Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Screening for lung cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-for-lung-cancer

  Prevention, rather than screening, is the most effective strategy for reducing the burden of lung cancer in the long term. Most lung cancer is attributed to smoking, including lung cancer in nonsmokers in whom a significant proportion of cancer is attributed to environmental smoke exposure. The promotion of smoking cessation is essential, as cigarette smoking is thought to be causal in 85 to 90 percent of all lung cancer. […] Given these facts, screening for lung cancer has been recommended broadly by many expert panels since 2014 for risk groups meeting specific smoking and demographic parameters. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in adults. Some studies suggest that, for any level of smoking, women are at higher risk of developing cancer than men. […] The American Cancer Society estimates over 234,000 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed yearly and over 154,000 lung cancer-associated deaths in the United States.

• #2 Lung Cancer Screening | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/cancer/screening-diagnosis/lung-cancer-high-risk-program/

  The earlier you are diagnosed with lung cancer, the better your prognosis. […] This is why we offer lung cancer screening to current and former smokers. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in America. More men and women die from lung cancer each year than from breast, colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers combined. […] In addition, early-stage lung cancer often causes no symptoms. A low-dose CT scan, however, can detect lung cancer early when treatment is most effective. This is why screening is so important. […] The best way to prevent lung cancer is to stop smoking. Research shows that even heavy smokers can significantly lower their risk of lung cancer when they quit smoking.

• #3 Lung Cancer Screening Program – Jamaica Hospital Medical Center

  https://jamaicahospital.org/community/lung-cancer-screening-program/

  According to the World Health Organization, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among both men and women. In fact, more people die from lung cancer than of breast, colon and prostate cancer combined. […] Cigarette smoke is linked to approximately 80-90% of lung cancer deaths. Smoking can also lead to the development of other types of cancer, chronic lung conditions such as COPD, and cardiovascular diseases (including heart attacks and strokes). Other known risk factors for lung cancer include: […] Lung cancer screening helps to identify cancer at an early stage when treatment can be most effective. Early detection with a low dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan can improve survival in people with lung cancer. […] It is important to note that lung cancer in its early stage can present without any signs or symptoms. Low dose CT scans of the chest can detect cancer early, before it has a chance to grow and spread to other parts of the body. […] Smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer and tobacco cessation is one step individuals can take to improve their health outcomes.

• #4 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and worldwide. In 2011, it is estimated that 156,900 deaths (85,600 in men, 71,300 in women) from lung cancer will occur in the United States. Five-year survival rates for lung cancer are only approximately 15.6%, partly because most patients have advanced-stage lung cancer at initial diagnosis. […] Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor in the development of lung cancer, and accounts for 85% of all lung cancer-related deaths. The causal relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer was first reported in 1939. Since then, the risk of developing lung cancer from smoking tobacco has been firmly established. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4500 compounds, and more than 50 of these are known carcinogens that increase the risk of cancerous mutations at the cellular level, especially among individuals with a genetic predisposition. A dose-response relationship exists between smoking tobacco and the risk of developing lung cancer; however, there is no risk-free level of tobacco exposure. The relative risk (RR) for lung cancer is approximately 20-fold higher for smokers than for nonsmokers. Cessation of tobacco smoking decreases the risk of lung cancer. However, even reformed former smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer compared with never-smokers. As a result, current or past history of tobacco smoking is considered a risk factor for the development of lung cancer, irrespective of the magnitude of exposure and the time since smoking cessation.

• #5 Lung cancer screening – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-cancer-screening/about/pac-20385024

  Lung cancer screening is a process that’s used to detect the presence of lung cancer in otherwise healthy people with a high risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer screening is recommended for older adults who are longtime smokers and who don’t have any signs or symptoms of lung cancer. […] The goal of lung cancer screening is to detect lung cancer at a very early stage when it’s more likely to be cured. By the time lung cancer signs and symptoms develop, the cancer is usually too advanced for curative treatment. Studies show lung cancer screening reduces the risk of dying of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer screening is usually reserved for people with the greatest risk of lung cancer, including older adults who are current or former smokers. […] People with other risk factors for lung cancer may include those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), those with a family history of lung cancer and those who have been exposed to asbestos at work.

• #6 Lung Cancer Screening: Guidelines and What to Expect

  https://www.unitypoint.org/find-a-service/imaging-services/lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women and is typically diagnosed at a more advanced stage after the cancer has spread. […] The goal of LDCT (low dose CT) lung screening is to save lives. Without LDCT lung screening, lung cancer is usually not found until a person develops symptoms. At that time, the cancer is much harder to treat and most are not curable. […] Studies have shown that LDCT lung screening can lower the risk of death from lung cancer by 20 percent in people who are at high risk. It has also been shown that with screening, 4 out of 5 cancers detected may potentially be curable. […] Men and women with a history of cigarette smoking have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than the general population. The more cigarettes smoked per day and the longer you have been smoking, the greater your risk of developing lung cancer. High levels of pollution, radiation and asbestos exposure may also increase your risk.

• #7 Why Lung Cancer Screening Isn’t for Everyone | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/why-lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Why is the disease so fatal? One reason is that lung cancer does not often show symptoms until later stages when it has already spread and, therefore, has become difficult to cure. […] A personal history of tobacco use and age are the two greatest risk factors for the development of lung cancer. […] The NLST found that the group who got low-dose CT had a 20 percent lower mortality rate from lung cancer than those who received chest x-rays. […] Although people who don’t meet the high-risk criteria can develop lung cancer, there is not enough evidence to know whether screening would be helpful or harmful for them. […] The risk of finding lung cancer in those not at high-risk is considerably less than 1% and therefore the yield of cancer diagnosis resulting from the exam is quite small, offering minimal benefit. […] If all men received mammograms, we would likely find many false positives or breast nodules that are harmless. […] When you weigh this against the chances that the test would correctly detect something that is cancer, it becomes clear the risks outweigh the potential benefits.

• #8 Screening for Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/screening/index.html

  The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] Lung cancer screening is recommended only for adults who are at high risk for developing the disease because of their smoking history and age. […] Lung cancer can be caused by many different things. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #9 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. But lung cancer also happens in people who never smoked or been exposed to secondhand smoke. In these people, there may be no clear cause of lung cancer. […] Researchers believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. Cigarette smoke is full of cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens. When you inhale cigarette smoke, the carcinogens cause changes in the lung tissue almost immediately. […] At first your body may be able to repair this damage. But with each repeated exposure, healthy cells that line your lungs become more damaged. Over time, the damage causes cells to change and eventually cancer may develop.

• #10 Lung cancer – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer is the most common cancer type and the most common cause of cancer death in the world. […] The principal risk factor for developing lung cancer remains tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. Other common causes include exposure to contaminants such as second-hand tobacco smoke, outdoor and indoor air pollution, diesel engine exhaust, welding fumes, and asbestos. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to young generations could significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to the young generation could prevent 1.2 million lung cancer deaths by 2095.

• #11 Lung Cancer Screening and Early Detection l Riverside Health

  https://www.riversideonline.com/en/medical-services/cancer-care/types-of-cancer-we-treat/lung-cancer/screening-and-early-detection

  Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women, not including skin cancer. People who smoke have a high risk of developing lung cancer. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, making up almost 20% of all cancer deaths. More people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. […] There are a variety of lung cancer causes and risk factors. Some risk factors can be controlled, for instance, by quitting smoking. And other factors can’t be controlled, such as your family history. What is important is that you see your doctor on a regular basis and get early screenings, especially if you have risk factors for lung cancer. […] Risk factors that may cause you to have an increased risk of developing lung cancer include: Smoking remains the greatest risk factor for lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day and the number of years you have smoked. Quitting at any age can significantly lower your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #12 Lung Cancer Symptoms and Causes | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/thoracic-multidisciplinary-clinic/lung-cancer-symptoms-and-causes

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States in both men and women, leading to more deaths than colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancers combined. It is also one of the most preventable kinds of cancer. […] Smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, with around 90 percent of lung cancers occurring as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked each day and the number of years as a smoker. Quitting at any time lowers the risk of developing lung cancer. However, smoking is not the only cause of lung cancer. Other causes of lung cancer include: […] Second-hand smoke Even if you do not smoke, exposure to second-hand smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. Studies have shown that nonsmokers who live with a smoker have a 24-percent increased risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other nonsmokers. Each year, there are around 7,300 deaths from lung cancer in the U.S. that are attributed to second-hand smoke.

• #13 Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/nonsmokers/index.html

  In the United States, about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, happen in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. […] Lung cancer can be caused by risk factors other than smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. Examples include exposure to other people’s smoke (called secondhand smoke), radon, air pollution, a family history of lung cancer, and asbestos. […] Researchers estimate that secondhand smoke contributes to about 7,300 and radon to about 2,900 of these lung cancers. […] People with lung cancer who have never smoked may have a DNA mutation, such as a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene or other genes. Cancers caused by these mutations may be treated with targeted therapy. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #14 Top 5 Causes of Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/top-5-causes-of-lung-cancer-in-non-smokers

  While smoking can cause lung cancer, it isn’t the only risk factor. Lung cancer is also diagnosed in people who have never smoked. There are several important factors, besides tobacco use, that increase the risk of developing lung cancer. These factors can cause lung cancer even if you’ve never smoked or chewed tobacco in your entire life. […] Exposure to radon. […] Inhaling or ingesting cancer-causing agents like asbestos and benzene can cause lung cancer. […] Air pollution may cause lung cancer by triggering DNA damage, leading to tumor growth. […] The more exposure you have to secondhand smoke, whether it’s through living with someone who smokes or visiting friends and family members who smoke, the greater your risk is for developing lung cancer. […] Changes in our genes can happen over time from exposure to different environmental factors, such as chemicals, smoke, and pollutants. These changes, known as somatic mutations, can affect genes like TP53, EGFR, and KRAS, which are linked to non-small cell lung cancer.

• #15 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Approximately 150 agents are classified as known or probable human carcinogens. The 8 agents that are identified specifically as carcinogens targeting the lungs are arsenic, chromium, asbestos, nickel, cadmium, beryllium, silica, and diesel fumes. These agents are listed in order of their presumed risk. The calculated mean RR for development of lung cancer is 1.59 for individuals in the United States who have a known occupational exposure to these agents. Among those who are exposed to these carcinogens, smokers have a greater risk for lung cancer than nonsmokers. […] Radon (a gaseous decay product of uranium-238 and radium-226) has been implicated in the development of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer from occupational exposure among uranium miners is well established. However, the risk associated with residential radon is uncertain. A meta-analysis in 1997 of 8 studies yielded an estimated RR of 1.14. However, a 2005 meta-analysis of 13 studies reported a linear relationship between the amount of radon detected in a home and the risk of developing lung cancer. Among those exposed to radon, smokers have a greater risk for lung cancer than nonsmokers.

• #16 Lung Cancer Prevention – San Diego – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/services/cancer-care/lung-cancer/prevention-screening

  Non-smokers who breathe in smoke from other peoples cigarettes, cigars or pipes have an increased risk of developing lung cancer. […] According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the country, and the leading cause among non-smokers. […] Asbestos exposure can raise the risk of lung cancer, especially in people who smoke. […] Exposure to other substances that cause cancer, known as carcinogens, can also raise lung cancer risk. […] Outdoor air pollution seems to increase lung cancer risk slightly, especially in cities and near busy roads. […] Previous treatment with radiation therapy to the chest area can raise the risk of lung cancer. […] If you have previously had lung cancer, your risk of having it again may be increased.

• #17 Does radon exposure cause lung cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/radon-exposure-and-lung-cancer–11-things-to-know.h00-159619434.html

  After smoking, radon exposure is considered the second most common cause of lung cancer in the United States. […] The association between radon and lung cancer was originally reported in studies of underground miners, but its been confirmed in more recent studies of household exposure, too. […] The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that radon exposure causes approximately 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. About 2,900 of those deaths occur among people who have never smoked. […] When tested, we found that the ground floor had high levels; but its now at sub-threshold levels following successful remediation. However, high radon levels have been reported in every state, so home testing is appropriate for everyone. […] If you’re at high risk as a heavy smoker, for instance, who has also had significant radon exposure then its worth being screened for lung cancer. Low-dose CT screening can often detect early-stage lung cancer before it spreads.

• #18 Top 5 Lung Cancer Causes in Non-Smokers

  https://www.oregoncancer.com/blog/top-5-lung-cancer-causes-in-non-smokers

  Its common knowledge that lung cancer is caused by smoking. But smoking isnt associated with every case of lung cancer. It may be surprising that 10-20% of lung cancer cases occur in non-smokers! […] Here are 5 lung cancer risk factors in non-smokers: Radon exposure, Cancer-causing agents like benzene and asbestos, Pollution in the air, Secondhand smoke, Lung cancer genetic mutations. […] Breathing or consuming cancer-causing agents like benzene and asbestos can cause lung cancer. When exposed to these carcinogens regularly, they can eventually build up inside your lungs causing the cells to mutate and form cancer. […] Exposure to high levels of air pollution may cause lung cancer by triggering DNA damage, leading to tumor growth. […] You have a greater risk of developing lung cancer the more exposure you have to secondhand smoke.

• #19 Lung Cancer Symptoms and Causes | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/thoracic-multidisciplinary-clinic/lung-cancer-symptoms-and-causes

  Asbestos and other carcinogens – Exposure to asbestos and other substances known to cause cancer known as carcinogens such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel can increase your risk of developing lung cancer. The workplace is a common source of exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens. Asbestos fibers can live in the lung tissue for a lifetime following exposure. Asbestos workers who are nonsmokers have a five times greater risk of developing lung cancer than other nonsmokers. […] Radon gas Radon gas is a natural gas, produced by the breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water, and which eventually becomes part of the air you breathe. Unsafe levels of radon can accumulate in buildings through gaps in the foundation, pipes, drains, or other openings, and exposure can increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

• #20

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/health-plus/article/importance-lung-cancer-screening

  Exposure to polluting sources such as vehicle emissions, household combustion devices and industrial waste can increase the risk for lung cancer. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide every year. Ambient air pollution is responsible for an estimated 16% of lung cancer deaths.

• #21 Screening and Diagnosis of Lung Cancer | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/lung-cancer-care/lung-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis

  Lung cancer risk factors are anything that increases your chance of developing the disease. […] According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), roughly 80% of lung cancer deaths result from smoking. Your risk for developing lung cancer increases the longer that you smoke and the more you smoke. […] According to ACS, secondhand smoke causes roughly 7,000 lung cancer deaths annually. […] It is estimated that roughly 5% of lung cancer deaths worldwide are due to air pollution. […] If you had lung cancer, your chance of developing it again increases. If you have a sibling or parent who was diagnosed with lung cancer, especially at a young age, your risk increases as well. […] If you had radiation therapy for other chest cancers, such as breast cancer, your risk of developing lung cancer increases. […] Cancer can spread from the primary site to other parts of the body. Even if lung cancer is found in other parts of your body, it’s still considered lung cancer.

• #22 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  Evidence shows an increased risk of new primary cancers among patients who survive lung cancer, lymphomas, cancers of the head and neck, or smoking-related cancers. Patients who survive small cell lung cancer have a 3.5-fold increase in the risk for developing a new primary cancer (predominantly NSCLC). The risk for subsequent lung cancers is increased in patients who continue to smoke and who have been previously treated with either chest irradiation or alkylating agents. […] Several studies have suggested an increased risk for lung cancer among first-degree relatives of patients with lung cancer, even after adjustment for age, gender, and smoking habits. A meta-analysis of 28 case-control studies and 17 observational cohort studies showed an RR of 1.8 for individuals with a sibling/parents or a first-degree relative with lung cancer. The risk is greater in individuals with multiple affected family members or who had a cancer diagnosis at a young age.

• #23 Lung Cancer Screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6467530/

  A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung cancer risk, and this association may be largely caused by smoking. However, even after statistical adjustment, evidence suggests that the association between COPD and lung cancer may not be entirely caused by smoking. […] Whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use affects the risk of lung cancer in women is currently unclear. More than 20 studies have been published and the results have been inconsistent. Most of the currently available information comes from case-control and cohort studies. Cumulatively, these studies are variable; they have found associations ranging from an increased risk of lung cancer, no effect on risk, and a protective effect against lung cancer risk.

• #24 Lung Cancer

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/lung/

  Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers among New Yorkers. In New York it is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Each year over 6,700 men and over 7,200 women are diagnosed with lung cancer and about 3,800 men and over 3,600 women die from this disease. […] Lung cancer screening is recommended for adults who are at high risk. Lung cancer screening cannot prevent lung cancer, but it can find it early when it may be easier to treat. […] At this time, all of the causes of lung cancer are not well understood. However, scientists agree that certain factors increase a person’s risk of developing this disease. These risk factors include: […] Smoking is the most important cause of lung cancer. Although it is preventable, smoking is highly addictive and quitting is difficult. Not all people who get lung cancer are smokers. Research studies show that exposure to other people’s cigarettes (secondhand smoke) also increases a person’s risk of getting lung cancer. Scientists believe that smoking is responsible for over 80% of lung cancers.

• #25

  https://www.parkwayshenton.com.sg/health-plus/article/importance-lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. It is caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung, and is the 3rd most common cancer in males and females in Singapore respectively. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and it is estimated that about 80-90% of lung cancers are caused by use of tobacco products. […] While smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke is the main cause of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (the most common type of lung cancer), non-smokers are also at risk. […] Family history of lung cancer may increase an individual’s risk for developing lung cancer. […] Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or tuberculosis can increase the risk of lung cancer. […] People who work with or are exposed to asbestos and other harmful substances or chemicals including coal dust, silica, chromates and arsenic, can increase the risk of lung cancer.

• #26 Lung Cancer Screening | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/knight-cancer-institute/lung-cancer-screening

  If you are at risk for lung cancer, a simple 15-minute screening could protect your health. Screening can detect cancer early when its easier to treat. Studies show that regular screening can help people live longer, healthier lives. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that you get screened for lung cancer every year if you: Are age 50 to 80, Have a smoking history of at least 20 pack years (this means smoking 1 pack a day for 20 years or 2 packs a day for 10 years, etc.), Smoke or quit smoking in the last 15 years. […] If you’re at risk, low-dose CT screening can reduce your risk of dying of lung cancer. […] If lung cancer is found early, before it spreads to other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate is 8 times higher. According to the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival rate rises to 64% if lung cancer is caught before it spreads.

• #27 Lung Cancer Screening: Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/15031-lung-cancer-screening

  Sometimes, scans show conditions that your provider wasn’t looking for as a part of a lung cancer screening (incidental finding). […] The advantages of lung cancer screening with low-dose CT include: Providers can see smaller tumors on a CT than on a plain X-ray. […] Studies suggest that over 50% of people (or 1 in 2) diagnosed with lung cancer through annual screening are diagnosed at an early stage, compared to about 28% of all people diagnosed with lung cancer at an early stage.

• #27 Lung Cancer Screening: Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/15031-lung-cancer-screening

  Lung cancer screening is recommended for people between the ages of 50 and 80 who smoke or who quit less than 15 years ago. […] If you’re at a higher risk for lung cancer, talk to a healthcare provider about yearly screening. […] While anyone can get lung cancer, people who smoke or used to smoke are at a higher risk. […] The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), a group of healthcare experts, developed these guidelines based on the most recent lung cancer screening studies. […] Risks of lung cancer screening include: False positives. The scan may detect something in your lungs that looks like cancer, but isn’t. […] You might get treatment for a growth found during screening that would never have caused symptoms or spread. […] Radiation exposure. The amount of radiation the LDCT scans expose you to is small, but it’s not zero.

• #28 Home – Screen Your Lungs

  https://www.focusonyourlungs.com/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. […] Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), a panel of experts in disease prevention and evidence-based medicine, sets guidelines for who should be screened for lung cancer. […] It recommends yearly screening for people who meet all three of the following criteria: Age between 50-80 years old, currently smoke or you have quit smoking tobacco within the last 15 years, have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. […] Having a lung cancer screening may increase the chances of detecting cancer earlier, before it has spread to other parts of the body. […] Lung cancer causes 1 in 5 cancer deaths. […] The later lung cancer is detected, the more likely it is to spread to other parts of the body.

• #29 Lung Cancer Screening Program in Central New York

  https://www.hoacny.com/our-services/cancers-we-treat/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-screeninglungs-life-program

  Lung cancer screening is a regular preventive health check, like a mammogram or a colonoscopy, and most people who get screened do not have cancer. […] While it may find nothing, a lung cancer screening can find disease in an early stage, when survival rates are much higher. […] The only recommended screening test for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (also called a low-dose CT scan, or LDCT). […] While this scan will expose you to a low-dose of radiation, LDCT uses 75% less radiation than a traditional CT scan and shows more detail than a standard chest X-ray. […] Lung cancer screening does not replace diagnostic testing for a person experiencing symptoms of possible lung disease.

• #30 Lung cancer screening – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-cancer-screening/about/pac-20385024

  Lung cancer screening carries several risks, such as being exposed to a low level of radiation. […] Finding cancer that’s too advanced to cure. Advanced lung cancers, such as those that have spread, may not respond well to treatment, so finding these cancers on a lung cancer screening test might not improve or extend your life. […] Finding cancer that may never hurt you. Some lung cancers grow slowly and may never cause symptoms or harm. It’s difficult to know which cancers will never grow to hurt you and which ones must be removed quickly to avoid harm.

• #31 Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/lung-screening-pdq

  Based on fair evidence, some lung cancers detected by LDCT screening appear to represent overdiagnosed cancer. However, estimates of overdiagnosis rates, derived typically by using data from randomized trials of LDCT screening, vary greatly. Therefore, the magnitude of overdiagnosis with LDCT screening is not clear. Overdiagnosed cancers result in unnecessary diagnostic procedures and also lead to unnecessary treatment. […] Based on solid evidence, screening with chest x-ray and/or sputum cytology does not reduce mortality from lung cancer in the general population or in ever-smokers. […] Given the abundance and consistency of evidence, as well as the lack of benefit observed in the PLCO trial, it is appropriate to conclude that lung cancer screening with chest x-ray and/or sputum cytology, regardless of sex or smoking status, does not reduce lung cancer mortality.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-024-10939-6

  Summary statement: LDCT-based LCS has been proven to reduce LC-related mortality, but a substantial reduction in overall mortality is still to be demonstrated. […] The typical consequence of overdiagnosis is overtreatment: an intervention that does not benefit the patient or where the risk of harm from the intervention is likely to outweigh any benefit the patient will receive. […] It is estimated that almost one in five lung cancers identified through LCS are overdiagnosed. […] The risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment in the setting of LCS does not apply only to non-aggressive LCs, but also to incidental findings. […] LCS has been proven to reduce LC-related mortality, with still controversial evidence on the effect on all-cause mortality reduction.

• #33 Lung Cancer Screening – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-screening-pdq

  Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the lung. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] Different factors increase or decrease the risk of lung cancer. […] Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking all increase the risk of lung cancer. Tobacco smoking causes about 9 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in men and about 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in women. The best way to prevent lung cancer is to not smoke. […] Three screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. […] Screening with LDCT scans has been shown to decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers. […] Screening with chest x-rays and/or sputum cytology does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. […] The risks of lung cancer screening tests include the following: Finding lung cancer may not improve health or help you live longer. […] False-negative test results can occur. […] False-positive test results can occur. […] Chest x-rays and CT scans expose the chest to radiation.

• #34 Yale Medicine > Lung Cancer Screening Program > Departments > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/departments/lung-cancer-screening-program/lung-cancer-screening-faq

  Age and smoking history are the greatest risk factors for lung cancer. Smoking is the leading known risk factor for and cause of lung cancer. […] There are also environmental factors that may put a person at risk for lung cancer. These factors include second-hand smoke and exposure to radon or asbestos. Finally, some people may be at risk based on inherited genetic risk. […] Smoking remains the most significant risk factor for lung cancer. Because it is better to prevent lung cancer than it is to detect it early, the most important thing one can do to prevent lung cancer is to stop smoking. […] Although uncommon, individuals who have never smoked can still develop lung cancer.

• #35 Lung Cancer Screening – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/lung-cancer/screening

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women in the United States. […] Proactive measures, such as lung cancer screening, can help diagnose lung cancer in its earlier stages and improve outcomes for patients. […] Studies have shown that lung cancer screening can reduce the risk of death from lung cancer by 20 percent. […] In addition to screening, quitting smoking is the best method to reduce your risk for lung cancer. […] The test is designed to screen high-risk patients before they begin to show symptoms of disease, so the largest benefit is the potential to diagnose lung cancer in its early stages and begin treatment immediately in an effort to reduce mortality from the disease. […] There are a few risks associated with lung cancer screening that you should consider when deciding if screening is right for you. […] You and your physician should discuss the benefits and risks together to decide if lung cancer screening is right for you.

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