who meet USPSTF criteria could help reduce lung cancer mortality. […] Efforts to educate health care providers regarding the benefits of lung cancer screening and to provide decision support tools might increase appropriate and timely lung cancer screening.

• #47 A narrative review of lung cancer screening in underserved populations – Toubat – Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery

  https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/49348/html

  One of the most critical factors limiting the utilization of LDCT screening is the lack of familiarity with the guidelines among members of the medical community. […] An additional approach to improving screening rates has been to directly familiarize patients with LDCT screening. […] To combat this financial burden, some groups have trialed free screening services for at-risk patients. […] Collectively, these studies demonstrate that with appropriate patient follow-up, free or mobile LDCT screening programs can potentially serve as clinically effective and commercially viable options to improve lung cancer screening availability for underserved patients. […] LDCT screening is an effective approach for the early detection of lung cancer and the reduction of lung cancer specific mortality in high risk individuals.

• #48 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Low-dose computed tomography has high sensitivity and reasonable specificity for the detection of lung cancer, with demonstrated benefit in screening persons at high risk. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] All persons enrolled in a screening program who are current smokers should receive smoking cessation interventions. […] Shared decision-making is important when clinicians and patients discuss screening for lung cancer. The benefit of screening varies with risk because persons at higher risk are more likely to benefit. […] The randomized clinical trials that provide evidence for the benefit of screening for lung cancer with LDCT were primarily conducted in academic centers with expertise in the performance and interpretation of LDCT and the management of lung lesions seen on LDCT.

• #49 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  Low-dose computed tomography has high sensitivity and reasonable specificity for the detection of lung cancer, with demonstrated benefit in screening persons at high risk. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] All persons enrolled in a screening program who are current smokers should receive smoking cessation interventions. […] Shared decision-making is important when clinicians and patients discuss screening for lung cancer. The benefit of screening varies with risk because persons at higher risk are more likely to benefit. […] The randomized clinical trials that provide evidence for the benefit of screening for lung cancer with LDCT were primarily conducted in academic centers with expertise in the performance and interpretation of LDCT and the management of lung lesions seen on LDCT.

• #50 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF has made recommendations on interventions to prevent the initiation of tobacco use in children and adolescents, and on behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant women. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT for adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The 2021 USPSTF recommendation would be associated with an estimated 38.6 vs 20.6 radiation-related lung cancer deaths per 100,000 persons in the total population aged 45 to 90 years, or 1 death caused for every 13.0 vs 18.5 lung cancer deaths avoided by screening. […] The American Association for Thoracic Surgery recommends annual lung cancer screening with LDCT for North Americans aged 55 to 79 years with a 30 pack-year history of smoking.

• #51 Ongoing Research Looks at Optimizing Lung Cancer Screening Programs – ILCN.org (ILCN/WCLC)

  https://www.ilcn.org/ongoing-research-looks-at-optimizing-lung-cancer-screening-programs/

  Since low-dose CT screening was first recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in 2013, debate has continued about how to find the highest proportion of lung cancers at an early stage, when they are still potentially curable. […] In March 2021, for the first time since the screening was adopted, the USPSTF updated its eligibility recommendations by lowering the pack-year limit and age range of those screened. Nearly doubling the number of people eligible, the new parameters make screening available to those ages 50 to 80 with a smoking history of 20 pack-years or more who currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] Several research teams recently sought to answer those questions, sharing their findings during the IASLC’s 2021 World Conference on Lung Cancer.

• #52 Expanded Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility Would Save Lives | News | University of Michigan School of Public Health | News | Research | Cancer | Lung Cancer | Epidemiology |

  https://sph.umich.edu/news/2021posts/expanded-lung-cancer-screening-eligibility-would-save-lives.html

  Reducing the initial screening age and including those with lower smoking exposures would help avert lung cancer-related deaths, according to a new study by the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network, led by a University of Michigan School of Public Health researcher. […] The modeling study, commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and published in JAMA this week, looks at the benefits and harms associated with various low-dose computed tomography screening strategies identifying those that result in the most benefits for a given level of screening. […] The study suggests that screening individuals aged 50-80 who have a history of smoking a pack of cigarettes every day on average for at least 20 years would result in more benefits than previous criteria and less disparities in screening eligibility by gender and race/ethnicity.

• #53 Expanded Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility Would Save Lives | News | University of Michigan School of Public Health | News | Research | Cancer | Lung Cancer | Epidemiology |

  https://sph.umich.edu/news/2021posts/expanded-lung-cancer-screening-eligibility-would-save-lives.html

  Under the revised screening criteria, the modeling estimated that 503 lung cancer deaths per 100,000 persons would be averted, compared to 381 per 100,000 persons under previous criteria, if all individuals eligible from the U.S. 1960 birth cohort would be screened. […] Similarly, screening according to the new criteria would result in 6,918 life-years gained per 100,000 persons, compared to 4,882 per 100,000 persons under previous recommendations. Screening eligibility would increase to nearly 23%, compared to 14% of the population ever eligible under the previous criteria. […] „We found expanded eligibility led to many more lung cancer deaths averted and life years gained versus a (much) smaller number of overdiagnosed lung cancer cases and radiation-related LC deaths,” Meza said.

• #54 Low Lung Cancer Screening Rates Persist | Respiratory Therapy

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/cardiopulmonary-thoracic/lung-cancer/low-lung-cancer-screening-rates-persist/

  Up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence was 18.1% overall but varied three-fold across states (range, 31% to 9.7%) with relatively lower levels in Southern states characterized by a high lung cancer mortality burden. […] Just 1 in 20 persons without insurance or a usual source of care were up-to-date with lung cancer screening, but state-level Medicaid expansions and higher screening capacity levels were associated with a higher up-to-date lung cancer screening prevalence. […] National and state-based initiatives to expand access to healthcare and screening facilities are needed to continue to improve, prevention, early detection and treatment for lung cancer to help save lives. […] Expanding Medicaid in the 10 states that have yet to do so would significantly improve access to these lifesaving screenings and decrease lung cancer deaths.

• #55 Press Releases

  https://pressroom.cancer.org/releases?item=1336

  UTD-LCS prevalence was 18.1% overall, but varied 3-fold across states (range, 31% to 9.7%) with relatively lower levels in Southern states characterized by a high lung cancer mortality burden. […] Early detection with LCS is critical because lung cancer symptoms often don’t appear in the early stages, but when diagnosed and treated early, survival is markedly improved, added Bandi. National and state-based initiatives to expand access to healthcare and screening facilities are needed to continue to improve, prevention, early detection and treatment for lung cancer to help save lives. […] Expanding Medicaid in the 10 states that have yet to do so would significantly improve access to these lifesaving screenings and decrease lung cancer deaths, as well as eliminating patient costs for screening and follow-up tests by all payers, bringing us closer to ending cancer as we know it, for everyone.

• #56 Low Lung Cancer Screening Rates Persist | Respiratory Therapy

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/cardiopulmonary-thoracic/lung-cancer/low-lung-cancer-screening-rates-persist/

  Less than 20% of eligible individuals in the US are up-to-date with lung cancer screenings, with the lowest rates in uninsured and Southern populations. […] Less than 20% of eligible individuals in the United States are up-to-date with recommended lung cancer screenings, indicating a gap in preventive care. […] Screening uptake is particularly low among uninsured individuals and residents of Southern states, which have the highest lung cancer mortality rates. […] States that have expanded Medicaid and increased screening capacity show higher rates of up-to-date lung cancer screenings, highlighting the importance of accessible healthcare in improving early detection. […] The screening uptake was much lower in persons without health insurance or usual source of care and in Southern states with the highest lung cancer burden.

• #57 Targeting lung cancer screening to individuals at greatest risk: the role of genetic factors | Journal of Medical Genetics

  https://jmg.bmj.com/content/58/4/217

  Lung cancer (LC) is the most common global cancer. An individuals risk of developing LC is mediated by an array of factors, including family history of the disease. Considerable research into genetic risk factors for LC has taken place in recent years, with both low-penetrance and high-penetrance variants implicated in increasing or decreasing a persons risk of the disease. LC is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; poor survival is driven by late onset of non-specific symptoms, resulting in late-stage diagnoses. Evidence for the efficacy of screening in detecting cancer earlier, thereby reducing lung-cancer specific mortality, is now well established. […] To ensure the cost-effectiveness of a screening programme and to limit the potential harms to participants, a risk threshold for screening eligibility is required. Risk prediction models (RPMs), which provide an individuals personal risk of LC over a particular period based on a large number of risk factors, may improve the selection of high-risk individuals for LC screening when compared with generalised eligibility criteria that only consider smoking history and age. No currently used RPM integrates genetic risk factors into its calculation of risk.

• #58 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking is estimated to account for about 90% of all lung cancer cases, with a relative risk of lung cancer approximately 20-fold higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT has a moderate net benefit in persons at high risk of lung cancer based on age, total cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke, and years since quitting smoking. […] This recommendation applies to adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care.

• #59 Targeting lung cancer screening to individuals at greatest risk: the role of genetic factors | Journal of Medical Genetics

  https://jmg.bmj.com/content/58/4/217

  The potential for inclusion of genetic risk factors in RPMs to improve risk prediction has been demonstrated in several disease areas, most notably breast cancer. […] While several lung cancer RPMs (including PLCOM2012) consider family history of lung cancer as a risk factor, no widely used model includes a direct biological measure of genetic risk. […] Having a first-degree relative who has been diagnosed with lung cancer increases a persons risk of also developing the disease. […] A large prospective twin-based study estimated that the overall heritability of lung cancer is 18%. […] These studies demonstrate the importance of genetic variables in defining lung cancer risk.

• #60 Targeting lung cancer screening to individuals at greatest risk: the role of genetic factors | Journal of Medical Genetics

  https://jmg.bmj.com/content/58/4/217

  The potential for inclusion of genetic risk factors in RPMs to improve risk prediction has been demonstrated in several disease areas, most notably breast cancer. […] While several lung cancer RPMs (including PLCOM2012) consider family history of lung cancer as a risk factor, no widely used model includes a direct biological measure of genetic risk. […] Having a first-degree relative who has been diagnosed with lung cancer increases a persons risk of also developing the disease. […] A large prospective twin-based study estimated that the overall heritability of lung cancer is 18%. […] These studies demonstrate the importance of genetic variables in defining lung cancer risk.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00408-023-00661-3

  Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) represents a growing and distinct entity within the broader landscape of lung malignancies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LCINS, encompassing its epidemiologic trends, risk factors, distinct genomic alterations, clinical outcomes and the ongoing initiative aimed at formulating screening guidelines tailored to this unique population. […] Moreover, LCINS does not meet the criteria for lung cancer screening as per the current guidelines. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore its heterogeneity in order to devise optimal screening guidelines conducive to early-stage detection. […] This review underscores the vital importance of detailed research to elucidate the multifaceted nature of LCINS, with the potential to shape future clinical management and screening recommendations for this unique and growing patient cohort.

• #62 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Disparity in Lung Cancer Screening Among Smokers and Nonsmokers in China: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43586/

  LDCT screening effectively reduces lung cancer and all-cause mortality among high-risk smokers. Further efforts to define high-risk populations and explore adequate lung cancer screening modalities for nonsmokers are needed. […] The effectiveness of LDCT screening among nonsmokers at high risk of lung cancer still needs to be evaluated. […] We found a higher participation rate of LDCT screening among nonsmokers than among smokers (3636/5483, 66.31% vs 7885/18,818, 41.9%). […] However, we failed to find a significant mortality reduction among screened nonsmokers, relative to nonscreened nonsmokers. […] The current recommendation in the United States is that nonsmokers should not be screened; however, this recommendation is based on modeling in a predominantly White population, making the conclusion likely not applicable to Asian countries with a higher proportion of lung cancers in nonsmokers. […] Therefore, we strongly recommend LDCT screening for lung cancer in regions with high smoking rates.

• #63 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Disparity in Lung Cancer Screening Among Smokers and Nonsmokers in China: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43586/

  LDCT screening effectively reduces lung cancer and all-cause mortality among high-risk smokers. Further efforts to define high-risk populations and explore adequate lung cancer screening modalities for nonsmokers are needed. […] The effectiveness of LDCT screening among nonsmokers at high risk of lung cancer still needs to be evaluated. […] We found a higher participation rate of LDCT screening among nonsmokers than among smokers (3636/5483, 66.31% vs 7885/18,818, 41.9%). […] However, we failed to find a significant mortality reduction among screened nonsmokers, relative to nonscreened nonsmokers. […] The current recommendation in the United States is that nonsmokers should not be screened; however, this recommendation is based on modeling in a predominantly White population, making the conclusion likely not applicable to Asian countries with a higher proportion of lung cancers in nonsmokers. […] Therefore, we strongly recommend LDCT screening for lung cancer in regions with high smoking rates.

• #64 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Disparity in Lung Cancer Screening Among Smokers and Nonsmokers in China: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43586/

  LDCT screening effectively reduces lung cancer and all-cause mortality among high-risk smokers. Further efforts to define high-risk populations and explore adequate lung cancer screening modalities for nonsmokers are needed. […] The effectiveness of LDCT screening among nonsmokers at high risk of lung cancer still needs to be evaluated. […] We found a higher participation rate of LDCT screening among nonsmokers than among smokers (3636/5483, 66.31% vs 7885/18,818, 41.9%). […] However, we failed to find a significant mortality reduction among screened nonsmokers, relative to nonscreened nonsmokers. […] The current recommendation in the United States is that nonsmokers should not be screened; however, this recommendation is based on modeling in a predominantly White population, making the conclusion likely not applicable to Asian countries with a higher proportion of lung cancers in nonsmokers. […] Therefore, we strongly recommend LDCT screening for lung cancer in regions with high smoking rates.

• #65 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Disparity in Lung Cancer Screening Among Smokers and Nonsmokers in China: Prospective Cohort Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43586/

  LDCT screening effectively reduces lung cancer and all-cause mortality among high-risk smokers. Further efforts to define high-risk populations and explore adequate lung cancer screening modalities for nonsmokers are needed. […] The effectiveness of LDCT screening among nonsmokers at high risk of lung cancer still needs to be evaluated. […] We found a higher participation rate of LDCT screening among nonsmokers than among smokers (3636/5483, 66.31% vs 7885/18,818, 41.9%). […] However, we failed to find a significant mortality reduction among screened nonsmokers, relative to nonscreened nonsmokers. […] The current recommendation in the United States is that nonsmokers should not be screened; however, this recommendation is based on modeling in a predominantly White population, making the conclusion likely not applicable to Asian countries with a higher proportion of lung cancers in nonsmokers. […] Therefore, we strongly recommend LDCT screening for lung cancer in regions with high smoking rates.

• #66 Early Lung Cancer Screening And Monitoring Using Liquid Biopsy | IASLC

  https://www.iaslc.org/early-lung-cancer-screening-and-monitoring-using-liquid-biopsy

  There is an urgent and unmet need for affordable, readily accessible, noninvasive screening procedures for lung cancer. […] This work by Andrew Zhang and colleagues (MA07.05) is a welcome elaboration of prior work evaluating predictive and prognostic miRNA candidates for both case finding (screening of a high-risk population) and the post-resection surveillance of lung cancer. […] There is a plausible role for miRNA candidates (validated as differentially expressed miRNAs across datasets and for the heterogeneity of lung cancer) as biomarkers for the post-resection surveillance of lung cancer. […] In concert with currently available screening programs, reliable panels of miRNA candidates might offer additional perspectives on malignancy that influence: risk classification if evaluated against Brock or Herder models and used to assess solid pulmonary nodules that are identified with low-dosage CT scanning in a high-risk population; management decisions, such as referral to a diagnostic pathway or decisions about surveillance vs. active treatment; improved targeting of CT or PET-CT scans; reductions in biopsies and or surgical excisions; improved patient outcomes; and the development of screening tests that might be useful for the public health screening of the general population.

• #67 Early Lung Cancer Screening And Monitoring Using Liquid Biopsy | IASLC

  https://www.iaslc.org/early-lung-cancer-screening-and-monitoring-using-liquid-biopsy

  There is an urgent and unmet need for affordable, readily accessible, noninvasive screening procedures for lung cancer. […] This work by Andrew Zhang and colleagues (MA07.05) is a welcome elaboration of prior work evaluating predictive and prognostic miRNA candidates for both case finding (screening of a high-risk population) and the post-resection surveillance of lung cancer. […] There is a plausible role for miRNA candidates (validated as differentially expressed miRNAs across datasets and for the heterogeneity of lung cancer) as biomarkers for the post-resection surveillance of lung cancer. […] In concert with currently available screening programs, reliable panels of miRNA candidates might offer additional perspectives on malignancy that influence: risk classification if evaluated against Brock or Herder models and used to assess solid pulmonary nodules that are identified with low-dosage CT scanning in a high-risk population; management decisions, such as referral to a diagnostic pathway or decisions about surveillance vs. active treatment; improved targeting of CT or PET-CT scans; reductions in biopsies and or surgical excisions; improved patient outcomes; and the development of screening tests that might be useful for the public health screening of the general population.

• #68 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Cost-Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography Based on Start Age and Interval in China: Modeling Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/7/e36425/

  This economic evaluation revealed that a population-based lung cancer screening program in China for heavy smokers using low-dose computed tomography was cost-effective for annual screening of smokers aged 55-74 years and one-time screening of those aged 65-74 years. […] Annual lung cancer screening should be promoted in China to realize the benefits of a guideline-recommended screening program.

• #69 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Cost-Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography Based on Start Age and Interval in China: Modeling Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/7/e36425/

  Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The effectiveness of screening for lung cancer has been reported to reduce lung cancer-specific and overall mortality, although the cost-effectiveness, optimal start age, and screening interval remain unclear. […] This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening among heavy smokers in China by incorporating start age and screening interval. […] The proposed model suggested that screening led to a gain of 0.001-0.042 QALYs per person as compared with the findings in the nonscreening cohort. […] Using the World Health Organization threshold of 212,676 CNY per QALY gained, annual screening from a start age of 55 years and one-time screening from the age of 65 years can be considered as cost-effective in China.

• #70 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Cost-Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography Based on Start Age and Interval in China: Modeling Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/7/e36425/

  Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The effectiveness of screening for lung cancer has been reported to reduce lung cancer-specific and overall mortality, although the cost-effectiveness, optimal start age, and screening interval remain unclear. […] This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening among heavy smokers in China by incorporating start age and screening interval. […] The proposed model suggested that screening led to a gain of 0.001-0.042 QALYs per person as compared with the findings in the nonscreening cohort. […] Using the World Health Organization threshold of 212,676 CNY per QALY gained, annual screening from a start age of 55 years and one-time screening from the age of 65 years can be considered as cost-effective in China.

• #71 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Cost-Effectiveness of Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography Based on Start Age and Interval in China: Modeling Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/7/e36425/

  This economic evaluation revealed that a population-based lung cancer screening program in China for heavy smokers using low-dose computed tomography was cost-effective for annual screening of smokers aged 55-74 years and one-time screening of those aged 65-74 years. […] Annual lung cancer screening should be promoted in China to realize the benefits of a guideline-recommended screening program.

• #72 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology and Screening – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671760/

  Lung Cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and Worldwide. Incidence and mortality have been on the decline in the United States, while worldwide cases continue to increase. Risk factor modification and screening are critical to improving survival in patients with lung cancer. Identifying at-risk populations for access to care and screening programs will improve overall outcomes. Understanding environmental and carcinogenic sources are integral to public health policy and education. Innovations in population health and translational research will be essential in the future to improve lung cancer survival.

• #73 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology and Screening – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671760/

  Lung Cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and Worldwide. Incidence and mortality have been on the decline in the United States, while worldwide cases continue to increase. Risk factor modification and screening are critical to improving survival in patients with lung cancer. Identifying at-risk populations for access to care and screening programs will improve overall outcomes. Understanding environmental and carcinogenic sources are integral to public health policy and education. Innovations in population health and translational research will be essential in the future to improve lung cancer survival.

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